Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
  • A47C—CHAIRS; SOFAS; BEDS
  • A47C31/00—Details or accessories for chairs, beds, or the like, not provided for in other groups of this subclass, e.g. upholstery fasteners, mattress protectors, stretching devices for mattress nets
  • A47C31/10—Loose or removable furniture covers
  • A47C31/105—Loose or removable furniture covers for mattresses
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A47—FURNITURE; DOMESTIC ARTICLES OR APPLIANCES; COFFEE MILLS; SPICE MILLS; SUCTION CLEANERS IN GENERAL
  • A47C—CHAIRS; SOFAS; BEDS
  • A47C31/00—Details or accessories for chairs, beds, or the like, not provided for in other groups of this subclass, e.g. upholstery fasteners, mattress protectors, stretching devices for mattress nets
  • A47C31/10—Loose or removable furniture covers
  • A47C31/11—Loose or removable furniture covers for chairs
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B3/00—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form
  • B32B3/26—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer
  • B32B3/266—Layered products comprising a layer with external or internal discontinuities or unevennesses, or a layer of non-planar shape; Layered products comprising a layer having particular features of form characterised by a particular shape of the outline of the cross-section of a continuous layer; characterised by a layer with cavities or internal voids ; characterised by an apertured layer characterised by an apertured layer, the apertures going through the whole thickness of the layer, e.g. expanded metal, perforated layer, slit layer regular cells B32B3/12
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B37/00—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding
  • B32B37/06—Methods or apparatus for laminating, e.g. by curing or by ultrasonic bonding characterised by the heating method
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
  • B32B38/04—Punching, slitting or perforating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/022—Non-woven fabric
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/06—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by a fibrous or filamentary layer mechanically connected, e.g. by needling to another layer, e.g. of fibres, of paper
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
  • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B68—SADDLERY; UPHOLSTERY
  • B68G—METHODS, EQUIPMENT, OR MACHINES FOR USE IN UPHOLSTERING; UPHOLSTERY NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B68G11/00—Finished upholstery not provided for in other classes
  • B68G11/02—Finished upholstery not provided for in other classes mainly composed of fibrous materials
  • B68G11/03—Finished upholstery not provided for in other classes mainly composed of fibrous materials with stitched or bonded fibre webs
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B68—SADDLERY; UPHOLSTERY
  • B68G—METHODS, EQUIPMENT, OR MACHINES FOR USE IN UPHOLSTERING; UPHOLSTERY NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B68G7/00—Making upholstery
  • B68G7/02—Making upholstery from waddings, fleeces, mats, or the like
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/42—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties characterised by the use of certain kinds of fibres insofar as this use has no preponderant influence on the consolidation of the fleece
  • D04H1/4326—Condensation or reaction polymers
  • D04H1/435—Polyesters
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
  • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
  • D04H1/48—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation
  • D04H1/485—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres in combination with at least one other method of consolidation in combination with weld-bonding
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/44—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling
  • D04H1/46—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres
  • D04H1/498—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties the fleeces or layers being consolidated by mechanical means, e.g. by rolling by needling or like operations to cause entanglement of fibres entanglement of layered webs
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
  • D04H1/541—Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
  • D04H1/541—Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres
  • D04H1/5412—Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres sheath-core
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
  • D04H1/541—Composite fibres, e.g. sheath-core, sea-island or side-by-side; Mixed fibres
  • D04H1/5418—Mixed fibres, e.g. at least two chemically different fibres or fibre blends
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
  • D04H1/542—Adhesive fibres
  • D04H1/55—Polyesters
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/40—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties
  • D04H1/54—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving
  • D04H1/559—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres from fleeces or layers composed of fibres without existing or potential cohesive properties by welding together the fibres, e.g. by partially melting or dissolving the fibres being within layered webs
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
  • D04H1/72—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged
  • D04H1/732—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being randomly arranged by fluid current, e.g. air-lay
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
  • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
  • D04H1/00—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres
  • D04H1/70—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres
  • D04H1/74—Non-woven fabrics formed wholly or mainly of staple fibres or like relatively short fibres characterised by the method of forming fleeces or layers, e.g. reorientation of fibres the fibres being orientated, e.g. in parallel (anisotropic fleeces)
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B38/00—Ancillary operations in connection with laminating processes
  • B32B38/04—Punching, slitting or perforating
  • B32B2038/047—Perforating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2250/00—Layers arrangement
  • B32B2250/20—All layers being fibrous or filamentary
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
  • B32B2262/0276—Polyester fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/12—Conjugate fibres, e.g. core/sheath or side-by-side
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
  • B32B2307/304—Insulating
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
  • B32B2307/306—Resistant to heat
  • B32B2307/3065—Flame resistant or retardant, fire resistant or retardant
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/718—Weight, e.g. weight per square meter
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2601/00—Upholstery

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a liner for upholstered furniture or mattresses, the liner comprising a carded nonwoven wadding. Further the invention relates to upholstered furniture or mattresses comprising such a liner.
• Nonwovens are used in various applications in the art.
• Nonwoven fabric is a fabric-like material made from long fibers, bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat or solvent treatment.
• the term is used in the textile manufacturing industry to denote fabrics, such as felt, which are neither woven nor knitted.
• Nonwovens are defined by ISO standard 9092 and CEN EN 29092.
• Recently EDANA and INDA have proposed the following of nonwoven to the International Standardization Organization: “A nonwoven is a sheet of fibers, continuous filaments, or chopped yarns of any nature or origin, that have been formed into a web by any means, and bonded together by any means, with the exception of weaving or knitting.
• Wetlaid webs are nonwovens provided they contain a minimum of 50% of man-made fibres or other fibres of non vegetable origin with a length to diameter ratio equals or superior to 300, or a minimum of 30% of man-made fibres with a length to diameter ratio equals or superior to 600, and a maximum apparent density of 0.40 g/cm 3 .”
• Carded furniture commonly uses a carded nonwoven, often described as wadding or batting, on top of the major comfort material (i.e. polyurethane foam, pocket springs or other flexible materials/constructions and/or on top of frame components for giving desired deformation, flexibility and support) for improving comfort parameters.
• This carded wadding is commonly between 100 to 400 gram/m 2 (gsm), but can be significantly lighter or heavier in some applications, and consist in most cases of carded, bonded fibers of thermoplastic polyesters.
• the wadding comprises a blend of two different kinds of fibers where one of them, a core-sheath binder fiber, has a core-sheath configuration with a co-polymerized sheath with a significantly lower melting point compared to the core.
• other fibers in wadding are selected to have a significantly higher melting point compared to the sheath.
• the carded fibers are thermally bonded by heating the fibers to melt the sheath layer of the fibers with core-sheath configuration, whereby the fibers are bonded once the sheath layer solidifies.
• the wadding is commonly glued (chemical bonded) towards the main comfort material (PU-foam etc.), but can also be adhered using thermal bonding (melting and solidifying of a thermoplastic component), mechanical anchoring by any means, e.g. stitching, or a combination of two or more of these techniques.
• a thin and flexible fibrous material e.g. a nonwoven or a textile, with low friction is placed on top of the wadding as an intermediate layer.
• a common low-cost material for use as intermediate layer is a meltspun nonwoven of polypropylene (PP), typically a spunbonded and point bonded/calendered PP of 40 to 80 gsm, but other polymers, bonding principles and surface weights are also in use.
• PP polypropylene
• the intermediate layer does not affect deformation, flexibility, and support of the wadding to a great extent, as this in turn may affect comfort parameters of the upholstered furniture; especially the intermediate layer should not be rustling to allow for noiseless deformation Therefore, the intermediate layer, such as a spunbonded and point bonded/calendered PP, is commonly not bonded to the wadding, but typically used as separate layer.
• the intermediate layer facilitates convenient assembly of slip-covers and prevents the wadding from being deformed during assembly of the cover.
• the advantage is both during production, in order to reduce assembly time for a factory assembled cover, but also when the cover shall be removed for washing and re-assembled by customers or when the furniture is sold with slip-on covers for customer assembly.
• One major disadvantages of using a separate liner, i.e. an intermediate layer, on top of the wadding is the additional time and cost during production. Further, the intermediate layer typically has to be stitched to the correct shape before assembling the furniture, without or with the cover.
• the present invention seeks to mitigate, alleviate, eliminate or circumvent one or more of the above identified deficiencies in the art and disadvantages singly or in any combination by providing a liner for upholstered furniture, the liner comprising a layered material with at least two layers, in which layered material a carded nonwoven wadding, constituting a first layer, is thermally bonded to a carded nonwoven top layer, constituting a second layer.
• the wadding has a thickness of 4 to 140 mm, and a weight of 50 to 2800 g/m 2 .
• At least 20 wt % of the staple fibers in the wadding has a linear mass density of at least 6 dtex, and 5 to 40 wt % of the staple fibers in the wadding are bi-component binder fibers.
• the top layer has a thickness of 0.05 to 4 mm, and a weight of 20 to 120 g/m 2 .
• At least 90 wt % of the staple fibers in the top layer has a linear mass density of 5 dtex or less, and 50 wt % to 100 wt % of the staple fibers in the top layer are bi-component binder fibers.
• the thickness of the wadding is at least 2 times, e.g. at least 5 times, the thickness of the top layer.
• the first layer i.e. the wadding
• the second layer i.e. the top layer
• properties similar to the ones provided by a meltspun nonwoven The two layers are provided as parts of a single structure in contrast to solutions in the art, wherein a separate intermediate meltspun nonwoven typically is used in between a separate wadding and the cover.
• the present liner may be obtained via a single process, dispensing with the need for obtaining the wadding and the top layer, respectively, in separate processes.
• an upholstered piece of furniture having such a liner arranged at least partly over the comfort material of the piece of furniture.
• a liner comprising a layered material with at least two layers.
• the first layer is a carded, thermally bonded nonwoven wadding and the second layer is a carded, thermally bonded nonwoven top layer.
• the wadding is intended to face the comfort material (e.g. PU-foam), such as the comfort material of a piece of upholstered furniture, or a mattress, and the top-layer is intended to face the cover.
• the carded nonwoven wadding is thermally bonded to a carded nonwoven top layer, by means of bi-component binder fibers, e.g.
• bi-component fibers are fibers comprising two polymers of different chemical and/or physical properties.
• Bi-component binder fibers are bi-component fibers having a binder portion with lower melting point than the other portion.
• core-sheath binder fibers the sheath has lower melting point than the core.
• Core-sheath binder fibers have the advantage of having good binding properties, as the binder portion, i.e. the sheath, surround the entire fiber, thereby maximizing the contact surface with other fibers in the web.
• the liner layer may be placed between a cover and a comfort material in upholstered furniture, mattresses and other related upholstered objects to replace a separate wadding and intermediate layer. In such use, the wadding will face the comfort material, while the top layer will face the cover.
• a carded nonwoven has properties significantly different from the ones of a spunbonded nonwoven, whereby carded nonwovens not are suitable as intermediate layer on top of the wadding in upholstered furniture. It was however realized that by a high proportion of the staple fibers being bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers, and by a high proportion of the staple fibers being thin staple fibers, a thermally bonded carded nonwoven, having properties, in terms of flexibility, friction, and rustle, resembling the ones of spunbonded nonwovens may be provided.
• the staple fibers being bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers
• a thermally bonded carded nonwoven having properties, in terms of flexibility, friction, and rustle, resembling the ones of spunbonded nonwovens may be provided.
• the staple fibers should be bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers. While all the staple fibers may be bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers, it may be advantageous to include some staple fibers not being bi-component binder fibers to facilitate the carding of the staple fibers.
• At least 90 wt %, preferably at least 95 wt %, of the staple fibers should be staple fibers with a linear mass density of 5 dtex or less, preferably 4 dtex or less, more preferably 3 dtex or less. If staple fibers not being bi-component binder fibers are present, they should preferably be really thin, i.e. have linear mass density of 2 dtex or less, such as 1 dtex or less. A thicker staple fiber not being a bi-component binder fiber will provide too much resilience to the top layer for some applications. Further, thicker fibers will provide a too stiff layer, preventing collapsing of the web into a thin, strong and bending flexible spunbond like layer upon thermal binding.
• the bending and buckling stiffness of the top layer may be reduced by perforating the top layer.
• the top layer is perforated. Perforation may be achieved by using a pinned sleeve. Further, perforation may be achieved by needle punching. Higher degree of perforation may be achieved by needle punching. Perforation is of special interest in embodiments using a high proportion, such as more than 50 wt %, of staple fibers having a linear mass density of more than 4 dtex. Further, also if using a high proportion, such as more than 50 wt %, of staple fibers having linear mass density of more than 3 dtex, perforation may be preferred.
• decitex is a measure of the linear mass density mass for fibers. Dtex is the mass in grams per 10,000 meters.
• the staple fibers Upon heating such a combination of thin staple fibers, with a high proportion of bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers, to melt the binder portion, the staple fibers will collapse into a dense carded nonwoven having properties suitable for use as a layer on top of a wadding in a liner for upholstered furniture.
• a high proportion of bi-component binder fibers e.g. core-sheath binder fibers
• the staple fibers in the top layer are typically non-crimped/straight or mechanically crimped in zigzag geometry. Staple fibers crimped in helical geometry, i.e. conjugated fibers are less preferred in the top layer.
• the top layer comprises essentially no conjugated fibers.
• the linear mass density of the staple fibers will be at least 0.5 dtex.
• the linear mass density of the staple fibers in the top layer may be 0.5 to 5 dtex, such as 0.5 to 4 dtex, or 0.7 to 2 dtex.
• the staple fibers in the top layer have an average fiber length between 30 and 100 mm.
• the staple fibers in the top layer comprise core-sheath polyester binder fibers having a linear mass density of 5 dtex or less, such as 4 dtex or less. If less than 100 wt % of the staple fibers are core-sheath polyester binder fibers, the staple fibers in the top layer may also comprise fibers of polyester, or copolymers thereof having a linear mass density of 5 dtex or less, such as 4 dtex or less. If present, the fibers of polyester, or copolymers, thereof have a melting point of more than 200° C., e.g. about 260° C.
• the melting point of the core of the core-sheath polyester binder fibers is higher than 200° C., e.g. about 260 ° C.
• the sheath of the core-sheath polyester binder fibers have a melting point of less than 200° C., e.g. about 110° C.
• the melting point of the polyester sheath may be lowered by co-polymerization with olefin groups, reducing the melting point significantly, e.g. to about 110 ° C.
• the melting point of the sheath of the core-sheath polyester binder fiber is at least 50° C. lower, such as at least 75° C. lower, or even at least 100° C.
• the melting point of the sheath of the core-sheath polyester binder fiber is at least 50° C. lower, such as at least 75° C. lower or even at least 100° C. lower, than the melting point of the fibers of polyester, or copolymers thereof, if present.
• the staple fibers in the top layer comprise core-sheath polyester binder fibers and optionally fibers of polyester, or copolymers thereof
• at least 80 wt %, such as at least 90 wt % of the staple fibers may be core-sheath polyester binder fibers and fibers of polyester, or copolymers thereof.
• the polyester may be PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), PTT (polytrimethylene terephthalate), PLA (polylactic acid), PEF (polyethylene furanoate).
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• PBT polybutylene terephthalate
• PTT polytrimethylene terephthalate
• PLA polylactic acid
• PEF polyethylene furanoate
• the polyester may be a co-polymer, such as block co-polymer.
• a block co-polymer comprising polyester and polyolefin blocks have lower melting point compared to the corresponding polyester.
• the polyester compound may comprise additives and/or additional polymers to provide the compound with specific properties.
• a carded nonwoven spunbond like top layer could by thermally bond to a carded nonwoven wadding in single step, if bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers, are present in both layers.
• bi-component binder fibers e.g. core-sheath binder fibers
• liners wherein spunbonded polypropylene non-wovens are attached to non-woven waddings by use of an adhesive, i.e. melt glue, are known.
• an adhesive i.e. melt glue
• staple fibers of various kinds are converted into a layered material comprising two different types of non-woven, one dense and one fluffy, in a single process.
• the two different non-wovens are produced in separates processes to be attached to each other thereafter in a separate process.
• the liner disclosed herein thus not only facilities the assembly of the upholstered furniture, but also the production of liners in which the top layer is to be attached to the wadding.
• the wadding of the present liner is fluffy while the top-layer is dense.
• the wadding has a density of 5 to 20 kg/m 3 whereas the density of the top layer is higher.
• the density of the top layer may be 40 to 400 kg/m 3 , such as 100 to 400 kg/m 3 . This combination of two layers with distinct densities provided the liner with the desired properties.
• a liner comprising a layered material in which carded nonwoven wadding is thermally bonded to a carded nonwoven top layer is obtainable by heating two continuous carded webs comprising bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers, and arranged on top of each other.
• the webs may or may not be folded one or several times.
• the continuous web to form the top layer will comprise a high proportion of thin staple fibers, and a high proportion of the staple fibers will be bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers.
• the top layer comprises somewhat thicker staple fibers, e.g. fibers having a linear mass density more than 3 dtex
• heated calendar(s) While heating a continuous carded web comprising a high proportion of bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers, to a temperature above the melting point of the binder portion of the fibers per se will result in reduction of the thickness of the web, it may still be preferable to further reduce the thickness of the top layer, such as by means of heated calendar(s).
• the use of heated calendar to affect the top layer may, in addition to reducing its thickness, also smoothen its surface.
• the carded nonwoven wadding thus is directly bonded to the carded nonwoven top layer in a bonding process using elevated temperature above the melting point of the binder portion of the bi-component binder fiber, e.g. above the melting point of the sheath of a core-sheath binder fiber.
• the liner may also impair the flexibility of the liner, as a sandwich structure will be provided.
• the liner does not comprise any third layer with a composition corresponding to the top layer at the opposite side of the wadding.
• the liner may according to such an embodiment comprise further layer(s) apart from the wadding and the top layer though.
• the staple fibers in the continuous web to form the carded nonwoven wadding should be rather thick to provide a high loft, resilience, flexibility and comfort parameters.
• at least 20 wt % of the staple fibers in the wadding part of the liner has a linear mass density of at least 6 dtex, such as 7 to 30 dtex, or 8 to 20 dtex.
• a thickness corresponding to up to 30 dtex the linear mass density of the staple fibers in the wadding commonly are less than 20 dtex.
• Typically a higher proportion of the staple fibers are thick staple fibers.
• the staple fibers in the wadding has a linear mass density of at least 7 dtex, such as at least 8 dtex.
• the staple fibers should comprise bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers, whereby a continuous web of such rather thick staple fibers could be thermally bond to form a carded nonwoven wadding upon thermally bonding the carded nonwoven top layer to the carded nonwoven wadding.
• the amount of the bi-component binder fibers e.g.
• core-sheath binder fibers should be 5 to 40 wt %, such as 10 to 25 wt % or 15 to 20 wt %, of the total amount of staple fibers, i.e. the proportion of bi-component binder fibers should be significantly lower in the carded nonwoven wadding compared to the proportion of bi-component binder fibers in the carded nonwoven top layer.
• the resulting carded nonwoven is suitable for use as wadding.
• the staple fibers in the wadding have an average fiber length between 30 and 100 mm.
• a layered material with completely different mechanical properties in its layered two layers may be provided, although the layers may consist of the same raw material, e.g. polyester.
• the usage of thin staple fibers in the top layer and thick staple fibers in the wadding contributes to the different mechanical properties.
• the fluffy wadding may have a density of 5 to 20 kg/m 3
• the dense top layer may a density of 40 to 400 kg/m 3 .
• the staple fibers in the top layer as well as in the wadding essentially consist of fibers of polyester, or copolymers thereof, and bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath polyester binder fibers.
• the staple fibers in the wadding comprise fibers of polyester, or copolymers thereof, having a linear mass density of at least 6 dtex, such as at least 7 dtex or at least 8 dtex, and core-sheath polyester binder fibers.
• the fibers of polyester, or copolymers thereof have a melting point of more than 200° C., e.g. about 260° C.
• the melting point of the core of the core-sheath polyester binder fibers is higher than 200° C., e.g. about 260° C.
• the sheath of the core-sheath polyester binder fibers have a melting point of less than 200° C., e.g. about 110° C.
• the melting point of the sheath of the core-sheath polyester binder fiber is at least 50° C. lower, such as 75° C. lower or even 100° C. lower, than the melting point of the core.
• the melting point of the sheath of the core-sheath polyester binder fiber is at least 50° C., such as 75° C. lower or even 100° C. lower, lower than the melting point of the fibers of polyester, or copolymers thereof.
• the staple fibers in the wadding comprise core-sheath polyester binder fibers and fibers of polyester, or copolymers thereof
• at least 80 wt %, such as at least 90 wt %, of the staple fibers may be core-sheath polyester binder fibers and fibers of polyester, or copolymers thereof.
• the polyester may be PET (polyethylene terephthalate), PBT (polybutylene terephthalate), PTT (polytrimethylene terephthalate), PLA (polylactic acid), PEF (polyethylene furanoate).
• PET polyethylene terephthalate
• PBT polybutylene terephthalate
• PTT polytrimethylene terephthalate
• PLA polylactic acid
• PEF polyethylene furanoate
• the polyester may be a co-polymer, such as block co-polymer.
• a block co-polymer comprising polyester and polyolefin blocks have lower melting point compared to the corresponding polyester.
• the polyester compound may comprise additives and/or additional polymers to provide the compound with specific properties.
• the staple fibers in the wadding are fibers being crimped in helical geometry, i.e. conjugated fibers.
• the conjugated fibers have a linear mass density of at least 6 dtex, such as at least 7 dtex or at least 8 dtex.
• the top layer will typically be thinner than the wadding.
• the thickness of the wadding is preferably at least 2 times, such as at least 5 times, at least 8 times, or at least 10 times, the thickness of the top layer.
• the top layer may have a thickness of 0.05 to 4 mm, such as 0.1 to 2 mm, the thickness typically is less than 1 mm, e.g. about 0.5 mm, as a thicker layer may affect comfort parameters of the wadding.
• increasing the thickness of the top layer will also increase the cost, as more material is required. However, a thicker top layer will be more resistant to wear.
• the top layer may be between 0.5 and 2 mm in some applications.
• the top layer may be treated in various ways.
• the top layer may be sanded, needled, i.e. perforated, or wave pressed.
• the top layer may be heat printed to provide it with spunbond like pattern, e.g. squares. Heat-printing may also be used to provide the top layer with a given design, such as printing of trademarks on it.
• the top layer is perforated.
• the top layer may be perforated subsequent to the thermal bonding process.
• Various methods for perforating nonwovens are known in the art.
• the top layer may be perforated by use of a pinned sleeve.
• the top layer may be perforated by, e.g., needle punching providing a degree of perforation. Perforation will improve the flexibility of the liner, the higher degree of perforation, the more flexible liner.
• the top layer has at least 20 perforations per cm 2 , such as at least 30 perforations per cm 2 or at least 40 perforations per cm 2 .
• perforation will also impart the strength of the liner. A too high degree of perforation may thus be less desirable.
• the top layer may have less than 100 perforations per cm 2 , such as less than 75 perforations per cm 2 or less than 60 perforations per cm 2 .
• filling microfibers may be applied over the top layer.
• the top layer has a thickness of 0.1 to 0.5 mm.
• the top layer further has a weight of 20 to 120 g/m 2 , such as 50 to 100 g/m 2 .
• the wadding providing comfort to the upholstered furniture, typically is at least 8 times thicker than the top layer and has a thickness of 4 to 140 mm, such as 4 to 50 mm.
• the wadding further has weight of 50 to 2800 g/m 2 , such as 50 to 200 g/m 2 . While upper limits have been provided for the wadding, in principle any surface basis weight up to the limit for the processing equipment can be used for the wadding.
• the overall thickness of the liner may thus be approx. 4 to 140 mm.
• the thickness of the top layer, the wadding and the liner, respectively may be determined by standardized methods for determining the thickness of non-wovens in the art.
• the thickness of the top layer, the wadding and the liner may respectively be determined according to the ISO method 9073-2:1995 for determining thicknesses of non-wovens.
• the thickness of the top layer, the wadding and the liner, respectively may be determined according to the INDA/EDANA method WSP 120.2.R4 (12), being based on a previous ASTM method (D5736).
• the INDA/EDANA method is according to an embodiment preferred.
• the material may be used for upholstered furniture for replacing a two layer construction, the top layer fulfilling the pilling, tear strength and flexibility requirements for upholstered furniture.
• the selection of staple fibers for the top layer i.e. high proportion of bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers, and the staple fibers being thin is of special importance in providing the liner with the desired properties.
• top layer For certain applications, such for use in upholstered furniture with leather cover, it may be advantageous to provide the top layer with a non-slip coating.
• the present liner if having a thickness of at least 4 mm such that the thermal insulation is sufficient, fulfills the fire test procedure for barrier materials in TB 117-2013 from State of California, in contrast to a liner solution wherein meltspun nonwoven of polypropylene is used a separate intermediate layer on top of a carded polyester nonwoven, representing state of the art.
• meltspun nonwoven of polypropylene is used a separate intermediate layer on top of a carded polyester nonwoven, representing state of the art.
• This is of great importance as it implies that the need for potentially hazardous flame retardants in the comfort material and/or the cover material in upholstered furniture may be dispensed with.
• fire resistant liners are known in the art, they typically are expensive, reduces flexibility, thus affecting comfort parameters.
• higher performing fibers may be added to the staple fibers in the top layer and/or the wadding.
• fibers include inherently flame retardant PET (Trevira CS), meta-aramide (Nomex), carbon/carbonised fibers (Panox), or any other high performing fiber with high melting or decomposition temperature and high LOI (Limiting Oxygen Index).
• Terevira CS inherently flame retardant PET
• Nomex meta-aramide
• carbon/carbonised fibers Panox
• LOI Low Oxygen Index
• the liner produced as a layered material with at least two layers may be applied on furniture by gluing pre-cut sheets of material on the structure or by stitching them together (as a slip on liner) before dressing the structure or comfort core/cushion.
• the most obvious advantage is reduction of assembly time replacing two separate materials with the two layer sandwich material.
• Typical, comfort material for upholstered furniture include cellular polymeric foams, i.e. PU-foam, fibrous structures of man-made or natural fibers, pocket springs, woven or knitted textile fabrics suspended in a frame.
• the liner may also be used as a mattress cover.
• a further embodiment thus relates to an upholstered piece of furniture having a liner, as described herein, arranged at least partly over the comfort material of the piece of furniture.
• the liner will typically be attached to the comfort material of the furniture, such as by gluing. It may further be stitched, welded, or taped into a slip on cover.
• a cover is normally arranged at least partly over the liner. The cover may be a permanently attached or it may be a slip dress on cover.
• a further embodiment relates to a process for providing a liner for upholstered furniture, which liner comprises a layered material with at least two layers, in which a carded nonwoven wadding, constituting a first layer, is thermally bonded to a carded nonwoven top layer, constituting a second layer.
• a carded nonwoven wadding constituting a first layer
• a carded nonwoven top layer constituting a second layer
• staple fibers of which at least 20 wt % have a linear mass density of at least 6 dtex, and wherein 5 to 40 wt % of the staple fibers are bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers, are carded to provide a first carded continuous web.
• the different staple fibers may be provided in bales. The bales are opened, scaled and mixed to provide the desired mixture of staple fibers.
• the first and second carded continuous webs are then arranged in a first and second layer on top of each other to provide a layered structure.
• the first layer may comprise just one layer of the first carded continuous web. However, more commonly the first layer will comprise several layers of the first carded continuous web.
• Such a multilayered first layer is provided by folding the first carded continuous web one or several times.
• the second layer may comprise just one layer of the first carded continuous web or it may be multilayered. Also a multilayered second layer may be provided by folding the second carded continuous web one or several times.
• the first and the second web are parts of the same web.
• the first web is present along one edge of the web in the machine direction
• the second web is present along the other edge of the web in the machine direction.
• the first and second carded continuous webs may be arranged on top of each other, in two or more layers, to provide a layered structure.
• the first and second webs are present along opposing edges of the web, they will not be uniformly arranged throughout the zig-zag laminate.
• One of the webs, in one or several layers will be present at one side, e.g. the upper side, whereas the other will be present at the other side, e.g. the lower side, in one or several layers.
• a liner having a nonwoven wadding thermally bonded to nonwoven top layer may be obtained by heating the sandwich structure in a manner such that the binder portion of the bi-component binder fiber, e.g. the sheath of a core-sheath fiber, melts. The heating will thus not only result in formation of two thermally bonded non-wovens, but also in thermally bonding between the two non-wovens.
• the wadding has a thickness of 4 to 140 mm, and a weight of 50 to 2800 g/m 2 , such as 50 to 200 g/m 2 .
• the top layer has a thickness of 0.05 to 4 mm, such as 0.05 to 2 mm, and a weight of 20 to 120 g/m 2 , such as 50 to 100 g/m 2 .
• a heating continuous web comprising bi-component binder fibers, e.g. core-sheath binder fibers, to form a thermally bonded nonwoven are known in the art.
• hot air blowing may be used.
• some pressure is typically applied to the sandwich structure during the heating step.
• the pressure may be applied in various ways, such as by use of calendars arranged at a proper distance from each other, by transportation belts on each side of the material, or by compression molding.
• the temperature to be used in the heating step depends on the staple fibers. It should be sufficient to melt the binder portion of the bi-component binder fiber, e.g. the sheath of a sheath-core fiber, but not other portion, e.g. the core of a sheath-core fiber. Further, the heat should also not melt the other staple fibers.
• the heating temperature may be 160 to 210° C.As the process is for providing a liner as described herein, preferred fibers, ratio of fibers etc. provided for the liner are applicable also with respect to the process for manufacture thereof.
• the process may thus comprise a further step of calendaring the heated layered structure with heated calendar(s).
• the top layer comprises somewhat thicker staple fibers, e.g. fibers having a linear mass density of more than 3 dtex, it may preferred to further reduce the thickness of the top layer by means of heated calendar(s).
• the staple fibers are fibers of polyester, or copolymers thereof, and core-sheath polyester binder fibers
• the temperature of the heated calendar(s) may be set to 160 to 210° C., such as around 180° C.
• the perforation may be performed by needle punching.
• the process may also be mechanically bonded, such as by needle punching, prior to the heating.
• the process further comprises the step of mechanically bonding, such as by needle punching, the layered structure prior to the heating.
• the needle punching step in such an embodiment is distinct from the optional perforation step, being performed subsequent to the heating.
• the process further comprises the step of mechanically bonding, such as by needle punching, the first and/or the second continuous web.
• a liner with a 0.2 mm//50 g/m 2 top layer and a 5 mm//100 g/m 2 wadding was provided by use of commercially available stable fibers.
• the mechanical properties for such layered material were similar to the ones of a separate meltspun top layer put on top of traditional carded wadding.
• staple fibers were obtained as standard bales for further processing at a carding facility.
• a fiber mixture of 90 wt % 1.7 dtex core-sheath polyester binder fibers and 10 wt % 0.7 dtex solid and mechanically crimped polyester fibers was used.
• a fiber mixture of 15% 4.4 dtex core-sheath polyester binder fibers and 85% 8 dtex hollow conjugated (crimped in helical geometry) polyester fibers was used.
• One carding facility uses two different cards, combining the two different continuous webs to a sandwich material before a thermal bonding process.
• the other carding facility uses one carding machine fed by two different mixes of fibers arranging them substantially in two separate layers in a cross-lapper before entering the thermal bonding process.
• the process starts by opening the bales, scaling and mixing fibers to specified proportions, carding fibers and arranging the carded continuous webs in two layers to specified surface weights, thermobonding of the sandwich material using hot air blowing though the material in combination with thickness calibration using a controlled surface pressure or controlled distance between two surfaces in the processing equipment.

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• 2015
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