Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C11—ANIMAL OR VEGETABLE OILS, FATS, FATTY SUBSTANCES OR WAXES; FATTY ACIDS THEREFROM; DETERGENTS; CANDLES
  • C11C—FATTY ACIDS FROM FATS, OILS OR WAXES; CANDLES; FATS, OILS OR FATTY ACIDS BY CHEMICAL MODIFICATION OF FATS, OILS, OR FATTY ACIDS OBTAINED THEREFROM
  • C11C3/00—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom
  • C11C3/003—Fats, oils, or fatty acids by chemical modification of fats, oils, or fatty acids obtained therefrom by esterification of fatty acids with alcohols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/02—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only
  • C10L1/026—Liquid carbonaceous fuels essentially based on components consisting of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen only for compression ignition
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L1/00—Liquid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10L1/10—Liquid carbonaceous fuels containing additives
  • C10L1/14—Organic compounds
  • C10L1/18—Organic compounds containing oxygen
  • C10L1/19—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters
  • C10L1/191—Esters ester radical containing compounds; ester ethers; carbonic acid esters of di- or polyhydroxyalcohols
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G OR C10K; LIQUIFIED PETROLEUM GAS; USE OF ADDITIVES TO FUELS OR FIRES; FIRE-LIGHTERS
  • C10L10/00—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes
  • C10L10/14—Use of additives to fuels or fires for particular purposes for improving low temperature properties
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2300/00—Aspects relating to hydrocarbon processing covered by groups C10G1/00 - C10G99/00
  • C10G2300/10—Feedstock materials
  • C10G2300/1011—Biomass
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10G—CRACKING HYDROCARBON OILS; PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBON MIXTURES, e.g. BY DESTRUCTIVE HYDROGENATION, OLIGOMERISATION, POLYMERISATION; RECOVERY OF HYDROCARBON OILS FROM OIL-SHALE, OIL-SAND, OR GASES; REFINING MIXTURES MAINLY CONSISTING OF HYDROCARBONS; REFORMING OF NAPHTHA; MINERAL WAXES
  • C10G2400/00—Products obtained by processes covered by groups C10G9/00 - C10G69/14
  • C10G2400/04—Diesel oil
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
  • Y02P30/00—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry
  • Y02P30/20—Technologies relating to oil refining and petrochemical industry using bio-feedstock

Definitions

• biodiesel fuels comprised by methyl esters of fatty acids
• their inferior properties at low temperature For example, they present cloud points (lowest temperature at which a fluid can remain as a fluid without becoming turbid or beginning to crystallize) of almost zero (0) degrees centigrade whereas the petroleum-derived diesels present typical values of around ⁇ 16° C.
• cloud points lowest temperature at which a fluid can remain as a fluid without becoming turbid or beginning to crystallize
• the petroleum-derived diesels present typical values of around ⁇ 16° C.
• a similar difference is found with the freezing points that are around ⁇ 2° C. for biodiesel oils and are around ⁇ 27° C.
• biodiesel fuels to be obtained with improved properties, especially at low temperatures, the production potential of biodiesel fuels to be increased and avoids the need to find alternative markets for crude glycerine that generally require laborious and expensive purification procedures.
• Crude glycerine is inherently insoluble in methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids. However, if this glycerine is reacted with aldehydes, ketones and/or acetic acid or methyl or ethyl acetates, the corresponding cetals, acetals and/or acetic acid or glycerine triacetate obtained, are completely soluble in these methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids and reduce their viscosity and freezing point, making this greatly superior to biodiesel fuels obtained according to the current art.
• the procedure of the invention includes the following basic steps:
• the transesterification stage (1) of the triglycerides with methanol or ethanol is made in the presence of methyl or ethyl acetates, respectively, or where appropriate in the presence of an inert solvent.
• the reaction of transesterification of the triglycerides with methanol or ethanol is conducted in the presence of methyl or ethyl acetate, or optionally in the presence of another inert solvent, the reaction takes place at a high rate, in reaction times shorter than 1 hour and usually shorter than 15 mm at temperatures from 25-60° C. Also, part or all of the glycerine is transformed into glycerine acetates.
• the methyl or ethyl acetates possibly react with the triglycerides at a higher rate than methanol or ethanol to generate glycerine acetates and methyl esters of the fatty acids.
• stage (2) corresponding to the isolation of crude glycerine
• stage (3) corresponding to the reaction of crude glycerine with aldehydes
• stage (4) concerning mixing the methyl or ethyl esters of the fatty acids with acetals, cetals and glycerine acetates
• the triglycerides can correspond to any vegetal oil or animal fat, for example coconut oil, palm oil, seed oil, olive, sunflower, soya, rape-seed oil, tallow, etc.
• the transesterification reaction of the vegetable or animal oils in the presence of an alcohol such as methanol or ethanol can be made according to procedures well-known in the art, such as using catalysts like sodium alkoxide, sodium or potassium hydroxide etc.
• acid catalysts can be used such as sulphuric acid, hydrogen chloride and boron trifluoride. The acid catalysts are particularly appropriate when the oils contain relatively large amounts of fatty acids. The amount of catalyst is usually between 0.1, and 1% by weight in relation to the oil.
• the preferred procedure for the transesterification according to the invention is carried out in the presence of methyl or ethyl acetate and, where appropriate, in the presence of an inert solvent, for example an ether such as tetrahydrofuran, methyl tert-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether etc.
• an inert solvent for example an ether such as tetrahydrofuran, methyl tert-butyl ether, diisopropyl ether etc.
• Transesterified triglycerides can be made following procedures well-known in the art, for example by elutriation or centrifugation.
• Transesterified triglycerides can also be purified by known procedures, for example by neutralising the catalytic residues with acids or bases, followed by rinsing several times with water.
• the separation of crude glycerine from methyl or ethyl esters of the fatty acids is preferably made after eliminating the excess methyl or ethyl alcohol and, where appropriate, the methyl or ethyl acetates and those of the inert solvent, for example by distillation or flash.
• the crude glycerine is reacting with the aldehydes and ketones according to known procedures, for example, as described in the patent Ger. Offen DE 19648960, 1988, to produce glycerine acetals and cetals.
• aldehydes C 1 -C 12 for example aliphatic aldehydes such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, n-propanal, isopropanal, n-butanal, isobutanal, n-pentanal, isopentanal, 2-ethyl-hexanal etc., unsaturated hexanals such as acrolein and crotonaldehyde and aromatic aldehydes such as benzaldehyde can be used.
• aliphatic aldehydes such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, n-propanal, isopropanal, n-butanal, isobutanal, n-pentanal, isopentanal, 2-ethyl-hexanal etc.
• unsaturated hexanals such as acrolein and crotonaldehyde
• aromatic aldehydes such as benzalde
• ketones C 3 -C 12 for example aliphatic ketones such as acetone, butanone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-decanone, etc., unsaturated ketones such as 3,5,5, trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one, 3-buten-2-one and aromatic ketones such as acetophenone.
• aliphatic ketones such as acetone, butanone, 2-pentanone, 3-pentanone, 4-methyl-2-pentanone, 2-decanone, etc.
• unsaturated ketones such as 3,5,5, trimethyl-2-cyclohexen-1-one, 4-methyl-3-penten-2-one, 3-buten-2-one
• aromatic ketones such as acetophenone.
• glycerine triacetate from crude glycerine can be made by known procedures, by esterification of glycerine with acetic acid or by transesterification with methyl or ethyl acetates, for example, according to the procedure recommended in patent DDR 156803 (1981).
• the concentration of acetals, cetals and/or glycerine acetate in mixtures of methyl or ethyl esters of fatty acids can vary between very wide limits, although concentrations from 0.5-1%, by weight, are usually sufficient to improve properties at low temperatures if all the crude glycerine obtained in the transesterification is to be used concentrations of up to 20% can be employed.
• an skilled in the art can easily determine the optimum concentration of acetals, cetals and/or glycerine acetate or mixtures of these compounds in each case, depending on the nature of the triglyceride used, whether these be of the acetal, cetal or glycerine acetate types and of the degree of improvement of the properties at low temperatures desired for the final product.
• the corresponding methyl or ethyl esters of the fatty acids have relatively high freezing points owing to the saturated character of their fatty acids and require higher concentrations of glycerine acetals or cetals in the mixtures to achieve the same behavior at low temperatures than when methyl or ethyl esters of more unsaturated fatty acids of vegetable origin are used.
• mixtures of acetals, cetals and/or glycerine acetate with the methyl or ethyl esters of the fatty acids can also be used to advantage in mixtures with diesels of petroleum origin to improve the behavior at low temperatures in relation to the corresponding binary mixtures of methyl or ethyl esters and diesels.
• the preparation is made according to the procedure described by David GBoocock in JAOCS, 75, 9 (1998). This involves introducing 1 kg of soya oil, 1 litre of anhydrous tetrahydrofuran, 1 litre of methanol and 10 grams of sodium hydroxide (1% by weight relative to the oil) into a glass flask furnished with a stirring device. The mixture is heated, while stirring constantly, to 50° C. for 30 minutes.
• the reaction mixture obtained in example 1 is distilled to eliminate the unreacted methanol and the inert solvent, tetrahydrofuran, leaving a distillation residue comprised of two liquid phases: one phase of methyl esters and a glycerine phase, that were separated by centrifugation. The methyl esters were finally washed with water. A yield of 99% is obtained with methyl esters.
• Stage (3) described above was repeated but this time instead of the commercial glycerine 55.6 g of crude glycerine obtained in stage (2) was used after centrifugation and prior neutralisation to pH 7 with sulphuric acid.
• Glycerine cetal was obtained with a purity of 98.9%, demonstrating that the crude glycerine obtained in processes of glyceride transesterification with alcohols catalaysed by bases is suitable for the manufacture of glycerine cetals.
• stage (2) One hundred grams of methyl esters of fatty acids obtained in stage (2) were mixed with 10 g of glycerine cetal obtained (3) by the reaction of crude glycerine and acetone. A biodiesel fuel was obtained with improved properties at low temperature.
• Methyl esters were prepared with rape-seed as indicated in stage (1) of example (1), replacing soya oil by rape-seed oil.
• Glycerine formal was prepared from crude glycerine obtained in stage (2) using the procedure described in patent DE 196 48960. Glycerine formal with a 99% purity contained 175 ppm and less than 1% water.
• Methyl esters from rape-seed were prepared as described in stage (1) of example 1 but by replacing soya oil by rape-seed oil.
• Glycerine triacetate was prepared by the reaction of crude glycerine obtained in stage (2) with methyl acetate in the presence of potassium hydroxide as a catalyst, according to the procedure described by E. Fischer, B.53, 1640 (1920).
• Methyl esters of sunflower oil were prepared. To do this a mixture of 75 g of sunflower oil, 30 g methanol, 37 grams methyl acetate and 0.75 g of 1% NaOH was prepared. The mixture was heated to 60° C. for 15 minutes.
• the reaction product obtained in stage (2) was distilled, recovering from the top the methanol and methyl acetate that had not reacted.
• the distillation residue was comprised of a mixture of methyl esters of sunflower and glycerine acetate and only contained traces of glycerine. This residue was washed with water to eliminate the catalyst and traces of glycerine. The freezing point of the washed residue was ⁇ 17° C.

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