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Definitions

• This invention is directed to certain novel macroheterocyclic compounds, methods for producing such compounds and methods for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder. More particularly, this invention is directed to macroheterocyclic 1H-indole, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine, and 1H-indazole compounds useful as selective kinase or dual-kinase inhibitors, methods for producing such compounds and methods for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder.
• W is —O—, —S—, —SO—, —SO 2 —, —CO—, C 2 -C 6 alkylene, substituted alkylene, C 2 -C 6 alkenylene, -aryl-, -aryl(CH 2 ) m O—, -heterocycle-, -heterocycle-(CH 2 ) m O—, -fused bicyclic-, -fused bicyclic-(CH 2 ) m O—, —NR 3 —, —NOR 3 —, —CONH— or —NHCO—;
• X and Y are independently C 1 -C 4 alkylene, substituted alkylene, or together, X, Y and W combine to form (CH 2 ) n —AA—;
• R 1 is independently hydrogen, halo, C 1 -C 4 alkyl, hydroxy, C 1 -C 4 alkoxy, haloalkyl, nitro, NR 4 R 5
• It is an object of the present invention to provide macroheterocyclic 1H-indole, 1H-pyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridine, 1H-pyrazolo[3,4-b]pyridine, and 1H-indazole compounds useful as a kinase or dual-kinase inhibitor i.e., a compound capable of inhibiting two or more kinases such as, for example, a kinase selected from protein kinase C or glycogen synthase kinase-3; and, more particularly, a kinase selected from protein kinase C ⁇ , protein kinase C ⁇ -II, protein kinase C ⁇ or glycogen synthase kinase-3 ⁇ ), methods for their production and methods for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder.
• a kinase or dual-kinase inhibitor i.e., a compound capable
• the present invention provides a macroheterocyclic compound of Formula (I):
• a and E are independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen substituted carbon atom and a nitrogen atom;
• Z is selected from O; alternatively, Z is selected from dihydro; wherein each hydrogen atom is attached by a single bond;
• R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from C 1-8 alkyl, C 2-8 alkenyl and C 2-8 alkynyl optionally substituted with oxo;
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —C 1-8 alkyl-, —C 2-8 alkenyl-, —C 2-8 alkynyl-, —O—(C 1-8 )alkyl-O—, —O—(C 2-8 )alkenyl-O—, —O—(C 2-8 )alkynyl-O—, —C(O)—(C 1-8 )alkyl-C(O)— (wherein any of the foregoing alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl linking groups are straight carbon chains optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-8 alkyl, C 1-8 alkoxy, C 1-8 alkoxy(C 1-8 )alkyl, carboxyl, carboxyl(C 1-8 )alkyl, —C(O)O—(C 1-8 )alkyl, —C 1-8 alkyl-C(O)O—(C 1-8 )al
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —C 2-8 alkynyl-, —O—(C 1-8 )alkyl-O—, —O—(C 2-8 )alkenyl-O—, —O—(C 2-8 )alkynyl-O—, —C(O)—(C 1-8 )alkyl-C(O)— (wherein any of the foregoing alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl linking groups are straight carbon chains optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-8 alkyl, C 1-8 alkoxy, C 1-8 alkoxy(C 1-8 )alkyl, carboxyl, carboxyl(C 1-8 )alkyl, —C(O)O—(C 1-8 )alkyl, —C 1-8 alkyl-C(O)O—(C 1-8
• R 1 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-8 alkyl, C 2-8 alkenyl, C 2-8 alkynyl (wherein alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl are optionally substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of C 1-8 alkoxy, alkoxy(C 1-8 )alkyl, carboxyl, carboxyl(C 1-8 )alkyl, amino (substituted with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl), amino(C 1-8 )alkyl (wherein amino is substituted with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl), (halo) 1-3 , (halo) 1-3 (C 1-8 )alkyl, (halo) 1-3 (C 1-8 )alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxy(C 1-8 )alkyl and oxo), C 1-8 alkoxy, C 1-8 alkoxycarbonyl
• the present invention is directed to macroheterocyclic compounds useful as a selective kinase or dual-kinase inhibitor; preferably as inhibitors of kinases selected from protein kinase C or glycogen synthase kinase-3; and, more particularly, a kinase selected from protein kinase C ⁇ , protein kinase C ⁇ -II, protein kinase C ⁇ or glycogen synthase kinase-3 ⁇ .
• the present invention is also directed to methods for producing the instant macroheterocyclic compounds and pharmaceutical compositions and medicaments thereof.
• the present invention is further directed to methods for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder.
• the method of the present invention is directed to treating or ameliorating a kinase mediated disorder such as, but not limited to, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, diabetes-associated disorders, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, dermatological disorders, oncological disorders and CNS (Central Nervous System) disorders.
• cardiovascular diseases such as, but not limited to, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, diabetes-associated disorders, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, dermatological disorders, oncological disorders and CNS (Central Nervous System) disorders.
• CNS Central Nervous System
• a compound of Formula (I) is a compound of Formula (Iaa):
• a and E are independently selected from the group consisting of a hydrogen substituted carbon atom and a nitrogen atom;
• a compound of Formula (I), as referenced in the summary is a compound selected from the group consisting of:
• a compound of Formula (I) is a compound selected from the group consisting of:
• R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl and C 2-6 alkynyl optionally substituted with oxo.
• R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl, C 2-6 alkenyl and C 2-6 alkynyl.
• R 4 and R 5 are independently selected from C 1-6 alkyl.
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —C 1-8 alkyl-, —C 2-4 alkenyl-, —C 2-4 alkynyl-, —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-O—, —O—(C 2-4 )alkenyl-O—, —O—(C 2-4 )alkynyl-O—, —C(O)—(C 1-4 )alkyl-C(O)— (wherein any of the foregoing alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl linking groups are straight carbon chains optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 alkoxy(C 1-4 )alkyl, carboxyl, carboxyl(C 1-4 )alkyl, —C(O)O—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —C 1-4 alkyl-C(O)
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —C 2-4 alkynyl-, —O—(C 1-4 )alkyl-O—, —O—(C 2-4 )alkenyl-O—, —O—(C 2-4 )alkynyl-O—, —C(O)—(C 1-4 )alkyl-C(O)— (wherein any of the foregoing alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl linking groups are straight carbon chains optionally substituted with one to four substituents independently selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkyl, C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 alkoxy(C 1-4 )alkyl, carboxyl, carboxyl(C 1-4 )alkyl, —C(O)O—(C 1-4 )alkyl, —C 1-4 alkyl-C(O)O—(C 1-4 1-4
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —C 1-8 alkyl-(optionally substituted with one to three substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy and oxo); aryl, heteroaryl, —(O—(CH 2 ) 1-6 ) 0-5 —O—, —O—(CH 2 ) 1-6 —NR 6 —(CH 2 ) 1-6 —O—, —O—(CH 2 ) 1-6 —S—(CH 2 ) 1-6 —O— and —NR 6 — (wherein R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl and C 1-4 alkoxy(C 1-4 )alkyl);
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —(O—(CH 2 ) 1-6 ) 1-5 —O—, —(O—(CH 2 ) 1-6 ) 1-5 —NR 6 —, —O—(CH 2 ) 1-6 —NR 6 —(CH 2 ) 1-6 —O— and —NR 6 —(CH 2 ) 1-6 —NR 7 —(CH 2 ) 1-6 —NR 8 — (wherein R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl and hydroxy(C 1-4 )alkyl).
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —C 1-8 alkyl-(optionally substituted with one to two substituents independently selected from the group consisting of halogen, hydroxy and oxo); phenyl, pyridinyl, —(O—(CH 2 ) 2 ) 1-4 —O—, —O—(CH 2 ) 2 —NR 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 —O—, —O—(CH 2 ) 2 —S—(CH 2 ) 2 —O— and —NR 6 — (wherein R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-3 alkyl and C 1-2 alkoxy(C 1-2 )alkyl);
• R 2 is selected from the group consisting of —(O—(CH 2 ) 2 ) 1-4 —O—, —(O—(CH 2 ) 2 ) 2 —NR 6 —, —O—(CH 2 ) 2 —NR 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 —O— and —NR 6 —(CH 2 ) 2 —NR 7 —(CH 2 ) 2 —NR 8 — (wherein R 6 , R 7 and R 8 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-3 alkyl and hydroxy(C 1-2 )alkyl).
• R 1 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl, C 2-4 alkenyl, C 2-4 alkynyl (wherein alkyl, alkenyl and alkynyl are optionally substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkoxy, alkoxy(C 1-4 )alkyl, carboxyl, carboxyl(C 1-4 )alkyl, amino (substituted with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl), amino(C 1-4 )alkyl (wherein amino is substituted with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl), (halo) 1-3 , (halo) 1-3 (C 1-4 )alkyl, (halo) 1-3 (C 1-4 )alkoxy, hydroxy, hydroxy(C 1-4 )alkyl and oxo), C 1-4 alkoxy,
• R 1 and R 3 are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, C 1-4 alkyl (optionally substituted with a substituent selected from the group consisting of C 1-4 alkoxy, amino (substituted with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl), (halo) 1-3 , hydroxy and oxo), C 1-4 alkoxy, C 1-4 alkoxycarbonyl, (halo) 1-3 (C 1-4 )alkoxy, amino (substituted with a substituent independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and C 1-4 alkyl), halogen, hydroxy and nitro.
• R 1 and R 3 are hydrogen.
• Exemplified compounds of the present invention include a compound of Formula (Ia) selected from a compound of Formula (Ia1):
• R 4 , R 2 and R 5 are dependently selected from:
• Exemplified compounds of the present invention include a compound of Formula (Ib) selected from a compound of Formula (Ib1):
• R 4 , R 2 and R 5 are dependently selected from:
• Exemplified compounds of the present invention include a compound of Formula (If) selected from a compound of Formula (If1):
• R 4 , R 2 and R 5 are dependently selected from:
• Exemplified compounds of the present invention include a compound of Formula (Ii) selected from a compound of Formula (Ii1):
• R 4 , R 2 and R 5 are dependently selected from:
• Exemplified compounds of the present invention include a compound of Formula (Ij) selected from a compound of Formula (Ij1):
• R 4 , R 2 and R 5 are dependently selected from:
• the compounds of the present invention may also be present in the form of pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• the salts of the compounds of this invention refer to non-toxic “pharmaceutically acceptable salts” ( Ref. International J. Pharm ., 1986, 33, 201-217 ; J. Pharm. Sci ., 1997 (January), 66, 1, 1).
• Other salts may, however, be useful in the preparation of compounds according to this invention or of their pharmaceutically acceptable salts.
• organic or inorganic acids include, but are not limited to, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, perchloric, sulfuric, nitric, phosphoric, acetic, propionic, glycolic, lactic, succinic, maleic, fumaric, malic, tartaric, citric, benzoic, mandelic, methanesulfonic, hydroxyethanesulfonic, benezenesulfonic, oxalic, pamoic, 2-naphthalenesulfonic, p-toluenesulfonic, cyclohexanesulfamic, salicylic, saccharinic or trifluoroacetic acid.
• Organic or inorganic bases include, but are not limited to, basic or cationic salts such as benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc.
• basic or cationic salts such as benzathine, chloroprocaine, choline, diethanolamine, ethylenediamine, meglumine, procaine, aluminum, calcium, lithium, magnesium, potassium, sodium and zinc.
• the present invention includes within its scope prodrugs of the compounds of this invention.
• prodrugs will be functional derivatives of the compounds, which are readily convertible in vivo into the required compound.
• the term “administering” shall encompass the treatment of the various disorders described with the compound specifically disclosed or with a compound which may not be specifically disclosed, but which converts to the specified compound in vivo after administration to the subject.
• Conventional procedures for the selection and preparation of suitable prodrug derivatives are described, for example, in “ Design of Prodrugs ”, ed. H. Bundgaard, Elsevier, 1985.
• the compounds according to this invention may accordingly exist as enantiomers. Where the compounds possess two or more chiral centers, they may additionally exist as diastereomers. Where the processes for the preparation of the compounds according to the invention give rise to mixture of stereoisomers, these isomers may be separated by conventional techniques such as preparative chromatography. The compounds may be prepared in racemic form or individual enantiomers may be prepared by standard techniques known to those skilled in the art, for example, by enantiospecific synthesis or resolution, formation of diastereomeric pairs by salt formation with an optically active acid, followed by fractional crystallization and regeneration of the free base.
• the compounds may also be resolved by formation of diastereomeric esters or amides, followed by chromatographic separation and removal of the chiral auxiliary. Alternatively, the compounds may be resolved using a chiral HPLC column. It is to be understood that all such isomers and mixtures thereof are encompassed within the scope of the present invention.
• alkyl refers to a saturated straight or branched chain consisting solely of 1-8 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms; preferably, 1-6 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms; and, most preferably, 1-4 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms.
• alkenyl refers to a partially unsaturated straight or branched alkyl chain that contains at least one double bond.
• alkynyl refers to a partially unsaturated straight or branched alkyl chain that contains at least one triple bond.
• alkoxy refers to —O-alkyl, where alkyl is as defined supra.
• alkylthio refers to —S-alkyl, where alkyl is as defined supra.
• a carboxyl group is a carbonyl with a terminal OH group.
• the branched alkyl chain may be substituted on the linking alkyl chain, the branch of the linking alkyl chain or on both.
• cycloalkyl refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated cyclic alkyl ring consisting of 3-8 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms. Examples include, and are not limited to, cyclopropyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl or cycloheptyl.
• spirocycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl ring sharing a single ring carbon with another attached ring.
• heterocyclyl refers to a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having five members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one additional O atom or one, two or three additional N atoms, a saturated or partially unsaturated ring having six members of which one, two or three members are a N atom, a saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic ring having nine members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one, two or three additional N atoms and a saturated or partially unsaturated bicyclic ring having ten members of which one, two or three members are a N atom.
• Examples include, and are not limited to, pyrrolinyl, pyrrolidinyl, dioxolanyl, imidazolinyl, imidazolidinyl, pyrazolinyl, pyrazolidinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl or piperazinyl.
• spiroheterocyclyl refers to a heterocyclyl ring sharing a single ring carbon with another attached ring.
• aryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic ring system containing 5-6 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms or an aromatic bicyclic ring system containing 9-14 hydrogen substituted carbon atoms. Examples include, and are not limited to, phenyl, naphthalenyl or anthracenyl.
• heteroaryl refers to an aromatic monocyclic ring system containing five members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one, two or three additional N atoms, an aromatic monocyclic ring having six members of which one, two or three members are a N atom, an aromatic bicyclic ring having nine members of which at least one member is a N, O or S atom and which optionally contains one, two or three additional N atoms and an aromatic bicyclic ring having ten members of which one, two or three members are a N atom.
• Examples include, and are not limited to, furyl, thienyl, pyrrolyl, oxazolyl, thiazolyl, imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, isoxazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyrazinyl, quinolinyl or isoquinolinyl.
• halo or halogen refers to a fluoro, chloro, bromo or iodo atom.
• An embodiment of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and any of the compounds described above.
• Illustrative of the invention is a pharmaceutical composition made by mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Another illustration of the invention is a process for making a pharmaceutical composition comprising mixing any of the compounds described above and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• Further illustrative of the present invention are pharmaceutical compositions comprising one or more compounds of this invention in association with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.
• composition is intended to encompass a product comprising the specified ingredients in the specified amounts, as well as any product which results, directly or indirectly, from combinations of the specified ingredients in the specified amounts.
• the compounds of the present invention are selective kinase or dual-kinase inhibitors useful in a method for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder.
• the kinase is selected from protein kinase C or glycogen synthase kinase-3 and more preferably, the kinase is selected from protein kinase C ⁇ , protein kinase C ⁇ -II, protein kinase C ⁇ or glycogen synthase kinase-3 ⁇ .
• the compounds of this invention demonstrate inhibitory activity for a number of other kinases as well.
• PKC Protein kinase C
• the PKC family is composed of twelve isoforms that are further classified into 3 subfamilies: the calcium dependent classical PKC isoforms alpha ( ⁇ ), beta-I ( ⁇ -I), beta-II ( ⁇ -II) and gamma ( ⁇ ); the calcium independent PKC isoforms delta ( ⁇ ), epsilon ( ⁇ ), eta ( ⁇ ), theta ( ⁇ ) and mu ( ⁇ ); and, the a typical PKC isoforms zeta ( ⁇ ), lambda ( ⁇ ) and iota ( ⁇ ).
• PKC vascular endothelial growth factor
• VEGF vascular endothelial growth factor
• a diabetes-linked elevation of the ⁇ isoform in human platelets has been correlated with the altered response of the platelets to agonists (Bastyr III, E. J. and Lu, J., Diabetes , 1993, 42, (Suppl. 1) 97A).
• the human vitamin D receptor has been shown to be selectively phosphorylated by PKC ⁇ . This phosphorylation has been linked to alterations in the functioning of the receptor (Hsieh, et al., Proc. Natl.
• PKC activity plays an important role in cardiovascular diseases. Increased PKC activity in the vasculature has been shown to cause increased vasoconstriction and hypertension (Bilder, G. E., et al., J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther ., 1990, 252, 526-530). PKC inhibitors block agonist-induced smooth muscle cell proliferation (Matsumoto, H. and Sasaki, Y., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun ., 1989, 158, 105-109).
• PKC ⁇ triggers events leading to the induction of Egr-1 (Early Growth Factor-1) and tissue factor under hypoxic conditions (as part of the oxygen deprivation-mediated pathway for triggering procoagulant events) (Yan, S-F, et al., J. Biol. Chem ., 2000, 275, 16, 11921-11928).
• PKC ⁇ is suggested as a mediator for production of PAI-1 (Plasminogen Activator Inhibitor-1) and is implicated in the development of thrombosis and atherosclerosis (Ren, S, et al., Am. J. Physiol ., 2000, 278, (4, Pt. 1), E656-E662).
• PKC inhibitors are useful in treating cardiovascular ischemia and improving cardiac function following ischemia (Muid, R. E., et al., FEBS Lett ., 1990, 293, 169-172; Sonoki, H. et al., Kokyu - To Junkan , 1989, 37, 669-674). Elevated PKC levels have been correlated with an increase in platelet function in response to agonists (Bastyr III, E. J. and Lu, J., Diabetes , 1993, 42, (Suppl. 1)97A). PKC has been implicated in the biochemical pathway in the platelet-activating factor (PAF) modulation of microvascular permeability (Kobayashi, et al., Amer. Phys.
• PAF platelet-activating factor
• PKC inhibitors affect agonist-induced aggregation in platelets (Toullec, D., et al., J. Biol. Chem ., 1991, 266, 15771-15781). Accordingly, PKC inhibitors may be indicated for use in treating cardiovascular disease, ischemia, thrombotic conditions, atherosclerosis and restenosis.
• PKC- ⁇ -II activation of the PKC- ⁇ -II isoform plays an important role in diabetic vascular complications such as retinopathy (Ishii, H., et al., Science , 1996, 272, 728-731) and PKC ⁇ has been implicated in development of the cardiac hypertrophy associated with heart failure (X. Gu, et al., Circ. Res ., 1994, 75, 926; R. H. Strasser, et al., Circulation , 1996, 94, 1551).
• Overexpression of cardiac PKC ⁇ II in transgenic mice caused cardiomyopathy involving hypertrophy, fibrosis and decreased left ventricular function (H. Wakasaki, et al., Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA , 1997, 94, 9320).
• PKC inhibitors block inflammatory responses such as the neutrophil oxidative burst, CD3 down-regulation in T-lymphocytes and phorbol-induced paw edema (Twoemy, B., et al., Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun ., 1990, 171, 1087-1092; Mulqueen, M. J., et al. Agents Actions , 1992, 37, 85-89).
• PKC ⁇ has an essential role in the degranulation of bone marrow-derived mast cells, thus affecting cell capacity to produce IL-6 (Interleukin-6) (Nechushtan, H., et al., Blood , 2000 (March), 95, 5, 1752-1757).
• PKC plays a role in enhanced ASM (Airway Smooth Muscle) cell growth in rat models of two potential risks for asthma: hyperresponsiveness to contractile agonists and to growth stimuli (Ren, S, et al., Am. J. Physiol ., 2000, 278, (4, Pt. 1), E656-E662).
• ASM Airway Smooth Muscle
• PKC ⁇ -1 overexpression augments an increase in endothelial permeability, suggesting an important function in the regulation of the endothelial barrier (Nagpala, P. G., et al., J. Cell Physiol ., 1996, 2, 249-55).
• PKC ⁇ mediates activation of neutrophil NADPH oxidase by PMA and by stimulation of Fc ⁇ receptors in neutrophils (Dekker, L. V., et al., Biochem. J , 2000, 347, 285-289).
• PKC inhibitors may be indicated for use in treating inflammation and asthma.
• PKC may be useful in treating or ameliorating certain immunological disorders. While one study suggests that HCMV (Human Cytomegalovirus) inhibition is not correlated with PKC inhibition (Slater, M. J., et al., Biorg . & Med. Chem ., 1999, 7, 1067-1074), another study showed that the PKC signal transduction pathway synergistically interacted with the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway to activate or increase HIV-1 transcription and viral replication and was abrogated with a PKC inhibitor (Rabbi, M. F., et al., Virology , 1998 (June 5), 245, 2, 257-69). Therefore, an immunological disorder may be treated or ameliorated as a function of the affected underlying pathway's response to up- or down-regulation of PKC.
• HCMV Human Cytomegalovirus
• PKC ⁇ deficiency also results in an immunodeficiency characterized by impaired humoral immune responses and a reduced B cell response, similar to X-linked immunodeficiency in mice and plays an important role in antigen receptor-mediated signal transduction (Leitges, M., et al., Science (Wash., D.C.), 1996, 273, 5276, 788-789). Accordingly, transplant tissue rejection may be ameliorated or prevented by suppressing the immune response using a PKC ⁇ inhibitor.
• Abnormal activity of PKC has been linked to dermatological disorders characterized by abnormal proliferation of keratinocytes, such as psoriasis (Horn, F., et al., J. Invest. Dermatol ., 1987, 88, 220-222; Raynaud, F. and Evain-Brion, D., Br. J. Dermatol ., 1991, 124, 542-546).
• PKC inhibitors have been shown to inhibit keratinocyte proliferation in a dose-dependent manner (Hegemann, L., et al., Arch. Dermatol. Res ., 1991, 283, 456-460; Bollag, W. B., et al., J. Invest. Dermatol ., 1993, 100, 240-246).
• PKC activity has been associated with cell growth, tumor promotion, uncontrolled cell growth and cancer (Rotenberg, S. A. and Weinstein, I. B., Biochem. Mol. Aspects Sel. Cancer , 1991, 1, 25-73; Ahmad, et al., Molecular Pharmacology , 1993, 43, 858-862); PKC inhibitors are known to be effective in preventing tumor growth in animals (Meyer, T., et al., Int. J. Cancer , 1989, 43, 851-856; Akinagaka, S., et al., Cancer Res ., 1991, 51, 4888-4892).
• PKC ⁇ -1 and ⁇ -2 expression in differentiated HD3 colon carcinoma cells blocked their differentiation, enabling them to proliferate in response to basic FGF (Fibroblast Growth Factor) like undifferentiated cells, increasing their growth rate and activating several MBP (Myelin-Basic Protein) kinases, including p57 MAP (Mitogen-Activated Protein) kinase (Sauma, S., et al., Cell Growth Differ ., 1996, 7, 5, 587-94).
• PKC ⁇ inhibitors having an additive therapeutic effect in combination with other anti-cancer agents, inhibited the growth of lymphocytic leukemia cells (Konig, A., et al., Blood , 1997, 90, 10, Suppl. 1 Pt.
• PKC inhibitors enhanced MMC (Mitomycin-C) induced apoptosis in a time-dependent fashion in a gastric cancer cell-line, potentially indicating use as agents for chemotherapy-induced apoptosis (Danso, D., et al., Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res ., 1997, 38, 88 Meet., 92). Therefore, PKC inhibitors may be indicated for use in ameliorating cell and tumor growth, in treating or ameliorating cancers (such as leukemia or colon cancer) and as adjuncts to chemotherapy.
• MMC Mitomycin-C
• cancers such as leukemia or colon cancer
• PKC ⁇ (by enhancing cell migration) may mediate some proangiogenic effects of PKC activation while PKC ⁇ may direct antiangiogenic effects of overall PKC activation (by inhibiting cell growth and proliferation) in capillary endothelial cells, thus regulating endothelial proliferation and angiogenesis (Harrington, E. O., et al., J. Biol. Chem ., 1997, 272, 11, 7390-7397).
• PKC inhibitors inhibit cell growth and induce apoptosis in human glioblastoma cell lines, inhibit the growth of human astrocytoma xenografts and act as radiation sensitizers in glioblastoma cell lines (Begemann, M., et al., Anticancer Res . (Greece), 1998 (July-August), 18, 4A, 2275-82).
• PKC inhibitors, in combination with other anti-cancer agents are radiation and chemosensitizers useful in cancer therapy (Teicher, B. A., et al., Proc. Am. Assoc. Cancer Res ., 1998, 39, 89 Meet., 384).
• PKC ⁇ inhibitors by blocking the MAP kinase signal transduction pathways for VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) and bFGF (basic Fibrinogen Growth Factor) in endothelial cells, in a combination regimen with other anti-cancer agents, have an anti-angiogenic and antitumor effect in a human T98G glioblastoma multiforme xenograft model (Teicher, B. A., et al., Clinical Cancer Research , 2001 (March), 7, 634-640). Accordingly, PKC inhibitors may be indicated for use in ameliorating angiogenesis and in treating or ameliorating cancers (such as breast, brain, kidney, bladder, ovarian or colon cancers) and as adjuncts to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• cancers such as breast, brain, kidney, bladder, ovarian or colon cancers
• PKC activity plays a central role in the functioning of the CNS (Huang, K. P., Trends Neurosci ., 1989, 12, 425-432) and PKC is implicated in Alzheimer's disease (Shimohama, S., et al., Neurology , 1993, 43, 1407-1413) and inhibitors have been shown to prevent the damage seen in focal and central ischemic brain injury and brain edema (Hara, H., et al., J. Cereb. Blood Flow Metab ., 1990, 10, 646-653; Shibata, S., et al., Brain Res ., 1992, 594, 290-294). Accordingly, PKC inhibitors may be indicated for use in treating Alzheimers disease and in treating neurotraumatic and ischemia-related diseases.
• PKC ⁇ as a component of the phosphoinositide 2 nd messenger system
• muscarinic acetylcholine receptor expression in an amygdala-kindled rat model has been associated with epilepsy, serving as a basis for the rat's permanent state of hyperexcitability (Beldhuis, H. J. A., et al., Neuroscience , 1993, 55, 4, 965-73). Therefore, PKC inhibitors may be indicated for use in treating epilepsy.
• PKC has demonstrated a role in the pathology of conditions such as, but not limited to, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, diabetes-associated disorders, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, dermatological disorders, oncological disorders and central nervous system disorders.
• Glycogen synthase kinase-3 (GSK-3) is a serine/threonine protein kinase composed of two isoforms ( ⁇ and ⁇ ) which are encoded by distinct genes.
• GSK-3 is one of several protein kinases which phosphorylate glycogen synthase (GS) (Embi, et al., Eur. J. Biochem , 1980, 107, 519-527).
• the ⁇ and ⁇ isoforms have a monomeric structure of 49 and 47 kD respectively and are both found in mammalian cells.
• Type II diabetes or Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus, NIDDM
• NIDDM Non-Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus
• Hyperglycemia is due to insulin resistance in the liver, muscle and other tissues coupled with inadequate or defective secretion of insulin from pancreatic islets.
• Skeletal muscle is the major site for insulin-stimulated glucose uptake. In this tissue, glucose removed from the circulation is either metabolised through glycolysis and the TCA (tricarboxylic acid) cycle or stored as glycogen.
• Muscle glycogen deposition plays the more important role in glucose homeostasis and Type II diabetic subjects have defective muscle glycogen storage.
• the stimulation of glycogen synthesis by insulin in skeletal muscle results from the dephosphorylation and activation of glycogen synthase (Villar-Palasi C.
• GSK-3 is responsible for phosphorylation and deactivation of GS, while glycogen bound protein phosphatase 1 (PP1 G) dephosphorylates and activates GS. Insulin both inactivates GSK-3 and activates PP1G (Srivastava A. K. and Pandey S. K., Mol. and Cellular Biochem ., 1998, 182, 135-141).
• GSK-3 activity might be important in Type II diabetic muscle (Chen, et al., Diabetes , 1994, 43, 1234-1241).
• Overexpression of GSK-30 and constitutively active GSK-3 ⁇ (S9A, S9e) mutants in HEK-293 cells resulted in suppression of glycogen synthase activity (Eldar-Finkelman, et al., PNAS , 1996, 93, 10228-10233) and overexpression of GSK-3 ⁇ in CHO cells, expressing both insulin receptor and insulin receptor substrate 1 (IRS-1) resulted in impairment of insulin action (Eldar-Finkelman and Krebs, PNAS, 1997, 94, 9660-9664).
• GSK-3 ⁇ knockout mouse Studies on fibroblasts from the GSK-3 ⁇ knockout mouse indicate that inhibition of GSK-3 may be useful in treating inflammatory disorders or diseases through the negative regulation of NFkB activity (Hoeflich K. P., et al., Nature , 2000, 406, 86-90).
• GSK-3 In addition to modulation of glycogen synthase activity, GSK-3 also plays an important role in the CNS disorders. GSK-3 inhibitors may be of value as neuroprotectants in the treatment of acute stroke and other neurotraumatic injuries (Pap and Cooper, J. Biol. Chem ., 1998, 273, 19929-19932). Lithium, a low mM inhibitor of GSK-3, has been shown to protect cerebellar granule neurons from death (D'Mello, et al., Exp. Cell Res ., 1994, 211, 332-338) and chronic lithium treatment has demonstrable efficacy in the middle cerebral artery occlusion model of stroke in rodents (Nonaka and Chuang, Neuroreport , 1998, 9(9), 2081-2084).
• Tau and ⁇ -catenin, two known in vivo substrates of GSK-3, are of direct relevance in consideration of further aspects of the value of GSK-3 inhibitors in relation to treatment of chronic neurodegenerative conditions.
• Tau hyperphosphorylation is an early event in neurodegenerative conditions such as Alzheimer's disease and is postulated to promote microtubule disassembly. Lithium has been reported to reduce the phosphorylation of tau, enhance the binding of tau to microtubules and promote microtubule assembly through direct and reversible inhibition of GSK-3 (Hong M. et al J. Biol. Chem ., 1997, 272(40), 25326-32).
• ⁇ -catenin is phosphorylated by GSK-3 as part of a tripartite axin protein complex resulting in ⁇ -catenin degradation (Ikeda, et al., EMBO J ., 1998, 17, 1371-1384). Inhibition of GSK-3 activity is involved in the stabilization of catenin and promotes ⁇ -catenin-LEF-1/TCF transcriptional activity (Eastman, Grosschedl, Curr. Opin. Cell Biol ., 1999, 11, 233). Studies have also suggested that GSK-3 inhibitors may also be of value in the treatment of schizophrenia (Cotter D., et al.
• GSK-3 inhibitors could have further therapeutic utility in the treatment of diabetes, inflammatory diseases, dermatological disorders and central nervous system disorders.
• a preferred method of the present invention is a method for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof comprising administering to the subject a therapeutically effective amount of an instant compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof.
• the therapeutically effective amount of the compounds of Formula (I) exemplified in such a method is from about 0.001 mg/kg/day to about 300 mg/kg/day.
• Embodiments of the present invention include the use of a compound of Formula (I) for the preparation of a medicament for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder in a subject in need thereof wherein a preferred method step comprises administering the kinase to dual-kinase inhibitor to a patient.
• an individual compound of the present invention or a pharmaceutical composition thereof can be administered separately at different times during the course of therapy or concurrently in divided or single combination forms.
• the instant invention is therefore to be understood as embracing all such regimes of simultaneous or alternating treatment and the term “administering” is to be interpreted accordingly.
• Embodiments of the present method include a compound or pharmaceutical composition thereof advantageously co-administered in combination with other agents for treating, reducing or ameliorating the effects of a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder.
• a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition thereof may be used in combination with other agents, especially insulin or antidiabetic agents including, but not limited to, insulin secretagogues (such as sulphonylureas), insulin sensitizers including, but not limited to, glitazone insulin sensitizers (such as thiazolidinediones) or biguamides or a glucosidase inhibitors.
• the combination product is a product that comprises the co-administration of a compound of Formula (I) or a pharmaceutical composition thereof and an additional agent for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder
• the term combination product further comprises a product that is sequentially administered where the product comprises a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition thereof and an additional agent for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder, administration of a pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition thereof and an additional agent for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder or the essentially simultaneous administration of a separate pharmaceutical composition containing a compound of Formula (I) or pharmaceutical composition thereof and a separate pharmaceutical composition containing an additional agent for treating or ameliorating a kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder.
• subject refers to an animal, preferably a mammal, most preferably a human, who has been the object of treatment, observation or experiment.
• terapéuticaally effective amount means that amount of active compound or pharmaceutical agent that elicits the biological or medicinal response in a tissue system, animal or human, that is being sought by a researcher, veterinarian, medical doctor, or other clinician, which includes alleviation of the symptoms of the disease or disorder being treated.
• a particular compound of Formula (I) is selected where it is therapeutically effective for a particular kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorder based on the modulation of the disorder through the demonstration of selective kinase or dual-kinase inhibition in response to that compound.
• Experiments exemplifying selective kinase or dual-kinase inhibition are provided in the examples.
• the usefulness of a compound of Formula (I) as a selective kinase or dual-kinase inhibitor can be determined according to the methods disclosed herein and based on the data obtained to date, it is anticipated that a particular compound will be useful in inhibiting one or more kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorders and therefore is uesfull in one or more kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorders.
• kinase or dual-kinase mediated disorders includes, and is not limited to, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes, diabetes-associated disorders, inflammatory diseases, immunological disorders, dermatological disorders, oncological disorders and CNS disorders.
• Cardiovascular diseases include, and are not limited to, acute stroke, heart failure, cardiovascular ischemia, thrombosis, atherosclerosis, hypertension, restenosis, retinopathy of prematurity or age-related macular degeneration.
• Diabetes includes insulin dependent diabetes or Type II non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus.
• Diabetes-associated disorders include, and are not limited to, impaired glucose tolerance, diabetic retinopathy, proliferative retinopathy, retinal vein occlusion, macular edema, cardiomyopathy, nephropathy or neuropathy.
• Inflammatory diseases include, and are not limited to, vascular permeability, inflammation, asthma, rheumatoid arthritis or osteoarthritis.
• Immunological disorders include, and are not limited to, transplant tissue rejection, HIV-1 or immunological disorders treated or ameliorated by PKC modulation. Dermatological disorders include, and are not limited to, psoriasis, hair loss or baldness. Oncological disorders include, and are not limited to, cancer or tumor growth (such as breast, brain, kidney, bladder, ovarian or colon cancer or leukemia) and other diseases associated with uncontrolled cell proliferation such as recurring benign tumors as well as including proliferative angiopathy and angiogenesis; and, includes use for compounds of Formula (I) as an adjunct to chemotherapy and radiation therapy.
• cancer or tumor growth such as breast, brain, kidney, bladder, ovarian or colon cancer or leukemia
• other diseases associated with uncontrolled cell proliferation such as recurring benign tumors as well as including proliferative angiopathy and angiogenesis
• CNS disorders include, and are not limited to, chronic pain, neuropathic pain, epilepsy, chronic neurodegenerative conditions (such as dementia or Alzheimer's disease), mood disorders (such as schizophrenia), manic depression or neurotraumatic, cognitive decline and ischemia-related diseases (as a result of head trauma (from acute ischemic stroke, injury or surgery) or transient ischemic stroke (from coronary bypass surgery or other transient ischemic conditions)).
• compositions contemplated within this invention can be prepared according to conventional pharmaceutical techniques.
• a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier may be used in the composition of the invention.
• the composition may take a wide variety of forms depending on the form of preparation desired for administration including, but not limited to, intravenous (both bolus and infusion), oral, nasal, transdermal, topical with or without occlusion, intraperitoneal, subcutaneous, intramuscular or parenteral, all using forms well known to those of ordinary skill in the pharmaceutical arts.
• one or more of the usual pharmaceutical carriers may be employed, such as water, glycols, oils, alcohols, flavoring agents, preservatives, coloring agents, syrup and the like in the case of oral liquid preparations (for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions), or carriers such as starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations (for example, powders, capsules and tablets).
• oral liquid preparations for example, suspensions, elixirs and solutions
• carriers such as starches, sugars, diluents, granulating agents, lubricants, binders, disintegrating agents and the like in the case of oral solid preparations (for example, powders, capsules and tablets).
• the compounds may alternatively be administered parenterally via injection of a formulation consisting of the active ingredient dissolved in an inert liquid carrier.
• the injectable formulation can include the active ingredient mixed with an appropriate inert liquid carrier.
• Acceptable liquid carriers include vegetable oils such as peanut oil, cotton seed oil, sesame oil, and the like, as well as organic solvents such as solketal, glycerol, formal, and the like.
• aqueous parenteral formulations may also be used.
• acceptable aqueous solvents include water, Ringer's solution and an isotonic aqueous saline solution.
• a sterile non-volatile oil can usually be employed as solvent or suspending agent in the aqueous formulation.
• the formulations are prepared by dissolving or suspending the active ingredient in the liquid carrier such that the final formulation contains from 0.005 to 10% by weight of the active ingredient.
• Other additives including a preservative, an isotonizer, a solubilizer, a stabilizer and a pain-soothing agent may adequately be employed.
• compounds of the present invention can be administered in intranasal form via topical use of suitable intranasal vehicles, or via transdermal routes, using those forms of transdermal skin patches well known to those of ordinary skill in that art.
• the dosage administration will, of course, be continuous rather than intermittent throughout the dosage regimen.
• tablets and capsules represent an advantageous oral dosage unit form, wherein solid pharmaceutical carriers are employed. If desired, tablets may be sugar-coated or enteric-coated by standard techniques.
• the active drug component can be combined in suitably flavored suspending or dispersing agents such as the synthetic and natural gums, including for example, tragacanth, acacia, methyl-cellulose and the like.
• suspending or dispersing agents such as the synthetic and natural gums, including for example, tragacanth, acacia, methyl-cellulose and the like.
• Other dispersing agents include glycerin and the like.
• the compounds of the present invention can also be administered in the form of liposome delivery systems, such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles.
• liposome delivery systems such as small unilamellar vesicles, large unilamellar vesicles and multilamellar vesicles.
• Liposomes containing delivery systems as well known in the art are formed from a variety of phospholipids, such as cholesterol, stearylamine or phosphatidylcholines.
• the instant pharmaceutical composition will generally contain a per dosage unit (e.g., tablet, capsule, powder, injection, teaspoonful and the like) from about 0.001 to about 100 mg/kg.
• the instant pharmaceutical composition contains a per dosage unit of from about 0.01 to about 50 mg/kg of compound, and preferably from about 0.05 to about 20 mg/kg.
• Methods are known in the art for determining therapeutically effective doses for the instant pharmaceutical composition.
• the therapeutically effective amount for administering the pharmaceutical composition to a human for example, can be determined mathematically from the results of animal studies.
• a wavy line indicates bond attachment to a larger structure that is not shown but is otherwise identical to the larger compound of which the compound fragment is drawn.
• Names can be generated using a nomenclature system based on these examples or may be generated using commercial chemical naming software such as the ACD/Index Name (Advanced Chemistry Development, Inc., Toronto, Ontario).
• Representative compounds of the present invention can be synthesized in accordance with the general synthetic methods described below and are illustrated more particularly in the schemes that follow. Since the schemes are illustrations, the invention should not be construed as being limited by the chemical reactions and conditions expressed. The preparation of the various starting materials used in the schemes is well within the skill of persons versed in the art.
• Compound A1 (wherein A is selected from nitrogen and E is selected from carbon for compounds of Formula (Ia) and A and E are selected from nitrogen for compounds of Formula (Ic)) was dissolved in a suitable solvent and then cooled. Trimethyltin chloride was added under an inert atmosphere to react with Compound A1 (below) and then BuLi was added. The reaction was washed with an aqueous solvent and the product Compound A2 was purified. Compound A2 was reacted with a 2,3-dichloromaleimide Compound A3 in the presence of PdCl 2 (PPh 3 ) 2 and LiCl in a suitable solvent. The product Compound A4 may then be purified by column chromatography.
• Chloro-indoylmaleimide Compound A2 (wherein A is selected from nitrogen and E is selected from carbon for compounds of Formula (Ig) and A and E are selected from nitrogen for compounds of Formula (Ih)) and Compound B1 were diluted in a suitable solvent and reacted in the presence of LiCl and dichlorobis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(II) in an inert atmosphere.
• the Compound A2 protecting group was removed from an intermediate of Compound B1 by reaction with TFA in a suitable solvent to yield the product Compound B2.
• a hydroxy polyalkoxy chain Compound C1 may be reacted with TsCl or MsCl to produce a polyalkoxy chain Compound C2 or Compound C3, respectively (prepared as described in Bender, S. L. and Gauthier, D. R., Tetrahedron Lett., 1996, 37(1), 13-16).
• the Compound A4 (wherein A and E are independently selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom) was dissolved in a suitable solvent with Cs 2 CO 3 at an elevated temperature.
• the polyalkoxy chain Compound C2 or Compound C3 was dissolved in a suitable solvent and was added slowly to the reaction mixture. The reaction was then extracted and purified to yield the product Compound C4.
• T f O(CF 3 SO 3 ) or T s O (toluleneSO 3 ) may be coupled to the Compound C4 ring nitrogen.
• the Compound C4 was dissolved in an alcohol, then a base and heated to reflux. The reaction was acidified to form a precipitated Compound C5.
• Compound C5 was dissolved in a suitable solvent containing HMDS and heated for a time and at a temperature sufficient to produce Compound C6.
• the product Compound C6 may then be purified by column chromatography.
• the Compound A4 (wherein A and E are independently selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom) was diluted in a suitable solvent containing Cs 2 CO 3 and reacted at an elevated temperature with Compound D1 (dibromo(CH 2 ) 1-4 alkyl; wherein X is a carbon or a nitrogen atom).
• Compound D1 dibromo(CH 2 ) 1-4 alkyl; wherein X is a carbon or a nitrogen atom.
• elevated temperature is used herein to refer to temperatures that are preferably greater than 22° C. and preferably below the reflux temperature. It is understood that those in the art will be able to vary the time and temperature of these reactions to optimize product production.
• the product was extracted and purified to yield Compound D2.
• the product Compound D2 was dissolved in an alcohol and base and was heated to reflux. Then the reaction was acidified to form a precipitated intermediate which was dissolved in a suitable solvent containing HMDS and was heated.
• the product Compound D3 was purified by column chromatography.
• the Compound A4 (wherein A and E are independently selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom) was diluted in a suitable solvent containing Cs 2 CO 3 and reacted at elevated temperature with a Compound E1 (wherein a is (CH 2 ) 1-6 alkyl). The product was extracted and purified to yield a Compound E2.
• the Compound E2 was reacted with R 6 NH 2 in the presence of DIEA (N,N-diisopropylethylamine) in THF at an elevated temperature, then cooled and evaporated to give a Compound E3.
• the Compound E3 was dissolved in an alcohol and base and heated to reflux. The reaction was then acidified and evaporated. The resulting solid was treated with ammonium acetate at elevated temperatures, cooled, and extracted to provide Compound E4.
• the Compound A4 (wherein A and E are independently selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom) was diluted in a suitable solvent containing Cs 2 CO 3 and reacted at elevated temperature with a Compound F1 (dihalo(CH 2 ) 1-6 alkyl). The product was extracted and purified to yield a Compound F2.
• the Compound F2 was reacted with a Compound F3 NHR 6 (CH 2 ) 1-6 NR 7 (CH 2 ) 1-6 NHR 8 in the presence of DIEA (N,N-diisopropylethylamine) and KI in THF at an elevated temperature.
• the product was cooled and evaporated to give a Compound F4.
• the Compound F4 was dissolved in an alcohol and base and heated to reflux. The reaction was then acidified and evaporated. The resulting solid was treated with ammonium acetate at elevated temperatures, cooled and extracted to form Compound F5
• the Compound F2 was reacted with a Compound F6 NHR 6 (CH 2 ) 1-6 NHR 7 or Compound F8 NHR 6 to give a product Compound F7 having 2 nitrogen atoms within the macrocyclic ring or a product Compound F9 having 1 nitrogen atom within the macrocyclic ring.
• the unsubstituted imide Compound F10 and Compound F11 may be obtained from Compound F7 and Compound F9, respectively.
• a mixture of Compound G1 (wherein A and E are independently selected from the group consisting of a carbon atom and a nitrogen atom) and Compound G2 (wherein b and c are independently selected from (CH 2 ) 0-5 alkyl) were dissolved in a suitable solvent and then reacted at an elevated temperature in the presence of cesium carbonate.
• the reaction was filtered, evaporated and the residue was purified to give Compound G3.
• Compound G4 was dissolved in an appropriate solvent under an inert atmosphere and HOBT and DCC were added.
• the reaction was stirred and ammonium hydroxide was slowly added and the reaction was stirred again.
• the reaction was filtered and the filtrate was collected and extracted with an aqueous solvent.
• the ester Compound G3 and amide Compound G7 were dissolved in a suitable solvent under an inert atmosphere and were cooled. Then 1.0 M potassium t-butoxide in THF was slowly added to the reaction mixture. The resulting mixture was stirred under cool conditions, allowed to warm and then stirred again. Then concentrated HCl was added and the reaction was stirred again. The mixture was partitioned between EtOAc and H 2 O. Two layers were separated and the aqueous layer was extracted with EtOAc. The combined extracts were washed with water, saturated aq. NaHCO 3 and brine, then dried and evaporated to give a Compound G8. The Compound G8 was dissolved in a solvent containing pyridine and then Ms 2 O was added.
• Trimethyl tin chloride (26.5 mL, 1 M in THF, 26.5 mmol) was added to a THF solution (15 mL) of 7-aza-1-(tert-butyloxycarbonyl)-3-iodoindole Compound 1a (1.82 g, 5.3 mmol, Kelly, T. A., J. Med Chem . 1997, 40, 2430) at ⁇ 78° C. under nitrogen.
• n-BuLi (10 mL, 1.6 M in hexane, 16 mmol) was added dropwise at ⁇ 78° C. and the reaction was allowed to warm up to 20° C. overnight. Water (4 mL) was added and the solvent was removed under vacuum.
• Tetraethylenebismesylate Compound 1f (0.252 g, 0.72 mmol) in DMF (5.4 mL) was added via syringe pump for 3 h to a suspension of Cs 2 CO 3 (0.51 g 1.56 mmol) and starting material Compound 1d (0.162 g, 0.48 mmol) in DMF (24 mL) at 100° C. After addition was completed the reaction mixture was cooled to 20° C. and stirred for 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with NH 4 Cl (aq) and the product was extracted into CH 2 Cl 2 . The organic layer was washed with water, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• Pentaethylenebismesylate Compound 1 g (0.3 g, 0.76 mmol) in DMF (6 mL) was added via syringe pump for 4 h to a suspension of Cs 2 CO 3 (0.41 g, 1.27 mmol) and starting material Compound 1d (0.2 g, 0.58 mmol) in DMF (18 mL) at 100° C. After addition was completed, the reaction mixture was cooled to 20° C. and stirred for 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with NH 4 Cl (aq) after it was cooled to 0° C. in an ice bath. The product was extracted into CH 2 Cl 2 . The organic layer was washed with water, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• Triethylenebismesylate Compound 1e (0.58 g, 1.9 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was delivered via syringe pump for 3 hours to a suspension of Cs 2 CO 3 (1.0 g, 3.2 mmol) and starting material Compound 2a (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol, prepared as described in Synthesis, 1995, 511) in DMF (40 mL) at 100° C. Next the reaction mixture was cooled to 20° C. and stirred for 3 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with NH 4 Cl (aq) and the product was extracted into CH 2 Cl 2 . The organic layer was washed with water, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• Triethylenebismesylate Compound 1f (1.9 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was delivered via syringe pump for 3 hours to a suspension of Cs 2 CO 3 (1.0 g, 3.2 mmol) and starting material Compound 2a (0.5 g, 1.5 mmol) in DMF (40 mL) at 100° C. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20° C. and stirred for 2 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with NH 4 Cl (aq) and the product was extracted into CH 2 Cl 2 . The organic layer was washed with water, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• Pentaethylenebismesylate Compound 1g (0.75 g, 1.9 mmol) in DMF (15 mL) was added via syringe pump overnight to a suspension of Cs 2 CO 3 (1.0 g, 3.2 mmol) and starting material Compound 2a (0.5 g ,1.5 mmol) in DMF (40 mL) at 100° C. The reaction mixture was cooled to 20° C. and stirred for 2 h. The reaction mixture was diluted with NH 4 Cl (aq) and the product was extracted into CH 2 Cl 2 . The organic layer was washed with water, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• a dihalo substituted aryl/heteroaryl Compound 3d (such as ⁇ , ⁇ ′-dibromo-m-xylene; wherein X is a carbon atom and halo is a bromo atom) (200 mg, 0.756 mmol) in DMF (10 mL) was added over a 2 h period with a syringe pump to a slurry of Compound 3c (246 mg, 0.72 mmol) and Cs 2 CO 3 (394 mg, 1.2 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) at 100° C. was held at 100° C. for 20 h. The mixture was concentrated under vacuum.
• a dihalo substituted aryl/heteroaryl Compound 3d (such as 2,6-bis(chloromethyl)pyridine; wherein X is a nitrogen atom and halo is a chloro atom) (133 mg, 0.756 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) was added over a 2 h period with a syringe pump to a slurry of Compound 3c (246 mg, 0.72 mmol) and Cs 2 CO 3 (394 mg, 1.2 mmol) in DMF (20 mL) at 100° C. and was held at 100° C. for 20 h. The reaction mixture was concentrated under vacuum. Water was added and the residue was extracted with ethyl acetate and then with CH 2 Cl 2 .
• the crude product was chromatographed (silica gel, DCM/MeOH/NH 4 OH, from 95:3:2 to 93:5:2) to produce the target Compound 12 (38.5 mg).
• the DCM solution was extracted four times with 5% NaHCO 3 (150 mL); the combined aqueous solution was treated with sodium chloride (190 g) and extracted with ethyl acetate (300 mL) six times. The organic extract was dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and evaporated in vacuo to a solid, which was triturated with diethyl ether (100 mL) and filtered to afford a white solid Compound 7d (3.52 g, 67%).
• Triethylamine (0.47 mL, 3.35 mmol) and MsCl (0.13 mL, 1.67 mmol) were added to a solution of the diol Compound 8a (87 mg, 0.167 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (1.5 mL) at 0° C. After stirring at 20° C. for 15 min, the mixture was quenched with water (0.5 mL) and then diluted with CH 2 Cl 2 (5 mL). After the layers were separated, the aqueous phase was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (3 ⁇ 5 mL) and the organic layers were combined, dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• the 2-bromoethylether Compound 5f (0.2 mL, 1.57 mmol) was added to a mixture of Compound 1d (54 mg, 0.16 mmol), Cs 2 CO 3 (205 mg, 0.63 mmol) and DMF (5.0 mL). After heating at 40° C. for 1.5 h, the mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 12 h, then filtered through Celite and diluted with EtOAc. The organic layer was washed with water (3 ⁇ 5 mL), dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• the mixture was cooled to 20° C., diluted with water (3.0 mL), made basic with 20% aqueous NaOH to achieve a pH of 10 and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 25 mL). The combined organic layers were dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• Compound 11a (12 mg, 0.023 mmol) was transformed into Compound 21 (6 mg, 50%) using the procedure described for obtaining Compound 20.
• Methanesulfonic acid (0.5 mL) was added to a solution of the Compound 121 (5 mg, 0.008 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (1.0 mL). The mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 6 h, then ammonium hydroxide was carefully added to make the mixture basic. The mixture was extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 10 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (5 mL) and brine (5 mL), then dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• Methanesulfonic acid (0.2 mL) was added to a solution of Compound 13a (6 mg, 0.009 mmol) in CH 2 Cl 2 (1.0 mL). After the mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 2 h, ammonium hydroxide was carefully added to make the mixture basic. The mixture was then extracted with EtOAc (2 ⁇ 10 mL) and the organic layers were combined, washed with water (5 mL) and brine (5 mL), then dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• Triethylamine (0.41 mL, 2.97 mmol) and MsCl (0.23 mL, 2.97 mmol) at 0° C. were added to a methylene chloride (2.5 mL) solution of Compound 15e (120 mg, 0.59 mmol). The mixture was stirred at 20° C. for 2 h and quenched with water. The layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with CH 2 Cl 2 (2 ⁇ 20 mL).
• the crude Compound 16f was mixed with methylene chloride (1 mL), then methanesulfonic acid (0.3 mL) was added. The mixture was stirred at 20° C. for several hours until Compound 16f was no longer detected by MS. The mixture was cooled in an ice bath, carefully quenched with ammonium hydroxide and extracted with EtOAc (3 ⁇ 15 mL). The extracts were washed with water (10 mL) and brine (10 mL), then dried (Na 2 SO 4 ) and concentrated.
• the compounds of the present invention were tested for biological activity in the following in-vitro and in-vivo methods.
• PLC Protein Kinase C
• the different human PKC isozymes (were obtained from PanVera, Madison Wis. and had been prepared as recombinant enzymes produced from a baculovirus expression vector) were added to a reaction mixture containing a test compound, 20 mM HEPES (pH 7.4), 100 ⁇ M CaCl 2 , 10 mM MgCl 2 , 100 ⁇ g/mL phosphatidylserine, 20 ⁇ g/mL diacylglycerol, 1 ⁇ M ATP, 0.8 ⁇ Ci ( 33 P)ATP, and 5 ⁇ g/mL biotinylated substrate peptide (Jing Zhao et al., J. Bio. Chem ., 1998, 273, 23072).
• reaction was incubated for 15 min at 30° C. Reactions were terminated by the addition of streptavidin-coated SPA beads (Amersham) in a solution containing 1 mM EGTA, 10 mM EDTA and 100 ⁇ M ATP. Beads were allowed to settle overnight and the plates read in a Wallac MICROBETA scintillation counter (PerkinElmer Life sciences, Wellesley, Mass.).
• the inhibitory activity of a compound against Glycogen Synthase Kinase 3- ⁇ (GSK 3- ⁇ ) activity was assessed using a recombinant rabbit GSK 3- ⁇ according to the procedure below.
• the test compound was added to a reaction mixture containing Protein phosphatase inhibitor-2 (PPI-2) (Calbiochem, San Diego Calif.) (45 ng), rabbit GSK-3- ⁇ (New England Biolabs, Beverly Mass.) (0.75 units) and 33 P—ATP (1 uCi) in 50 mM Tris-HCl (pH 8.0), 10 mM MgCl 2 , 0.1% BSA, 1 mM DTT, and 100 uM Sodium Vanadate. The mixture was reacted for 90 minutes at 30° C. to allow phosphorylation of the PPI-2 protein and then the protein in the reaction was precipitated using 10% trichloroacetic acid (TCA).
• PPI-2 Protein phosphatase inhibitor-2
• TAA trichloroacetic acid
• Biotinylated peptide substrates were selected from the literature as appropriate for the enzyme being evaluated.
• Assay conditions vary slightly for each protein kinase, for example, insulin receptor kinase requires 10 mM MnCl 2 for activity and Calmodulin-dependent protein kinase requires calmodulin and 10 mM CaCl 2 .
• the reaction mixture was dispensed into the wells of a streptavidin coated Flashplate and 1 ⁇ L drug stock in 100% DMSO was added to a 100 ⁇ L reaction volume resulting in a final concentration of 1% DMSO in the reaction.
• the reaction was incubated for one hour at 30° C. in the presence of compound. After one hour the reaction mix was aspirated from the plate and the plate was washed with PBS containing 100 mM EDTA. The plate was read on a scintillation counter to determine 33 P- ⁇ -ATP incorporated into the immobilized peptide.
• Test compounds were assayed in duplicate at 8 concentrations (100 uM, 10 uM, 1 uM, 100 nM, 10 nM, 1 nM, 100 pM, 10 pM). A maximum and minimum signal for the assay was determined on each plate.
• the IC 50 was calculated from the dose response curve of the percent inhibition of the maximum signal in the assay according to the formula:
• VEGF-R vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2
• vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2
• Protein Kinase A is the catalytic subunit of cAMP dependent protein kinase-A purified from bovine heart (Upstate Biotech, Lake Placid, N.Y., Cat#14-114).
• CDK1 cyclin dependent kinase 1
• CDK1 cyclin dependent kinase 1
• Casein Kinase-1 is a protein truncation at amino acid 318 of the C-terminal portion of the rat CK1 delta isoform produced in E.coli (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass., Cat. #6030).
• Insulin Receptor Kinase consists of residues 941-1313 of the cytoplasmic domain of the beta-subunit of the human insulin receptor (BIOMOL, Madison Meeting, Pa., Cat. #SE-195).
• Calmodulin Kinase (calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 2) is a truncated version of the alpha subunit of the rat protein produced in insect cells (New England Biolabs, Beverly, Mass., Cat. #6060).
• MAP Kinase is the rat ERK-2 isoform containing a polyhistidine tag at the N-terminus produced in E.coli and activated by phosphorylation with MEK1 prior to purification (BIOMOL, Madison Meeting, Pa., Cat. #SE-137).
• EGFR epimal growth factor receptor
• VEGF-R (Biotin)KHKKLAEGSAYEEV-Amide CDK1 (Biotin)KTPKKAKKPKTPKKAKKL-Amide Caseine Kinase-1 (Biotin)KRRRALS(phospho)VASLPGL-Amide EGF-R (Biotin)Poly GT (4:1) Calmodulin Kinase-2 (Biotin)KKALRRQETVDAL-Amide MAP Kinase ERK-2 (Biotin)APRTPGGRR-Amide Insulin receptor Kinase (Biotin)Poly GT (4:1) Protein Kinase A (Biotin)GRTGRRNSI-Amide
• IC 50 data for certain compounds of the invention tested against various kinases are shown in Table 2. For compounds where a kinase IC 50 value is >10, there was no observed 50% inhibition at the highest dose tested for that kinase nor was an inhibition maxima observed.
• Glycogen content of L6 muscle cells was measured according to the method described in Berger and Hayes, Anal. Biochem ., 1998, 261, 159-163.
• L6 cells were serum starved overnight in alpha-MEM containing 0.1%.
• cells were washed three times with 300 ⁇ L KRPH buffer (150 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, 2.9 mM Na 2 HPO 4 , 1.25 mM MgSO 4 , 1.2 mM CaCl 2 , 10 mM HEPES, pH 7.4) and labeled with 200 ⁇ L alpha-MEM containing 5.5 mM 14 C-Glucose (0.1 ⁇ Ci) in the presence of vehicle (DMSO) or compounds.
• DMSO vehicle
• cells were washed three times with ice-cold PBS and glycogen was precipitated for 2 hours using ice-cold 66% EtOH. Precipitated glycogen was then washed three times with ice-cold 66% EtOH and 14 C-glycogen was quantified using a TopCount (Packard).
• L6 skeletal muscle cells demonstrated increased glycogen synthesis upon exposure to Compounds 1, 2 and 5.
• Compounds were tested in separate experiments at the dose levels shown. Where shown, the 0.0 ⁇ M dose was used as a control.

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