Classifications

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  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
  • C07F15/006—Palladium compounds
  • C07F15/0066—Palladium compounds without a metal-carbon linkage
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  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
  • B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/0201—Oxygen-containing compounds
  • B01J31/0205—Oxygen-containing compounds comprising carbonyl groups or oxygen-containing derivatives, e.g. acetals, ketals, cyclic peroxides
  • B01J31/0208—Ketones or ketals
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  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/02—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing organic compounds or metal hydrides
  • B01J31/0234—Nitrogen-, phosphorus-, arsenic- or antimony-containing compounds
  • B01J31/0235—Nitrogen containing compounds
  • B01J31/0244—Nitrogen containing compounds with nitrogen contained as ring member in aromatic compounds or moieties, e.g. pyridine
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
  • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
  • B01J31/189—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms containing both nitrogen and phosphorus as complexing atoms, including e.g. phosphino moieties, in one at least bidentate or bridging ligand
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
  • B01J31/24—Phosphines, i.e. phosphorus bonded to only carbon atoms, or to both carbon and hydrogen atoms, including e.g. sp2-hybridised phosphorus compounds such as phosphabenzene, phosphole or anionic phospholide ligands
  • B01J31/2404—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, the phosphine-P atom being a ring member or a substituent on the ring
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C51/00—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides
  • C07C51/10—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide
  • C07C51/14—Preparation of carboxylic acids or their salts, halides or anhydrides by reaction with carbon monoxide on a carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bond in organic compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C67/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters
  • C07C67/36—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reaction with carbon monoxide or formates
  • C07C67/38—Preparation of carboxylic acid esters by reaction with carbon monoxide or formates by addition to an unsaturated carbon-to-carbon bond
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F15/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F15/0006—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group
  • C07F15/0013—Compounds containing elements of Groups 8, 9, 10 or 18 of the Periodic Table compounds of the platinum group without a metal-carbon linkage
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07F—ACYCLIC, CARBOCYCLIC OR HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS CONTAINING ELEMENTS OTHER THAN CARBON, HYDROGEN, HALOGEN, OXYGEN, NITROGEN, SULFUR, SELENIUM OR TELLURIUM
  • C07F9/00—Compounds containing elements of Groups 5 or 15 of the Periodic Table
  • C07F9/02—Phosphorus compounds
  • C07F9/547—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom
  • C07F9/553—Heterocyclic compounds, e.g. containing phosphorus as a ring hetero atom having one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07F9/576—Six-membered rings
  • C07F9/58—Pyridine rings
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2231/10—Polymerisation reactions involving at least dual use catalysts, e.g. for both oligomerisation and polymerisation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2231/00—Catalytic reactions performed with catalysts classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2231/30—Addition reactions at carbon centres, i.e. to either C-C or C-X multiple bonds
  • B01J2231/32—Addition reactions to C=C or C-C triple bonds
  • B01J2231/321—Hydroformylation, metalformylation, carbonylation or hydroaminomethylation
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2531/00—Additional information regarding catalytic systems classified in B01J31/00
  • B01J2531/80—Complexes comprising metals of Group VIII as the central metal
  • B01J2531/82—Metals of the platinum group
  • B01J2531/824—Palladium
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J31/00—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds
  • B01J31/16—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes
  • B01J31/18—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms
  • B01J31/1805—Catalysts comprising hydrides, coordination complexes or organic compounds containing coordination complexes containing nitrogen, phosphorus, arsenic or antimony as complexing atoms, e.g. in pyridine ligands, or in resonance therewith, e.g. in isocyanide ligands C=N-R or as complexed central atoms the ligands containing nitrogen
  • B01J31/181—Cyclic ligands, including e.g. non-condensed polycyclic ligands, comprising at least one complexing nitrogen atom as ring member, e.g. pyridine

Definitions

• the invention relates to a catalyst system comprising a phosphine, to certain novel phosphines, to a process for preparing the phosphines, and to the use of the catalyst system in the carbonylation of olefins and acetylenes.
• One type of catalyst system which has been disclosed in recent years comprises a source of a Group VIII metal and a pyridyl phosphine.
• Kurti Kurtev et al Journal of the Chemical Society, Dalton Transactions, 1980, pages 55 to 58 disclose catalyst systems comprising a rhodium or ruthenium compound and a pyridyl monophosphine, and their use in the carbonylation of hex-1-ene.
• EP-AI-0271144 discloses the use of catalyst systems comprising a palladium compound, a pyridyl monophosphine and an acid in the carbonylation of acetylenes with hydroxyl-containing compounds. Unlike EP-A1-0259914, the broadest definition of phosphines said to be suitable for use in the carbonylation process is restricted to phosphines in which all three phosphorus substituents are aromatic.
• EP-AI-0282142 discloses the use of catalyst systems comprising a palladium compound, a pyridyl monophosphine and an acid in the carbonylation of olefins with hydroxyl-containing compounds. Unlike EP-A1-0259914, the broadest definition of phosphines said to be suitable for use in the carbonylation process is restricted to phosphines in which all three phosphorus substituents are aromatic.
• EP-A2-0305012 discloses catalyst systems comprising a palladium compound, a pyridyl diphosphine, an acid and a quinone, and their use in the carbonylation of olefins to afford polymers.
• Chem. Ber., 115 (9), 3085-95 (1982) discloses methyl-di-2-pyridylphosphine and dimethyl-2-pyridylphosphine.
• J. Mol. Spectrosc., 34 (2), 245-56 (1970) discloses n-butyl-di2-pyridylphosphine.
• the present invention provides a catalyst system which comprises:
• R 1 represents an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group
• R 2 represents an optionally substituted aromatic heterocyclic group having 5 or 6 ring atoms of which at least one is nitrogen, which may form part of an optionally substituted larger condensed ring structure
• Rs independently is the same as R 1 or R 2 or represents an optionally substituted aryl group, or an acid addition salt thereof.
• Catalyst systems according to the invention have been found to have high activity in the carbonylation of olefins and acetylenes. Outstandingly high reaction rates have been found in the carbonylation of acetylenes. Furthermore, catalyst systems according to the invention have been found to have good selectivity. With acetylenes the catalyst systems have been found to have good selectivity towards beta-carbonylated products, and with olefins, they have been found to have good selectivity towards alpha-carbonylated products. The high selectivity towards alpha-carbonylated products with olefins is particularly surprising.
• Catalyst systems according to the invention which further comprise a quinone have also been found to possess activity for the carbonylation of olefinically unsaturated compounds and carbon monoxide to afford polymers.
• any aliphatic hydrocarbyl group conveniently has from one to thirty, preferably from one to twelve, and in particular up to 5 carbon atoms. It may be an alkenyl group such as a vinyl, allyl or butenyl group, but is preferably an alkyl group. Preferred alkyl groups are methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, 1-butyl, 2-methyl-2-propyl(t-butyl), 1-pentyl and 1-hexyl, of which those containing up to five carbon atoms are particularly preferred.
• At least one of the ring atoms is preferably an imino nitrogen atom.
• amino nitrogen atom means a nitrogen atom which may be represented in the structural formula of the aromatic, heterocyclic substituent containing it by the formula ##STR3##
• aromatic substituent is a pyridyl group
• the structural formula of the aromatic substituent is ##STR4##
• aromatic, heterocyclic substituents containing an imino nitrogen atom are pyridyl, pyrazinyl, quinolyl, isoquinolyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, cinnolinyl, triazinyl, quinoxalinyl and quinazolinyl.
• Preferred substituents are pyridyl and pyrimidyl groups.
• At least one of the ring atoms is an imino nitrogen atom which is separated from the phosphorus atom by one bridging carbon atom.
• the aromatic, heterocyclic substituent is a pyridyl group, it is preferably connected to the phosphorus atom through the carbon atom at the 2-position in the pyridyl group.
• examples of preferred aromatic, heterocyclic substituents containing an imino nitrogen atom are 2-pyridyl; 2-pyrazinyl, 2-quinolyl; 1-isoquinolyl., 3-isoquinolyl; 2-pyrimidinyl; 3-pyridazinyl; 3-cinnolinyl; 2-triazinyl; 2-quinoxalinyl; and 2-quinazolinyl.
• 2-Pyridyl, 2-pyrimidyl and 2-triazinyl are particularly preferred.
• R 2 is an optionally substituted pyridyl group, in particular a 2-pyridyl group.
• R 3 does not represent one of the afore-mentioned aromatic heterocyclic groups, it represents an aliphatic hydrocarbyl group or an optionally substituted aryl group.
• An optionally substituted aryl group conveniently contains not more than 18 carbon atoms in its ring system and is preferably an optionally substituted phenyl group, but may be an optionally substituted anthryl or naphthyl group.
• R 3 preferably represents a pyridyl group, an alKYl group or an optionally substituted phenyl group.
• substituents are typically selected from hydroxy, halogen (especially chloro and fluoro), alkoxy (preferably C 1-5 alkoxy, especially methoxy and ethoxy), dialkylamino (especially dimethylamino and diethylamino), mono- di- and trihalomethyl, such as trifluoromethyl, trichloromethyl and monochloromethyl, and alky- (preferably C 1-5 alkyl group, especially methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl and tert. butyl).
• substituted aromatic, heterocyclic groups are 6-methyl-2-pyridyl, 6-methoxy-2-pyridyl, 3-methyl-2-pyridyl, 4-methy1-2pyridy1 and 4,6-dimethyl-2-pyridyl.
• substituted aryl groups are 4-methoxyphenyl, 3-methylphenyl and 2-fluorophenyl.
• phosphines of formula (I) are:
• Preferred acid addition salts of the phosphines of general formula (I) include salts with sulfuric ac..id; a sulfonic acid, e.g., an optionally substituted hydrocarbylsulfonic acid such as an optionally substituted arylsulfonic acid, e.g., benzenesulfonic acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid or naphthalenesulfonic acid, an optionally substituted alKylsulfonic acid, such as an alkylsulfonic acid, e.g., methanesulfonic acid or t-butylsulfonic acid, or a substituted aulfonic acid such as 2-hydroxypropanesulfonic acid, trifluoromethanesulfonic acid, chlorosulfonic acid or fluorosulfonic acid; a phosphoric acid, e.g., orthophosphoric acid, pyrophosphoric acid, benzen
• Group VIII metals are iron, cobalt, nickel, ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, iridium and platinum.
• the Group VIII metal compound is preferably selected from salts of palladium, rhodium and ruthenium, of which salts of palladium, especially divalent palladium, are preferred. Both homogeneous and heterogeneous metal compounds may be present, but homogeneous compounds are preferred. Suitable compounds are the salts of nitric acid, sulfuric acid and alkanoic acids having not more than 12 carbon atoms per molecule, e.g., acetic acid. Palladium acetate is especially preferred. Salts of a Group VIII metal with any of the acids mentioned above in relation to the phosphines of formula (I) are also preferred, especially palladium salts.
• metal complexes may be used, for instance, using palladium as an example, palladium acetylacetonate, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, bis(tri-o-tolyphosphine)palladium acetate, bis(diphenylphosphine)palladium acetate, or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium sulfate.
• palladium as an example, palladium acetylacetonate, tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium, bis(tri-o-tolyphosphine)palladium acetate, bis(diphenylphosphine)palladium acetate, or bis(triphenylphosphine)palladium sulfate.
• Metal bonded on charcoal and metal bonded to an ion-exchanger, for instance an exchange resin containing sulfonic acid groups, are examples of suitable heterogeneous
• the catalyst systems according to the invention preferably comprise a protonic acid. It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that when a catalyst system according to the invention comprises an acid addition salt of a phosphine of formula (I), the catalyst system inevitably comprises a protonic acid.
• the function of the protonic acid is to provide a source of protons.
• the protonic acid is one of those referred to above in relation to the formation of acid addition salts by the phosphines of general formula (I). It may also be an acidic ion exchange resin, for example a sulfonated ion exchange resin.
• the protonic acid conveniently has a pK a (measured at 18° C in aqueous solution) of below 6, more preferably below 4.5, e.g, below 4, most preferably below 2.
• pK a measured at 18° C in aqueous solution
• the optimum pK a will depend upon the particular carbonylation reaction in which the catalyst system is to be employed.
• the optimal ratio of protonic acid to phosphine will depend upon the particular carbonylation reaction in which the catalyst system is to be employed. Conveniently the number of moles of phosphine per mole of protonic acid will be in the range of from 0.1 to 50, preferably from 0.1 to 10, more preferably from 0.25 to 4.
• the number of moles of phosphine of formula (I) per gram atom of Group VIII metal in the catalyst system according to the invention is not critical. It will depend upon the particular Group VIII metal and the particular carbonylation reaction. Preferably the number of moles of phosphine per gram atom of palladium is in the range of from 1 to 1,000, more preferably from 2 to 500, for example from 10 to 100.
• the catalyst system according to the invention is constituted in a liquid phase.
• the liquid phase may conveniently be formed by one or more of the reactants with which the catalyst system is to be used. Alternatively, it may be formed by a solvent. It may also be formed by one of the components of the catalyst system.
• the catalyst systems according to the invention may be homogeneous or heterogeneous. Most preferably they are homogeneous.
• the catalyst systems according to the invention may be generated by any convenient method. Thus they may be prepared by combining a Group VIII metal compound, a phosphine of general formula (I) and, if appropriate, a protonic acid in a liquid phase. Alternatively, they may be prepared by combining a Group VIII metal compound and an acid addition salt of general formula (I) in a liquid phase. Alternatively, they may be prepared from a Group VIII metal compound which is a complex of a Group VIII metal with a phosphine of general formula (I), and/or a protonic acid in a liquid phase.
• the invention also provides a phosphine of general formula (I) or an acid addition salt thereof, as defined above, except for methyl-di-2-pyridyl phosphine, dimethyl-2-pyridyl phosphine, and n-butyl-di-2-pyridyl phosphine.
• the phosphines of general formula (I) may be prepared by a process which comprises reacting a compound of general formula: ##STR5## in which M 1 represents either a metal atom or a leaving atom or group and R 2 .spsp.a and R 3 .spsp.a represent two of R 1 , R 2 and R 3 as defined above, with an appropriate compound of general formula:
• M 2 represents eithe r ametal atom or a leaving atom or group and R 1 .spsp.a represents the remainder from 1 , R 2 andR 3 , optionally followed by forming an acaid addition salt.
• a metal atom represented by M 1 or M 2 may be any main group metal, for example an alkali metal, such as lithium, sodium or potassium; an alkaline earth metal, suchas magnesium; zinc; cadmium; mercury; aluminum; gallium; indium; thallium; tin or lead.
• a metal atom is an alkali metal atom.
• the leaving atom or group is preferably a halogen atom, most preferably a chlorine or bromine atom.
• M 2 represents a halogen atom.
• R 1 .spsp.a represents R 1 .
• reaction between the compound of general formula (II) with the compound of general formula (III) may conveniently be effected in the presence of a solvent.
• suitable solvents include liquid ammonia and ethers such as tetrahydrofuran or diethyl ether, or hydrocarbons such as benzene or toluene.
• the process is conveniently effected at a temperature in the range of from -100° C to 100° C, preferably from -80° C to 0° C.
• An acid addition salt may conveniently be formed by contacting a phosphine of general formula (I) with an appropriate acid, preferably in the presence of a solvent.
• M 1 represents a metal atom
• Mz represents a leaving atom or group, for example a chlorine, bromine or iodine atom, by reaction with a metal alkyl, for example butyl lithium.
• catalyst systems according to the invention have good activity in the carbonylation of acetylenically and olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• the invention further provides the use of a catalyst system as defined hereinbefore in the carbonylation of an acetylenically or olefinically unsaturated hydrocarbon.
• the present invention provides a process for the carbonylation of an acetylenically or olefinically unsaturated compound, which comprises reacting an acetylenically or olefinically unsaturated compound with carbon monoxide in the presence of a catalyst system as defined hereinabove.
• the acetylenically or olefinically unsaturated compound is preferably an alpha olefin or acetylene.
• An olefinically unsaturated compound is preferably a substituted or unsubstituted alkene or cycloalkene having from 2 to 30, preferably from 3 to 20 carbon atoms per molecule.
• An acetylenically unsaturated compound is preferably a substituted or unsubstituted alkyne having from 2 to 20, especially from 3 to 10 carbon atoms per molecule.
• the acetylenically or olefinically unsaturated compound may contain one or more acetylenic or olefinic bonds, for example one, two or three acetylenic or olefinic bonds.
• An olefin or acetylene may be substituted by, for example, a halogen atom, a cyano group, an acyl group such as acetyl, an acyloxy group such as acetoxy, an amino group such as dialkYlamino, an alkoxy group such as methoxy, a haloalkyl group such as trifluoromethyl, a haloalkoxy group such as trifluoromethoxy, an amido group such as acetamido, or a hydroxy group.
• a halogen atom such as acetyl
• an acyloxy group such as acetoxy
• an amino group such as dialkYlamino
• an alkoxy group such as methoxy
• a haloalkyl group such as trifluoromethyl
• a haloalkoxy group such as trifluoromethoxy
• an amido group such as acetamido, or a hydroxy group.
• lactones may be obtained by carbonylating certain acetylenically unsaturated alcohols, for example 3-butyn-1-ol, 4-pentyn-1-ol or 3-pentyn-1-ol.
• 3-butyn-1-ol may be converted into a ⁇ -methylene- ⁇ -butyrolactone.
• alKynes examples include: ethyne, propyne, phenylacetylene, 1-butyne, 2-butyne, 1-pentyne, 1-hexyne, 1-heptyne, 1-actyne, 2-octyne, 4-actyne, 1,7-octadiyne, 5-methyl-3-heptyne, 4-propyl-2-pentyne, 1-nonyne, benzylethyne and cyclohexylethyne.
• alkenes are: ethene, propene, phenylethene, 1-butene, 2-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-heptene, 1-octene, 2-octene, 4-octene, cyclohexene and norbornadiene.
• the acetylenically or olefinically unsaturated compound can be both an acetylene and an olefin, for example as in 3-methyl-but-3-ene-1-yne.
• the unsaturated compound may be carbonylated alone or in the presence of other reactants, for example, hydrogen or a nucleophilic compound having a removable hydrogen atom.
• a nucleophilic compound having a removable hydrogen atom is a hydroxyl-containing compound.
• a hydroxyl-containing compound is preferably an alcohol, water or a carboxylic acid.
• An alcohol used may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic and may carry one or more substituents.
• the alcohol preferably comprises up to 20 carbon atoms per molecule. It may be, for example, an alkanol, a cycloalkanol or a phenol.
• One or more hydroxyl groups may be present, in which case several products may be formed, depending on the molar ratio of the reactants used.
• alkanols examples include methanol, ethanol, 1-propanol, 2-propanol, 1-butanol, 2-butanol, 2-methylpropan-1-ol, and 2-methylpropan2-ol.
• alcohols include polyvalent alcohols, in particular lower sugars such as glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, aldoxose, aldopentose, altrose, allose, talose, gulose, idose, ribose, arbinose, xylose, lyxose, erythrose or thriose, cellulose, benzyl alcohol, 2,2-bis(hydroxymethyl)-1-butanol, stearyl alcohol, cyclohexanol, ethylene glycol, 1,2-propanediol, 1,4-butanediol, polyethyleneglycol, glyerol and 1,6-hexanediol.
• lower sugars such as glucose, fructose, mannose, galactose, sucrose, aldoxose, aldopentose, altrose, allose, talose, gulose, idose, ribose, arbi
• the process according to the present invention may be carried out using a wide variety of carboxylic acids.
• the carboxylic acids may be aliphatic, cycloaliphatic or aromatic and may carry one or more substituents, such as those named in connection with the acetylenically and olefinically unsaturated compounds.
• Carboxylic acids preferably used in the process according to the invention include those containing up to 20 carbon atoms. One or more carboxylic acid groups may be present, thus allowing various products as desired, depending on the molar ratio of the reactants used.
• the carboxylic acids may, for example, be alkanecarboxylic acids or alkenecarboxylic acids.
• carboxylic acids are: formic acid, acetic acid, propionic acid, n-butyric acid, isobutyric acid, pivalic acid, n-valeric acid, n-capronic acid, caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, benzoic acid, o-phthalic acid, m-phthalic acid, terephthalic acid and toluic acid.
• alkenecarboxylic acids are acrylic acid, propiolic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, isocrotonic acid, oleic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, citraconic acid and mesaconic acid.
• unsaturated hydrocarbon and the hydroxyl-containing compound may be the same compound.
• an alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic acid is formed. If an alcohol is used instead of water, an alpha,beta-unsaturated carboxylic ester is formed. If a carboxylic acid is used instead of water, an alpha,beta-unsaturated anhydride is formed.
• the alpha,beta-unsaturated product may undergo further reaction depending upon the reaction conditions employed.
• catalyst systems according to the invention are particularly useful for the carbonylation of alpha acetylenes with hydroxyl-containing compounds.
• the invention provides a process for the preparation of an alpha,beta-olefinically unsaturated compound, which comprises reacting an alpha acetylene with carbon monoxide and a hydroxyl-containing compound in the liquid phase in the presence of a carbonylation catalyst system as hereinbefore described.
• the carbonylation catalyst system is preferably a palladium catalyst as described above, namely a catalyst system which comprises:
• Said solvent may, for example, comprise sulfoxides and sulfones, for example dimethylsulfoxide, diisopropylsulfone or tetrahydrothiophene-2, 2-dioxide (also referred to as sulfolane), 2-methylsulfolane, 3-methylsulfolane, 2-methyl-4-butylsulfolane; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene, toluene, xylenes., esters such as methylacetate and butyrolactone; ketones such as acetone or methyl isobutyl ketone, ethers such as anisole, 2,5,8-trioxanonane (also referred to as diglyme), diphenyl ether and diiso
• Said solvent may, for example, comprise sulfoxides and sulfones, for example dimethylsulfoxide, diisopropylsulfone or tetrahydrothiophene-2,
• the process according to the present invention is conveniently effected at a temperature in the range of from 10° C to 200° C, in particular from 20° C to 130° C.
• the process according to the invention is preferably effected at a pressure of from 1 bar to 70 bar. Pressures higher than 100 bar may be used, but are generally economically unattractive on account of special apparatus requirements.
• the molar ratio of the hydroxyl-containing compound to the unsaturated hydrocarbon may vary between wide limits and generally lies within the range of 0.01:1 to 100:1.
• the quantity of the Group VIII metal is not critical. Preferably, quantities are used within the range of 10 -7 to 10 -1 gram atom Group VIII metal per mol of unsaturated compound.
• the carbon monoxide required for the process according to the present invention may be used in a practically pure form or diluted with an inert gas, for example nitrogen.
• an inert gas for example nitrogen.
• the presence of more than small quantities of hydrogen in the gas stream is undesirable on account of the hydrogenation of the unsaturated hydrocarbon which may occur under the reaction conditions.
• the quantity of hydrogen in the gas stream supplied is less than 5 vol %.
• Another reaction which is catalyzed by catalyst systems according to the invention, and which may be regarded as a carbonylation, is the preparation of linear, alternating polyketone polymers by copolymerizing olefinically unsaturated compounds with carbon monoxide.
• the catalyst system used preferably comprises a quinone.
• quinone examples are optionally substituted benzoquinones, naphthaquinones and orthoquinones.
• Benzoquinones are preferred especially 1,4-benzoquinone.
• the amount of quinone used is conveniently from 1 to 1,000 moles per gram atom of Group VIII metal (e.g. palladium), preferably from 10-5,000.
• reaction time refers to the period during which reaction takes place, as evidenced by a decreasing autoclave pressure, and does not comprise an induction period which may precede the reaction period.
• Example 1 The method of Example 1 was repeated, except that a 1.6 M solution of methyl Li in diethylether was used instead of the n-butyl Li solution, and 1.3g iodomethane instead of the bromobutane.
• the reaction product was a mixture of (methyl) 2 (2-pyridyl)P, methyl phenyl 2-pyridylP and 2-phenyl pyridine in the approximate ratio 70:30:60, from which the (methy1) 2 (2-pyridyl)P was isolated by distillation.
• Example 2 The method of Example 1 was repeated, except that 5.6 ml of a 1.7 M solution of t-butyl Li in pentane was used instead of the n-butyl Li solution.
• n-butyl lithium is believed to react with 2-bromopyridine to afford a mixture of n-butylbromide and 2-pyridyl lithium.
• the 2-pyridyl lithium reacts with 4-methoxy-bis(2-pyridyl)phosphine to afford 4-methoxyphenyl(2-pyridyl)lithium phosphide (and 2,2'-bipyridine).
• the lithium phosphide then reacts with n-butylbromide to afford (n-butyl)(4-methoxyphenyl)(2-pyridyl)phosphine.
• Methyl methacrylate was prepared as follows. A 300ml magnetically stirred Hastelloy (Hastelloy is a registered trade mark) autoclave was successively filled with 0.025 mmol palladium(II) acetate, 1 mmol butyl(4-methoxyphenyl)(2-pyridyl)phosphine, 2 mmol p-toluenesulfonic acid, 30 ml methanol and 30 ml N-methylpyrrolidone (solvent). Air was evacuated from the autoclave, whereupon 25 ml of propyne was added. Subsequently, carbon monoxide was introduced to a pressure of 60 bar.
• Hastelloy is a registered trade mark
• the autoclave was sealed and heated to a temperature of 50° C. After a reaction time of 11/2 hours at 50° C a specimen of the contents was analyzed by means of gas-liquid chromatography. The selectivity of the conversion of propyne to methyl methacrylate was found to be 98.9%, while the mean conversion rate was calculated to be 20,000 mol propyne/gramatom Pd/hours.
• Example 1 was repeated, but with the following differences:
• the ligand used was methyldi(2-pyridyl)phosphine instead of butyl(4-methoxyphenyl)(2-pyridyl)phosphine, and
• reaction temperature was 80° C instead of 50° C.
• the selectivity of the conversion of propyne to methyl methacrylate was found to be 99.1%, while the mean conversion rate was calculated to be 2,500 mol propyne/gramatom Pd/hour.
• Example 8 was repeated, but with the following differences..
• the ligand used was pheny1di(2-pyridyl)phosphine instead of methyldi(2-pyridyl)phosphine, and
• reaction time was 2 hours instead of 11/2 hours.
• the selectivity of the conversion of propyne to methyl methacrylate was found to be 98.3%, while the mean converison rate was calculated to be 8,000 mol propyne/gramatom Pd/hour.
• the replacement of an aryl group by an aliphatic group in the organic phosphine appears to have a beneficial effect.
• Propionic anhydride was prepared as follows. A 300 ml magnetically stirred Hastelloy (Hastelloy is a registrered trade mark) autoclave was successively filled with 0.1 mmol palladium(II) acetate, 4 mmol butyl(4-methoxyphenyl)(2-pyridyl)phosphine, 2 mmol p-toluenesulfonic acid, 20 ml propionic acid and 50 ml anisole (solvent). Air was evacuated from the autoclave, whereupon ethene was blown in until a pressure of 20 bar was reached. Subsequently, carbon monoxide was introduced to a partial pressure of 30 bar.
• Hastelloy is a registrered trade mark
• the autoclave was sealed and heated to a temperature of 90° C. After a reaction time of 5 hours at 90° C a specimen of the contents was analyzed by means of gas-liquid chromatography. The selectivity of the conversion of ethene to propionic anhydride was found to be 99.5%, while the mean conversion rate was calculated to be 300 ml ethene/gramatom Pd/hour.
• Methyl propionate was prepared as follows. Example 9 was repeated except for the difference that 50 mol methanol was added instead of the 20 ml propionic acid and 50 ml anisole. The selectivity of the conversion of ethene to methy1 propionate was found to be 99.5%, while the mean conversion rate was calclulated to be 200 mol ethene/gat Pd/hr.
• a linear, alternating CO/ethene copolymer was prepared as follows.
• a 250 ml magnetically stirred Hastelloy (Hastilloy is a registered trade mark) autoclave was charged with a solution of 50 ml methanol and a catalyst system comprising 0.1 mmol palladium(II) acetate, 3 mmol butyl(4 methoxypheny1)(2-pyridyl)phosphine, 2 mmol p-toluenesulfonic acid, and 20 mmol p-benzoquinone.
• Air was evaculated from the autoclave, whereupon ethene was blown in until a pressure of 20 bar was reached.

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