WO2011074281A1 - 固体燃料焚きバーナ及び固体燃料焚きボイラ - Google Patents
固体燃料焚きバーナ及び固体燃料焚きボイラ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2011074281A1 WO2011074281A1 PCT/JP2010/059607 JP2010059607W WO2011074281A1 WO 2011074281 A1 WO2011074281 A1 WO 2011074281A1 JP 2010059607 W JP2010059607 W JP 2010059607W WO 2011074281 A1 WO2011074281 A1 WO 2011074281A1
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- Prior art keywords
- burner
- air
- fuel
- solid fuel
- flame
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23D—BURNERS
- F23D1/00—Burners for combustion of pulverulent fuel
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
- F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C6/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion
- F23C6/04—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection
- F23C6/045—Combustion apparatus characterised by the combination of two or more combustion chambers or combustion zones, e.g. for staged combustion in series connection with staged combustion in a single enclosure
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C99/00—Subject-matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C2201/00—Staged combustion
- F23C2201/10—Furnace staging
- F23C2201/101—Furnace staging in vertical direction, e.g. alternating lean and rich zones
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
- F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN A CARRIER GAS OR AIR
- F23C2201/00—Staged combustion
- F23C2201/20—Burner staging
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a solid fuel-fired burner and a solid fuel-fired boiler for burning a solid fuel (powder fuel) such as pulverized coal.
- a solid fuel such as pulverized coal.
- solid fuel-fired boilers include, for example, pulverized coal-fired boilers that burn pulverized coal (coal) as solid fuel.
- pulverized coal fired boiler two types of combustion systems are known: a swirl combustion boiler and an opposed combustion boiler.
- a swirl combustion boiler two types of combustion systems are known: a swirl combustion boiler and an opposed combustion boiler.
- secondary air input ports for supplying secondary air are installed above and below the primary air supplied from the coal-fired burner (solid fuel-fired burner) together with the pulverized coal of fuel. The flow rate of the secondary air around the coal burning burner is adjusted.
- the primary air described above is an amount of air necessary for conveying the pulverized coal of fuel, and therefore, the amount of air is defined in a roller mill device that pulverizes coal into pulverized coal.
- the secondary air mentioned above blows in the air quantity required in order to form the whole flame in a swirl combustion boiler. Therefore, the secondary air amount of the swirl combustion boiler is approximately the total air amount necessary for the combustion of the pulverized coal minus the primary air amount.
- conventional coal-fired burners have a flame holding mechanism (adjustment of tip angle, swivel, etc.) on the outer periphery of the burner, and a secondary air (or tertiary air) input port immediately adjacent to the outer periphery. It is common to do. For this reason, ignition occurs at the outer periphery of the flame, and a large amount of air is mixed at the outer periphery of the flame. As a result, the combustion around the flame proceeds in a high temperature state where the oxygen concentration is high in the high temperature oxygen remaining region around the flame, and therefore NOx is generated around the flame.
- the counter-fired boiler is also ignited on the outer periphery of the flame by turning, which is a factor that NOx is similarly generated on the outer periphery of the flame.
- the present invention has been made in view of the above circumstances, and its object is to suppress (weaken) the high-temperature oxygen residual region formed on the outer periphery of the flame, thereby exhausting it from the additional air input unit.
- Another object of the present invention is to provide a solid fuel-fired burner and a solid fuel-fired boiler that can reduce the final NOx generation amount.
- the solid fuel-burning burner according to the first aspect of the present invention is used in the burner portion of the solid fuel-fired boiler that performs low-NOx combustion separately in the burner portion and the additional air input portion, and is used for the solid fuel and air in the form of powder.
- the fuel burner having the internal flame holding and the secondary air input port not holding the flame are provided, and the air ratio of the fuel burner is 0.85. Since it is set above, the air amount (additional air input amount) of the additional air input unit is reduced as compared with, for example, an air ratio of 0.8. As a result, in the additional air input portion where the additional air input amount has decreased, the final NOx generation amount decreases.
- the reduction of the additional air input amount described above is due to the fact that the ignition of the fuel burner is strengthened by the internal flame holding by adopting the fuel burner having the internal flame holding and the secondary air charging port that does not hold the flame, and the air inside the flame. This is possible because the diffusion becomes good and the remaining oxygen region formed on the outer periphery of the flame is suppressed. That is, the high-temperature oxygen remaining region formed on the outer periphery of the flame is suppressed, and further, NOx is generated in the flame by the enhancement of ignition, so that effective NOx reduction is performed, so that the additional air introduction unit is reached. The amount of NOx to be reduced decreases.
- the additional air input amount is decreased in the additional air input unit, the NOx amount generated in the additional air input unit is also decreased, and as a result, the NOx amount finally discharged can be reduced.
- the use of a secondary air input port that does not hold the flame is also effective in reducing the amount of NOx generated on the outer periphery of the flame.
- a more preferable air ratio of the fuel burner is 0.9 or more.
- the fuel burner inputs the pulverized fuel and air into the furnace, and the secondary air input port is located above and / or below the fuel burner. It is preferable that each of them is provided with air flow rate adjusting means, and one or a plurality of split members are disposed in the front part of the flow path of the fuel burner.
- the solid fuel-burning burner for charging pulverized fuel and air into the furnace includes one or a plurality of split members disposed in the front part of the flow path of the fuel burner. Therefore, the split member functions as an internal flame holding mechanism near the center of the outlet opening of the fuel burner. This split member makes it possible to hold the internal flame, so that the central portion becomes more air deficient and NOx reduction proceeds.
- the fuel burner inputs the pulverized fuel and air into the furnace, and the secondary air input port is located above and / or below the fuel burner. It is preferable that each of them is provided with air flow rate adjusting means, and a split member in a plurality of directions is arranged in the front portion of the flow path of the fuel burner.
- the solid fuel-fired burner for charging pulverized fuel and air into the furnace includes a multi-directional split member disposed in the front part of the flow path of the fuel burner. An intersection of split members that function as an internal flame holding mechanism can be easily provided near the center of the outlet opening of the fuel burner.
- the ignition surface length (Lf) formed by the split member is larger than the outlet opening circumferential length (L) of the fuel burner (Lf> L). It is preferable to set so that When the length of the split member is set in this way, the ignition surface given by the ignition surface length (Lf) becomes wider than that at the flame outer periphery, so that the internal ignition is enhanced compared to the flame outer periphery ignition, Rapid reduction inside the flame is promoted. Furthermore, since the flame is subdivided inside by the split member, rapid combustion inside the flame becomes possible.
- the split member is disposed with the center of the outlet opening of the fuel burner being dense.
- the split member which is an internal flame holding mechanism
- the split member is concentrated in the central portion of the fuel burner, so that the ignition at the central portion of the flame is further improved. Further promoted, NOx is generated within the flame and reduced rapidly.
- the split member arranged at the center is dense, the free area at the center of the fuel burner is reduced, so that the pressure loss of the split member is relatively increased. Accordingly, the flow rates of the pulverized fuel and air flowing inside the fuel burner are reduced, and quicker ignition can be caused.
- the secondary air input port is preferably divided into a plurality of independent flow paths each having an air flow rate adjusting means.
- the solid fuel-burning burner configured in this manner distributes the flow rate so that the secondary air amount introduced into the outer periphery of the flame becomes a desired value by operating the air flow rate adjusting means for each of the divided flow paths. It becomes possible to do. Therefore, the formation of the high temperature oxygen remaining region can be suppressed or prevented by optimizing the amount of secondary air supplied to the flame periphery.
- the fuel burner inputs the pulverized fuel and air into the furnace, and the secondary air input port is located above and / or below the fuel burner. It is preferable that each of them is divided into a plurality of independent flow paths each having an air flow rate adjusting means, and a split member is disposed at the front of the flow path of the fuel burner.
- a secondary burner having a fuel burner for feeding pulverized fuel and air into the furnace, and an air flow rate adjusting means arranged above and / or on the left and right of the fuel burner.
- the secondary air input port is divided into a plurality of independent flow paths each having an air flow rate adjusting means, and includes a split member disposed at the front of the flow path of the fuel burner.
- the split member at the front portion of the flow path of the fuel burner, it becomes possible to cause turbulence in the flow of the pulverized fuel and air, and to ignite inside the flame.
- NOx is generated inside the flame, and the generated NOx contains a large amount of hydrocarbons having a reducing action, and is quickly reduced in the flame that is short of air. That is, the internal flame can be strengthened by the split member, and the formation of the high temperature oxygen remaining region can be prevented or suppressed. Therefore, in such a solid fuel-fired burner, it is desirable that there is no flame holder that has been conventionally installed on the outer periphery of the burner.
- the secondary air input port includes an angle adjusting mechanism.
- the secondary air input port is provided with an angle adjusting mechanism, the optimum secondary air can be supplied from the secondary air input port further outward of the flame.
- the swirl is not used, the formation of the high temperature oxygen remaining region can be prevented or suppressed while preventing the flame from spreading excessively.
- the distribution of the amount of air input from the secondary air input port is feedback controlled based on the unburned component and the nitrogen oxide (NOx) discharge amount.
- the distribution of secondary air can be automatically optimized.
- the distribution of secondary air to the inside near the outer peripheral surface of the flame is increased.
- the amount of nitrogen oxide is high, the outer side far from the outer peripheral surface of the flame is increased.
- Increase secondary air distribution to For measurement of unburned matter for example, collected ash may be analyzed each time, or a meter that measures carbon concentration from scattering of laser light may be employed.
- the amount of air input from the secondary air input port is distributed between the multistage input of air having a reducing atmosphere in the region from the burner section to the additional air input section. Is desirable.
- the amount of air is distributed in this way, due to the synergistic effect of reducing nitrogen oxides by suppressing the high temperature oxygen remaining region formed on the flame periphery and reducing nitrogen oxides in the combustion exhaust gas in a reducing atmosphere, The amount of nitrogen oxides generated can be further reduced.
- the plurality of independent flow paths of the secondary air input port are provided in multiple stages concentrically in the outer circumferential direction with the fuel burner being circular.
- the solid fuel-burning burner configured in this way is particularly applicable as a burner for an opposed combustion boiler. Moreover, since air is uniformly introduced from the circumference, the high-temperature and high-oxygen region can be reduced more precisely.
- a solid fuel burning boiler according to the second aspect of the present invention has the above-described solid fuel burning burner arranged at a corner portion or a wall surface portion in the furnace.
- the solid fuel-fired burner is provided to feed the pulverized fuel and air into the furnace, so that it is arranged near the center of the outlet opening of the fuel burner.
- the split member functioning as an internal flame holding mechanism divides the flow path of the pulverized fuel and air to disturb the flow.
- the mixing and diffusion of air is promoted to the inside of the flame, and the ignition surface is subdivided, so that the ignition position approaches the center of the flame and the unburned portion of the fuel is reduced. That is, oxygen easily enters the center of the flame, so that internal ignition is effectively performed, and therefore, rapid reduction is performed inside the flame and the amount of NOx generated is reduced.
- the method for operating a solid fuel burning burner according to the third aspect of the present invention is used in the burner section of a solid fuel burning boiler that performs low NOx combustion separately into a burner section and an additional air input section, and is a solid powder.
- the fuel burner having the internal flame holding and the secondary air input port not holding the flame are provided, and the air ratio of the fuel burner is set to 0.85 or more. Therefore, the amount of air in the additional air input portion (additional air input amount) is reduced as compared with, for example, an air ratio of 0.8. As a result, in the additional air input portion where the additional air input amount has decreased, the final NOx generation amount decreases.
- the fuel burner having the internal flame holding and the secondary air input port not holding the flame are provided, and the air ratio of the fuel burner is 0.85 or more, Since it is preferably set to 0.9 or more, the amount of NOx generated in the additional air input portion is also reduced by reducing the additional air input amount.
- the amount of NOx that reaches the additional air input portion decreases due to the decrease in the amount of NOx and the decrease in the amount of NOx generated by the additional air input.
- the fuel burner outlet opening is provided with a multi-directional split member that functions as an internal flame holding mechanism, the powder fuel and air flow paths are divided near the center of the fuel burner outlet opening where the split member intersects. Disturb the flow.
- the split member subdivides the ignition surface, so that the ignition position is moved closer to the center of the flame, and the unburned portion of the fuel is reduced.
- oxygen tends to enter the center of the flame, and internal ignition is effectively performed by this oxygen, so that rapid reduction is performed inside the flame, and a solid fuel-fired boiler The amount of NOx finally discharged from the fuel is reduced.
- the amount of additional air input can be reduced because the amount of additional air input (additional air input) can be reduced by the operation method of the solid fuel burning burner that operates with the fuel burner air ratio set to 0.85 or more. In the reduced additional air input portion, the final NOx generation amount decreases.
- FIG. 1B is a cross-sectional view of the solid fuel burning burner shown in FIG. 1A along AA (vertical sectional view of the solid fuel burning burner). It is a figure which shows the air supply system which supplies air to the solid fuel burning burner of FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B. It is a longitudinal section showing an example of composition of a solid fuel burning boiler (coal burning boiler) concerning the present invention.
- FIG. 4 is a horizontal (horizontal) cross-sectional view of FIG. 3.
- FIG. 1A and FIG. 1B It is a front view which shows the 1st modification from which the arrangement
- FIG. 10A is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows the structural example which provided the rectification
- FIG. 10B shows the air supply system which is supplying air to the solid fuel burning burner of FIG. 10A and 10B.
- FIG. 11 is a longitudinal sectional view showing a configuration example of a solid fuel burning burner provided with a split member as a first modification of the solid fuel burning burner shown in FIGS. 10A to 10C.
- FIG. 11 is a front view of a solid fuel burning burner having a side secondary air port as viewed from the furnace as a second modification of the solid fuel burning burner shown in FIGS. 10A to 10C. It is a longitudinal cross-sectional view which shows the structural example in which the secondary air injection port of the solid fuel burning burner shown to FIG. 10A is provided with the angle adjustment mechanism. It is a figure which shows the modification of the air supply system shown to FIG. 10C.
- FIG. 10 is a longitudinal sectional view of a solid fuel burning burner showing a configuration example in which the third modification of the first embodiment shown in FIG. 9 and the second embodiment shown in FIGS.
- Reference numeral 20 in the figure denotes a solid fuel-fired burner that inputs pulverized coal (powdered solid fuel) and air
- reference numeral 15 denotes an additional air injection nozzle that inputs additional air
- the solid fuel-burning burner 20 is connected to a pulverized coal mixture transport pipe 16 that transports pulverized coal by primary air and an air supply duct 17 that supplies secondary air.
- An air supply duct 17 that supplies secondary air is connected to the nozzle 15.
- the above-described swirl combustion boiler 10 is of the swirl combustion type in which the solid fuel-burning burner 20 for charging the pulverized coal (coal) and air of the pulverized fuel into the furnace 11 is arranged at each corner portion of each stage.
- the burner unit 12 is adopted, and a swirl combustion method is employed in which one or more swirl flames are formed in each stage.
- a solid fuel burning burner 20 shown in FIGS. 1A and 1B includes a pulverized coal burner (fuel burner) 21 that inputs pulverized coal and air, and secondary air input ports 30 that are respectively disposed above and below the pulverized coal burner 21. I have.
- the secondary air input port 30 is opened as an air flow rate adjusting means for each secondary air supply line branched from the air supply duct 17 as shown in FIG.
- a damper 40 capable of adjusting the degree is provided.
- the pulverized coal burner 21 described above is provided so as to surround the rectangular coal primary port 22 into which the pulverized coal conveyed by the primary air is introduced and the coal primary port 22, and a part of the secondary air.
- a call secondary port 23 As shown in FIG. 2, the call secondary port 23 also includes a damper 40 capable of adjusting the opening degree as air flow rate adjusting means.
- the call primary port 22 may be circular or elliptical.
- a split member 24 in a plurality of directions is disposed in the front portion of the flow path of the pulverized coal burner 21, that is, in the front portion of the flow path of the primary coal port 22.
- two split members 24 are arranged in a lattice shape with two in the vertical direction and two in the horizontal direction at the outlet opening portion of the call primary port 22, for a total of four. ing. That is, the four split members 24 are arranged in a lattice shape in two different directions, the vertical direction and the horizontal direction, thereby subdividing the outlet opening of the coal primary port 22 in the pulverized coal burner 21 ( 9 divisions).
- the above-described split member 24 employs a cross-sectional shape as shown in FIGS. 6A to 6D, for example, so that the flow of pulverized coal and air can be smoothly separated and disturbed.
- the split member 24 shown in FIG. 6A has a triangular cross-sectional shape.
- the illustrated triangle is an equilateral triangle or an isosceles triangle, and is arranged so that one side of the outlet side toward the furnace 11 is substantially orthogonal to the flow direction of pulverized coal and air.
- an arrangement is adopted in which one of the corners forming the triangular cross section is oriented in the direction of flow of pulverized coal and air.
- the split member 24A shown in FIG. 6B has a substantially T-shaped cross-sectional shape, and a surface substantially orthogonal to the flow direction of pulverized coal and air is disposed on the outlet side facing the furnace 11.
- a split member 24A ′ having a trapezoidal cross-sectional shape may be used.
- the split member 24B shown in FIG. 6D has a substantially L-shaped cross-sectional shape. That is, it is a cross-sectional shape obtained by cutting out a part of the above-described substantially T-shape, and in particular, when arranged in the left-right (horizontal) direction, if the L-shape is formed by removing the upper convex portion, It is possible to prevent pulverized coal from being deposited on the split member 24B. Note that the separation performance necessary for the split member 24B can be ensured by enlarging the lower protrusion by the amount corresponding to the removal of the upper protrusion.
- the above-described cross-sectional shape of the split member 24 or the like is not limited to the illustrated example, for example, a substantially Y shape.
- the split member 24 installed near the center of the outlet opening of the pulverized coal burner 21 divides the flow path of the pulverized coal and air to disturb the flow inside and Since a recirculation zone is formed in the front, it functions as an internal flame holding mechanism.
- a conventional solid fuel-burning burner ignites fuel pulverized coal by receiving radiation around the flame periphery.
- NOx is generated in the high-temperature oxygen remaining region H (see FIG. 1B) on the outer periphery of the flame where high-temperature oxygen remains, and remains without being fully reduced to increase NOx emissions. .
- the split member 24 functioning as an internal flame holding mechanism since the split member 24 functioning as an internal flame holding mechanism is provided, the pulverized coal comes to ignite inside the flame. For this reason, NOx is generated inside the flame, and the NOx generated inside the flame contains a large amount of hydrocarbons having a reducing action, so that it is rapidly reduced in the flame in the air-deficient state. Accordingly, it is possible to stop flame holding by installing a flame holder on the outer periphery of the flame, that is, to obtain a solid fuel-burning burner 20 having a structure in which no flame holding mechanism is installed on the outer periphery of the burner, thereby suppressing NOx generation on the outer periphery of the flame. .
- the split members 24 in a plurality of directions, it is possible to easily provide an intersection where the split members 24 in different directions intersect with each other near the center of the outlet opening of the pulverized coal burner 21.
- the pulverized coal and air flow paths are divided into a plurality of portions near the center at the outlet opening of the pulverized coal burner 21, The flow is disturbed when diverting to multiple. That is, when the split member 24 is in one left-right direction, air diffusion and ignition in the central portion are delayed, causing an increase in the unburned amount.
- the split member 24 is arranged in a plurality of directions to form an intersection. Then, the mixing of air is promoted and the ignition surface is subdivided, so that air (oxygen) can easily enter the center of the flame, and as a result, unburned content can be reduced.
- the split member 24 is disposed so as to form an intersection, air mixing / diffusion is promoted to the inside of the flame, and the ignition surface is subdivided, so that the ignition position is at the center of the flame.
- it is much easier to stop the flame holding by the flame holder installed on the flame periphery and to suppress the generation of NOx on the flame periphery using the solid fuel burning burner 20 having no flame holder on the flame periphery.
- FIGS. 7A and 7B for the call primary port 22 of the solid fuel burning burner 20 shown in FIG. 1A.
- two split members 24 disposed in the vertical direction of the outlet opening and one split member 24 disposed in the left-right direction of the outlet opening are provided in the channel front portion of the primary call port 22. It has.
- the ignition surface length (Lf) formed by the split member 24 is larger than the outlet opening circumferential length (L) of the primary coal port 22 constituting the pulverized coal burner 21 (Lf> L ).
- the ignition surface length (Lf) of the split member 24 is formed on both sides of the split member 24 having a width, if the length of the split member 24 is S, there are three split members.
- the length S in this case is the length of the short split member 24 arranged in the vertical direction, so that the calculated ignition surface length (Lf) is safe even when the existence of the intersection is taken into consideration. Estimated side.
- the ignition surface length (Lf) for example, as shown in FIG. 7B, in the case of the split member 24 'having the thin portions 24a at both ends by the split manufacturing method, the thin portions 24a at both ends are also ignited. Think as a face.
- the ignition surface given by the ignition surface length (Lf) becomes wider than the ignition at the flame outer periphery. Therefore, as compared with the flame outer periphery ignition determined by the outlet opening peripheral length (L), the internal ignition determined by the ignition surface length (Lf) is enhanced, so that the NOx generated in the flame can be quickly reduced. . Further, since the flame is subdivided inside by the split member 24, air (oxygen) can easily enter the center of the flame, and unburned content can be reduced by rapid combustion inside the flame.
- the split member 24 which is an internal flame holding mechanism, is densely arranged at the center of the primary coal port 22, the split member 24 is concentrated on the central portion of the pulverized coal burner 21, Ignition in the center of the flame is further promoted, and NOx is rapidly generated and reduced inside the flame.
- the split member 24 arranged in the center is dense, the free area becomes smaller in the center of the pulverized coal burner 21. That is, since the ratio of the pulverized coal and air flowing through the coal primary port 22 of the pulverized coal burner 21 passes through a substantially straight channel cross-sectional area without an obstacle is small, the pressure loss of the split member 24 is relatively large. Become. Therefore, in the fuel burner 21, the flow speeds of the pulverized coal and air flowing through the inside of the primary coal port 22 are lowered due to the influence of the increase in pressure loss, so that quicker ignition can be caused.
- a rectifying mechanism 25 is provided on the upstream side of the split member 24A in order to impart pressure loss to the flow of pulverized coal and air.
- This rectifying mechanism 25 prevents a flow rate deviation in the port cross-sectional direction. For example, it is effective to install an orifice or a venturi that can restrict the flow path cross-sectional area to about 2/3, preferably about 1/2. is there.
- Such a rectifying mechanism 25 may have any configuration as long as it can give a constant pressure loss to the flow of powder transport for conveying the pulverized coal of fuel by primary air, and is thus limited to the orifice. None happen. Further, the rectifying mechanism 25 described above does not have to be integrated with the solid fuel burning burner 20, and the final straight pipe portion (vent or vent) of the flow path through which the pulverized coal and the primary air flow is upstream of the split member 24A. It suffices if it is installed in a straight flow path portion without a damper or the like.
- the rectifying mechanism 25 is an orifice, in order to prevent the influence of the orifice from remaining, from the outlet end of the orifice to the outlet of the primary call port 22, specifically, the inlet side end of the split member 24A. It is desirable to provide a straight pipe part (Lo) extending to the part. As the straight pipe portion (Lo), if the height of the call primary port 22 is h, it is necessary to secure a length of at least 2 h, and a more preferable straight pipe portion (Lo) is 10 h or more. The length is secured.
- the pulverized coal of the pulverized fuel is affected by the centrifugal force by passing through the bend provided in the flow path for supplying the pulverized coal and primary air to the primary port 22 of the coal.
- the flow rate deviation that causes the distribution on the cross section of the flow path to be biased can be eliminated. That is, the pulverized coal conveyed by the primary air has a distribution that is biased to the outside (bent large-diameter side) by passing through the vent, but by passing through the rectifying mechanism 25, the distribution on the cross section of the flow path is eliminated. It flows into the split member 24A in a substantially uniform state.
- the pulverized coal burner 21 provided with the rectifying mechanism 25 can effectively utilize the internal flame holding mechanism by the split member 24A.
- the split member 24 in a plurality of directions (vertical and horizontal) is disposed in the flow path front portion of the primary call port 22, but for example in the horizontal direction or the vertical direction
- One or more split members 24 may be provided.
- a split member 24 When such a split member 24 is provided, it functions as an internal flame holding mechanism in the vicinity of the center of the outlet opening of the pulverized coal burner 21, so that the internal flame holding by the split member 24 becomes possible, and the central portion becomes more air-deficient and NOx. Reduction proceeds.
- a solid fuel burning burner according to a second embodiment of the present invention will be described with reference to FIGS. 10A to 10C.
- symbol is attached
- a pulverized coal burner 21 is provided so as to surround a rectangular coal primary port 22 into which pulverized coal conveyed by primary air is introduced and a periphery of the coal primary port 22. And a call secondary port 23 through which a part of the secondary air is introduced.
- a secondary air input port 30A is provided above and below the solid fuel burning burner 21 for supplying secondary air.
- the secondary air input port 30A is divided into a plurality of independent flow paths and ports, and each flow path is provided with a damper 40 capable of adjusting the opening degree as secondary air flow rate adjusting means.
- the secondary air input ports 30A arranged above and below the pulverized coal burner 21 are all divided into three in the vertical direction, and the internal secondary is directed from the inside close to the pulverized coal burner 21 to the outside.
- the air ports 31a and 31b, the intermediate secondary air ports 32a and 32b, and the external secondary air ports 33a and 33b are arranged in this order.
- throwing-in port 30 is not limited to 3 division
- the above-described call secondary port 23, internal secondary air ports 31a and 31b, intermediate secondary air ports 32a and 32b, and external secondary air ports 33a and 33b are, for example, as shown in FIG. 10C. It is connected to an air supply line 50 having an air supply source (not shown). A damper 40 is provided for each flow path in the flow path that branches from the air supply line 50 and communicates with each port. Therefore, the secondary air supply amount can be adjusted independently for each port by adjusting the opening degree of each damper 40.
- the respective solid fuel burning burners 20A are arranged above and below the pulverized coal burner 21 and the pulverized coal burner 21 into which pulverized coal and air are introduced. Since the secondary air input port 30A is divided into three parts, the secondary air introduced into the outer periphery of the flame F is adjusted by adjusting the opening degree of the damper 40 for each of the three divided secondary air input ports 30A. The amount of air can be distributed to a desired value.
- the distribution ratio is reduced for the secondary air input amount of the internal secondary air ports 31a and 31b closest to the outer periphery of the flame F, and the intermediate secondary air ports 32a and 32b and the external secondary air ports 33a and 33b are correspondingly reduced.
- the injection rate of the secondary air amount with respect to the outer side away from the flame F is increased and the injection rate of the secondary air amount injected near the outer periphery of the flame F is set small, the diffusion of the secondary air is delayed. be able to.
- the amount of NOx generated in the swirl combustion boiler 10 Can be reduced.
- the amount of secondary air introduced into the outer periphery of the flame F the formation of the high temperature oxygen residual region H can be suppressed or prevented, and the NOx reduction of the swirl combustion boiler 10 can be achieved.
- the flow rate distribution of the secondary air input port 30A is reversed inside and outside to increase the distribution ratio of the internal secondary air ports 31a and 31b. do it. That is, even when using pulverized coal obtained by pulverizing coal having a different fuel ratio such as a large amount of volatile matter, the flow distribution of the secondary air input from each of the divided secondary air input ports 30A is appropriately adjusted. By doing so, it is possible to select appropriate combustion with reduced NOx or unburned content.
- Such a multi-stage secondary air input port 30A can also be applied to the solid fuel burning burner 20 described in the first embodiment.
- the above-mentioned solid fuel burning burner 20A is installed so as to divide the opening area vertically into the nozzle tip of the pulverized coal burner 21, as in the first modification of the present embodiment shown in FIGS. 11A and 11B, for example.
- What provided the split member 24 was desirable.
- the split member 24 shown in the figure has a triangular cross section.
- the split member 24 by passing through the split member 24, a flow having a high pulverized coal concentration is formed on the outer periphery of the split member 24, which is effective for strengthening flame holding. Further, the flow having a high pulverized coal concentration that has passed through the split member 24 flows into a negative pressure region formed on the downstream side of the split member 24 as indicated by a broken line arrow fa in the drawing. As a result, the flame F is also drawn into the negative pressure region by this air flow, so that the flame holding is further strengthened. As a result, combustion is promoted and oxygen can be consumed quickly.
- the number of the split members 24 is not limited to one.
- the split members 24 may be formed of a plurality of members in the same direction or a plurality of members in different directions as described in the first embodiment. The shape of the 24 cross-sectional shapes may be appropriately devised.
- the above-described solid fuel burning burner 20A includes one or a plurality of side secondary air ports 34L and 34R on the left and right of the pulverized coal burner 21, as in a second modification of the present embodiment shown in FIG. It is preferable.
- one side secondary air port 34L, 34R each provided with a damper (not shown) is provided on the left and right sides of the pulverized coal burner 21, but each is divided into a plurality of parts. You may enable it to implement flow control.
- the secondary air can be distributed to the left and right sides of the flame F, so that the secondary air can be prevented from becoming excessive above and below the flame F. That is, with respect to the amount of secondary air introduced into the outer periphery of the flame F, the vertical and horizontal distribution can be adjusted as appropriate, so that more precise flow rate distribution is possible.
- Such side secondary air ports 34L and 34R are also applicable to the first embodiment described above.
- the secondary air input port 30A is provided with an angle adjustment mechanism that changes the input direction of the secondary air into the furnace 11 up and down as shown in FIG. It is desirable.
- This angle adjustment mechanism changes the tilt angle ⁇ of the secondary air input port 30A up and down with respect to the horizontal, and promotes the diffusion of the secondary air to prevent or suppress the formation of the high-temperature oxygen residual region H. can do.
- a suitable tilt angle ⁇ is about ⁇ 30 degrees, and a more desirable tilt angle ⁇ is ⁇ 15 degrees.
- the distribution of the air amount input from the secondary air input port 30A is adjusted by feedback control of the opening degree of the damper 40 based on the unburned amount and the NOx discharge amount. Is desirable. That is, when there is a large amount of unburned in the swirl combustion boiler 10, the secondary air distribution to the internal secondary air ports 31a and 31b close to the outer peripheral surface of the flame F is increased, and when the NOx emission amount is high, The secondary air distribution to the external secondary air ports 33a and 33b far from the outer peripheral surface of the flame F is increased.
- the swirl combustion boiler 10 can automatically optimize the distribution of secondary air according to the combustion state.
- the amount of secondary air input from the secondary air input port 30A is distributed between the multistage input of air having a reducing atmosphere in the region from the burner unit 12 to the AA unit 14. It is desirable that That is, the amount of secondary air that is input from the divided secondary air input port 30A is input from the secondary air input port 30A by the combined use with the two-stage combustion in which air is input in multiple stages from the AA section 14. The amount of secondary air can be reduced. Therefore, the amount of NOx generated is further reduced by the synergistic effect of reducing NOx by suppressing the high temperature oxygen residual region H formed on the outer periphery of the flame F and reducing NOx of the combustion exhaust gas in a reducing atmosphere. can do.
- the swirl combustion boiler 10 of the present invention by adjusting the amount of secondary air supplied from the divided secondary air input port 30A for each port, the secondary to the outer periphery of the flame F is adjusted. As a result, the concentration of air can be prevented or suppressed, and as a result, the high-temperature oxygen remaining region H formed on the outer periphery of the flame F can be suppressed and the amount of NOx generated can be reduced. Further, in the above-described embodiment, the swirl combustion boiler 10 in which the region from the burner unit 12 to the AA unit 14 is used as the reducing atmosphere is described as a swirl combustion boiler 10, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the solid fuel burning burner 20A described above includes, for example, as shown in FIG. 14, a system for supplying air to the coal secondary port 23 of the pulverized coal burner 21, and a system for supplying air to the secondary air input port 30A. It is desirable to separate.
- the air supply line 50 is branched into a call secondary port supply line 51 and a secondary air input port supply line 52, and a damper 41 is provided in each of the supply lines 51 and 52.
- the opening of the damper 41 is adjusted for each of the call secondary port supply line 51 and the secondary air input port supply line 52 to distribute the air amount. It is possible to adjust the amount of air for each port by adjusting the opening degree of. As a result, even when the secondary air input port 30A is divided into a plurality of stages, the air amount of each port can be adjusted reliably.
- the first embodiment and the second embodiment described above are not only applied independently, but may be configured by combining two.
- the secondary air input ports 30A arranged above and below the pulverized coal burner 21 shown in FIG. 9 are all divided into three in the vertical direction. That is, the illustrated solid fuel burning burner 20B is a configuration example in which the internal flame holding achieved by the split member 24 and the rectifying mechanism 25 is combined with the multistage secondary air input port 30A.
- the solid fuel-burning burner 20B configured in this way can adjust the diffusion speed of the secondary air and optimize the air diffusion in the flame in addition to the NOx reduction by the internal flame holding, so that the combustion of volatile matter and char Can be supplied at an appropriate timing. That is, by performing internal flame holding and secondary air diffusion rate adjustment, it is possible to further reduce NOx by the synergistic effect of both.
- the cross-sectional shape and arrangement of the split member 24, the presence / absence of the rectifying mechanism 25, the number of divisions of the secondary air input port 30A, the presence / absence of the side secondary air ports 34L and 34R, and the like are limited to the illustrated configuration. However, it is possible to select and combine them appropriately.
- a part of the secondary air input port 30A can be used as an oil port. That is, in a solid fuel-fired boiler such as the swirl combustion boiler 10, it is necessary to use gas or oil as fuel when starting up the boiler operation. Therefore, an oil burner for supplying oil into the furnace 11 is required. Become. Therefore, when the oil burner is started up, if the external secondary air ports 33a and 33b are temporarily used as the oil ports among the multi-staged secondary air input ports 30A, for example, the number of ports of the solid fuel burning burner It is possible to reduce the boiler height.
- the illustrated solid fuel burning burner 20C is provided with a secondary air input port 30B including a plurality of concentric ports on the outer periphery of the primary call port 22A having a circular cross section.
- the illustrated secondary air input port 30B includes two stages of an internal secondary air input port 31 and an external secondary air input port 33, but is not limited thereto.
- a total of four split members 24 in two different directions are arranged in a lattice pattern at the center of the outlet of the primary call port 22A. Note that the number, arrangement, cross-sectional shape, and the like described in the first embodiment can be applied to the split member 24 in this case.
- the solid fuel-burning burner 20C configured in this way does not have an extreme reducing atmosphere because the secondary air is gradually supplied, but generally has a short flame and a strong reducing atmosphere. Can also be reduced.
- the solid fuel burning burner according to the embodiment and the modification described above is provided with a fuel burner in which the split members intersect by providing a multi-directional split member functioning as an internal flame holding mechanism at the outlet opening of the pulverized coal burner.
- the flow path of the pulverized fuel and air is divided to disturb the flow. Due to this disturbance, the mixing and diffusion of air is promoted to the inside of the flame, and further, the split member subdivides the ignition surface, so that oxygen can easily enter the center of the flame, so that the ignition position is at the center of the flame.
- the unburned fuel content is reduced.
- since internal ignition is effectively performed by oxygen in the center of the flame, rapid reduction is performed inside the flame, and as a result, it is finally discharged from a solid fuel fired boiler equipped with a solid fuel fired burner. The amount of NOx generated is reduced.
- the concentration of the secondary air on the flame outer periphery can be prevented or suppressed, so the high temperature oxygen remaining region formed on the flame outer periphery. And the amount of nitrogen oxide (NOx) generated can be reduced.
- the solid fuel-fired burner of the present invention and the solid fuel-fired boiler equipped with the burner can ignite strongly inside the flame and increase the air ratio of the burner part, the excess air ratio of the entire boiler is set to 1.0 to It can be reduced to about 1.1, and therefore has the effect of improving boiler efficiency. Since the conventional solid fuel-fired burner and the solid fuel-fired boiler are usually operated at an excess air ratio of about 1.15, the air ratio can be reduced by about 0.05 to 0.15.
- FIG. 17 to FIG. 22 are graphs of experimental results showing the effects of the present invention.
- FIG. 17 is a graph of experimental results showing the relationship between the flame holder position of internal flame holding and the NOx generation amount (relative value).
- the flame holder position in this case is the width (height) of the split member 24A that functions as a flame holder in the comparative example shown in FIG. It is the graph which showed the relative value of NOx generation amount on the vertical axis
- the split member 24A shown in FIG. 6B is adopted, but the present invention is not limited to this.
- the pulverized coal has a width b substantially equal to the inner wall width of the reverse core 26. It will flow out as it is.
- the call primary port 22 of the comparative example 2 flows out with the substantially same width b along the flow path inner wall without an obstacle. For this reason, even in the primary coal port 22 having the same flame holder position a and the same inner diameter, a difference occurs in the denominator substantial pulverized coal flow width b depending on the presence or absence of an obstacle, and as a result, the amount of NOx generated is also different. ing.
- the experimental results shown in FIG. 17 show that the amount of NOx generated is approximately 75% or less with respect to the ratio (a / b) of the split member width a to the substantial pulverized coal flow width b. It shows that it reduces. That is, according to this experimental result, the relative value of the amount of NOx generated by reducing the ratio (a / b) of the split member width a to the substantial pulverized coal flow width b from 0.77 to 0.4. It can be seen that the value decreases to 0.75, a decrease of about 25%.
- the split member functioning as the internal flame holding mechanism is effective in reducing NOx of the solid fuel burning burner and the solid fuel burning boiler by optimizing the width a of the split member. At this time, if a drift occurs without providing the rectifying mechanism 25, the split member may be positioned outside the flow of the pulverized coal. As a result, NOx increases. is important.
- FIG. 19 is a graph of experimental results showing the relationship between the split occupancy ratio and the NOx generation amount (relative value). That is, it is an experimental graph showing how the amount of NOx generated changes according to the ratio of the width a of the split member described above to the height (width) of the primary call port 22. According to this experimental result, it can be seen that the NOx generation amount decreases as the split occupancy increases, and therefore, the installation of the split member is effective in reducing NOx. On the other hand, according to the experimental result of FIG.
- FIG. 20 is a comparison of the amount of unburned matter generated between the same-direction split in which the split members are arranged in the same direction and the cross split in which the split members are arranged in a plurality of directions.
- the same conditions as in the experiment of FIG. 17 are used, and the unburned matter generation amount is compared for the same direction split and cross split.
- the relative value of the unburned amount generated in the cross split is 0.75, which is about 25% lower than the unburned amount generated in the same direction split. That is, it can be seen that the cross split in which the split members are arranged in a plurality of directions is effective in reducing the unburned portion of the solid fuel burning burner and the solid fuel burning boiler.
- the ignition inside the flame is further enhanced, and the air diffusion into the flame is improved, so that the unburned portion is reduced. it is conceivable that.
- the unburned portion increases because air is supplied to the outer flame and air diffusion to the flame formed inside is delayed.
- the experimental results shown in FIG. 21 are comparisons of NOx generation amounts in the burner part, the burner part to AA part, and the AA part for the conventional solid fuel burning burner and the solid fuel burning burner according to the present invention. There is shown a relative value in which the NOx generation amount in the conventional AA portion is set to 1 as a reference value. In this experimental result, for example, a split member in a plurality of directions as shown in FIG. 1A is used.
- this experimental result is a comparison with the same unburned amount, and the air ratio between the burner part and the AA part (the air input amount obtained by subtracting the additional air input amount from the total air input amount on the basis of the total air input amount).
- the ratio indicating the ratio was 0.8 in the prior art and 0.9 in the present invention.
- the final amount of NOx generated from the AA part was reduced to 0.6, which is 40% lower than the conventional amount.
- the present invention adopts an internal flame holding type in which split members in multiple directions are arranged, and further, ignition is enhanced by the split members, so that NOx is generated in the flame and NOx reduction is effectively performed. It is thought that it is because.
- the combustion is close to premixed combustion, and it is burned more uniformly, so it can be confirmed that it has sufficient reducing power even at an air ratio of 0.9. It was.
- the horizontal axis indicates “the air ratio between the burner part and the AA part”, and the vertical axis indicates “the relative value of the NOx generation amount”.
- the “air ratio between burner part and AA part” which is the ratio of “total air input amount considering excess air ratio” and “air input amount obtained by subtracting additional air input amount from total air input amount”, is From FIG. 22, it is preferable to set it to 0.85 or more that can reduce about 30% of NOx, and it is more preferable to set the optimal value to 0.9 or more.
- the NOx generation amount increased to 1 or more at an air ratio of about 0.8 because of the generation of NOx due to the addition of additional air.
- the upper limit of the air ratio varies depending on the fuel ratio, and is 0.95 when the fuel ratio is 1.5 or more, and 1.0 when the fuel ratio is less than 1.5.
- the fuel ratio in this case is a ratio of fixed carbon and volatile matter in the fuel (fixed carbon / volatile matter).
- the pulverized coal burner 21 having an internal flame holding and the secondary air input port 30 that does not hold the flame are provided, and the air ratio of the pulverized coal burner 21 is 0.85 or more, Since it is preferably set to 0.9 or more, the amount of NOx generated in the AA portion 14 is reduced by reducing the additional air input amount in the AA portion 14. Further, the high temperature oxygen remaining region H formed on the outer periphery of the flame is suppressed, and NOx generated inside the combustion flame close to premixed combustion is effectively reduced, so that the amount of NOx reaching the AA portion 14 is reduced. Due to the decrease and the decrease in the amount of NOx generated by the addition of additional air in the AA unit 14, the amount of NOx finally discharged from the AA unit 14 decreases.
- the solid fuel-burning burner 20 and the swirl combustion boiler 10 with reduced final NOx generation amount discharged from the AA unit 14 are obtained.
- the air amount (additional air input amount) of the AA section 14 is, for example, an air ratio of 0.8. Since the amount is reduced as compared with the case, the final NOx generation amount decreases in the AA portion 14 in which the additional air input amount is reduced.
- this invention is not limited to embodiment mentioned above,
- powder solid fuel is not limited to pulverized coal, For example, it can change suitably in the range which does not deviate from the summary.
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Abstract
Description
このうち、微粉炭焚きの旋回燃焼ボイラにおいては、燃料の微粉炭とともに石炭焚きバーナ(固体燃料焚きバーナ)から投入される1次空気の上下に2次空気投入用の2次空気投入ポートを設置して、石炭焚きバーナ周囲の2次空気について流量調整を行っている。(たとえば、特許文献1参照)
上述した2次空気は、旋回燃焼ボイラ内において火炎全体を形成するために必要となる空気量を吹き込むものである。従って、旋回燃焼ボイラの2次空気量は、概ね微粉炭の燃焼に必要な全空気量から1次空気量を差し引いたものとなる。
このようにして、火炎外周の高温酸素残存領域で発生したNOxは、火炎の外周を通過するので、火炎内部と比較して還元が遅れることとなり、これが石炭焚きボイラからNOxを発生させる要因となっていた。
本発明は、上記の事情に鑑みてなされたものであり、その目的とするところは、火炎の外周に形成される高温酸素残存領域を抑制(弱く)することにより、追加空気投入部から排出される最終的なNOx発生量の低減を可能にした固体燃料焚きバーナ及び固体燃料焚きボイラを提供することにある。
本発明の第1の態様に係る固体燃料焚きバーナは、バーナ部と追加空気投入部とに分けて低NOx燃焼を行う固体燃料焚きボイラの前記バーナ部に用いられ、粉体の固体燃料及び空気を炉内へ投入する固体燃料焚きバーナであって、内部保炎を有する燃料バーナと、保炎しない2次空気投入ポートとを備え、前記燃料バーナの空気比を0.85以上に設定したものである。
また、保炎しない2次空気投入ポートの採用は、火炎外周で発生するNOx量の低減にも有効である。
上述した固体燃料焚きバーナにおいて、前記燃料バーナのより好適な空気比は0.9以上である。
このような固体燃料焚きバーナによれば、粉体燃料及び空気を炉内へ投入する固体燃料焚きバーナが、燃料バーナの流路前方部に配設された1または複数のスプリット部材を備えているので、スプリット部材は燃料バーナの出口開口中央付近で内部保炎機構として機能する。このスプリット部材により、内部保炎が可能となるため、中央部がより空気不足となってNOx還元が進行する。
このような固体燃料焚きバーナによれば、粉体燃料及び空気を炉内へ投入する固体燃料焚きバーナが、燃料バーナの流路前方部に配設された複数方向のスプリット部材を備えているので、燃料バーナの出口開口中央付近に対し、内部保炎機構として機能するスプリット部材の交差部を容易に設けることができる。
なお、このような固体燃料焚きバーナでは、従来バーナ外周に設置していた保炎器をなくしたほうが望ましく、これにより、火炎外周でのNOx発生をより抑制することができる。
このようにしてスプリット部材の長さを設定すると、火炎外周で着火させるよりも着火面長さ(Lf)によって与えられる着火面が広くなるので、火炎外周着火と比較して内部着火が強化され、火炎内部における迅速な還元が促進される。
さらに、スプリット部材により火炎が内部で細分化されるため、火炎内部における迅速な燃焼が可能になる。
このようにして、内部保炎機構であるスプリット部材の配置が出口開口の中央で密になると、スプリット部材は燃料バーナの中央部に集中して配置されているので、火炎中央部の着火がより一層促進され、NOxは火炎内部で発生して迅速に還元される。
また、中央に配置するスプリット部材を密にすると、燃料バーナ中央部のフリーエリアが小さくなるので、スプリット部材の圧力損失は相対的に大きくなる。従って、燃料バーナ内部を流れる粉体燃料及び空気の流速が低下し、より迅速な着火を生じさせることができる。
このように構成した固体燃料焚きバーナは、火炎の外周に投入される2次空気量について、複数に分割された流路毎に空気流量調整手段を操作して所望の値となるよう流量配分を行うことが可能になる。従って、火炎外周に投入される2次空気量の適正化により、高温酸素残存領域の形成を抑制または防止することができる。
従って、このような固体燃料焚きバーナでは、従来バーナ外周に設置していた保炎器はないほうが望ましい。
このような整流機構は、流路に設けられたベンドを通過することにより生じた粉体燃料の流量偏差を解消するので、スプリット部材による内部保炎機構を有効に活用することができる。
このように、2次空気投入ポートが角度調整機構を備えていれば、2次空気投入ポートから火炎のさらに外側へ向けて、最適な2次空気の供給が可能となる。さらに、旋回を利用しないため、火炎の過剰な拡がりを防止しながら、高温酸素残存領域の形成を防止または抑制することができる。
このようなフィードバック制御を実施することにより、2次空気の配分を自動的に最適化することができる。この制御において、たとえば未燃分が多い場合には、火炎の外周面に近い内側への2次空気配分を増加させ、窒素酸化物の排出量が高い場合には、火炎の外周面から遠い外側への2次空気配分を増加させる。
なお、未燃分の計測については、たとえば採取した灰を都度分析してもよいし、あるいは、レーザー光の散乱から炭素濃度を測定する計器を採用してもよい。
このようして空気量を分配すると、火炎外周に形成される高温酸素残存領域の抑制による窒素酸化物低減と、還元雰囲気にして燃焼排ガス中の窒素酸化物を低減することとの相乗効果により、窒素酸化物の発生量をより一層低減することができる。
このような空気供給系統にすれば、2次空気投入ポートが複数に分割された多段になっても、空気量の調整を確実に実施することができる。
このように構成された固体燃料焚きバーナは、特に、対向燃焼ボイラ用のバーナとして適用可能である。また、円周から均一に空気が導入されることから、より精密に高温高酸素領域を低減できる。
また、火炎の外周に形成される高温酸素残存領域が抑制され、予混合燃焼に近い燃焼をする火炎内部で発生したNOxが効果的に還元されることから、追加空気投入部に到達するNOx量の減少及び追加空気投入により発生するNOx量の減少により、追加空気投入部から最終的に排出されるNOx量が減少する。
また、燃料バーナの空気比を0.85以上に設定して運転する固体燃料焚きバーナの運転方法により、追加空気投入部の空気量(追加空気投入量)を低減できるので、追加空気投入量が減少した追加空気投入部においては、最終的なNOx発生量が減少する。
図3~図5に示す旋回燃焼ボイラ10は、火炉11内へ空気を多段で投入することにより、バーナ部12から追加空気投入部(以下、「AA部」と呼ぶ)14までの領域を還元雰囲気にして燃焼排ガスの低NOx化を図っている。
このように、上述した旋回燃焼ボイラ10は、粉体燃料の微粉炭(石炭)及び空気を火炉11内へ投入する固体燃料焚きバーナ20が各段の各コーナ部に配置される旋回燃焼方式のバーナ部12とされ、各段にそれぞれ1または複数の旋回火炎が形成される旋回燃焼方式を採用している。
図1A、図1Bに示す固体燃料焚きバーナ20は、微粉炭及び空気を投入する微粉炭バーナ(燃料バーナ)21と、微粉炭バーナ21の上下に各々配置された2次空気投入ポート30とを備えている。
2次空気投入ポート30は、ポート毎の空気流量調整を可能にするため、たとえば図2に示すように、送気ダクト17から分岐した2次空気の供給ライン毎に、空気流量調整手段として開度調整可能なダンパ40を備えている。
すなわち、4本のスプリット部材24は、上下方向及び左右方向の異なる2方向に向けて格子状に配設されることで、微粉炭バーナ21におけるコール1次ポート22の出口開口部を細分化(9分割)している。
図6Aに示すスプリット部材24は、三角形の断面形状を有している。図示の三角形は正三角形や二等辺三角形であり、火炉11内に向けた出口側の一辺が微粉炭及び空気の流れ方向と略直交するように配置されている。換言すれば、三角形断面を形成する角部の1つを、微粉炭及び空気の流れ方向に向けた配置が採用されている。
しかし、上述したスプリット部材24等の断面形状については、たとえば略Y字形状等のように、図示の例に限定されることはない。
一般に、従来の固体燃料焚きバーナは、火炎外周で輻射を受けて燃料の微粉炭に着火する。火炎外周で微粉炭に着火すると、NOxは高温の酸素が残存する火炎外周の高温酸素残存領域H(図1B参照)で発生し、十分に還元されないまま残存してNOx排出量を増加させている。
すなわち、スプリット部材24が左右一方向の場合、中央部における空気の拡散や着火が遅れて未燃分増加の原因になるが、スプリット部材24を複数方向に配設して交差部が形成されると、空気の混合が促進されるとともに着火面が細分化されるので、火炎の中心部まで空気(酸素)が入り込みやすくなり、結果として未燃分の低減が可能になる。
この結果、火炎外周に設置した保炎器による保炎をやめ、火炎外周に保炎器のない固体燃料焚きバーナ20を用いて火炎外周でのNOx発生を抑制することは、より一層容易になる。
この変形例では、コール1次ポート22の流路前方部に、出口開口の上下方向に配設した2本のスプリット部材24と、出口開口の左右方向に配設した1本のスプリット部材24とを備えている。
ここで、コール1次ポート22の出口周長(L)は、矩形を構成する4辺の長さを合計したものであるから、縦寸法H及び横寸法Wにより、L=2H+2Wで表される。
なお、着火面長さ(Lf)については、たとえば図7Bに示すように、スプリット製作の方法等により両端部に細い部分24aを有する構造のスプリット部材24′の場合、両端の細い部分24aも着火面として考える。
さらに、スプリット部材24により火炎が内部で細分化されるため、火炎の中心部まで空気(酸素)が入り込みやすくなり、火炎内部における迅速な燃焼により未燃分の低減が可能になる。
この変形例では、5本のスプリット部材24が、燃料バーナ21のコール1次ポート22において、出口開口中央を密にして格子状に配置されている。すなわち、上下方向に3本及び左右方向に2本を配設したスプリット部材24は、コール1次ポート22の中央部において互いの間隔を狭めた状態で配置されている。このため、スプリット部材24により格子状に細分化された出口開口面積は、コール1次ポート22の中央部が外周側よりも小さくなっている。
この構成例では、微粉炭及び空気の流れに圧力損失を付与するため、スプリット部材24Aの上流側に整流機構25が設けられている。この整流機構25は、ポート断面方向における流量偏差を防止するものであり、たとえば流路断面積を2/3程度まで、望ましくは1/2程度まで絞ることができるオリフィスやベンチュリの設置が有効である。
また、上述した整流機構25は、固体燃料焚きバーナ20と一体である必要はなく、スプリット部材24Aの上流側において、微粉炭及び1次空気が流れる流路の最終的な直管部(ベントやダンパ等がないストレートな流路部分)に設置されていればよい。
すなわち、1次空気で搬送される微粉炭は、ベント通過により外側(ベント大径側)へ偏った分布となるが、整流機構25を通過することにより、流路断面上の分布が解消されて略均一な状態でスプリット部材24Aに流入する。この結果、整流機構25を備えた微粉炭バーナ21は、スプリット部材24Aよる内部保炎機構を有効に活用することができる。
次に、本発明の第2の実施形態に係る固体燃料焚きバーナを図10A~図10Cに基づいて説明する。なお、上述した実施形態と同様の部分には同じ符号を付し、その詳細な説明は省略する。
図示の固体燃料焚きバーナ20Aにおいて、微粉炭バーナ21は、1次空気により搬送された微粉炭を投入する矩形状のコール1次ポート22と、コール1次ポート22の周囲を取り囲むように設けられて2次空気の一部を投入するコール2次ポート23とを備えている。
図示の構成例では、微粉炭バーナ21の上下に配置された2次空気投入ポート30Aがいずれも上下方向に3分割されており、微粉炭バーナ21に近い内側から外側へ向けて、内部2次空気ポート31a,31b、中間2次空気ポート32a,32b及び外部2次空気ポート33a,33bの順に配置されている。なお、このような2次空気投入ポート30の分割数は3分割に限定されることはなく、諸条件に応じて適宜変更可能である。
従って、たとえば火炎Fの外周に最も近い内部2次空気ポート31a,31bの2次空気投入量について配分割合を小さくし、その分中間2次空気ポート32a,32b及び外部2次空気ポート33a,33bへ投入する2次空気量の投入割合を順次大きくすれば、火炎Fの外周に形成されていた局所的な高温酸素残存領域(図中のハッチング部)Hを抑制することができる。
すなわち、たとえば揮発分が多いなど燃料比が異なる石炭を粉砕した微粉炭を使用する場合でも、複数に分割された2次空気投入ポート30Aの各ポートから投入する2次空気の流量配分を適宜調整することにより、NOxまたは未燃分を低減した適正な燃焼を選択することができる。
このような2次空気投入ポート30Aの多段化は、上述した第1の実施形態で説明した固体燃料焚きバーナ20にも適用することができる。
図示のスプリット部材24は三角形断面を有しており、ノズル内部を流れる微粉炭及び1次空気を上下方向に分離して拡散させるような配置とすることにより、保炎が強化されるとともに、高温酸素残存領域Hの形成を抑制または防止することができる。
なお、スプリット部材24については1本に限定されることはなく、たとえば同方向の複数本や、第1の実施形態で説明したように異なる方向の複数本で形成されてもよく、また、スプリット部材24の断面形状についても、適宜形状を工夫してもよい。
このような側部2次空気ポート34L,34Rは、上述した第1の実施形態においても適用可能である。
このような角度調整機構は、上述した第1の実施形態においても適用可能である。
すなわち、旋回燃焼ボイラ10において未燃分が多い場合には、火炎Fの外周面に近い内部2次空気ポート31a,31bへの2次空気配分を増加させ、NOx排出量が高い場合には、火炎Fの外周面から遠い外部2次空気ポート33a,33bへの2次空気配分を増加させる。
この場合、未燃分の計測については、たとえばレーザー光の散乱から炭素濃度を測定する計器を採用し、NOx排出量については、公知の測定機器を採用すればよい。
このようなフィードバック制御を行うことにより、2次空気の配分を燃焼状況に応じて自動的に最適化することができる旋回燃焼ボイラ10となる。
すなわち、複数に分割された2次空気投入ポート30Aから投入する2次空気量については、AA部14から空気を多段投入する二段燃焼との併用により、2次空気投入ポート30Aから投入される2次空気量を低減できる。従って、火炎Fの外周に形成される高温酸素残存領域Hの抑制による低NOx化と、還元雰囲気にして燃焼排ガスの低NOx化を図ることとの相乗効果により、NOxの発生量をより一層低減することができる。
また、上述した実施形態では、バーナ部12からAA部14までの領域を還元雰囲気とする空気の多段投入の旋回燃焼ボイラ10として説明したが、本発明はこれに限定されることはない。
図15に示す固体燃料焚きバーナ20Bは、図9に示した微粉炭バーナ21の上下に配置された2次空気投入ポート30Aがいずれも上下方向に3分割されている。すなわち、図示の固体燃料焚きバーナ20Bは、スプリット部材24及び整流機構25により達成される内部保炎と、多段2次空気投入ポート30Aとを組み合わせた構成例である。
なお、スプリット部材24の断面形状や配置、整流機構25の有無、2次空気投入ポート30Aの分割数や側部2次空気ポート34L,34Rの有無等については、図示の構成に限定されることはなく、適宜選択して組み合わせた構成が可能である。
すなわち、旋回燃焼ボイラ10のような固体燃料焚きボイラにおいては、ボイラ運転の立ち上げ時にガスまたはオイルを燃料とする運用が必要であり、従って、火炉11内へオイルを投入するオイルバーナが必要となる。そこで、オイルバーナが必要な立ち上げ時に、多段とした2次空気投入ポート30Aのうち、たとえば外部2次空気ポート33a,33bを一時的にオイルポートとして使用すれば、固体燃料焚きバーナのポート数を低減してボイラ高さを抑制することができる。
図示の固体燃料焚きバーナ20Cには、円形断面としたコール1次ポート22Aの外周に、複数の同心円のポートを含む2次空気投入ポート30Bが設けられている。図示の2次空気投入ポート30Bは、内部2次空気投入ポート31及び外部2次空気投入ポート33の2段で構成されるが、これに限定されることはない。
このように構成された固体燃料焚きバーナ20Cは、2次空気を徐々に供給するため極端な還元雰囲気にはならず、一般的に短炎で還元雰囲気が強く、発生した硫化水素による硫化腐食等も軽減することができる。
さらに、本発明の固体燃料焚きバーナ及びこれを備えた固体燃料焚きボイラは、火炎の内部で強力に着火するとともにバーナ部の空気比を増加できるので、ボイラ全体の過剰空気率を1.0~1.1程度まで低減することができ、従って、ボイラ効率を向上させる効果もある。なお、従来の固体燃料焚きバーナ及び固体燃料焚きボイラは、通常1.15程度の過剰空気率で運用されているので、おおよそ0.05~0.15程度の空気比低減が可能になる。
図17は、内部保炎の保炎器位置と、NOx発生量(相対値)との関係を示す実験結果のグラフである。この場合の保炎器位置は、図18に示す比較例において、保炎器として機能するスプリット部材24Aの幅(高さ)を保炎器位置aとし、実際に微粉炭が流れる流路幅を実質微粉炭流幅bとして算出される「a/b」を横軸にして、縦軸にNOx発生量の相対値を示したグラフである。なお、図18では、図6Bに示すスプリット部材24Aを採用しているが、これに限定されることはない。
この実験では、1次空気及び微粉炭の流速、2次空気の流速、及び1次空気/2次空気の空気配分を同一とし、図18に示す比較例1(a/b=0.77)及び比較例2(a/b=0.4)で発生したNOx量を測定した。
すなわち、この実験結果によれば、スプリット部材の幅aが実質微粉炭流幅bに占める割合(a/b)を0.77から0.4まで小さくすることにより、発生するNOx量の相対値が0.75まで低下して、約25%の減少をしていることが分かる。換言すれば、内部保炎機構として機能するスプリット部材は、スプリット部材の幅aを最適化することにより、固体燃料焚きバーナ及び固体燃料焚きボイラのNOx低減に有効であることが分かる。
このとき、整流機構25を設けずに偏流が生じた場合には、微粉炭の流れに対してスプリット部材が外側の位置となる可能性もあり、この結果としてNOxが増加するため、整流機構は重要である。
この実験結果によれば、スプリット占有率が大きくなるほどNOx発生量は減少しており、従って、スプリット部材の設置はNOx低減に有効であることが分かる。
一方、上述した図17の実験結果によれば、スプリット部材の幅aが実質微粉炭流幅bに占める割合(a/b)を小さくすると発生するNOx量の相対値も低下しているので、NOx発生量の低減には、適度な幅aを有するスプリット部材の設置が必要である。すなわち、内部保炎においては、適度なスプリット幅aを有するスプリット部材を設置して着火を強化し、これによりNOxをより早期に放出して還元することがNOx発生量の低減に重要である。
この実験結果によれば、同一方向スプリットで発生した未燃分量を基準にして、クロススプリットで発生した未燃分量の相対値は0.75であり、約25%減少していることが分かる。すなわち、スプリット部材を複数方向に配設するクロススプリットは、固体燃料焚きバーナ及び固体燃料焚きボイラの未燃分低減に有効であることが分かる。
一方、同一方向スプリットの場合に未燃分が多くなるのは、外側の火炎に空気が供給され、内部に形成される火炎への空気拡散が遅れるためと考えられる。
また、本発明の場合、火炎内の混合が良好なため、燃焼が予混合燃焼に近くなり、より均一に燃焼されるため、空気比が0.9でも十分に還元力を有することを確認できた。
しかし、本発明の場合、バーナ部~AA部間は、0.9程度の空気比でも燃焼可能であるため、追加空気投入量は、過剰空気率を考慮した全空気投入量の0~20%程度まで低減できるようになり、従って、AA部でのNOx発生量も抑制することができるので、最終的には40%程度のNOx発生量低減が可能となっている。
また、空気比の上限は燃料比に応じて異なり、燃料比が1.5以上の場合は0.95となり、燃料比が1.5未満の場合は1.0となる。この場合の燃料比は、燃料中の固定炭素と揮発分との割合(固定炭素/揮発分)である。
また、微粉炭バーナ21の空気比を0.85以上に設定して運転する固体燃料焚きバーナの運転方法により、AA部14の空気量(追加空気投入量)は、たとえば空気比0.8の場合と比較して低減するので、追加空気投入量が減少したAA部14においては、最終的なNOx発生量が減少する。
なお、本発明は上述した実施形態に限定されることはなく、たとえば粉体の固体燃料が微粉炭に限定されないなど、その要旨を逸脱しない範囲内において適宜変更することができる。
11 火炉
12 バーナ部
14 追加空気投入部(AA部)
20,20A~20C 固体燃料焚きバーナ
21 微粉炭バーナ(燃料バーナ)
22 コール1次ポート
23 コール2次ポート
24,24A,24B スプリット部材
25 整流機構
30,30A 2次空気投入ポート
31,31a,31b 内部2次空気ポート
32a,32b 中間2次空気ポート
33,33a,33b 外部2次空気ポート
34L,34R 側部2次空気ポート
40,41 ダンパ
F 火炎
H 高温酸素残存領域
Claims (16)
- バーナ部と追加空気投入部とに分けて低NOx燃焼を行う固体燃料焚きボイラの前記バーナ部に用いられ、粉体の固体燃料及び空気を炉内へ投入する固体燃料焚きバーナであって、内部保炎を有する燃料バーナと、保炎しない2次空気投入ポートとを備え、前記燃料バーナの空気比を0.85以上に設定した固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記燃料バーナの空気比が0.9以上に設定されている請求項1に記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記燃料バーナは前記粉体燃料及び空気を炉内へ投入し、前記2次空気投入ポートは前記燃料バーナの上下及び/または左右に各々配置されて空気流量調整手段を有し、前記燃料バーナの流路前方部に1または複数のスプリット部材を配設した請求項1または2に記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記燃料バーナは前記粉体燃料及び空気を炉内へ投入し、前記2次空気投入ポートは前記燃料バーナの上下及び/または左右に各々配置されて空気流量調整手段を有し、前記燃料バーナの流路前方部に複数方向のスプリット部材を配設した請求項1または2に記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記スプリット部材により形成される着火面長さ(Lf)が前記燃料バーナの出口開口周長(L)より大きく(Lf>L)なるように設定されている請求項4に記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記スプリット部材は、前記燃料バーナの出口開口中央が密となるように配置されている請求項4または5に記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記2次空気投入ポートは、各々が空気流量調整手段を有する独立した複数の流路に分割されている請求項4から6のいずれかに記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記燃料バーナは前記粉体燃料及び空気を炉内へ投入し、前記2次空気投入ポートは前記燃料バーナの上下及び/または左右に各々配置されているとともに各々空気流量調整手段を有する独立した複数の流路に分割され、かつ、前記燃料バーナの流路前方部にスプリット部材を配設した請求項1または2に記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記粉体燃料及び空気の流れに圧力損失を付与する整流機構を前記スプリット部材の上流側に設けた請求項4から8のいずれかに記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記2次空気投入ポートが、角度調整機構を備えている請求項4から9のいずれかに記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記2次空気投入ポートから投入される空気量の配分が、未燃分及び窒素酸化物(NOx)排出量に基づいてフィードバック制御される請求項4から10のいずれかに記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記2次空気投入ポートから投入される空気量が、前記バーナ部から追加空気投入部までの領域を還元雰囲気とする空気の多段投入との間で分配される請求項4から11のいずれかに記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記燃料バーナのコール2次ポートへ空気を供給する系統と、前記2次空気投入ポートへ空気を供給する系統とが分離されている請求項4から12のいずれかに記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記2次空気投入ポートの前記独立した複数の流路は、前記燃料バーナを円形として外周方向へ同心円状の多段に設けられている請求項7に記載の固体燃料焚きバーナ。
- 前記炉内のコーナ部あるいは壁面部に配置された請求項1から14のいずれかに記載の固体燃料焚きバーナを有する固体燃料焚きボイラ。
- バーナ部と追加空気投入部とに分けて低NOx燃焼を行う固体燃料焚きボイラの前記バーナ部に用いられ、粉体の固体燃料及び空気を炉内へ投入する固体燃料焚きバーナの運転方法であって、内部保炎を有する燃料バーナと、保炎しない2次空気投入ポートとを備え、前記燃料バーナの空気比を0.85以上に設定して運転する固体燃料焚きバーナの運転方法。
Priority Applications (8)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US13/381,535 US10281142B2 (en) | 2009-12-17 | 2010-06-07 | Solid-fuel-fired burner and solid-fuel-fired boiler |
| PL10837312T PL2515039T3 (pl) | 2009-12-17 | 2010-06-07 | Palnik do paliwa stałego i kocioł do paliwa stałego |
| BR112012001717-9A BR112012001717B1 (pt) | 2009-12-17 | 2010-06-07 | queimador e caldeira com ignição por combustível sólido, e, método de operação de um queimador com ignição por combustível sólido |
| KR1020127000361A KR101327570B1 (ko) | 2009-12-17 | 2010-06-07 | 고체 연료 연소 버너 및 고체 연료 연소 보일러 |
| ES10837312.7T ES2647923T3 (es) | 2009-12-17 | 2010-06-07 | Quemador de combustible sólido y caldera alimentada con combustible sólido |
| EP10837312.7A EP2515039B1 (en) | 2009-12-17 | 2010-06-07 | Solid fuel burner and solid fuel boiler |
| CN2010800094719A CN102333991A (zh) | 2009-12-17 | 2010-06-07 | 固体燃料焚烧燃烧器及固体燃料焚烧锅炉 |
| MX2012001164A MX345156B (es) | 2009-12-17 | 2010-06-07 | Quemador encendido con combustible sólido y caldera encendida con combustible sólido. |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP2009286663A JP2011127836A (ja) | 2009-12-17 | 2009-12-17 | 固体燃料焚きバーナ及び固体燃料焚きボイラ |
| JP2009-286663 | 2009-12-17 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| WO2011074281A1 true WO2011074281A1 (ja) | 2011-06-23 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| PCT/JP2010/059607 Ceased WO2011074281A1 (ja) | 2009-12-17 | 2010-06-07 | 固体燃料焚きバーナ及び固体燃料焚きボイラ |
Country Status (14)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10281142B2 (ja) |
| EP (2) | EP2515039B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP2011127836A (ja) |
| KR (1) | KR101327570B1 (ja) |
| CN (2) | CN102333991A (ja) |
| BR (1) | BR112012001717B1 (ja) |
| CL (1) | CL2012000157A1 (ja) |
| ES (1) | ES2647923T3 (ja) |
| MX (1) | MX345156B (ja) |
| MY (1) | MY157159A (ja) |
| PL (1) | PL2515039T3 (ja) |
| TW (1) | TWI449867B (ja) |
| UA (1) | UA109719C2 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO2011074281A1 (ja) |
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| JP2009204256A (ja) * | 2008-02-28 | 2009-09-10 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | 微粉炭バーナ |
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Cited By (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US9671108B2 (en) | 2011-04-01 | 2017-06-06 | Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. | Combustion burner, solid-fuel-combustion burner, solid-fuel-combustion boiler, boiler, and method for operating boiler |
| JP2015052450A (ja) * | 2014-12-18 | 2015-03-19 | 三菱重工業株式会社 | 燃焼バーナ |
| WO2018150701A1 (ja) * | 2017-02-17 | 2018-08-23 | 三菱日立パワーシステムズ株式会社 | 燃焼バーナ及びこれを備えたボイラ |
| JP2018132277A (ja) * | 2017-02-17 | 2018-08-23 | 三菱日立パワーシステムズ株式会社 | 燃焼バーナ及びこれを備えたボイラ |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR112012001717B1 (pt) | 2021-01-19 |
| JP2011127836A (ja) | 2011-06-30 |
| UA109719C2 (uk) | 2015-09-25 |
| TW201122372A (en) | 2011-07-01 |
| CN103292321B (zh) | 2016-05-25 |
| US10281142B2 (en) | 2019-05-07 |
| US20120152158A1 (en) | 2012-06-21 |
| MX2012001164A (es) | 2012-02-13 |
| CL2012000157A1 (es) | 2012-11-30 |
| EP2515039A1 (en) | 2012-10-24 |
| EP2623862A3 (en) | 2013-10-16 |
| EP2623862A2 (en) | 2013-08-07 |
| CN102333991A (zh) | 2012-01-25 |
| KR20120036337A (ko) | 2012-04-17 |
| ES2647923T3 (es) | 2017-12-27 |
| EP2515039A4 (en) | 2013-10-16 |
| KR101327570B1 (ko) | 2013-11-12 |
| CN103292321A (zh) | 2013-09-11 |
| MY157159A (en) | 2016-05-13 |
| MX345156B (es) | 2017-01-18 |
| EP2515039B1 (en) | 2017-10-11 |
| TWI449867B (zh) | 2014-08-21 |
| BR112012001717A2 (pt) | 2016-04-12 |
| PL2515039T3 (pl) | 2018-03-30 |
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