Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D205/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D205/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D205/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D205/08—Heterocyclic compounds containing four-membered rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with one oxygen atom directly attached in position 2, e.g. beta-lactams
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D307/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D307/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings
  • C07D307/34—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
  • C07D307/38—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with substituted hydrocarbon radicals attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D307/52—Radicals substituted by nitrogen atoms not forming part of a nitro radical
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D309/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings
  • C07D309/16—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member
  • C07D309/28—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings having one oxygen atom as the only ring hetero atom, not condensed with other rings having one double bond between ring members or between a ring member and a non-ring member with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
  • C07D309/30—Oxygen atoms, e.g. delta-lactones
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
  • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
  • Y02P20/55—Design of synthesis routes, e.g. reducing the use of auxiliary or protecting groups

Definitions

• the present invention relates to amino acid compounds and their production particularly, it relates to novel amino acid compounds useful as intermediates in the synthesis of 1-alkylcarbapenem compounds and their production.
• the amino acid compounds of this invention are representable by the formula: ##STR3## wherein R is a lower alkyl group, R 1 is a hydrogeh atom or a protecting group for carboxyl, R 2 is a hydrogen atom, a protecting group for amino, an optionally substituted allyl group of the formula: ##STR4## (wherein R 3 and R 4 are, the same or different, each a hydrogen atom, a lower alkyl group or an aryl group), a beta-hydroxyethyl group in which the hydroxyl group is optionally protected, a formylmethyl group in which the formyl group is optionally protected, a carboxymethyl group in which the carboxyl group is protected or a 2-furylmethyl group and X is an optionally protected carboxyl group, a hydroxymethyl group in which the hydroxyl group is optionally protected or a substituted mercaptomethyl group of the formula:
• R 5 is an aryl group or an ar(lower)alkyl group.
• the term “lower” is generally intended to mean any group having not more than 8 carbon atoms, especially not more than 6 carbon atoms, more especially not more than 4 carbon atoms. Accordingly, for instance, the term “lower alkyl” includes methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl, etc.
• the term “lower alkoxy” includes methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, sec-butoxy, t-butoxy, etc.
• lower alkanoyl covers acetyl, propionyl, butyryl, etc.
• halogen is usually intended to mean chlorine, bromine, iodine and fluorine.
• aryl means normally an aromatic hydrocarbon group having not more than 20 carbon atoms such as phenyl, naphthyl or anthranyl. When the aryl group is substitued, the substituent(s) may be chosen from lower alkyl, lower alkoxy, nitro, amino, halogen, etc.
• the protecting group for carboxyl are a lower alkyl grcup such as C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g. methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, t-butyl), a halogenated lower alkyl group such as C 1 -C 4 alkyl substituted with one to three halogen atoms (e.g. 2-iodoethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethyl), a lower alkoxymethyl group such as C 1 -C 4 alkoxymethyl (e.g.
• a lower alkoxycarbonyloxyethyl group such as C 1 -C 4 alkoxycarbonyloxyethyl (e.g. 1-methoxycarbonyloxyethyl, 1-ethoxycarbonyloxyethyl)
• a lower alkanoyloxymethyl group such as C 2 -C 7 alkanoyloxymethyl (e.g. acetoxymethyl, propionyloxymethyl, butyryloxymethyl, pivaloyloxymethyl)
• an optionally substituted lower alkenyl group such as optionally substituted C 3 -C 6 allyl (e.g.
• arylmethyl group such as optionally substituted phenylmethyl (e.g. benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl,
• the protecting group for amino are a lower alkoxycarbonyl group such as C 1 -C 5 alkoxycarbonyl (e.g. t-butoxycarbonyl), a halogenated lower alkoxycarbonyl group such as C 1 -C 3 alkoxycarbonyl substituted with one to three halogen atoms (e.g. 2-iodoethoxycarbonyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxycarbonyl), an optionally substituted arylmethoxycarbonyl group such as optionally substituted phenylmethoxycarbonyl (e.g.
• benzyloxycarbonyl o-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-nitrobenzyloxycarbonyl, p-methoxybenzyloxycarbonyl
• an optionally substituted arylmethyl group such as optionally substituted phenylmethyl group (e.g. benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl)
• an optionally substituted diarylmethyl group such as optionally substituted diphenylmethyl (e.g.
• the protecting group for hydroxyl are a lower alkyl group such as C 1 -C 4 alkyl (e.g. t-butyl), a substituted methyl group (e.g. methoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, t-butoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl), a tetrahydropyranyl group, a substituted ethyl group (e.g. 1-ethoxyethyl, 1-methyl-1-methoxyethyl, trichloroethyl), an optionally substituted monophenylmethyl, diphenylmethyl or triphenylmethyl group (e.g.
• a substituted methyl group e.g. methoxymethyl, benzyloxymethyl, 2-methoxyethoxymethyl, t-butoxymethyl, methylthiomethyl, 2,2,2-trichloroethoxymethyl
• benzyl p-methoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl, p-chlorobenzyl, diphenylmethyl, triphenylmethyl), a substituted silyl group (e.g. trimethylsilyl, triethylsilyl, t-butyldimethylsilyl, t-butyldiphenylsilyl), a formyl group, a lower alkanoyl group such as C 2 -C 5 alkanoyl (e.g. acetyl, isobutyroyl, pivaloyl), a halogenated lower alkanoyl group (e.g.
• a lower alkenyloxycarbonyl group such as C 2 -C 6 alkenyloxycarbonyl (e.g. vinyloxycarbonyl, allyloxycarbonyl)
• an optionally substituted arylmethyloxycarbonyl group such as optionally substituted phenylmethyl
• Examples of the protected formyl group are a di(lower)alkoxymethyl group such as di(C 1 -C 4 )alkoxymethyl (e.g. dimethoxymethyl, diethoxymethyl, di-n-propyloxymethyl), a di(halogenated lower alkoxy)methyl group (e.g. di(trichloroethoxy)methyl), a di(aryloxy)methyl group (e.g. di(phenyloxy)methyl), a di(aryl(lower)alkoxy)methyl group (e.g. dibenzyloxymethyl), a cyclic group of the formula: ##STR5## (wherein Y is an oxygen atom or a sulfur atom and n is an integer of 2 or 3), etc.
• di(lower)alkoxymethyl group such as di(C 1 -C 4 )alkoxymethyl (e.g. dimethoxymethyl, diethoxymethyl, di-n-propyloxymethyl), a di(halogenated lower alk
• amino acid compounds of the formula (I) preferred are those wherein R represents a methyl group. More preferred are those wherein R represents a methyl group, R 2 represents a benzyl group, a 2-propenyl group, a 2-furylmethyl group or a 2,2-dimethoxyethyl group.
• the amino acid compound (I) can be produced from the corresponding acetylenamine compound of the formula: ##STR6## wherein R, R 1 , R 2 and X are each as defined above by reduction.
• the reduction may be performed by a per se conventional reduction procedure such as catalytic hydrogenation using a catalyst (e.g. platinum, palladium, nickel), reduction with an alkali metal (e.g. lithium, sodium) in liquid ammonia or a lower alkylamine, reduction with a metal hydride such as aluminium hydride, an organic tin hydride (e.g. triethyltin hydride, tri-n-butyltin hydride, triphenyltin hydride) or a hydrosilane (e.g. trimethylsilane, triethylsilane, diethylsilane), reduction with an optionally substituted borane (e.g.
• a catalyst e.g. platinum, palladium, nickel
• reduction with an alkali metal e.g. lithium, sodium
• a metal hydride such as aluminium hydride
• an organic tin hydride e.g. triethyltin hydride
• diborane 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, dibenzoyloxyborane, monochloroborane, dichloroborane, catecholborane, dicyclohexylborane
• a metal complex hydride e.g. lithium aluminium hydride, sodium borohydride, sodium cyanoborohydride, lithium cyanoborohydride, sodium acetoxyborohydride
• the reduction may be accomplished in a single stage or two stages; in the at different stages.
• the acetylenamine compound (II) is treated with a reducing agent (e.g. sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium borohydride, sodium acetoxyborohydride) in an inert solvent (e.g. acetic acid, propionic acid, ethanol, methanol) in the presence of an acid such as a mineral acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid) or a carboxylic acid (e.g. acetic acid, propionic acid, tartaric acid, oxalic acid) to give the amino acid compound (I).
• a reducing agent e.g. sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium borohydride, sodium acetoxyborohydride
• an inert solvent e.g. acetic acid, propionic acid, ethanol, methanol
• an acid such as a mineral acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid) or a carboxylic acid (e.g. acetic acid, propionic
• the treatment is normally effected at a temperature of about -40° C. to 80° C., although a lower temperature or a higher temperature may be adopted for suppressing or promoting the progress of the reduction. It is particularly preferred that the treatment is effected with sodium cyanoborohydride (NaBH 3 CN) or sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ) in the presence of acetic acid or propionic acid.
• NaBH 3 CN sodium cyanoborohydride
• NaBH 4 sodium borohydride
• the acetylenamine compound (II) is treated first with an optionally substituted borane and then with a reducing agent, followed by solvolysis to give the amino acid compound (I).
• the optionally substituted borane there may be used diborane, 9-borabicyclo[3.3.1]nonane, dibenzoyloxyborane, monochloroborane, dichloroborane, catecholborane or the like, preferably catecholborane or the like.
• the amount of the optionally substituted borane may be usually from 1 to 2.5 equivalents to the acetylenamine compound (II).
• Treatment with the optionally substituted borane is usually effected in an inert solvent such as an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, diethyl ether, dioxane, diglyme), a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g. chloroform, dichloromethane) or an aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g. benzene, toluene) at an temperature of -100° C. to room temperature.
• an ether e.g. tetrahydrofuran, diethyl
• the subsequent treatment with a reducing agent is usually performed in an inert solvent (e.g. acetic acid, propionic acid, ether, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform) in the presence of an acid (e.g. acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid) at a temperature of about -40° to 80° C.
• a reducing agent e.g. sodium cyanoborohydride, sodium borohydride
• an inert solvent e.g. acetic acid, propionic acid, ether, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform
• an acid e.g. acetic acid, propionic acid, oxalic acid, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid
• the amount of the reducing agent may be normally about 1 to 3 equivalents to the acetylenamine compound (II).
• the solvolysis of the reaction product may be accomplished in a solvent such as water or methanol in the presence of a base (e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide) at a temperature of about 0 to 40° C.
• a base e.g. sodium hydrogen carbonate, sodium carbonate, sodium hydroxide
• the amino acid compound (I) comprises four asymmetric carbon atoms and have many optical isomers and stereo isomers based thereon. All of those isomers and their mixtures are included in this invention.
• reaction mixture comprising as the major products the isomer (Ia) and its enantiomer, said isomer (Ia) being derivable to the corresponding 18-alkylcarbapenem compound of the formula: ##STR8## wherein R and R 1 are each as defined above, R 6 is a hydrogen atom or a protecting group for hydroxyl and Z is an organic group. Separation of each enantiomer may be accomplished by a procedure as hereinafter illustrated.
• amino acid compounds of the formula (I) are valuable intermediates for production of 1-alkylcarbapenem compounds and can be converted into the latter by various procedures, of which a typical one is illustratively shown in the following scheme: ##STR9## wherein R, R 1 , R 2 , R 6 , X and Z are each as defined above.
• the amino acid compound (I) is converted into the corresponding free acid (IV) by application of a per se conventional carboxyl-protecting group-elimination procedure thereto.
• amino acid compound (I) wherein X is a protected carboxyl group When the amino acid compound (I) wherein X is a protected carboxyl group is used as the starting material, it may be treated acccrding to the method as disclosed in Tetrahedron Letters, 21, 2783-2786 (1980) and 22, 913-916 (1981) to give the corresponding free acid as shown below: ##STR10## wherein R, R 1 and R 2 are each as defined above and R 1 and R 1 " are each a protecting group for carboxyl.
• the step (1) is concerned with lactonization of the compound (Ic) to the lactone (V).
• the lactonization may be accomplished by treatment of the compound (Ic) with a hydrogen halide (e.g. hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide) in an inert solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g. methylene chloride, chloroform, dichloroethane) or an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, dioxane).
• a hydrogen halide e.g. hydrogen chloride, hydrogen bromide
• an inert solvent such as a halogenated hydrocarbon (e.g. methylene chloride, chloroform, dichloroethane) or an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran, dioxane).
• the compound (Ic) is a mixture of the (Ia) type isomer and the (Ib) type isomer
• the (Ia) type isomer is selectively converted into the compound (Va) as shown below, which can be derived to 1 ⁇ -methyl or alkyl carbapenem compounds: ##STR11## wherein R, R 1 , R 2 and R 1 ' are each as defined above.
• the lactone (V) is converted into the free acid (IV'). This conversion may be accomplished in the manner as disclosed in the aforementioned literatures and will be hereinafter explained in detail.
• the lactone (V) involves a variety of stereo isomers, and the method as hereinafter explained is equally applicable to all of them, although the subsequent description will be made on the compound (Va) for the sake of convenience.
• the compound (Va) is subjected to seletive hydrolysis of the lactone ring with alkali to give the compound (Id), which is then subjected to protection of the free carboxyl group with a protecting group (R 1 " ) which is not influenced during the removal of the carboxyl-protecting group R 1 , followed by removal of the latter (R 1 ) to give the compound (IV'a).
• the reagent in the selective hydrolysis there may be used an aqueous solution of barium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, tetrahydrobutylammonium hydroxide or the like, preferably an aqueous solution of barium hydroxide.
• the reaction medium is not limitative, and any one as conventionally used in alkali hydrolysis may be employed; preferred are tetrahydrofuran, acetone, methanol, pyridine, etc. and their mixtures with water.
• the reaction is favorably carried out at a temperature of 0° to 70° C., but a lower temperature or a higher perature may be adopted for suppression or promotion of the reaction.
• the carboxyl group-protection and the carboxyl group-elimination may be accomplished by per se conventional procedures, respectively.
• the amino acid having a free amino group (IV'b) can be produced from the compound (Vb) by hydrolysis of the ester, elimination of the amino-protecting group and cleavage of the lactone ring.
• the carboxyl-protecting group is a lower alkyl group and the amino-protecting group is an arylmethyl group such as benzyl
• the compound (Vb) is first treated with a mineral acid (e.g. hydrochloric acid), whereby selective hydrolysis takes place to give the compound (Vc).
• the compound (Vc) is then subjected to hydrogenolysis in the presence of a catalyst such as palladium hydroxide-carbon, whereby the amino-protecting group is removed to give the compound (Vd).
• the compound (Vd) is subjected to alcoholysis by the use of an alcohol (e.g. benzyl alcohol), whereby the lactone ring is cleaved to give the compound (Iv'b).
• the compound (IV'c) wherein the steric configuration of the hydroxyl group is inversed to that in the compound (IV'a) can be obtained from the amino acid compound (Id) by lactonization of the latter with diethyl azodicarboxylate and triphenylphosphine and conversion of the resultant compound (Ve) to the compound (IV'c) by application of Methods (a) and (b) as above.
• any auxiliary agent such as an organic base (e.g. triethylamine) may be used to accelerate production of the compound (Ve).
• the compound (Ic) wherein X is a protected carboxyl group may be converted into the compound (Id) by selective hydrolysis with an alkali as set forth below: ##STR15## wherein R, R 1 , R 2 and R 1 ' are each as defined above.
• the reagent in the selective hydrolysis there may be used an aqueous solution of barium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, tetrahydrobutylammonium hydroxide or the like, among which an aqueous solution of barium hydroxide is the most preferred.
• the reaction medium may be any one as conventionally employed in conventional alkali hydrolysis, and there may be used, for instance, tetrahydrofuran, acetone, methanol, pyridine, etc. or their mixtures with water.
• the reaction is favorably carried out at a temperature of 0° to 70° C., but a lower temperature or a higher temperature may be adopted for suppression or acceleration of the reaction.
• the amino acid compound (IV) is subjected to dehydrative cyclization to give the azetidinone compound (VI).
• the dehydrative cyclization may be accomplished, for instance, by treatment of the amino acid compound (IV) with a dehydrating agent such as 2,2-dipyridyl disulfidetriphenylphospine or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide in the presence or absence of a base in an inert solvent [J.Am. Chem.Soc., 103, 2405-2406 (1981); Tetrahedron Letters, 21, 2783-2786 (1980); ibid., 22, 913-916 (1981)].
• a dehydrating agent such as 2,2-dipyridyl disulfidetriphenylphospine or dicyclohexylcarbodiimide
• the azetidinone compound (VI) is converted into the corresponding carboxylic acid (VII).
• VII carboxylic acid
• the azetidinone compound (VI) may be subjected to hydrolysis, hydrogention, treatment with an acid or the like.
• the azetidinone compound (VI) may be subjected to removal of the hydroxyl-protecting group by a per se conventional procedure, and the thus recovered hydroxymethyl group is then oxidized, for instance, with chromic acid to give the compound (VII) [J.Am.Chem.Soc., 105, 1659-1660 (1983)].
• the azetidinone compound (VI) may be treated with an alkyl halide (e.g. methyl iodide) to convert --CH 2 SR 5 into a halomethyl group, which is then changed to a hydroxymethyl group by a per se conventional procedure. The resultant hydroxymethyl group is then oxidized in the same manner as above to give the compound (VII) [Tetrahedron Letters, 5787 -5788 (1968)].
• an alkyl halide e.g. methyl iodide
• azetidinone compound (vII) wherein R 2 is a hydrogen atom is already known and used as the starting material for production of the 1-methyl or alkylcarbapenem compounds [Heterocycles, 21, 29-40 (1984); Tetrahedron Letters, 26, 587-590 (1985)].
• R 2 comprises any protecting group
• an appropriate procedure for elimination of the protecting group such as hydrogenation, oxidative removal or treatment with an acid may be first applied to the azetidinone compound (VII), whereby the protecting group is eliminated.
• the azetidinone compound (VIII) may be converted into the azetidinone compound (X) as shown below [Japanese Patent Application No. 123117/1985]: ##STR17## wherein R, R 1 , R 3 , R 4 and R 6 are each as defined above.
• the compound (VIII) is first subjected to oxidation to give the compound (IX).
• the oxidation may be accomplished by a per se conventional procedure; for instance, the compound (VIII) is oxidized with ozone and then treated with an oxidizing agent (e.g. m-chloroperbenzoic acid), or treated with potassium permanganate in the presence or absence of a phase transfer catalyst such as a crown ether or a quaternary ammonium compound.
• the compound (VIII') may be converted into the compound (X) through the compound (IX) in entirely the same manner as above.
• R 2 is a protected beta-hydroxyethyl group
• the hydroxyl-protecting group is eliminated by a per se conventional procedure.
• the resulting beta-hydroxyethyl group is oxidized, for instance, with chromic acid to a carboxyl group.
• the thus produced compound, for instance, the compound (IX) may be then converted into the compound (X) in the same manner as above.
• R 2 is a protected formylmethyl group
• the formyl-protecting group is eliminated by a per se conventional procedure.
• the resulting formylmethyl group is oxidized, for instance, with chromic acid to a carboxyl group.
• the thus produced compound, for instance, the compound (IX) may be then converted into the compound (X) in the same manner as above.
• the compound (X) as above produced may be converted into the 1-methyl or alkylcarbapenem compound for instance, by the method as disclosed in Japanese Patent Application No. 290/480/85 as shown below: ##STR19## wherein R 1 is as defined above R 6 ' is a protecting group for hydroxyl and Ph is a phenyl group.
• the conversion in the step (c) may be accomplished by treating the compound (Xa) with a base (e.g. sodium diisopropylamide, sodium hydride) in an inert solvent such as an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran), an aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g. toluene) and their mixtures.
• a base e.g. sodium diisopropylamide, sodium hydride
• an inert solvent such as an ether (e.g. tetrahydrofuran), an aromatic hydrocarbon (e.g. toluene) and their mixtures.
• the subsequent conversion of the compound (XI) to the compound (XII) in the step (d) may be carried out by reacting the former with diphenylphosphoryl chloride in an inert solvent (e.g. acetonitrile) in the presence of a base (e.g. diisopropylethylamine).
• the compound (XII) can be derived into various 1-methylcarbapenem compounds by known methods as already disclosed in many literatures.
• the amino acid compounds (I) have optical isomers due to the asymmetric carbon atoms present therein. All of these isomers as well as their racemic mixtures are included within the scope of this invention. Among them, preferred are the isomers (Ia), which are advantageous intermediates in the synthesis of the optically active 1 ⁇ -methylcarbapenem compounds of the formula: ##STR20## wherein Z is as defined above.
• optically active 1 ⁇ -methylcarbapenem compounds of the formula (IIIa) can be also produced by optical resolution of the compounds (VII) or of the carboxyl or amino group-containing compounds as the intermediates in the route from the amino acid compounds (I) to the compounds (VII).
• the optical resolution may be accomplished in the manner as set forth below.
• a mixture of the (3S,4S) isomer and the (3R,4R) isomer of the compound (VII) is admixed with an optically active amine in an inert solvent to form a salt between the compound (VII) and the optically active amine, which is as such fractionally crystallized.
• said salt is once crystallized, and the collected crystals are subjected to fractional crystallization, whereby the optically active amine salt of the (3S,4S) isomer and the optically active amine salt of the (3R,4R) isomer are obtained.
• optically active amine there may be used alpha-phenethylamine, alpha-naphthylamine, norephedrine, cinchonine, cinchonidine, quinine, quinidine, 1-(2-naphthyl)ethylamine (NEA), brucine, 1,1-diphenyl-2-aminopropanol, 1-phenyl-2-(p-tolyl)ethylamine, etc.
• cinchonine particularly preferred are cinchonine, cinchonidine, quinine, quinidine, etc.
• the inert solvent usable on production and/or decomposition of the optically active amine salt there are exemplified hydrocarbons (e.g. pentane, hexane, cyclohexane), aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene, xylene), halogenated hydrocarbons (e.g. dichloromethane, chloroform, 1,2-dichloroethane), ethers (e.g. diethyl ether tetrahydrofuran, dioxane), alcohols (e.g. methanol, ethanol, isopropanol), nitriles (e.g. acetonitrile), ketones (e.g. acetone, methylethylketone), water, etc.
• hydrocarbons e.g. pentane, hexane, cyclohexane
• aromatic hydrocarbons e.g. benzene, toluene
• Production of the salt is usually effected by dissolving a mixture of the isomers of the compound (VII) and the optically active amine in an inert solvent while heating up to the refluxing temperature of the solvent.
• the resultant solution is allowed to cool, if possible, gradually, whereby fractional crystallization takes place.
• said solution is cooled, and the precipitated crystals are collected by filtration; the collected crystals are subjected to fractional crystallization to precipitate one of the diastereomer salts.
• the precipitated diastereomer salt is collected, optionally followed by recrystallization to give the diastereomer salt of high purity.
• Crystallization is usually performed within a range of 0° C. to room temperature, but a lower temperature range from -20° C. to room temperature or a higher temperature range up to 40° C. may be adopted.
• the amount of the optically active amine may be appropriately controlled depending upon the mixing proportion of the isomers of the compound (VII).
• the optically active amine may be used in an amount of 0.5 to 1.2 mole, preferably of 1 to 1.1 mole, to 1 mole of the compound (VII).
• the amount of an inert solvent usable for fractional crystallization is varied with the kind of the solvent.
• its weight may be from 10 to 100 times, preferably from 20 to 40 times, that of the compound (VII).
• optically active amine salt of the desired isomer of the compound (VII) shows good filtrability. Further, it is of optically high purity. Therefore, the above explained process is advantageous from the industrial viewpoint.
• Decomposition of the optically active amine salt as above obtained may be accomplished by treating said salt with an acid or an alkali in an inert solvent (e.g. water, methylisobutylketone, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, 1,2dichloroethane).
• an inert solvent e.g. water, methylisobutylketone, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, 1,2dichloroethane.
• an inert solvent e.g. water, methylisobutylketone, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, 1,2dichloroethane.
• an inert solvent e.g. water, methylisobutylketone, ethyl acetate, dichloroethane, 1,2dichloroethane.
• an inert solvent e.g. water, methylisobutylketone, e
• R, R 2 and R 6 have various meanings as above defined, but preferred are those of the formula (VII) wherein R is methyl, R 2 is a furylmethyl group, an optionally substituted monoarylmethyl group (e.g. benzyl, p-methoxybenzyl, 2,4-dimethoxybenzyl, o-nitrobenzyl, p-nitrobenzyl) or an optionally substituted diarylmethyl group (e.g. diphenylmethyl, di-p-anisylmethyl), especially furylmethyl, and R 6 is a hydrogen atom.
• R 6 is a hydrogen atom.
• the compound (IIIa) has a 1-hydroxyethyl group at the 6-position, and the hydroxyl group in said 1-hydroxyethyl group attaches to the carbon atom at the 8-position.
• the compound (IIIa) wherein said hydroxyl group takes an S-configuration can be produced by using the compound (Ia) as such.
• the compound (IIIa) wherein said hydroxyl group takes an R-configuration can be obtained by inversion of the steric configuration of the hydroxyl group in any intermediate in the route from the compound (Ia) to the compound (VII).
• the acetylenamine compound (II) as the starting material for production of the amino acid compound (I) can be manufactured by various processes, of which some typical examples are as follows:
• the acetylenamine compound (II) can be produced by reacting the acetylenamine compound (XIII) with an alkylating agent in the presence of a base in an inert solvent.
• alkylating agent are lower alkyl halides (e.g. methyl iodide, ethyl iodide, n-butyl bromide), lower alkyl sulfonates (e.g. methyl tosylate, ethyl tosylate, methyl methanesulfonate, ethyl methanesulfonate, methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate).
• the base is alkali metal hydrides (e.g.
• alkali metal amides e.g. sodium amide, lithium diisopropylamide, lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide
• alkali metal alkoxides e.g. sodium methoxide, sodium ethoxide, potassium methoxide, potassium t-butoxide
• alkali metals e.g. metallic sodium, metallic lithium
• alkali metal carbonates e.g. potassium carbonate, sodium carbonate
• n-butyl lithium sodium methylsulfinylmethide, etc.
• the inert solvent are aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g. benzene, toluene), ethers (e.g.
• HMPT hexamethylphosphoric amide
• the alkylating agent and the base are desired to be used respectively in sufficient amounts so that the reaction will proceed smoothly.
• the reaction may be effected at room temperature, but when desired, cooling or heating may be applied so as to suppress or accelerate the progress of the reaction.
• Post-treatment of the reaction mixture may be effected by a per se conventional procedure. ##STR22## wherein R, R 1 , R 2 and X are each as defined above.
• the acetylenamine compound (II) can be produced by reacting the enamine compound (XIV) with an acetylating agent at the alpha-position to the ester group in an inert solvent.
• the acetylating agent are ketene, acetic anhydride, acetyl halides (e.g. acetyl chloride), etc.
• a base e.g. triethylamine, pyridine
• the inert solvent are aromatic hydrocarbons (e.g.
• benzene, toluene), halogenated hydrocarbons e.g. chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,2-dichloroethane
• ethers e.g. diethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane
• ketones e.g. acetone, methylisobutylketcne
• the acetylating agent and, when employed, the base are desired to be used respectively in sufficient amounts so that the reaction will proceed smoothly.
• the reaction may be effected normally at a temperature of -10° to 95° C., but a lower temperature or a higher temperature may be adopted for suppressing or accelerating the reaction.
• Post-treatment of the reaction mixture may be effected by a per se conventional procedure.
• Ethyl benzyl 2-acetyl-3-benzylamino-4-methyl-2-pentenedioate (4.10 g; 10 mmole) was dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (40 ml), and catechol borane (1.56 g; 13 mmole) was dropwise added thereto at -78° C., followed by stirring at the same temperature for 2 hours. The resulting mixture was returned to room temperature, and the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure.
• Ethyl benzyl 2-acetyl-3-furfurylamino-4-methyl-2-pentenedioate 400 mg; 1 mmole was dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (4 ml), and catechol borane (156 mg; 1.3 mmole) was dropwise added thereto at -78° C., followed by stirring at the same temperature for 1 hour. The resulting mixture was returned to room temperature, and the solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure. To the residue, acetic acid (4.0 ml) was added, and sodium borohydride (76 mg; 2 mmole) was gradually added thereto at 10 to 12° C., followed by stirring at the same temperature for 30 minutes and further at room temperature for 3 hours.
• Benzyl 2-acetyl-3-benzylamino-4-methyl-5- benzyloxymethyloxy-2-pentenoate (23 mg; 0.047 mmole) was dissolved in propionic acid (0.2 ml), and sodium cyanoborohydride (6 mg; 0.095 mmole) was gradually added thereto at -20° to -25° C., followed by stirring at the same temperature for 6 hours.
• the solvent was removed under reduced pressure at room temperature, and the residue was dissolved in chloroform.
• the organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution three times and then with an aqueous sodium chloride solution two times and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. The solvent was removed by distillation under reduced pressure.
• reaction mixture was dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give a mixture of dimethyl (2SR,3RS,4RS)-2-[1(SR)-hydroxyethyl]-3-benzylamino-4-methylpentanedioate (4a) and dimethyl (2RS,3SR,4RS)-2-[1(RS)-hydroxyethyl]-3-benzylamino-4-methylpentanedioate (4b) in a ratio of 3/1 (calculated on the basis of the integral ratio in NMR). Yield, 70 %.
• Acetic acid was removed at room temperature under reduced pressure, and the residue was dissolved in chloroform.
• the organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution six times and then with an aqueous solution of sodium chloride one time and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.
• Methyl 2-acetyl-3-allylamino-4-methyl-5-benzyloxy-2-pentenoate (350 mg; 1.06 mmole) was dissolved in acetic acid (3.5 ml), and sodium cyanoborohydride (138 mg; 2.2 mmole) was portionwise added thereto, followed by stirring at 10° to 12° C. for 1 hour. After removal of acetic acid under reduced pressure, the reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate. The organic layer was washed with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution three times and then with an aqueous sodium chloride solution one time and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate, followed by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure.
• the amino acid compound (I) was produced as a mixture of the [l'SR,2SR,3RS,4RS] isomer (a) and the [l'RS,2RS,3SR,4RS] isomer (b) from the corresponding acetylenamine compound (II).
• Methacrylic acid (6.88 g; 80 mmole) was dissolved in dry tetrahydrofuran (40 ml), and triethylamine (8.0 g; 80 mmole) and thiophenol (8.81 g; 80 mmole) were successively added thereto at room temperature, followed by stirring for 24 hours. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure gave 2-methyl-3-phenylthiopropionic acid.
• reaction mixture was returned to room temperature and diluted with ethyl acetate.
• organic layer was washed successively with lN hydrochloric acid, water, a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution, water and an aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate.
• the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give p-nitrobenzyl 3-oxo-4-methyl-5-phenylthiopentanoate.
• reaction mixture was diluted with ethyl acetate and washed successively with lN hydrochloric acid, water and an aqueous solution of sodium chloride and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. Removal of the solvent under reduced pressure gave 1-benzyloxy-2-methyl-2-propene.
• the organic layer was washed successively with water, dilute hydrochloric acid, a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and an aqueous sodium chloride solution and dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate. After removal of the solvent under reduced pressure, the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give p-nitrobenzyl 3-oxo-5-benzyloxy-4-methylpentanoate.
• Methyl 3-oxo-4-methyl-5-benzyloxypentanoate (1.11 g; 4.43 mmole) was dissolved in dry methanol (5 ml), allylamine (1.26 g) and molecular sieve 3A (0.6 g) were added thereto and then a solution of acetyl chloride (1.04 g; 13.3 mmole) in dry methanol (2 ml) was added thereto with icecooling, followed by stirring at 40° C. for 12 hours. The molecular sieve was removed by filtration, and the filtrate was diluted with ethyl acetate.
• reaction mixture was washed successively with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution and an aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous sodium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the residue was dissolved in toluene (5 ml), and gaseous ketene was introduced therein at room temperature. After completion of the reaction, the solvent was removed under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give methyl 2-acetyl-3-allylamino-4-methyl-5-benzyloxy-2-pentenoate.
• Benzyl (S)-3-oxo-4-methyl-5-benzyloxymethoxypentanoate 140 mg; 0.39 mmole was dissolved in benzyl alcohol (0.9 ml), and molecular sieve 3A (0.2 g), benzylamine (50 mg; 0.47 mmole) and triethylamine hydrochloride (54 mg; 0.39 mmole) were added thereto, followed by stirring at 80° C. for 10 hours.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with chloroform (10 ml), and after removal of insoluble materials such as molecular sieve by filtration, the filtrate was washed with water.
• the organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, followed by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure.
• Methyl acetoacetate sodium salt (1.24 g; 9 mmole) prepared from methyl acetoacetate and sodium methoxide was suspended in dry toluene (10 ml), and a solution of ethyl 2-chloroformylpropanoate (1.12 g; 6.8 mmole) in dry toluene (5 ml) was dropwise added thereto at room temperature. The resultant mixture was stirred at the same temperature for 1 hour, and insoluble materials were removed by filtration. The filtrate was concentrated at 40° C. under reduced pressure, and the residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give ethyl 3,5-dioxo-4-methoxycarbonyl-2-methylhexanoate.
• Methyl 4-ethoxycarbonyl-3-oxopentanoate 200 ml; 1.06 mmole was dissolved in dry methanol (2.5 ml), and benzylamine (386 mg; 3.6 mmole) and molecular sieve 3A (0.3 g) were added thereto.
• a solution of acetyl chloride (170 mg; 2.17 mmole) in dry methanol (0.9 ml) was added to the resultant mixture, followed by allowing to stand at room temperature for 16 hours.
• Benzyl 4-ethoxycarbonyl-3-oxopentanoate (695 mg; 2.5 mmole) and benzylamine (535 mg; 5.0 mmole) were dissolved in isopropanol (1.4 ml), and triethylamine hydrochloride (260 mg; 1.875 mmole) and powdery molecular sieve 3A (0.7 g) were added thereto, followed by stirring at 80 to 90° C. for 3 to 4 hours.
• the reaction mixture was cooled to room temperature, and insoluble materials were collected by filtration and washed with ethyl acetate. The filtrate and the washings were combined together, diluted with ethyl acetate (15 ml) and washed with water two times.
• the organic layer was dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate, followed by removal of the solvent under reduced pressure.
• the residue was thoroughly dried under reduced pressure and dissolved in dry methylene chloride (20 ml). Gaseous ketene was introduced therein at room temperature.
• the reaction mixture was washed successively with an aqueous sodium bicarbonate solution and an aqueous sodium chloride solution, dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• the oily residue was purified by silica gel column chromatography to give ethyl benzyl 2-acetyl-3-benzylamino-4-methyl-2-pentenedioate.
• Cinchonidine (20 mg; 0.068 mmole) and 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-(carboxyethyl)-1-furfuryl-2-azetidinone [(3S,4S,1'S,1"R):(3R,4R,1'R,1”S):(3S,4S,1'S,1”S) : (3R,4R,1'R,1"R) 45:45:5:5](20 mg; 0.075 mmole) were dissolved in a mixture of ethyl acetate (1 ml) and isopropanol (0.1 ml) under heating, and the resultant mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 12 hours.
• Cinchonine (20 mg; 0.068 mmole) and 3-(1-hydroxyethyl)-4-(carboxyethyl)-1-furfuryl-2-azetidinone [(3S,4S,1'R,1"R):(3R,4R,1'R,1”S):(3S,4S,1'S,1”S) : (3R,4R,1'R,1"R) 45:45:5:5](20 mg; 0.075 mmole) were dissolved in a mixture of ethyl acetate (1 ml) and isopropanol (0.1 ml) under heating, and the resultant mixture was allowed to stand at room temperature for 24 hours.
• a mixture (105 mg) of the isomers (10a) and (10b) of diethyl 2-[1-hydroxyethyl]-3-benzylamino-4-methylpentanedioate as obtained in Example 14 was dissolved in dry dichloromethane (0.9 ml), and gaseous hydrogen chloride was introduced therein at room temperature for 1 hour, following by stirring for 1.5 hours.
• the reaction mixture was diluted with diethyl ether (10 ml) and shaken with a saturated sodium bicarbonate solution.
• the aqueous layer separated from the organic layer was extracted with diethyl ether.
• the diether ether extract was combined with the organic layer, washed with a saturated sodium chloride solution and dried over magnesium sulfate.
• (2SR,3SR,4RS,5RS)-Tetrahydro-2,5-dimethyl-6-oxo-4-benzylamino-2H-pyrane-3-carboxylic acid (100 mg) was dissolved in acetic acid (20 ml), and palladium hydroxidecarbon (prepared by the method as described in J.Am.Chem. Soc., 83, p.4798 (1961)) (20 mg) was added thereto. The resultant mixture was stirred at room temperature under hydrogen pressure of 3-4 kg/cm 2 until the designed amount of hydrogen was consumed. The catalyst was collected by filtration and washed with water. The washing and the filtrate were combined together and concentrated at 40° C. under reduced pressure to give (2SR,3SR,4RS,5RS)-tetrahydro2,5-dimethyl-6-oxo-4-amino-2H-pyrane-3-carboxylic acid.

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