WO2003063287A2 - Électrolyte polymère à haute stabilité, son utilisation dans les systèmes électrochimiques - Google Patents
Électrolyte polymère à haute stabilité, son utilisation dans les systèmes électrochimiques Download PDFInfo
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- WO2003063287A2 WO2003063287A2 PCT/CA2003/000052 CA0300052W WO03063287A2 WO 2003063287 A2 WO2003063287 A2 WO 2003063287A2 CA 0300052 W CA0300052 W CA 0300052W WO 03063287 A2 WO03063287 A2 WO 03063287A2
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- C08F290/00—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups
- C08F290/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by polymerising monomers on to polymers modified by introduction of aliphatic unsaturated end or side groups on to polymers modified by introduction of unsaturated end groups
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- C08G65/02—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring
- C08G65/26—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds
- C08G65/2603—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds the other compounds containing oxygen
- C08G65/2606—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds the other compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxyl groups
- C08G65/2609—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions forming an ether link in the main chain of the macromolecule from cyclic ethers by opening of the heterocyclic ring from cyclic ethers and other compounds the other compounds containing oxygen containing hydroxyl groups containing aliphatic hydroxyl groups
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- C08L33/00—Compositions of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides or nitriles thereof; Compositions of derivatives of such polymers
- C08L33/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
- C08L33/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, which oxygen atoms are present only as part of the carboxyl radical
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- C09D133/00—Coating compositions based on homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Coating compositions based on derivatives of such polymers
- C09D133/04—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters
- C09D133/06—Homopolymers or copolymers of esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
- C09D133/10—Homopolymers or copolymers of methacrylic acid esters
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/22—Electrodes
- H01G11/30—Electrodes characterised by their material
- H01G11/50—Electrodes characterised by their material specially adapted for lithium-ion capacitors, e.g. for lithium-doping or for intercalation
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/54—Electrolytes
- H01G11/56—Solid electrolytes, e.g. gels; Additives therein
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- H—ELECTRICITY
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- H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
- H01G11/84—Processes for the manufacture of hybrid or EDL capacitors, or components thereof
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- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M10/05—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte
- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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- H01M10/056—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes
- H01M10/0564—Accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte characterised by the materials used as electrolytes, e.g. mixed inorganic/organic electrolytes the electrolyte being constituted of organic materials only
- H01M10/0565—Polymeric materials, e.g. gel-type or solid-type
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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Definitions
- the present relates to electrolytes and high performance electrolyte compositions, in particular high stability, and to electrochemical systems using these electrolytes and / or these electrochemical compositions.
- Li-ion battery technology is based on lithium intercalation electrodes; the anode is made of graphite and the cathode is made of metal oxide (LiCoO, LiMnO 4 , LiNiO 2 ).
- LiCoO, LiMnO 4 , LiNiO 2 metal oxide
- a passivation film is formed on the surface of the carbon. The chemistry and composition of this passivation film are complex. The electrochemical protocol for the formation of this film remains an industrial secret.
- Li-ion polymer From 1999, the technology known as “Li-ion polymer” was marketed in particular by Japanese firms.
- This technology uses gelled polymers (“gels”) as the electrolyte, the proportion of polymer varying from 5 to 10% by weight in the electrolyte.
- the anode is of graphite type
- the cathode is of LiCoO 2 type.
- the average voltage of this technology is 3.6 Volts.
- One of the advantages of this technology lies in the simplification, in particular for the generators of prismatic shape, more and more in demand, the absence of free liquid allows the use of flexible and waterproof "plastic metal laminate” type packaging, which is accompanied by an increase in specific mass energy and volumetric.
- the electrochemical power obtained by implementing this technology is however limited to discharge rates ⁇ 2C (charge-discharge in 30 minutes).
- polyethers as electrolyte in generators has been described by the company DKS in patent US-A-5,356,553, by the company Yuasa Inc. in patent US-A-5,436,090 and by the company Hydro- Quebec in US-A-6,280,882.
- the polyethers mentioned in these documents are stable at a voltage ⁇ 3.9 Volts and compatible with polymer electrolyte technologies such as those developed by the company Hydro-Québec which uses cathodes of the vanadium oxide type between 2.2 and 3.4 Volts , or recently of the LiFePO 4 type and which operate at a constant voltage of 3.5 Volts.
- this type of polyether has been found to be unstable with cathodes of the 4 or 5 Volt type which use cathodes based on LiMn 2 O 4 or LiCoPO 4 .
- star-type polymers make it possible, including in the case of polyethers, to reduce the tendency to significant crystallinity of instability.
- Polymers of the 3-star type derived from glycerol or trimethylol-propane have been used for the constitution of polymer electrolytes, crosslinkable by acrylate or methacrylate endings.
- the present invention relates to a polymer electrolyte based on at least one polymer with four branches having significant electrochemical stability.
- This polymer electrolyte also called HVSP (High Voltage Stable Polymer) is advantageously usable in electrochemical systems.
- the present invention also relates to electrolytic compositions obtained by crosslinking the polymer electrolyte of the invention.
- Another object of the present invention relates to processes allowing the preparation of a dry or plasticizing polymer and to its use in particular in the field of hybrid supercapacitors and electrochemical generators.
- the present invention relates to electrochemical devices, in particular to supercapacitors comprising at least one electrolyte and / or at least one electrolytic composition according to the invention.
- Figure 1 illustrates the field of electrochemical stability of different anodes and cathodes, the average potential of each electrode is shown as a function of the stability of the polymer (HVSP) of this invention compared to a conventional polyether (POC).
- Figure 2 illustrates an electrochemical process according to the invention for detecting the oxidation current and shows the limit of the operating voltage of the polymer.
- HVSP Polymer ”
- Figure 4 illustrates the experimental device used to carry out the in-situ infrared polymerization.
- Figure 5 illustrates the results of the oxidation stability tests of different polymers without and with the addition of different types of TiO.
- Figure 6 illustrates the results of the polymer stability tests without and with the addition of SiO 2 .
- Figure 7 illustrates the results of the stability tests without and with the addition of PVDF or with the addition of PMMA.
- the present invention also relates to methods allowing the preparation of a dry or plasticizing polymer and to its use in particular in the field of hybrid supercapacitors and electrochemical generators.
- electrochemical device covers in particular batteries, supercapacitors and hybrid supercapacitors.
- a battery is an electrochemical device comprising at least one anode and a cathode made of an insertion material or a conductive polymer.
- a supercapacitor has at least two double-layer electrodes without insertion and which do not require an insertion reaction.
- a hybrid supercapacitor has at least one insertion electrode and at least one double layer electrode.
- a battery or a supercapacitor is generally represented as follows: Anode / Electrolyte / Cathode: (I)
- a first object of the present invention consists of the family of polymer electrolytes for an electrochemical generator based on:
- At least one four-branched polymer preferably having hybrid endings, more preferably still acrylate (preferably methacrylate) and alkoxy hybrid endings (preferably alkoxy with 1 to 8 carbon atoms, more preferably still methoxy or ethoxy) , or vinyl, at least one branch of said polymer with four branches (and preferably at least two branches) being capable (s) of giving rise to crosslinking;
- PVDF poly (vinylyldienefluoride), also called (PVDF), of chemical formula (CH 2 -CF 2 ) n , with n preferably varying between 1,000 and 4,000, preferably such that n is close to 150, preferably those having a molecular weight average between 10,000 and 1 million, more preferably still those having an average molecular weight of between 100,000 and 250,000;
- poly (vinylydiene fluoro-co-hexafluoropropene) copolymers of formula [(CH 2 -CF 2 ) X (CF 2 -CF (CF 3 )) 1-X ] n also called (PVDF-HFP), with n varying from 1,000 to 4,000, preferably n varies from 2,000 to 3,000, more preferably still n is close to 150 and x preferably varies between 0.12 and 0.5, preferably those having an average molecular weight of between 10,000 and 1 million, more preferably still those having an average molecular weight of between 100,000 and 250,000;
- PTFE poly (tetrafluoroethylene), also called
- polyols preferably polyols such as
- the inorganic material preferably being chosen from the group consisting of at least one polyol and / or by a polyethyl copolymer -polyoxide of ethylene and / or of an inorganic material which is preferably SiO and / or Al 2 O 3 .
- This polymer is preferably a star polymer of polyether type which has at least four branches having endings containing the following functions: acrylate or methacrylate and alkoxy, allyloxy and / or vinyloxy, of which at least one, and preferably of which at least two of these functions are active to allow crosslinking.
- the stability voltage of an electrolytic composition according to the invention which contains this polymer is clearly greater than 4 Volts.
- the 4-branch polymer is a tetrafunctional polymer preferably with a high molecular point corresponding to formula (I):
- the High Voltage Stable Polymer consists of a star type polyether of at least four branches with a hybrid termination (acrylate or methacrylate and alkoxy, allyloxy, vinyloxy). Its stability voltage is much higher than 4 Volts.
- the polymer electrolyte further comprises a salt, preferably a lithium salt, such as LiTFSI, or a mixture of salts with a plasticizer preferably consisting of an organic solvent.
- a salt preferably a lithium salt, such as LiTFSI, or a mixture of salts with a plasticizer preferably consisting of an organic solvent.
- the polymer electrolyte in the absence of solvent or plasticizer is in dry form (free solvent), obtained by addition of a lithium salt or a mixture of salts in the polymer matrix (ensuring ionic conductivity).
- the preferred lithium salts are those of type: LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ): LiTFSI, LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 : BETI, LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiSO 3 CF 3 , LiAsF 6 .
- the polymer electrolytes of the invention contain a plasticizer constituted by at least one mixture of organic solvent preferably chosen from the group consisting of: an ethylene carbonate, a propylene carbonate, a ⁇ -gamma butyrolactone , a dimethyl carbonate, a diethyl carbonate, a tetra ethyl sulfone amide, and a methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC).
- a plasticizer constituted by at least one mixture of organic solvent preferably chosen from the group consisting of: an ethylene carbonate, a propylene carbonate, a ⁇ -gamma butyrolactone , a dimethyl carbonate, a diethyl carbonate, a tetra ethyl sulfone amide, and a methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC).
- organic solvent preferably chosen from the group consisting of: an ethylene carbonate, a propylene carbonate, a ⁇ -gam
- the electrolytic compositions obtained by crosslinking in the presence of at least one lithium salt are of particular interest.
- a crosslinking catalyst preferably chosen from the group of Peroxides, Hydroperoxides and Peresters, preferably the catalyst is chosen from the group consisting of organic peroxides such as peroxycarbonates (Benzoyl Peroxide or Azo Compounds).
- the electrolytic composition is in the form of a gel, this form is preferably obtained by Doctor Blade or by injection.
- the electrolytic composition is in solid form, this form is obtained by Doctor Blade or by extrusion.
- a third object of the present invention consists of an electrochemical device such as a battery, a supercapacitor or a hybrid supercapacitor comprising:
- an electroactive anode preferably of the Li 4 Ti 5 O ⁇ 2 type .
- a cathode of 3.5 to 5 Volts type such as those formed from LiCoPO 4 and / or Li (Mn 066 Ni 034 ) ⁇ 2 or others.
- An electroactive anode preferably of the Li Ti 5 O ⁇ 2 type ;
- an electroactive cathode preferably of the large surface carbon type.
- the carbon is in the form of particles having a specific surface greater than or equal to 2 m / g and less than or equal to 2,500 m / g, preferably in the form of particles having a specific surface greater than or equal to 50 m 2 / g, preferably between 50 and 2,400 m / g.
- the electroactive cathode is of the conductive polymer type and is preferably made up of at least one high-voltage conductive polymer such as a polyaniline and / or such as a polythiophene and / or such as an arylthiophene, preferably chosen from the family of 3-arylthiophenes.
- the electroactive anode is of GIC (Graphite Intercalation Compound) type, preferably composed of natural and / or artificial graphite, and / or carbon with high crystallinity, preferably the carbon is heat treated before to be used to form the electrode, at temperatures> 2,000 ° C (two thousand degrees Celsius).
- GIC Graphite Intercalation Compound
- the electroactive anode consists of a carbon layer of low crystallinity type, preferably of carbon type treated at temperatures lower than or equal to 2,000 ° Celsius and / or hard carbon.
- the electrochemical or supercapacitor devices according to the present invention have an electroactive anode of the lithium alloy type, such as AlLi and / or Li ; 4 Sn 22 or others.
- the lithium alloy type such as AlLi and / or Li ; 4 Sn 22 or others.
- electrochemical or supercapacitor devices of particular interest are those in which the electroactive cathode is of the 4 Volt type and is preferably made from at least one oxide chosen from the group consisting of LiCoO 2 , LiMn 2 O 4 and / or LiNiO 2 or the compounds involving the redox couples of these elements, alone or as a mixture.
- a very efficient supercapacitive device is produced with an electroactive anode of the metallic lithium type.
- the subject of the present invention is therefore any electrochemical device exhibiting cycling stability, determined according to the method defined in the description on page 15, which is greater than 4 Volts.
- FIG. 1 A first preferred embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1.
- the operation of the anodes and of the cathodes is represented therein by their respective average voltage.
- a battery or a supercapacitor is generally represented as follows: Anode / Electrolyte / Cathode: (1)
- cathodes Two types of cathode is shown in Figure 1, namely cathodes:
- LiCoO 2 LiMn 2 O 4 , LiNiO 2
- LiCoPO 4 large surface carbon: double layer carbon
- carbon with a large (specific) surface is called a carbon having a specific surface greater than 50 m 2 / grams. More particularly in the case of Figure 1, the carbon with a large surface has an area of 80 m 2 / grams.
- the polymer must be stable in reduction and in oxidation.
- the only polymer which combines the properties mentioned above is the polymer electrolyte according to the invention, also called HVSP (chemical name).
- HVSP polymer electrolyte according to the invention
- This polymer is based on polyether with star structure with at least four branches with a hybrid termination (acrylate and alkoxy). Its stability voltage is much higher than 4 Volts. Against all expectations, it was found that the structure of the polymer does not change the chemical stability nor therefore the electrochemical stability of the polymer.
- star polymers with at least four branches in the electrolytes and electrolytic compositions of the invention have a domain of stability clearly superior to that of linear or star polymers with three branches mentioned above (stable at ⁇ 3.9 Volts).
- HVSP The physico-chemical compatibility of HVSP with graphites makes it possible to form a stable passivation film on the surface of graphites and to ensure good long-term cyclability with cathodes of 4 Volts and more.
- the HVSP used in this invention is manufactured by DKS Japan and has the trade reference ELEXCEL MP210-1.
- This polymer is, at room temperature, in the form of a transparent viscous liquid and has the following physicochemical properties: - humidity in ppm 20> alkali metal ion (ppm, as Na +) 10> chloride ion (ppm, as Cl " ) 10> acrylic acid (ppm) 10> molecular weight 10100 - appearance * viscous transparent liquid.
- the viscosity is typically around 3.5 Pa.sec.
- This polymer has four branches with a hybrid termination (acrylate and alkoxy).
- the acrylate termination is used for crosslinking the polymer.
- Crosslinking can be carried out by several methods, either by UV irradiation, by electron beam, also called (EB) for "electron beam", or by thermal means by selecting the appropriate initiator.
- EB electron beam
- thermal means by selecting the appropriate initiator.
- the acrylate, methacrylate, allyloxy or vinyloxy termination serves to ensure the crosslinking of the polymer and that the alkoxy termination (s) serve to ensure the stability of the polymer during oxidation.
- the cathode is a composite of polymer and carbon with a large surface spread over an aluminum current collector. Thanks to the surface developed by the carbon, this material plays the role of detector and can detect any oxidation current with an intensity as low as about 2 ⁇ A.
- the electrolyte in solid or liquid form, soaked in a microporous polyolefin type membrane, such as Celgard ® is stable at high voltage.
- the anode is composed of metallic lithium which serves as a reference electrode and as a counter electrode.
- the electrochemical method used is slow cyclovoitammetry implemented with a scanning speed of 10 mV / h. This method illustrates the oxidation current as a function of the voltage: each time the current approaches zero, the operating voltage of the polymer is stable.
- FIG. 3 illustrates various technological configurations which may advantageously be applicable to electrolytes based on HVSP polymer, namely:
- the cathode is based on carbon (preferably based on graphite) with a large specific surface, that is to say with a specific surface greater than 50 m / grams and preferably between 500 and 2,500 m 2 / grams; more preferably still around 2,400 m / grams (around 1,200 m / grams in the case of graphite, which represents the theoretical limit of the interior planes of graphite); the mechanism connected to this cathode is that of the double layer (CDL); the electrolyte can be in two forms: dry and containing from 40 to 85%, preferably approximately 50% by weight of polymer matrix, the complement being a lithium salt or a mixture of salts to ensure the ionic conductivity, the salts being preferably chosen from the group consisting of: LiN (S ⁇ 2 CF 3 ) 2: LiTFSI, LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 : BETI,
- Li 4 Ti 5 Oi 2 does not require any prior training of the electrochemical system.
- the electrolyte comes in two forms:
- the balance consists of a lithium salt or a mixture of salts to ensure the ionic conductivity
- the salts are preferably chosen from the group consisting of LiN (S ⁇ 2 CF) 2 : LiTFSI, LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2: BETI, LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 ,
- the plasticizer is a mixture of organic solvent such as: EC (carbonate of ethylene), PC (propylene carbonate), ⁇ -GBL (gamma-butyrolactone), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), TESA (tetra ethyl sulfone amide), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), salt or the mixture of salts being present in the solvent at a concentration varying from 0.75 to 2 mol relative to the plasticizer.
- organic solvent such as: EC (carbonate of ethylene), PC (propylene carbonate), ⁇ -GBL (gamma-butyrolactone), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate (DEC), TESA (tetra ethyl sulfone amide), methyl ethyl carbonate (EMC), salt or the mixture of salts being present in the solvent at a concentration varying from 0.75 to 2 mol relative to the plasticizer.
- EC
- the implementation of technology (II) makes it possible to achieve material stability> 4.5 Volts.
- the HVSP polymer electrolyte is stable in reduction and optionally forms a passivation film on the surface of the graphite. It is stable in oxidation and can ensure good cyclability. “Prior electrochemical training” must be carried out using an appropriate cycling sequence before using the electrochemical generator.
- HVSP is the electrolyte.
- the electrolyte is in two forms: dry and containing from 40 to 85% by weight, preferably containing about 50% by weight of polymer matrix, the remainder consisting of a salt of lithium salts or a mixture of salts to ensure ionic conductivity, the salts being preferably chosen from the group consisting of: LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 : LiTFSI, LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 : BETI, LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiSO 3 CF 3 and LiAsF 6; - gel and containing from 5% to 75% by weight of gel and polymer matrix and 95 to 25% of plasticizer, the plasticizer being a mixture of organic solvent such as: EC (ethylene carbonate), PC (carbonate of propylene), ⁇ -GBL ( ⁇ -butyrolactone), dimethyl carbonate (EC) ethylene carbonate), PC (carbonate of
- HVSP graphite Intercalation Compound
- the electrolyte can be in two forms: dry and containing from 40 to 85%, preferably containing about 50% by weight of polymer matrix, the balance consisting of a salt of lithium or a mixture of salts to ensure ionic conductivity, the salts are preferably chosen from the group consisting of: LiN (SO 2 CF 3 ) 2 : LiTFSI, LiN (SO 2 C 2 F 5 ) 2 : BETI, LiC (SO 2 CF 3 ) 3 , LiBF 4 , LiPF 6 , LiClO 4 , LiSO 3 CF 3 and LiAsF 6) - of gel and containing from 5 to 75% by weight of gel and of polymer matrix and
- the plasticizer is a mixture of organic solvent such as: EC (ethylene carbonate), PC (propylene carbonate), ⁇ -GBL ( ⁇ -butyrolactone), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate of (DEC), TESA (tetraethyl sulfone amide), methyl methyl carbonate (EMC), the salt or the mixture of salts being at a concentration varying from 0.75 to 2 mol relative to the plasticizer.
- organic solvent such as: EC (ethylene carbonate), PC (propylene carbonate), ⁇ -GBL ( ⁇ -butyrolactone), dimethyl carbonate (DMC), diethyl carbonate of (DEC), TESA (tetraethyl sulfone amide), methyl methyl carbonate (EMC), the salt or the mixture of salts being at a concentration varying from 0.75 to 2 mol relative to the plasticizer.
- the implementation of technology (IV) achieves a material stability> 4.5 Volts.
- the HVSP polymer is stable in reduction and can form a passivation film on the surface of graphite. It is stable in oxidation and can ensure good cyclability. Prior training is required for the supercapacitor.
- Example 1 oxidation stability test of the gel polymer ELEXCEL MP210- 1: Electrolyte and binder
- 80% by weight of the star polymer ELEXCEL MP210-1 with four branches is mixed with 20% by weight of a PVDF (KUREHA, Japan, KF 1.300) with an average molecular weight of 500,000 g / mole, to form the polymer matrix .
- a PVDF KUREHA, Japan, KF 1.300
- this polymer matrix is mixed with 22% by weight of Shawinigan carbon with a particle size of between 100 nm and 250 nm. This mixture is spread on an aluminum collector, then heated for 12 hours with nitrogen sweeping. Then the drying is completed for 2 hours under vacuum.
- the electrode thus obtained is mounted opposite a lithium metal electrode separated by a Celgard (of reference 2.300) soaked in an EC + DMC-IM LiClO 4 electrolyte.
- the electrochemical test carried out is a slow cyclovoltammetry (10mV / h) between 3 and 4.5 Volts. In this voltage range 3 and 5 volts, oxidation stability has been obtained compared to a standard polyether with three branches, the oxidation current of which increases significantly towards 3.9 Volts.
- a Shawinigan carbon composite (20% by weight) is mixed with a binder of the PVDF type (80% by weight).
- An electrode prepared by a manual method This electrode is used as the working electrode.
- Metallic lithium is used both as a counter electrode and as a reference in the electrochemical cell.
- the polymer electrolyte is prepared by mixing the ERM-1 ELEXCEL polymer (4 branches) from DKS lot 8K1201 with 1.5M LiBF 4 in EC / GBL (1: 3) from Tomiyama, and by adding a Perkadox 16 thermoinitiator from Akzo Nobel, in the proportions: 0.102 grams of Perkadox- 16 (100OOppm) in 100 grams of the ERM1 / solution (EC: GBL + LiBF 4 ), knowing that the mass ratio ERM1 / (EC: GBL + LiBF 4 ) is (90 : 10).
- Figure 4 shows the experimental device used to carry out the in-situ infrared polymerization at a temperature of 80 ° C. After 1 hour of treatment, the gel is completely formed, transparent in color. The three electrodes are connected to a MacPile type cycler. The electrochemical stability test is carried out as in Example 1.
- Figure 5 shows the oxidation wall of the gel polymer: the voltage of the stability wall measured at a current value of 100 ⁇ A is 4.7 Volts.
- Example 2 of Shawinigan carbon is mixed with a binder of the PVDF type.
- An electrode is prepared from this composite by manual method. This electrode is used as a working electrode in an electrochemical device of the three electrode type. Metallic lithium is used both as a counter electrode and as a reference.
- the polymer electrolyte is prepared by mixing the ERM-1 ELEXCEL polymer (4 branches) from DKS lot 8K1201 with 1.5 Mole of LiBF 4 in EC / GBL (1: 3) from Tomiyama, and by adding the Perkadox 16 d thermoinitiator.
- Figure 4 shows the experimental device used for in-situ infrared polymerization, at a temperature of 80 ° C and after 1 hour, the gel is completely formed, it is whitish in color.
- the three electrodes are connected to a MacPile type cycler.
- the electrochemical stability test is carried out as in Example 1.
- Figure 5 shows the oxidation wall of the gel polymer: the voltage of the stability wall measured at 100 ⁇ A is 4.8 Volts.
- EXAMPLE 4 Oxidation Stability Test of the Gel Polymer ELEXCEL MP210-1 / TJO2 (XP-413): Electrolyte
- Example 2 of Shawinigan carbon is mixed with a binder of the PVDF type.
- An electrode is prepared from this composite by coating the tab on an aluminum support. This electrode is used as the working electrode in a 3-electrode type electrochemical system. Metallic lithium is used both as a counter electrode and as a reference electrode.
- the polymer electrolyte is prepared by mixing ERM-1 ELEXCEL (4 branches) from DKS lot 8K1201 with 1.5 Moles LiBF 4 in EC / GBL (1: 3) from Tomiyama, and by adding the Thermoinitiator Perkadox 16 from Akzo Nobel , in the proportions of 0.050 grams of Perkadox 16 (500ppm), 100 grams of the ERM1 / solution (EC: GBL + LiBF 4 ), 0.105 grams of TiO 2 nano Rutile with an inorganic surface treatment (Al 2 O 3 and Zr ⁇ 2 ) and a second organic polyol-based surface treatment (XP-413 from the company Kronos).
- FIG. 4 shows the device used for the in-situ infrared polymerization test at a temperature of 80 ° Celcius and after 1 hour, the gel is completely formed and it is whitish in color. The three electrodes are connected to a MacPile type cycler. The electrochemical stability test is carried out as in Example 1.
- Figure 5 shows the oxidation wall of the gel polymer. The voltage of the stability wall measured for a current of 100 ⁇ A is 4.57 Volts.
- a Shawinigan carbon composite (the same as in Example 2) is mixed with a binder of the PVDF type. This electrode is used as the working electrode. Metallic lithium is used both as a counter electrode and as a reference electrode.
- the polymer electrolyte is prepared by mixing the ERM-1 ELEXCEL polymer (4 branches) from DKS lot 8K1201 with 1.5 Moles of LiBF 4 in EC / GBL (1: 3) from Tomiyama, and by adding the Perkadox 16 d thermoinitiator.
- Figure 4 shows the device used to carry out the in-situ infrared polymerization. At a temperature of 80 ° Celcius and after 1 hour, the gel is completely formed and it is whitish in color. The three electrodes are connected to the MacPile type cycler. The electrochemical stability test is carried out as in Example 1.
- Figure 5 shows the oxidation wall of the gel polymer. The voltage of the stability wall measured at a current value of 100 ⁇ A is 4.65 Volts.
- Example 2 of Shawinigan carbon is mixed with a binder of the PVDF type.
- This electrode is used as the working electrode in a 3-electrode type system.
- Metallic lithium is used both as a counter electrode and as a reference electrode.
- the polymer electrolyte is prepared by mixing the ERM-1 ELEXCEL polymer (4 branches) from DKS lot 8K1201 with 1.5 Mole of LiBF 4 in EC / GBL (1: 3) from Tomiyama, and by adding the Perkadox 16 d thermoinitiator.
- Example 7 Stability test in oxidation of the ELEXCEL MP210-1 / SJO gel polymer? : Electrolyte
- Example 2 of Shawinigan carbon is mixed with a binder of the PVDF type.
- This electrode is used as a working electrode in a 3-electrode type electrochemical system.
- Metallic lithium is used both as a counter electrode and as a reference electrode.
- the polymer electrolyte is prepared by mixing ERM-1 ELEXCEL (4 branches) from DKS lot 8K1201 with 1.5 Mole of LiBF 4 in EC / GBL (1: 3) from Tomiyama, and by adding the Thermoinitiator Perkadox 16 from Akzo Nobel , in the proportions of 0.050 grams of Perkadox 16 (500ppm), 100 grams of the ERM1 / solution (EC: GBL + LiBF 4 ), more than 0.103 grams of nano SiO 2 (Aerosil by Degussa, Amorphous Fumed Silica). Knowing that the mass ratio ERM1 / (EC: GBL + LiBF 4 ) is (90: 10).
- Figure 4 shows the device used for in-situ infrared polymerization tests. At a temperature of 80 ° Celcius and after 1 hour, the gel is completely formed and is whitish in color. The three electrodes are connected to a MacPile® type cycler. The electrochemical stability test is carried out as in Example 4.
- Figure 6 shows the oxidation wall of the gel polymer. The voltage of the stability wall, measured at a current value of 100 ⁇ A, is 4.757 Volts.
- EXAMPLE 8 Oxidation Stability Test of the ELEXCEL MP210-1 / PVDF Gel Polymer: Electrolyte
- Example 8 of Shawinigan carbon is mixed with a binder of the PVDF type.
- This electrode is used as the working electrode in a 3 electrode system.
- Metallic lithium is used both as a counter electrode and as a reference electrode.
- the polymer electrolyte is prepared by mixing ERM-1 ELEXCEL (4 branches) from DKS lot 8K1201 with 1.5 Mole of LiBF 4 in EC / GBL (1: 3) from Tomiyama, and by adding the thermoinitiator Perkadox 16 from Akzo Nobel, in the proportions of 0.050 grams of Perkadox 16 (500 ppm), 100 grams of the ERM1 / solution (EC: GBL + LiBF 4 ), plus 0.11 grams of PVDF (Kruha, Japan).
- FIG. 4 shows the device used to perform the in-situ infrared polymerization tests. At a temperature of 80 ° C and after 1 hour, the gel is completely formed, it is whitish in color. The three electrodes are connected to a MacPile type cycler. The electrochemical stability test is carried out as in Example 1.
- Figure 7 shows the oxidation wall of the gel polymer. The voltage of the stability wall, measured at 100 ⁇ A, is 4.607 Volts.
- Example 2 of Shawinigan carbon is mixed with a binder of the PVDF type.
- This electrode is used as the working electrode in a 3-electrode type electrochemical system.
- Metallic lithium is used both as a counter electrode and as a reference electrode.
- the polymer electrolyte is prepared by mixing the ERM-1 ELEXCEL polymer (4 branches) from DKS lot 8K1201 with 1.5 Mole of LiBF 4 in EC / GBL (1: 3) from Tomiyama, and by adding Perkadox 16 d Thermoinitiator 'Akzo Nobel, in the proportions of 0.050 grams of Perkadox 16 (500ppm), 100 grams of the ERM1 / solution (EC: GBL + LiBF 4 ), plus 0.11 grams of PMMA (Aldrich).
- Diagram 1 shows the assembly of the in-situ infrared polymerization. At 80 ° C and after 1 hour, the gel is completely formed and whitish in color. The three electrodes are connected to a MacPile cycler. The electrochemical stability test is carried out as in Example 1.
- Figure 7 shows the oxidation wall of the gel polymer. The voltage of the stability wall measured at 100 ⁇ Amps is 4.742 Volts.
- the anode is made from spherical graphite particles with a size (after coating) of 20 ⁇ , coated with 1% of prismatic graphite, the mixing is ensured by mechanical fusion or by Hybridize, 90% of graphite is mixed 5% STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR) Zeon) plus 5% thickener type WSC (DKS, Japan) dissolved in water. An optimum concentration is chosen for spreading on copper by Doctor Blade.
- the cathode is manufactured from a carbon with a large specific surface (2000 m 2 / g) of the PIC ACTIVE SuperCap BP10 type, from the companion PIC A France). 20% of this carbon is mixed with 60% of STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR) Zeon) plus 20% of thickener type WSC (DKS, Japan) dissolved in water. An optimum concentration is chosen for spreading on aluminum by Doctor Blade.
- the polymer electrolyte is formed from a solvent / polymer mixture with a mass ratio of 90/10 as described in Example 2.
- the electrochemical generator (super hybrid capacitor) is manufactured according to the Anode / Polymer electrolyte / Cathode principle.
- the electrochemical performance of the super capacitor thus obtained is evaluated between 2.5 and 4.5 Volts.
- the average potential is 3.6 Volts and its average capacitance is 0.25mAh.
- the anode is formed from nanoparticles of Li 4 Ti 5 Oi 2 coated with 6% Ketjen carbon black, the mixture is provided by mechanical fusion or by Hybridizing, 90% of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 -carbon is mixed with 5% of STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR) Zeon) added with 5% of thickener type WSC (DKS, Japan) dissolved in water. An optimum concentration is chosen for spreading on aluminum using the Doctor Blade technique.
- the cathode is made from carbon particles with a large surface (2000 m 2 / g), of the PIC ACTIVE SuperCap BP10 type, from the company PIC A France). 20% of this carbon is mixed with 60% of STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR) Zeon) added with 20% of thickener type WSC (DKS, Japan) dissolved in water. An optimum concentration is chosen for spreading on aluminum by Doctor Blade.
- the electrolyte is formed from the solvent / polymer mixture 90/10 by mass as described in Example 2.
- the electrochemical generator hybrid super capacitor
- the electrochemical generator is manufactured according to the Anode / polymer electrolyte / cathode principle.
- the electrochemical properties are evaluated at voltage limits between 1.5 and 2.5 Volts.
- the average discharge potential of the hybrid supercapacitor is 2.25 Volts, obtained under a regime of 10 Coulombs (6 min) is 90% of the capacity and it is shown, moreover, very good cyclability.
- the anode is made from nanoparticles of Li 4 Ti 5 ⁇ ! 2 coated with 6% Ketjen carbon black, the mixture is provided by mechanical fusion or by Hybridizing, 90% of Li 4 Ti 5 Oi 2 - carbon is mixed with 5% of STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR) Zeon) plus 5% of thickener type WSC (DKS, Japan) dissolved in water. An optimum concentration is chosen for spreading on aluminum by doctor balde.
- the manufacture of the cathode is formed of LiCoPO 4 , coated with 6% of Ketjen carbon black, the mixture is provided by mechanical fusion or by Hybridize, 90% of Li 4 Ti 5 O ⁇ 2 -carbon is mixed with 5% of STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (STYRENE BUTADIENE RUBBER (SBR) Zeon) plus 5% thickener type WSC (DKS, Japan) dissolved in water. An optimum concentration is chosen for spreading on aluminum by doctor balde.
- the electrolyte is formed by a solvent / polymer mixture 90/10 by mass as described in Example 2.
- the Li-ion battery is manufactured as according to the Anode / Polymer electrolyte / Cathode principle. Then, the evaluation of the electrochemical performances is carried out between 1.5 and 3.3 Volts. The average potential is 3.25 Volts and its average capacity is 120 niAh / g.
- the electrolytes according to the invention have in particular the properties of being easily convertible into a gel or a solid, easy to handle, of requiring no particular safety precautions, of being electrochemically stable even at high voltage and of present a transparent coloring.
- these electrolytic compositions can be used in the construction in particular of solid batteries such as those described in patent US-A-6,190,804 and in particular as described in column 2 of this document in relation to Figure 1 of the same document.
- the electrochemical compositions of the invention have in particular the properties of being available in various physical forms, in particular in the form of a gel or of a solid, of being electrochemically stable, transparent, of exhibiting good mechanical properties, in particular in their solid form.
- the electrochemical devices of the invention have in particular the advantages of being very efficient, in particular very stable when cycling, easy to use and not dangerous.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP03700260.7A EP1466379B1 (fr) | 2002-01-16 | 2003-01-15 | Electrolyte polymere a haute stabilite, son utilisation dans les systemes electrochimiques |
| US10/501,844 US7897674B2 (en) | 2002-01-16 | 2003-01-15 | Polymer electrolyte with high stability, its use in electrochemical systems |
| JP2003563038A JP5112605B2 (ja) | 2002-01-16 | 2003-01-15 | 高い安定性を有する高分子電解質、電気化学的システムにおけるその使用 |
| CA2471395A CA2471395C (fr) | 2002-01-16 | 2003-01-15 | Electrolyte polymere a haute stabilite, son utilisation dans les systemes electrochimiques |
| ES03700260T ES2775949T3 (es) | 2002-01-16 | 2003-01-15 | Electrolito polimérico de alta estabilidad, y su uso en los sistemas electroquímicos |
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002367290A CA2367290A1 (fr) | 2002-01-16 | 2002-01-16 | Electrolyte polymere a haute stabilite > 4 volts comme electrolyte pour supercondensateur hybride et generateur electrochimique |
| CA2,367,290 | 2002-01-16 |
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| Publication Number | Publication Date |
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| WO2003063287A2 true WO2003063287A2 (fr) | 2003-07-31 |
| WO2003063287A3 WO2003063287A3 (fr) | 2003-12-04 |
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|---|---|
| US (1) | US7897674B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP1466379B1 (fr) |
| JP (2) | JP5112605B2 (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2367290A1 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2775949T3 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2003063287A2 (fr) |
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| WO2024192508A1 (fr) * | 2023-03-17 | 2024-09-26 | Hydro-Quebec | Electrolyte polymere solide pour batteries tout solide |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| ES2775949T3 (es) | 2020-07-28 |
| CA2367290A1 (fr) | 2003-07-16 |
| JP5112605B2 (ja) | 2013-01-09 |
| US20050234177A1 (en) | 2005-10-20 |
| JP2006501600A (ja) | 2006-01-12 |
| JP2011129937A (ja) | 2011-06-30 |
| EP1466379A2 (fr) | 2004-10-13 |
| EP1466379B1 (fr) | 2020-01-08 |
| US7897674B2 (en) | 2011-03-01 |
| JP5639482B2 (ja) | 2014-12-10 |
| WO2003063287A3 (fr) | 2003-12-04 |
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