WO2019208801A1 - 徐放性複合粒子、徐放性複合粒子の製造方法、乾燥粉体及び壁紙 - Google Patents
徐放性複合粒子、徐放性複合粒子の製造方法、乾燥粉体及び壁紙 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2019208801A1 WO2019208801A1 PCT/JP2019/018046 JP2019018046W WO2019208801A1 WO 2019208801 A1 WO2019208801 A1 WO 2019208801A1 JP 2019018046 W JP2019018046 W JP 2019018046W WO 2019208801 A1 WO2019208801 A1 WO 2019208801A1
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- C08J3/00—Processes of treating or compounding macromolecular substances
- C08J3/12—Powdering or granulating
- C08J3/126—Polymer particles coated by polymer, e.g. core shell structures
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
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- A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
- A01N25/26—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests in coated particulate form
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
- A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
- A01N43/72—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms
- A01N43/80—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with nitrogen atoms and oxygen or sulfur atoms as ring hetero atoms five-membered rings with one nitrogen atom and either one oxygen atom or one sulfur atom in positions 1,2
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
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- A01N57/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds
- A01N57/10—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds
- A01N57/14—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing organic phosphorus compounds having phosphorus-to-oxygen bonds or phosphorus-to-sulfur bonds containing aromatic radicals
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- A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/32—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. carbomers, poly(meth)acrylates, or polyvinyl pyrrolidone
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- A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
- A61K47/36—Polysaccharides; Derivatives thereof, e.g. gums, starch, alginate, dextrin, hyaluronic acid, chitosan, inulin, agar or pectin
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- A61K9/48—Preparations in capsules, e.g. of gelatin, of chocolate
- A61K9/50—Microcapsules having a gas, liquid or semi-solid filling; Solid microparticles or pellets surrounded by a distinct coating layer, e.g. coated microspheres, coated drug crystals
- A61K9/5089—Processes
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- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05C—NITROGENOUS FERTILISERS
- C05C9/00—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds
- C05C9/02—Fertilisers containing urea or urea compounds containing urea-formaldehyde condensates
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- C08B—POLYSACCHARIDES; DERIVATIVES THEREOF
- C08B15/00—Preparation of other cellulose derivatives or modified cellulose, e.g. complexes
- C08B15/02—Oxycellulose; Hydrocellulose; Cellulosehydrate, e.g. microcrystalline cellulose
- C08B15/04—Carboxycellulose, e.g. prepared by oxidation with nitrogen dioxide
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F112/00—Homopolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and at least one being terminated by an aromatic carbocyclic ring
- C08F112/34—Monomers containing two or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals
- C08F112/36—Divinylbenzene
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- C08F—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING CARBON-TO-CARBON UNSATURATED BONDS
- C08F2/00—Processes of polymerisation
- C08F2/44—Polymerisation in the presence of compounding ingredients, e.g. plasticisers, dyestuffs, fillers
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- C08H8/00—Macromolecular compounds derived from lignocellulosic materials
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- C08L1/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
- C08L1/04—Oxycellulose; Hydrocellulose, e.g. microcrystalline cellulose
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- C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- C09D—COATING COMPOSITIONS, e.g. PAINTS, VARNISHES OR LACQUERS; FILLING PASTES; CHEMICAL PAINT OR INK REMOVERS; INKS; CORRECTING FLUIDS; WOODSTAINS; PASTES OR SOLIDS FOR COLOURING OR PRINTING; USE OF MATERIALS THEREFOR
- C09D101/00—Coating compositions based on cellulose, modified cellulose, or cellulose derivatives
- C09D101/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
- C09D101/04—Oxycellulose; Hydrocellulose
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- C08J2333/00—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers
- C08J2333/04—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters
- C08J2333/06—Characterised by the use of homopolymers or copolymers of compounds having one or more unsaturated aliphatic radicals, each having only one carbon-to-carbon double bond, and only one being terminated by only one carboxyl radical, or of salts, anhydrides, esters, amides, imides, or nitriles thereof; Derivatives of such polymers esters of esters containing only carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, the oxygen atom being present only as part of the carboxyl radical
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Definitions
- the present invention relates to a sustained-release composite particle containing a functional component, a method for producing the sustained-release composite particle, a dry powder containing the sustained-release composite particle, and a wallpaper containing the sustained-release composite particle. .
- microparticles and microcapsules have been put to practical use as functional materials in various fields.
- microparticles are microsize order particles formed from various polymers, and are used as, for example, fillers, spacers, abrasives, and the like.
- drug, agricultural chemicals, fragrances and the like By encapsulating drugs, agricultural chemicals, fragrances and the like in the microparticles, the inclusions can be released slowly and the effects can be maintained over a long period of time.
- microparticles for example, a polymer dissolved in an organic solvent is dispersed in water using a surfactant, and oil-in-water droplets containing functional components (Oil-in-Water, O / W)
- a solvent evaporation method is known in which after forming a mold emulsion, the solvent is evaporated and solidified as microparticles (Patent Document 1).
- the microparticles obtained by such a method do not have self-water dispersibility, and it is essential to add an auxiliary agent such as a surfactant during the production.
- a functional component may lose
- microcapsule core-shell
- a functional material such as a magnetic substance, pharmaceutical, agricultural chemical, fragrance, adhesive, enzyme, pigment, dye, and the like is incorporated into the core material and then encapsulated to form the functional material. Protection and control of the release behavior. It is also possible to further add a functional material to the wall film itself covering the core substance.
- Patent Document 2 discloses a microcapsule having a sustained release property that encapsulates an antiseptic and fungicidal agent.
- the microcapsules described in Patent Document 2 have a problem that dispersibility is not good and redispersion is difficult.
- microparticles and microcapsules on the order of micro sizes generally have a high specific surface area, so they are generally easily aggregated, and dispersion stability is a problem.
- the production method is complicated, and it is required to efficiently include a functional component.
- biodegradability and biocompatibility are required.
- attempts have been actively made to refine cellulose fibers in wood until at least one side of the structure is on the order of nanometers and use them as novel functional materials.
- CNF fine cellulose fibers
- cellulose nanofibers (hereinafter also referred to as CNF)
- CNF obtained by this method has been reported to have a short axis diameter of 10 to 50 nm and a long axis diameter ranging from 1 ⁇ m to 10 mm.
- This CNF is 1/5 lighter than steel, has a strength five times higher, and has an enormous specific surface area of 250 m 2 / g or more, so it is expected to be used as a resin reinforcing filler and adsorbent. ing.
- Non-Patent Document 1 discloses a method for selectively subjecting the fine fiber surface of cellulose to a phosphoric esterification treatment using a phosphoric esterification treatment.
- Patent Document 4 discloses a method for carrying out carboxymethylation by reacting cellulose with monochloroacetic acid or sodium monochloroacetate in a high concentration alkaline aqueous solution.
- a carboxy group may be introduced by directly reacting a carboxylic anhydride compound such as maleic acid or phthalic acid gasified in an autoclave with cellulose.
- TEMPO 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy radical
- Oxidation reaction using TEMPO as a catalyst can be chemically modified in an environmentally friendly manner that proceeds in water, at room temperature, and at normal pressure. When applied to cellulose in wood, there is a reaction inside the crystal. Without proceeding, only the alcoholic primary carbon possessed by the cellulose molecular chain on the crystal surface can be selectively converted into a carboxy group.
- CSNF Cellulose single nanofibers
- TEMPO-oxidized cellulose nanofiber and TEMPO-oxidized CNF can be obtained.
- CSNF exhibits high dispersion stability derived from surface carboxy groups.
- Wood-derived CSNF obtained from wood by TEMPO oxidation reaction is a structure having a high aspect ratio with a minor axis diameter of around 3 nm and a major axis diameter ranging from several tens of nm to several ⁇ m. Has been reported to have high transparency.
- Patent Document 6 reports that a laminated film obtained by applying and drying a CSNF dispersion has gas barrier properties.
- the problem is that the solid content concentration of the obtained CNF dispersion is as low as about 0.1 to 5%.
- the transportation cost is increased and the business performance is remarkably impaired.
- the addition efficiency is deteriorated due to low solid content and that it is difficult to make a composite when water as a solvent is not compatible with the resin.
- the CNF dispersion may be spoiled, so measures such as refrigeration storage and antiseptic treatment are required, and the cost may increase.
- Patent Document 6 discloses a composite (metal nanoparticle-supported CSNF) in which metal nanoparticles are supported on CSNF by reducing and precipitating the metal in a state where metal ions are adsorbed to the carboxy group on the CSNF surface.
- Patent Document 7 discloses an example in which metal nanoparticle-supported CSNF is used as a catalyst, and the metal nanoparticle can be dispersed and stabilized in a state having a high specific surface area, thereby improving the catalytic activity. Has been reported.
- the present invention has been made in view of such circumstances, sustained release composite particles having excellent dispersion stability and excellent sustained release and exhibiting long-term effects, and production of the sustained release composite particles It is an object to provide a method, a dry powder and a wallpaper containing the sustained-release composite particles.
- the sustained-release composite particles according to one embodiment of the present invention have core particles containing at least one polymer and at least one functional component, and fine cellulose that covers at least a part of the surface of the core particles.
- the core particles and the refined cellulose are in an indivisible state.
- the method for producing composite particles according to one embodiment of the present invention includes a1 step in which a cellulose raw material is defibrated in a solvent to obtain a finely divided cellulose dispersion, at least one polymerizable monomer, and at least one functionality.
- the core particles containing the polymer and the functional component are polymerized by polymerizing the polymerizable monomer droplets, thereby reducing the surface of the core particles. Also covers a portion in the fine cellulose and having a a4 step of the said fine cellulose and the core particles inseparable state.
- the method for producing composite particles according to another aspect of the present invention includes a step b1 in which a cellulose raw material is defibrated in a solvent to obtain a fine cellulose dispersion, at least one polymer, and at least one functional component.
- the organic solvent contained in the polymer droplets is removed to solidify the polymer to form the polymer.
- the dry powder according to one embodiment of the present invention is a dry powder containing the above-described sustained release composite particles.
- the wallpaper which concerns on another aspect of this invention is a wallpaper containing the above-mentioned sustained release composite particle.
- sustained-release composite particles having excellent sustained-release properties due to good dispersion stability and exhibiting long-term effects, and production of the sustained-release composite particles
- a dry powder containing the sustained-release composite particles, and a wallpaper containing the sustained-release composite particles can be provided.
- FIG. 4 shows the results of spectral transmission spectrum measurement of an aqueous dispersion of refined cellulose obtained in Example 1-1 (2-1).
- FIG. It is the result of having performed steady-state viscoelasticity measurement using the rheometer with respect to the aqueous dispersion liquid of the refined cellulose obtained in Example 1-1 (2-1).
- SEM image shows the result of having observed the composite particle obtained in Example 1-1 (2-1) with the scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- SEM image shows the result of having observed the composite particle obtained in Example 1-1 (2-1) with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) at high magnification.
- SEM image shows the result of having observed the composite particle obtained in Example 1-1 (2-1) with the scanning electron microscope (SEM) at high magnification.
- FIG. 1 shows sustained-release composite particles (hereinafter, referred to as a composite particle) having a coating layer 2 composed of finely divided cellulose (hereinafter also referred to as cellulose nanofiber, CNF) 1 on the surface of a core particle 3 containing a polymer and a functional component.
- CNF finely divided cellulose
- FIG. 1 shows sustained-release composite particles (hereinafter, referred to as a composite particle) having a coating layer 2 composed of finely divided cellulose (hereinafter also referred to as cellulose nanofiber, CNF) 1 on the surface of a core particle 3 containing a polymer and a functional component.
- CNF finely divided cellulose
- composite particles As used herein means fibrous cellulose having a number average minor axis diameter in the range of 1 nm to 1000 nm in terms of minor axis diameter.
- the composite particle 4 has a core particle 3 containing at least one kind of polymer and at least one kind of functional component, and a coating layer 2 composed of fine cellulose 1 covering at least a part of the surface of the core particle 3.
- the core particles 3 and the refined cellulose 1 are combined particles in an inseparable state.
- the manufacturing method of the composite particle 4 is not specifically limited, A well-known method can be used.
- a polymerization granulation method emulsion polymerization method, suspension polymerization method, seed polymerization method, radiation polymerization method, etc.
- a dispersion granulation method spray drying method, submerged curing method, solvent evaporation method, phase separation method, solvent dispersion cooling method, etc.
- Composite particles 4 in an inseparable state can be obtained by combining with cellulose acetate 1.
- the refined cellulose 1 it is possible to form droplets without using an additive such as a surfactant, and composite particles 4 with high dispersibility can be obtained.
- the method for solidifying the droplets is not particularly limited.
- the droplets can be solidified by a known method such as a method of polymerizing monomers, a method of solidifying the polymer, or a method of evaporating the solvent of the polymer solution.
- FIG. 2 is an example of a method for producing composite particles 4 obtained by polymerizing an O / W-type pickering emulsion using micronized cellulose 1 and a polymerizable monomer inside the emulsion.
- cellulose 1 is formed on at least a part of the interface of polymerizable monomer droplet 5A (hereinafter also referred to as droplet 5A) containing a polymerizable monomer and a functional component dispersed in water 6 as a dispersion.
- droplet 5A polymerizable monomer droplet 5A
- FIG. 3 shows the removal of the organic solvent from the O / W-type pickering emulsion using the micronized cellulose 1 and the polymer droplet 5B in which the polymer is dissolved in the organic solvent inside the emulsion (hereinafter also referred to as droplet 5B). It is an example of the manufacturing method of the sustained release composite particle 4 obtained by this.
- the O / W-type pickering emulsion is stabilized and stabilized by adsorbing the finely divided cellulose 1 on the interface of the droplet 5B containing the organic solvent and polymer dispersed in water 6 and the functional component.
- the composite particles 4 using the emulsion as a template are produced by solidifying the polymer in the emulsion while maintaining the solidified state.
- “Inseparable” as used herein refers to, for example, an operation of purifying and washing the composite particles 4 by centrifuging the dispersion containing the composite particles 4 to remove the supernatant, and further re-dispersing by adding a solvent, or Even after repeated washing with a solvent by filtration washing using a membrane filter, the refined cellulose 1 and the core particles 3 are not separated, and the coated state of the core particles 3 by the refined cellulose 1 is maintained. It means to be drunk. The coating state can be confirmed, for example, by observing the surface of the composite particle 4 with a scanning electron microscope.
- the composite particle 4 is prepared using an O / W emulsion stabilized by the refined cellulose 1 as a template.
- the composite particles 4 obtained after solidification are solidified on the surface of the core particles 3 in order to solidify as the core particles 3 by polymerization of the monomer or the like in a state where the micronized cellulose 1 is in contact with the droplets 5 inside the emulsion. It is expected that at least a part of the modified cellulose 1 is taken into the core particles 3. For the above reasons, it is speculated that the finely divided cellulose 1 is physically immobilized on the surface of the core particle 3 and finally the core particle 3 and the finely divided cellulose 1 reach an inseparable state.
- the O / W type emulsion is also referred to as oil-in-water type, and has water as a continuous phase in which oil is dispersed as oil droplets (oil particles). .
- oil-in-water type oil-in-water type
- oil droplets oil droplets
- the coating layer 2 made of the fine cellulose 1 is formed on the surface of the spherical core particle 3 with a relatively uniform thickness. The coating layer 2 only needs to cover at least a part of the surface of the core particle 3.
- the average particle diameter of the composite particles 4 can be confirmed, for example, by observation with an optical microscope. Specifically, the average particle diameter can be calculated by measuring the particle diameter of the composite particles 4 at 100 random locations and taking the average value of the diameters of the composite particles 4.
- the average particle size is not particularly limited, but is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less. If the average particle size of the composite particles 4 is less than 0.1 ⁇ m, it may be difficult to maintain sustained release properties for a long period of time. Moreover, when the average particle diameter of the composite particles 4 exceeds 1000 ⁇ m, it may be difficult to handle the composite particles 4.
- the thickness of the coating layer 2 composed of the micronized cellulose 1 is not particularly limited, but if it is 3 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, the sustained release property tends to be easily controlled.
- the controlled release can be controlled by the ratio and particle size of the functional component contained in the core particle 3 and the thickness of the coating layer 2.
- the average thickness of the coating layer 2 is, for example, the thickness of the coating layer 2 in the cross-sectional image of the composite particle 4 in the image by cutting the composite particle 4 fixed with the embedding resin with a microtome and observing it with a scanning electron microscope. Can be calculated by randomly measuring 100 points on the image and taking the average value.
- the composite particles 4 are characterized by being uniformly coated with a coating layer 2 having a relatively uniform thickness.
- the coefficient of variation of the thickness value of the coating layer 2 described above is preferably 0.5 or less, and more preferably 0.4 or less. When the variation coefficient of the thickness value of the coating layer 2 containing the micronized cellulose 1 exceeds 0.5, for example, it becomes difficult to control the sustained release properties of the composite particles 4 and it is difficult to recover the composite particles 4. It may become.
- the refined cellulose 1 in the present embodiment is not particularly limited.
- the content of the anionic functional group is preferably 0.1 mmol or more and 5.0 mmol or less per 1 g of cellulose.
- the content of the anionic functional group is less than 0.1 mmol per 1 g of cellulose, for example, it is difficult to control the particle size of the composite particles 4, and the particle size distribution becomes wide or water (dispersion)
- the dispersibility of the finely divided cellulose 1 in 6 may be lowered.
- the content of the anionic functional group exceeds 5.0 mmol per 1 g of cellulose, for example, the adsorption stability of the refined cellulose 1 to the droplets 5 is lowered, and as a result, the core particles 3 are finely adsorbed.
- Cellulose cellulose 1 may be difficult to fix and the thickness of the coating layer 2 may not be uniform.
- the refined cellulose 1 has a fiber shape derived from a microfibril structure.
- the refined cellulose 1 is fibrous, the number average minor axis diameter is 1 nm to 1000 nm, the number average major axis diameter is 50 nm or more, and the number average major axis diameter is the number average minor axis diameter. It is preferable that it is 5 times or more.
- the crystal structure of the refined cellulose 1 is cellulose I type.
- the core particle 3 includes at least one polymer and at least one functional component.
- the polymer a known polymer can be used, and a polymer obtained by polymerizing a polymerizable monomer by a known method may be used.
- the polymer is not particularly limited, and examples thereof include acrylic polymers, epoxy polymers, polyester polymers, amino polymers, silicone polymers, fluorine polymers, and urethane / isocyanate polymers.
- the polymer is preferably a biodegradable polymer.
- biodegradable refers to a polymer that decomposes and disappears in the global environment such as soil and seawater, and / or a polymer that decomposes and disappears in vivo. In general, polymers are decomposed in soil and seawater by enzymes of microorganisms, whereas in vivo they are decomposed by physicochemical hydrolysis without the need for enzymes.
- Biodegradable polymers include naturally derived natural polymers or synthetic polymers. Examples of natural polymers include polysaccharides produced by plants (cellulose, starch, alginic acid, etc.), polysaccharides produced by animals (chitin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, etc.), proteins (collagen, gelatin, albumin, etc.), and microorganisms. And polyester (poly (3-hydroxyalkanoate)), polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, etc.) and the like. The biodegradable polymer will be described later.
- a functional component is a substance that affects living organisms such as animals, plants, and fungi and functions.
- fungicides include fungicides, fragrances, fertilizers (biological fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, etc.), pH adjusters, pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc.), plant vital agents, plant life-extending agents Pests and animal repellents, soil penetrants, nutrient components (minerals, etc.), plant hormones, inorganic particles (titanium oxide, silica, clays, etc.), antibacterial substances and the like.
- fertilizers biological fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, etc.
- pH adjusters pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc.), plant vital agents, plant life-extending agents Pests and animal repellents, soil penetrants, nutrient components (minerals, etc.), plant hormones, inorganic particles (titanium oxide, silica, clays, etc.), antibacterial substances and the like.
- These functional components may be used in an environment such as a plant or soil, and by using the sustained-release composite particles 4 of this embodiment, the amount used can be reduced and the load on the environment can be reduced. it can.
- fungicides In particular, fungicides, fragrances, fertilizers (biological fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, etc.), pH adjusters, agricultural chemicals, plant vital agents, plant life-extending agents, pest and animal repellents, soil penetrants, nutrient ingredients, plants It is preferably a hormone or an antibacterial substance.
- fertilizers biological fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, etc.
- pH adjusters agricultural chemicals
- plant vital agents plant life-extending agents
- pest and animal repellents soil penetrants
- nutrient ingredients preferably a hormone or an antibacterial substance.
- agricultural chemicals include insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, plant growth regulators, attractants and repellents.
- Insecticides include, for example, azoxybenzene, anabasine, aramite, aldrin, allethrin, isoxathion, isothioate, ethion, ethylthiomethone, endrin, orthodichlorobenzene, carbam, cartap, calvinphos, chloropicrin, chlorpyrifos, chlorphenamidine, chlorpropyrate.
- Chlorbenzilate Chloromethanesulfonic acid amide, Sodium silicofluoride, Kelsen, Salicione, Ethylene oxide, Propylene oxide, Diaryhol, Dioxacarb, Dimethoate, Methyl bromide, Tricyclohexyltin hydroxide, Turbum, Diazinon, Thiometone, Tetradiphone , Terodrine, bamidthione, lime arsenate, lead arsenate, prochronol, propaphos, promecarb, benzoepin, benzo Over DOO, phosalone, formothion, mecarbam, methomyl, metaldehyde, methyl demeton, Menazon, methyl iodide, zinc phosphide, aluminum phosphide, APC, DDVP, MEP, PMP, and the like.
- disinfectant examples include ambam, sulfur, echromesol, triphenyltin chloride, tripropyltin chloride, nickel chloride, benzalkonium chloride, basic copper chloride, basic copper sulfate, captan, guanidine, griseofulvin, chloram.
- Phenicol triphenyltin acetate, tributyltin acetate, nickel acetate, sodium hypochlorite, diclozoline, cycloheximide, dicron, dithianon, dineb, dimethylambum, dilam, triphenyltin hydroxide, streptomycin, cellosidine, dihortan, thiadiazine , Thiabendazole, thiophanate, thiophanate methyl, triazine, nitrostyrene, novobiocin, validamycin, hydroxyisoxazole, farbum, phorpet, propiquel, propineb, Mill, polyoxin, polycarbamate, formaldehyde, mancozeb, maneb, metiram, MAF, PCP, and the like.
- herbicides for example, ioxynil, adiprotrin, ashram, atrazine, amethrin, alachlor, sodium ethylxanthate, calcium chlorate, sodium chlorate, oxadiazone, credazine, crotizole, clomethoxynyl, sodium cyanate, diquat, ciduron, Diphenamide, cimetrine, ammonium sulfamate, terbacil, desmethrin, tetrapion, trietadine, trifluralin, nitralin, vernarate, paracholate, picloram, phenothiol, fenmedifam, butachlor, propisamide, bromacil, promethrin, vesrodin, pebrate, molulinate, linuron
- Examples thereof include copper sulfate, renacil, ACN, DBN and the like.
- rodenticide examples include annu, yellow phosphorus, chlorofacinone, thallium acetate, silyloside, thiosemicarbazide, sodium monofluoroacetate, thallium sulfate, zinc phosphide and the like.
- plant growth regulators include indole butyric acid, oxyethylene rapeseed oil alcohol, orthonitrophenol, gibberellin, ⁇ -naphthylacetamide, polybutene, maleic acid hydrazide, ⁇ -methoxymethylnaphthalene, oxyquinoline sulfate, and the like.
- attractants examples include culua, cresol, ferric oxide, diallyl disulfide, cycloheximide, quicklime, calcium carbonate, thiuram, tetrahydrothiophene, ⁇ -naphthol, methyl eugenol and the like.
- Examples of the fertilizer include urea, potassium sulfate, potassium phosphate, potassium chloride, ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium chloride.
- a chemical slow-release fertilizer is those that have been subjected to chemical treatment mainly to suppress the solubility of nitrogen fertilizers. Chemical slow-release fertilizers are difficult to dissolve in water and are slowly converted to inorganic nitrogen in the soil to exert fertilizer effects. For this reason, the fertilization effect can be further controlled by encapsulating the chemical slow-release fertilizer in the composite particles 4.
- Examples of chemical slow-release fertilizers include ureaform (UF), methylolurea, acetaldehyde-condensed urea (CDU), isobutyraldehyde-condensed urea (IB), glyoxal-condensed urea, and lime nitrogen. And oxamide using guanyl urea sulfate, oxalic acid diester and ammonia as raw materials.
- the functional component may be in any form of solid, gas, or liquid.
- the content of the functional component in the composite particle 4 is not particularly limited, and it is preferable to increase the content within a range in which the composite particle 4 can stably maintain the form.
- the content of the functional component is preferably 0.001 part by mass or more and 80 parts by mass or less when the composite particle 4 is 100 parts by mass.
- the content rate of a functional component is less than 0.001 mass part, there exists a tendency for the effect of the contained functional component to be hard to be acquired.
- the content rate of a functional component exceeds 80 mass parts, there exists a tendency for formation of the composite particle 4 to become difficult.
- a cellulose raw material is defibrated in a solvent to obtain a dispersion of refined cellulose 1 (step a1), at least one type of polymerizable monomer and at least one type.
- the core particle 3 containing a polymer and a functional component with the fine cellulose at least a part of the surface of the core particle 3 is covered with the fine cellulose 1.
- the composite particles 4 obtained by the above production method are obtained as a dispersion in a solvent. Further, it is obtained as a dry solid by removing the solvent.
- the method for removing the solvent is not particularly limited, and for example, excess water can be removed by a centrifugal separation method or a filtration method, and further dried by heat in an oven to obtain a dry solid. At this time, the obtained dry solid does not form a film or an aggregate, but is obtained as a fine powder. The reason for this is not clear, but it is known that when the solvent is removed from the finely divided cellulose 1 dispersion, the finely divided celluloses 1 are strongly aggregated and formed into a film.
- the fine cellulose 1 is a true spherical composite particle 4 immobilized on the surface, the fine cellulose 1 does not aggregate even if the solvent is removed. Since it is only in contact with the points between the composite particles 4, it is considered that the dry solid is obtained as a fine powder. In addition, since there is no aggregation between the composite particles 4, it is easy to re-disperse the composite particles 4 obtained as a dry powder in the solvent again, and the fine particles bonded to the surface of the composite particles 4 after the re-dispersion.
- the dispersion stability derived from cellulose 1 is shown.
- the dry powder of the composite particles 4 is a dry solid characterized by containing almost no solvent and being redispersible in the solvent.
- the solid content may be 80% or more. Further, it can be 90% or more, and can be 95% or more. Since the solvent can be almost removed, for example, favorable effects are obtained from the viewpoints of reducing transportation costs, preventing spoilage, improving the addition rate, and improving the kneading efficiency with the resin.
- the solid content rate is increased to 80% or more by the drying treatment, the refined cellulose 1 easily absorbs moisture, so that moisture in the air may be adsorbed and the solid content rate may decrease with time.
- the solid content ratio of the dry powder containing the composite particles 4 is 80%.
- a dry solid produced by the dry solid production method including the steps described above is defined as being included in the technical scope of the present invention.
- Step a1 is a step in which a cellulose raw material is fibrillated in a solvent to obtain a fine cellulose dispersion.
- various cellulose raw materials are dispersed in a solvent to form a suspension.
- the concentration of the cellulose raw material in the suspension is preferably 0.1% or more and less than 10%. If the concentration of the cellulose raw material in the suspension is less than 0.1%, the solvent is excessive and the productivity tends to be impaired, which is not preferable. Further, if the concentration of the cellulose raw material in the suspension is 10% or more, the suspension is rapidly thickened along with the defibration of the cellulose raw material, and it tends to be difficult to perform a uniform defibrating process.
- the solvent used for preparing the suspension preferably contains 50% or more of water. When the proportion of water in the suspension is less than 50%, the dispersion of the fine cellulose 1 tends to be inhibited in the step of defibrating the cellulose raw material described later in a solvent to obtain a fine cellulose dispersion. .
- a hydrophilic solvent is preferable as a solvent contained other than water.
- the hydrophilic solvent is not particularly limited, but for example, alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and isopropanol; and cyclic ethers such as tetrahydrofuran are preferable.
- the pH of the suspension may be adjusted, for example, in order to increase the dispersibility of the cellulose and the refined cellulose 1 to be produced.
- the alkaline aqueous solution used for pH adjustment include sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, lithium hydroxide aqueous solution, potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, ammonia aqueous solution, tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution, tetraethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution, And organic alkalis such as benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution.
- a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is preferable from the viewpoint of cost.
- the method of physical fibrillation treatment is not particularly limited.
- Nanogenizer mechanical treatment such as underwater collision.
- a dispersion of cellulose 1 (a refined cellulose dispersion) that is refined until at least one side of the structure is on the order of nanometers is obtained.
- the obtained dispersion can be used as a stabilizer for an O / W emulsion, which will be described later, as it is or after being diluted, concentrated or the like.
- the dispersion of the refined cellulose 1 may contain other components other than the components used for the cellulose and the pH adjustment as long as the effects of the present invention are not impaired.
- the other components are not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected from known additives depending on the use of the composite particles 4 and the like.
- organometallic compounds such as alkoxysilanes or hydrolysates thereof, inorganic layered compounds, inorganic needle minerals, antifoaming agents, inorganic particles, organic particles, lubricants, antioxidants, antistatic agents, UV absorber, stabilizer, magnetic powder, alignment accelerator, plasticizer, crosslinking agent, magnetic substance, pharmaceutical, agricultural chemical, fragrance, adhesive, enzyme, pigment, dye, deodorant, metal, metal oxide, inorganic An oxide etc. are mentioned.
- the refined cellulose 1 used in the production method of the present embodiment preferably has a fiber shape in the following range. That is, the shape of the refined cellulose 1 is preferably fibrous. Further, the fibrous refined cellulose 1 may have a number average minor axis diameter of 1 nm or more and 1000 nm or less, preferably 2 nm or more and 500 nm or less in terms of minor axis diameter.
- the number average minor axis diameter is not particularly limited, but is preferably 5 times or more the number average minor axis diameter. If the number average major axis diameter is less than 5 times the number average minor axis diameter, it tends to be difficult to sufficiently control the size and shape of the composite particles 4, which is not preferable.
- the number average short axis diameter of the refined cellulose 1 is obtained, for example, by measuring the short axis diameter (minimum diameter) of 100 fibers by observation with a transmission electron microscope or atomic force microscope, and obtaining the average value.
- the number average major axis diameter of the micronized cellulose 1 is obtained, for example, by measuring the major axis diameter (maximum diameter) of 100 fibers by observation with a transmission electron microscope or atomic force microscope, and obtaining the average value.
- the type and crystal structure of cellulose that can be used as a raw material for the refined cellulose 1 are not particularly limited.
- a raw material comprising cellulose I-type crystals for example, in addition to wood-based natural cellulose, non-wood-based natural cellulose such as cotton linter, bamboo, hemp, bagasse, kenaf, bacterial cellulose, squirt cellulose, and valonia cellulose Can be used. Furthermore, the regenerated cellulose represented by the rayon fiber which consists of a cellulose II type crystal
- the wood-based natural cellulose is not particularly limited, and for example, those generally used for producing cellulose nanofibers such as softwood pulp, hardwood pulp, and waste paper pulp can be used. Softwood pulp is preferred because it is easy to refine and refine.
- the refined cellulose raw material is preferably chemically modified. More specifically, an anionic functional group is preferably introduced on the crystal surface of the refined cellulose raw material. This is because the introduction of an anionic functional group on the surface of the cellulose crystal makes it easier for the solvent to enter between the cellulose crystals due to the osmotic pressure effect, and the refining of the cellulose raw material easily proceeds.
- the type and introduction method of the anionic functional group introduced into the crystal surface of cellulose are not particularly limited, but a carboxy group or a phosphate group is preferable. A carboxy group is preferred because of the ease of selective introduction to the cellulose crystal surface.
- the method for introducing a carboxy group into the cellulose fiber surface is not particularly limited. Specifically, for example, carboxymethylation may be performed by reacting cellulose with monochloroacetic acid or sodium monochloroacetate in a high concentration alkaline aqueous solution. Alternatively, a carboxy group may be introduced by directly reacting a carboxylic anhydride compound such as maleic acid or phthalic acid gasified in an autoclave with cellulose. Furthermore, a co-oxidant is used in the presence of an N-oxyl compound such as TEMPO that has a high selectivity to the oxidation of alcoholic primary carbon while maintaining the structure as much as possible under relatively mild conditions in water. The method used may be used. Oxidation using an N-oxyl compound is more preferred for the selectivity of the carboxy group introduction site and the reduction of environmental burden.
- examples of the N-oxyl compound include TEMPO (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidinyl-1-oxy radical), 2,2,6,6-tetramethyl-4-hydroxypiperidine- 1-oxyl, 4-methoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl, 4-ethoxy-2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl, 4-acetamido-2, 2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-N-oxyl, and the like.
- TEMPO having high reactivity is preferable.
- the amount of the N-oxyl compound used is not particularly limited, and may be an amount as a catalyst. Usually, it is about 0.01 to 5.0% by mass with respect to the solid content of wood-based natural cellulose to be oxidized.
- Examples of the oxidation method using the N-oxyl compound include a method in which wood-based natural cellulose is dispersed in water and oxidized in the presence of the N-oxyl compound. At this time, it is preferable to use a co-oxidant together with the N-oxyl compound.
- the N-oxyl compound is sequentially oxidized by a co-oxidant to produce an oxoammonium salt, and cellulose is oxidized by the oxoammonium salt.
- the oxidation reaction proceeds smoothly even under mild conditions, and the introduction efficiency of the carboxy group is improved.
- the oxidation treatment is performed under mild conditions, it is easy to maintain the crystal structure of cellulose.
- halogen, hypohalous acid, halous acid or perhalogen acid, or salts thereof, halogen oxide, nitrogen oxide, peroxide, etc. can be used to promote the oxidation reaction. Any oxidizing agent can be used if present. Sodium hypochlorite is preferred because of its availability and reactivity.
- the amount of the co-oxidant used is not particularly limited, and may be an amount that can promote the oxidation reaction. Usually, it is about 1 to 200% by mass relative to the solid content of wood-based natural cellulose to be oxidized.
- at least one compound selected from the group consisting of bromide and iodide may be further used in combination.
- the amount of the compound used is not particularly limited, and may be an amount that can promote the oxidation reaction. Usually, it is about 1 to 50% by mass relative to the solid content of wood-based natural cellulose to be oxidized.
- the reaction temperature of the oxidation reaction is preferably 4 ° C. or higher and 80 ° C. or lower, and more preferably 10 ° C. or higher and 70 ° C. or lower.
- the reaction temperature of the oxidation reaction is less than 4 ° C., the reactivity of the reagent tends to decrease and the reaction time tends to be long.
- the reaction temperature of the oxidation reaction exceeds 80 ° C., the side reaction is promoted to lower the molecular weight of the sample cellulose, and the highly crystalline rigidly refined cellulose 1 fiber structure collapses, stabilizing the O / W emulsion. It tends to be difficult to use as an agent.
- the reaction time for the oxidation treatment can be appropriately set in consideration of the reaction temperature, the desired amount of carboxy group, and the like, and is not particularly limited, but is usually about 10 minutes to 5 hours.
- the pH of the reaction system during the oxidation reaction is not particularly limited, but is preferably 9 to 11.
- the pH is 9 or more, the reaction can be efficiently carried out. If the pH exceeds 11, side reactions may proceed, and the decomposition of cellulose as a sample may be accelerated.
- the pH in the system decreases due to the formation of carboxy groups. Therefore, it is preferable to maintain the pH of the reaction system at 9 to 11 during the oxidation treatment.
- Examples of a method for maintaining the pH of the reaction system at 9 to 11 include a method of adding an alkaline aqueous solution in accordance with a decrease in pH.
- alkaline aqueous solution examples include sodium hydroxide aqueous solution, lithium hydroxide aqueous solution, potassium hydroxide aqueous solution, ammonia aqueous solution, tetramethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution, tetraethylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution, tetrabutylammonium hydroxide aqueous solution, and benzyltrimethylammonium hydroxide.
- An organic alkali such as an aqueous solution may be mentioned.
- a sodium hydroxide aqueous solution is preferable from the viewpoint of cost.
- the oxidation reaction with the N-oxyl compound can be stopped, for example, by adding alcohol to the reaction system.
- the pH of the reaction system is preferably maintained within the above range.
- a low molecular weight alcohol such as methanol, ethanol, propanol or the like is preferable in order to quickly terminate the reaction, and ethanol is particularly preferable from the viewpoint of safety of by-products generated by the reaction.
- the reaction solution after the oxidation treatment may be directly subjected to a refinement process, but in order to remove a catalyst such as an N-oxyl compound, impurities, etc., the oxidized cellulose contained in the reaction solution is recovered and washed with a washing solution. It is preferable.
- the collection of the oxidized cellulose can be carried out by a known method such as filtration using a glass filter or a nylon mesh having a pore diameter of 20 ⁇ m.
- As a cleaning liquid used for cleaning oxidized cellulose pure water is preferable.
- TEMPO oxidized cellulose nanofibers having a uniform fiber width of about 3 nm (hereinafter also referred to as TEMPO oxidized CNF, cellulose single nanofiber, and CSNF) are obtained.
- TEMPO oxidized CNF, cellulose single nanofiber, and CSNF TEMPO oxidized CNF, cellulose single nanofiber, and CSNF
- the CSNF used in the present embodiment can be obtained by the step of oxidizing the cellulose raw material and the step of refining it into a dispersion liquid.
- transduced into CSNF 0.1 mmol / g or more and 5.0 mmol / g or less are preferable, and 0.5 mmol / g or more and 2.0 mmol / g or less are more preferable.
- the amount of carboxy group is less than 0.1 mmol / g, the solvent invasion action due to the osmotic pressure effect does not work between the cellulose microfibrils, so that it tends to be difficult to make the cellulose finely dispersed uniformly.
- Step a2 is a step of preparing a polymerizable monomer mixed solution containing at least one type of polymerizable monomer and at least one type of functional component.
- the polymerizable monomer mixed solution is obtained by adding a functional component to a polymerizable monomer and mixing them.
- the type of polymerizable monomer that can be used in step a2 is a polymer monomer that has a polymerizable functional group in its structure, is liquid at room temperature, and is completely compatible with water. Without being particularly limited, a polymer (polymer) can be formed by a polymerization reaction.
- the polymerizable monomer has at least one polymerizable functional group.
- a polymerizable monomer having one polymerizable functional group is also referred to as a monofunctional monomer.
- a polymerizable monomer having two or more polymerizable functional groups is also referred to as a polyfunctional monomer.
- it does not specifically limit as a kind of polymeric monomer For example, the (meth) acrylic-type monomer which is a monomer which has a (meth) acryl group, the vinyl-type monomer which is a monomer which has a vinyl group etc. are mentioned.
- a polymerizable monomer having a cyclic ether structure such as an epoxy group or an oxetane structure (for example, ⁇ -caprolactone).
- the notation “(meth) acrylate” includes both “acrylate” and “methacrylate”.
- monofunctional (meth) acrylic monomers examples include 2-hydroxyethyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxypropyl (meth) acrylate, 2-hydroxybutyl (meth) acrylate, n-butyl (meth) acrylate, and isobutyl.
- bifunctional (meth) acrylic monomer examples include ethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, butanediol di (meth) acrylate, hexanediol di (meth) acrylate, and nonanediol di (meth) ) Acrylate, ethoxylated hexanediol di (meth) acrylate, propoxylated hexanediol di (meth) acrylate, diethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, polyethylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, tripropylene glycol di (meth) acrylate, polypropylene glycol di (Meth) acrylate, neopentyl glycol di (meth) acrylate, ethoxylated neopentyl glycol di (meth) acrylate, tripropylene glycol Distearate (meth) acrylate, di
- Examples of the tri- or more functional (meth) acrylic monomer include trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, ethoxylated trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, propoxylated trimethylolpropane tri (meth) acrylate, and tris 2-hydroxy.
- Trifunctional (meth) acrylate compounds pentaerythritol tetra (meth) acrylate, ditrimethylolpropane tetra (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol tet Trifunctional or more polyfunctional (meta) such as (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol penta (meth) acrylate, ditrimethylolpropane penta (meth) acrylate, dipentaerythritol hexa (meth) acrylate, ditrimethylolpropane hexa (meth) acrylate ) Acrylate compounds and polyfunctional (meth) acrylate compounds in which a part of these (meth) acrylates is substituted with an alkyl group or ⁇ -caprolactone.
- the monofunctional vinyl monomer for example, a liquid that is not compatible with water at room temperature, such as vinyl ether, vinyl ester, and aromatic vinyl, particularly styrene and styrene monomers, is preferable.
- examples of (meth) acrylate include methyl (meth) acrylate, ethyl (meth) acrylate, butyl (meth) acrylate, t-butyl (meth) acrylate, 2-ethylhexyl (meth) acrylate, Lauryl (meth) acrylate, alkyl (meth) acrylate, tridecyl (meth) acrylate, stearyl (meth) acrylate, cyclohexyl (meth) acrylate, benzyl (meth) acrylate, isobornyl (meth) acrylate, glycidyl (meth) acrylate, tetrahydrofur Furyl (meth)
- Monofunctional aromatic vinyl monomers include, for example, styrene, ⁇ -methylstyrene, o-methylstyrene, m-methylstyrene, p-methylstyrene, ethylstyrene, isopropenyltoluene, isobutyltoluene, tert-butylstyrene. Vinyl naphthalene, vinyl biphenyl, 1,1-diphenylethylene and the like.
- a polyfunctional vinyl-type monomer the polyfunctional group which has unsaturated bonds, such as divinylbenzene, is mentioned, for example. A liquid that is incompatible with water at room temperature is preferred.
- polyfunctional vinyl monomers include (1) divinyls such as divinylbenzene, 1,2,4-trivinylbenzene, 1,3,5-trivinylbenzene, and (2) ethylene glycol. Dimethacrylate, diethylene glycol dimethacrylate, triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, polyethylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,3-propylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butylene glycol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexamethylene glycol dimethacrylate, neopentyl glycol dimethacrylate Dimethacrylates such as methacrylate, dipropylene glycol dimethacrylate, polypropylene glycol dimethacrylate, 2,2-bis (4-methacryloxydiethoxyphenyl) propane, (3 Trimethacrylates such as trimethylolpropane trimethacrylate, triethylolethane trimethacrylate, (4) ethylene glycol diacrylate, diethylene glycol diethylene glycol di
- specific functional styrenic monomers include divinylbenzene, trivinylbenzene, divinyltoluene, divinylnaphthalene, divinylxylene, divinylbiphenyl, bis (vinylphenyl) methane, bis (vinylphenyl) ethane, and bis (vinyl). Phenyl) propane, bis (vinylphenyl) butane and the like.
- polyether resins polyester resins, polyurethane resins, epoxy resins, alkyd resins, spiroacetal resins, polybutadiene resins, polythiol polyene resins, etc. having at least one polymerizable functional group.
- the material is not particularly limited.
- the said polymerizable monomer may be used independently and may be used in combination of 2 or more type.
- the functional component is not particularly limited. For example, fungicides, fragrances, fertilizers (biological fertilizers, chemical fertilizers, organic fertilizers, etc.), pH adjusters, agricultural chemicals (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, etc.) ), Plant vital agents, plant life-extending agents, pest and animal repellents, soil penetrants, nutrient components (minerals, etc.), plant hormones, inorganic particles (titanium oxide, silica, clays, etc.), antibacterial substances, etc. .
- the functional component is preferably dissolved or dispersed in the aforementioned polymerizable monomer.
- the functional component By dispersing the functional component in the polymerizable monomer, it is easy to encapsulate the functional component in the droplet 5A inside the emulsion particle when the O / W type emulsion is formed in the a3 step described later, and the functional component is encapsulated.
- the composite particle 4 to be obtained can be obtained efficiently. Moreover, it is possible to increase the quantity of the functional component to include.
- the weight ratio of the polymerizable monomer and the functional component that can be used in the step a2 is not particularly limited, but it is preferable that the addition ratio is large as long as the composite particles 4 can stably maintain the shape.
- the functional component is preferably 0.001 part by weight or more and 80 parts by weight or less, more preferably 0.01 part by weight or more and 60 parts by weight or less, further preferably 0.01 part by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the polymerizable monomer. Part to 40 parts by weight.
- a polymerization initiator may be added to the polymerizable monomer.
- general polymerization initiators include radical initiators such as organic peroxides and azo polymerization initiators.
- the organic peroxide include peroxyketal, hydroperoxide, dialkyl peroxide, diacyl peroxide, peroxycarbonate, and peroxyester.
- the azo polymerization initiator include ADVN and AIBN.
- the polymerization initiator is contained in the droplet 5A inside the emulsion when an O / W emulsion is formed in step a3 described later.
- the weight ratio of the polymerizable monomer and the polymerization initiator that can be used in step a2 is not particularly limited, but it is usually preferable that the polymerization initiator is 0.1 part by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer. . If the polymerizable monomer is less than 0.1 parts by mass, the polymerization reaction does not proceed sufficiently and the yield of the composite particles 4 tends to decrease, such being undesirable.
- the polymerizable monomer mixture liquid may contain a solvent. Although it does not specifically limit, In order to stabilize the below-mentioned emulsion in a3 process, it is preferable to use an organic solvent.
- the organic solvent contained in the polymerizable monomer mixture include toluene, xylene, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, methyl ethyl ketone (MEK), methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), isophorone, cellosolve acetate, isophorone, sorbeso 100, trichlene, Hexane, chloroform, dichloromethane, dichloroethane, isooctane, nonane and the like can be used.
- the weight ratio of the polymerizable monomer and the solvent that can be used in the step a2 is not particularly limited, but the solvent is preferably 80 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymerizable monomer. In addition, when the solvent exceeds 80 parts by mass, the polymerization reaction does not proceed sufficiently and the yield of the composite particles 4 tends to decrease, such being undesirable.
- Step a3 In the step a3, at least a part of the surface of the droplet 5A composed of a polymerizable monomer mixed liquid containing a polymerizable monomer and a functional component in the dispersion of the fine cellulose 1 obtained in the step a1 is refined into the cellulose 1 And the droplet 5A is stabilized as an emulsion.
- the mixture obtained in step a2 is added to the dispersion of finely divided cellulose 1 obtained in step a1, dispersed as droplets 5A in the dispersion of finely divided cellulose 1, and the polymerizable monomer And at least a part of the surface of the droplet 5A containing the functional component is coated with the refined cellulose 1, and an O / W emulsion stabilized by the refined cellulose 1 is produced.
- a high pressure homogenizer an ultra high pressure homogenizer
- examples include mechanical processing such as ball mill, roll mill, cutter mill, planetary mill, jet mill, attritor, grinder, juicer mixer, homomixer, ultrasonic homogenizer, nanogenizer, underwater collision, paint shaker, and the like.
- a plurality of mechanical processes may be used in combination.
- a polymerizable monomer is added to the dispersion of fine cellulose 1 obtained in step a1 to form a mixed solvent, and the ultrasonic homogenizer is inserted into the mixed solvent for ultrasonic treatment.
- the processing conditions of the ultrasonic homogenizer are not particularly limited.
- the frequency is generally 20 kHz or higher, and the output is generally 10 W / cm 2 or higher.
- the processing time is not particularly limited, but is usually about 10 seconds to 1 hour.
- the droplets 5A containing the polymerizable monomer and the functional component are dispersed in the dispersion of the finely divided cellulose 1, and the emulsion progresses. Further, the dispersion of the droplets 5A and the finely divided cellulose 1 By selectively adsorbing the refined cellulose 1 on the liquid / liquid interface, the droplet 5A is coated with the refined cellulose 1 to form a stable structure as an O / W emulsion.
- an emulsion in which a solid substance is adsorbed and stabilized at the liquid / liquid interface is academically called a “Pickering emulsion”.
- the mechanism by which the pickering emulsion is formed by the refined cellulose 1 is not clear, but cellulose has a hydrophilic site derived from a hydroxyl group and a hydrophobic site derived from a hydrocarbon group in its molecular structure. Therefore, it is considered that it is adsorbed on the liquid / liquid interface between the hydrophobic monomer and the hydrophilic solvent due to the amphiphilicity.
- the O / W type emulsion structure can be confirmed, for example, by observation with an optical microscope.
- the particle size of the O / W emulsion is not particularly limited, but the average particle size is preferably 0.1 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less.
- the average particle diameter can be calculated, for example, by measuring the diameters of 100 emulsions at random and taking the average value.
- the thickness of the coating layer 2 (fine cellulose layer) formed on the surface layer of the droplet 5A is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- the particle size in the emulsion structure is approximately the same as the particle size of the composite particles 4 obtained in the a4 step.
- the thickness of the coating layer 2 can be measured using, for example, a cryo TEM.
- the weight ratio of the dispersion of finely divided cellulose 1 that can be used in step a3 and the polymerizable monomer mixture is not particularly limited, but the polymerizable monomer mixture is 1 mass per 100 parts by mass of finely divided cellulose 1. It is preferable that it is 50 parts by mass or more. If the polymerizable monomer is less than 1 part by mass, the yield of the composite particles 4 tends to decrease, which is not preferable. If it exceeds 50 parts by mass, it is difficult to uniformly coat the droplets 5A with the refined cellulose 1. This is not preferable.
- the step a4 comprises polymerizing the polymerizable monomer in the polymerizable monomer droplet 5A to form the core particle 3, thereby having the finely divided cellulose covering at least a part of the surface of the core particle, and the core particle And a step for obtaining sustained-release composite particles in which the finely divided cellulose is in an indivisible state.
- the method for polymerizing the polymerizable monomer is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected depending on the type of the polymerizable monomer used and the type of the polymerization initiator. Examples of the method for polymerizing the polymerizable monomer include suspension polymerization.
- the specific suspension polymerization method is also not particularly limited, and can be carried out using a known method. For example, it can be carried out by heating, with stirring, an O / W emulsion prepared in step a3 and containing droplets 5A containing a polymerization initiator, which are coated and stabilized by the refined cellulose 1.
- the stirring method is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used. Specifically, a disper or a stirring bar can be used. Further, only heat treatment may be performed without stirring.
- the temperature condition during heating can be appropriately set according to the type of polymerizable monomer and the type of polymerization initiator, but is preferably 20 degrees or more and 150 degrees or less.
- the polymerization reaction rate tends to decrease, which is not preferable, and if it exceeds 150 degrees, the refined cellulose 1 may be modified, which is not preferable.
- the time for the polymerization reaction can be appropriately set depending on the kind of the polymerizable monomer and the kind of the polymerization initiator, but is usually about 1 to 24 hours.
- the polymerization reaction may be carried out by ultraviolet irradiation treatment which is a kind of electromagnetic waves. In addition to electromagnetic waves, particle beams such as electron beams may be used.
- the state immediately after the completion of the polymerization reaction is a state where a large amount of water and free fine cellulose 1 that does not contribute to the formation of the coating layer 2 of the composite particles 4 are mixed in the dispersion of the composite particles 4. . Therefore, it is necessary to collect and purify the produced composite particles 4, and as a recovery and purification method, washing by centrifugation or filtration washing is preferable.
- washing method by centrifugation a known method can be used. Specifically, the operation of sedimenting the composite particles 4 by centrifugation to remove the supernatant and redispersing in a water / methanol mixed solvent is repeated. In addition, the composite solvent 4 can be recovered by removing the residual solvent from the sediment obtained by centrifugation.
- a known method can be used for filtration and washing, for example, repeated filtration with water and methanol using a PTFE membrane filter with a pore size of 0.1 ⁇ m, and finally the remaining solvent is further removed from the paste remaining on the membrane filter.
- the composite particles 4 can be recovered.
- the method for removing the residual solvent is not particularly limited, and for example, it can be performed by air drying or heat drying in an oven.
- the dry solid containing the composite particles 4 thus obtained does not become a film or an aggregate as described above, but is obtained as a fine powder.
- the 2nd manufacturing method of the composite particle 4 of this embodiment is demonstrated.
- the method for producing composite particles 4 according to this embodiment includes a step (b1 step) in which a cellulose raw material is defibrated in a solvent to obtain a dispersion of fine cellulose 1, and at least one type of polymer and at least one type of function.
- step b3 Covering at least a part of the surface of the polymer droplets 1 with the micronized cellulose 1 and stabilizing the polymer droplet 5B as an emulsion (step b3), removing the organic solvent in the polymer droplet 5B to solidify the polymer, and
- the core particle 3 containing the functional component By using the core particle 3 containing the functional component, the fine particle cellulose 1 covering at least a part of the surface of the core particle 3 is included, and the core particle 3 and the fine particle 3 are fine.
- Step b1 is a step in which a cellulose raw material is defibrated in a solvent to obtain a dispersion of refined cellulose 1.
- the step b1 is the same as the step a1.
- Step b2 At least one polymer and at least one functional component are added to an organic solvent capable of dissolving the polymer to prepare a dissolved polymer solution.
- the polymer is added to a solvent that is not completely compatible with water and can dissolve the polymer, and is mixed and dissolved.
- a functional component is added to the polymer solution and mixed to obtain a polymer solution.
- the polymer dissolved in the solvent in the step b2 is not particularly limited, and a known polymer can be used. Examples thereof include acrylic polymers, epoxy polymers, polyester polymers, amino polymers, silicone polymers, fluorine polymers, urethane / isocyanate polymers, and the like.
- the polymer dissolved in the solvent in step b2 is not particularly limited, but is preferably a biodegradable polymer.
- biodegradable refers to a polymer that decomposes and disappears in the global environment such as soil and seawater, and / or a polymer that decomposes and disappears in vivo.
- polymers are decomposed in soil and seawater by enzymes of microorganisms, whereas in vivo they are decomposed by physicochemical hydrolysis without the need for enzymes. Degradation of the polymer means that the polymer loses its form due to low molecular weight or water solubility.
- the decomposition of the polymer is not particularly limited, but occurs, for example, by hydrolysis of the main chain, side chain, and crosslinking point, and oxidative decomposition of the main chain.
- Biodegradable polymers include, for example, naturally derived natural polymers or synthetic polymers.
- natural polymers include polysaccharides produced by plants (cellulose, starch, alginic acid, etc.), polysaccharides produced by animals (chitin, chitosan, hyaluronic acid, etc.), proteins (collagen, gelatin, albumin, etc.), and microorganisms. And polyester (poly (3-hydroxyalkanoate)), polysaccharides (hyaluronic acid, etc.) and the like.
- the synthetic polymer include aliphatic polyester, polyol, polycarbonate, and the like.
- fatty acid polyesters include glycol / dicarboxylic acid polycondensation systems (polyethylene succinate, polybutylene succinate, etc.), polylactides (polyglycolic acid, polylactic acid, etc.), polylactones ( ⁇ -caprolactone, ⁇ -caprolactone, etc.) And others (polybutylene terephthalate, adipate, etc.).
- the polyol include polyvinyl alcohol.
- polycarbonate include polyester carbonate.
- biodegradable polymers include biodegradable synthetic polymers such as polyanhydrides, polycyanoacrylates, polyorthoesters, and polyphosphazenes.
- the functional component described above can be used as the functional component.
- the functional component is not particularly limited, but is preferably dissolved or dispersed in an organic solvent.
- the functional component is easily included in the droplet 5B inside the emulsion particle, and the functional component is included.
- the composite particle 4 to be obtained can be obtained efficiently.
- the amount of the functional component to be included can be increased, and the sustained release effect can be easily maintained.
- the weight ratio of the polymer and the functional component that can be used in the step b2 is not particularly limited, but it is preferable that the addition ratio is large as long as the composite particles 4 can stably maintain the shape.
- the functional component is preferably 0.001 parts by mass or more and 80 parts by mass or less, more preferably 0.01 parts by mass or more and 60 parts by mass or less, further preferably 0.01 parts by mass or more with respect to 100 parts by mass of the polymer. It is 40 parts by mass or less.
- the organic solvent is preferably a solvent that is incompatible with water and can form an emulsion in step b3.
- a solvent that is incompatible with water can form an emulsion in step b3.
- the weight ratio of the solvent and the polymer that can be used in step b2 is not particularly limited as long as the polymer can be dissolved.
- the polymer weight is preferably 0.005 parts by mass or more and 100 parts by mass or less, and more preferably 0.1 parts by mass or more and 80 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the solvent.
- the polymer content is less than 0.005 parts by mass, it is difficult to remove the organic solvent and solidify the polymer in step b4 to be described later, and the formation of the composite particles 4 tends to be difficult. is there.
- the polymer content exceeds 100 parts by mass, it tends to be difficult to dissolve the polymer.
- Step b3 a step of coating at least a part of the surface of the polymer droplet 5B containing at least the polymer solution in the dispersion of the refined cellulose 1 obtained in the step b1 with the refined cellulose 1 and stabilizing the polymer droplet 5B as an emulsion.
- the polymer solution obtained in step b2 is added to the dispersion of finely divided cellulose 1 obtained in step b1, and the polymer solution is further dispersed as polymer droplets 5B in the dispersion of finely divided cellulose 1.
- at least a part of the surface of the polymer droplet 5B is coated with the refined cellulose 1 to produce an O / W emulsion stabilized by the refined cellulose 1.
- step a2 the droplets 5B containing the polymer and the functional component are dispersed in the dispersion of the refined cellulose 1, and the emulsion progresses. Further, the liquid of the droplet 5B and the dispersion of the refined cellulose 1 By selectively adsorbing the refined cellulose 1 to the / liquid interface, the droplet 5B is coated with the refined cellulose 1 to form an O / W type pickering emulsion structure that is stable as an O / W type emulsion.
- the mechanism by which the pickering emulsion is formed by the refined cellulose 1 is not clear, but cellulose has a hydrophilic site derived from a hydroxyl group and a hydrophobic site derived from a hydrocarbon group in its molecular structure. Therefore, it is considered that it is adsorbed on the liquid / liquid interface between the hydrophobic monomer and the hydrophilic solvent due to the amphiphilicity.
- the O / W type emulsion structure can be confirmed, for example, by observation with an optical microscope.
- the average particle size of the O / W type emulsion is preferably 1 ⁇ m or more and 1000 ⁇ m or less.
- the thickness of the coating layer 2 (micronized cellulose layer) formed on the surface layer of the droplet 5B is not particularly limited, but is preferably 3 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- the weight ratio of the dispersion of finely divided cellulose 1 that can be used in step b3 and the polymer mixed solution is not particularly limited, but the polymer mixed solution is 1 part by mass or more and 50 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of finely divided cellulose 1.
- the polymer mixed solution is less than 1 part by mass, the yield of the composite particles 4 tends to decrease, which is not preferable. If the polymer mixture exceeds 50 parts by mass, it is difficult to uniformly coat the droplets 5B with the refined cellulose 1. This is not preferable.
- Step b4 Fine particles covering at least a part of the surface of the core particle 3 by removing the organic solvent in the polymer droplet 5B obtained in the step b3 and solidifying the polymer into the core particle 3 containing the polymer and the functional component.
- This is a step of obtaining sustained-release composite particles having a modified cellulose 1 in which the core particles 3, 3 and the refined cellulose 1 are inseparable.
- the solvent is evaporated and removed by heating or / and drying under reduced pressure. When the boiling point of the organic solvent to be removed is lower than that of water, the organic solvent can be selectively removed.
- the solvent can be efficiently removed by heating under reduced pressure.
- the heating temperature is preferably 20 ° C. or higher and 100 ° C. or lower, and the pressure is preferably 600 mmHg or higher and 750 mmHg or lower.
- spherical composite particles 4 in which the core particles 3 are coated with the refined cellulose 1 can be produced.
- the state immediately after the generation of the composite particles 4 is a state where a large amount of water and free fine cellulose 1 that does not contribute to the formation of the coating layer 2 of the composite particles 4 are mixed in the dispersion of the composite particles 4. Yes. Therefore, the composite particles 4 may be collected and purified by the same method as the manufacturing method a, and the residual solvent may be removed similarly to the manufacturing method a.
- the sustained-release composite particles 4 according to the present embodiment have functional components derived from ultraviolet rays, heat, oxygen, etc., due to the properties of the refined cellulose 1 (cellulose nanofibers) such as gas barrier properties, hydrophilicity, heat resistance, and high strength. It is a composite particle that protects and exhibits excellent long-term effects with excellent sustained release due to good dispersion stability.
- the excellent sustained release property is economical because the frequency of use of the functional component can be reduced, and the environmental load can be reduced.
- the manufacturing method of the sustained release composite particle 4 which encloses the raw material of a functional component efficiently by a simple method and reduces the contamination by disposal can be provided.
- sustained-release composite particles that are decomposed when used as agricultural chemicals or pharmaceuticals, are safe, and can suppress environmental pollution. It is possible to provide the sustained-release composite particles 4 having a new handling manner in which the characteristics of the fine cellulose 1 are maintained. Since the fine cellulose 1 covers the surface of the core particle 3 in a state inseparable from the core particle 3, the functional component contained in the core particle 3 is more slowly than the core particle 3 alone. It is assumed that the sustained release properties are improved.
- the sustained-release particles encapsulating a functional component in a gel-like substance have a wet surface, and when dirt or dust adheres to the surface, the particle surface dries out, so the usage environment is limited.
- the surface of the sustained-release composite particle 4 according to the present embodiment is in a dry state, it can be used in places where it is difficult to apply the sustained-release particle using a gel substance.
- the refined cellulose 1 is a fibrous cellulose composed of cellulose, which is a biodegradable polymer, when the biodegradable polymer is used for the polymer contained in the core particle 3, it can be used as an agrochemical or a pharmaceutical. It is possible to provide the sustained-release composite particles 4 that can be decomposed to be safe and can suppress environmental pollution.
- the concrete structure is not restricted to this embodiment, The design change etc. of the range which does not deviate from the summary of this invention are included.
- the constituent elements shown in the above-described embodiments can be combined as appropriate.
- the core particle 3 may contain other components in addition to the polymer and the functional component.
- the coating layer 2 may contain components other than the refined cellulose 1 to adjust the sustained release property, and a functional material may be added.
- a functional material other than cellulose may be imparted to the refined cellulose 1 of the coating layer 2 on the surface.
- a functional material other than the cellulose provided to the surface of the composite particle 4 for example, a magnetic body, a pharmaceutical, an agricultural chemical, a fragrance, an adhesive, an enzyme, a pigment, a dye, a deodorant, a metal, a metal Functional materials such as oxides and inorganic oxides can be added.
- the composite particles 4 imparted with functionality to the coating layer 2 can be produced using the functionalized micronized cellulose obtained by previously imparting a functional material to the micronized cellulose 1.
- a functional material may be applied to the coating layer 2 after the composite particles 4 are manufactured.
- the composite particles 4 imparted with functionality to the coating layer 2 can be produced, for example, by the following method.
- the polymerizable monomer droplet 5A is polymerized in a state where at least a part of the surface of the monomer droplet 5A is covered with the finely divided cellulose 1 to form the core particle 3 containing the polymer and the functional component with the finely divided cellulose 1.
- the surface of the composite particles 4 is reduced. Also applying a functional material other than cellulose in a part of the fine cellulose 1, it can be produced by further comprising.
- the composite particles 4 imparted with functionality to the coating layer 2 can be produced by the following method.
- a step of defibrating cellulose raw material in a solvent to obtain a dispersion of fine cellulose 1 and a fine cellulose composite in which a functional material other than cellulose is combined with fine cellulose 1 in the dispersion of fine cellulose 1 A step of preparing a body, a step of preparing a polymerizable monomer mixture containing at least one type of polymerizable monomer and at least one type of functional component, and polymerization in a dispersion of a fine cellulose composite
- the polymerizable monomer is polymerized to obtain the core particle 3 containing the functional component and the polymer in the refined cellulose composite.
- the functional material is particularly preferably a fine particle containing a metal.
- Metals are known to absorb and scatter light of a specific wavelength by localized surface plasmon resonance (hereinafter also referred to as LSPR), for example, when the average particle size is reduced to the submicron order (1 ⁇ m or less).
- LSPR localized surface plasmon resonance
- the shape of the metal fine particles is not particularly limited, but may be, for example, a flat plate shape or a rod shape.
- the localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength can be widely controlled in the visible to near infrared region by making the shape of the metal fine particles flat.
- the metal fine particles when the metal fine particles are completely removed, the metal particles form strong aggregates or fuse with each other, which makes it difficult to redisperse the nanoparticles at the primary particle level.
- the localized surface plasmon resonance effect cannot be used after dispersion.
- the metal fine particles are supported and fixed on the surface of the composite particle, and since the composite particle 4 itself is highly dispersible due to the fine cellulose 1 on the surface of the composite particle 4. It is easy to disperse and can be handled as a dry powder that can utilize the localized surface plasmon effect.
- the composition of the metal fine particles preferably includes, for example, one or more metals selected from gold, silver, platinum, and palladium or a compound thereof, but is not particularly limited thereto.
- the stability of the silver fine particles may be improved by coating the surrounding silver fine particles with a metal noble than silver or a metal oxide such as silica.
- the “tabular shape” is a plate-like particle having a substantially flat plate shape, and an average aspect ratio (average particle diameter / average particle thickness) obtained by dividing the average particle diameter of the main plane by the average particle thickness. Means a particle having a value of 2.0 or more.
- the shape of the main plane is not particularly limited.
- the particle diameter (circle equivalent particle diameter) is calculated as a circle equal to the area of the main plane.
- the average particle diameter and average thickness are obtained, for example, by measuring 100 particles with an electron microscope and calculating the average value.
- the average particle size of the flat metal fine particles is preferably 20 nm or more and 1000 nm or less.
- the average particle thickness of the flat metal fine particles is preferably 5 nm to 100 nm, and more preferably 8 nm to 50 nm.
- the average aspect ratio (average particle diameter / average particle thickness) is preferably 2.0 or more, and more preferably 2.0 or more and 200 or less.
- Step a1 Step of obtaining a finely divided cellulose dispersion (TEMPO oxidation of wood cellulose) 70 g of softwood kraft pulp was suspended in 3500 g of distilled water, and a solution of 0.7 g of TEMPO and 7 g of sodium bromide dissolved in 350 g of distilled water was added and cooled to 20 ° C. 450 g of sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution having a concentration of 2 mol / L and a density of 1.15 g / mL was added dropwise thereto to initiate an oxidation reaction.
- TEMPO oxidation of wood cellulose 70 g of softwood kraft pulp was suspended in 3500 g of distilled water, and a solution of 0.7 g of TEMPO and 7 g of sodium bromide dissolved in 350 g of distilled water was added and cooled to 20 ° C.
- the temperature in the system was always kept at 40 ° C., and the decrease in pH during the reaction was kept at pH 10 by adding a 0.5N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
- a 0.5N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution When the total amount of sodium hydroxide added reached 3.50 mmol / g based on the weight of cellulose, about 100 mL of ethanol was added to stop the reaction. Then, filtration washing with distilled water was repeated using a glass filter to obtain oxidized pulp (oxidized cellulose).
- Oxidized pulp and re-oxidized pulp obtained by the TEMPO oxidation were weighed in 0.1 g in terms of solid content, dispersed in water at a concentration of 1%, and hydrochloric acid was added to adjust the pH to 2.5. Thereafter, the amount of carboxy groups (mmol / g) was determined by conductivity titration using a 0.5 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The result was 1.6 mmol / g.
- the amount of carboxy group was calculated by the following method. 0.2 g of dry weight equivalent of oxidized cellulose was taken in a beaker, and 80 mL of ion exchange water was added. Thereto was added 5 mL of a 0.01 mol / L sodium chloride aqueous solution, and 0.1 mol / L hydrochloric acid was added while stirring to adjust the whole to pH 2.8.
- the crystallinity of TEMPO oxidized cellulose was calculated.
- a sample horizontal multipurpose X-ray diffractometer (trade name: Ultimate III, manufactured by Rigaku) was used, and X-ray output was (40 kv, 40 mA) under the condition of 5 ° ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ 35 °.
- the line diffraction pattern was measured. Since the obtained X-ray diffraction pattern is derived from the cellulose I-type crystal structure, the crystallinity of TEMPO-oxidized cellulose was calculated by the following method using the following formula (1).
- Crystallinity (%) [(I22.6 ⁇ I18.5) /I22.6] ⁇ 100 (1)
- the number average axial diameter of the major axis of the refined cellulose 1 was calculated using an atomic force microscope. First, after diluting the refined cellulose aqueous dispersion to 0.001%, it was cast on a mica plate by 20 ⁇ L and air-dried. After drying, the shape of the refined cellulose 1 was observed in the DFM mode using an atomic force microscope (trade name: AFM5400L, manufactured by Hitachi High-Technologies Corporation). The number average axial diameter of the major axes of the micronized cellulose 1 was determined by measuring the major axis diameter (maximum diameter) of 100 fibers from an image observed with an atomic force microscope, and obtaining the average value.
- the finely divided cellulose aqueous dispersion showed high transparency.
- the number average minor axis diameter of refined cellulose 1 (TEMPO oxidized CNF) contained in the refined cellulose aqueous dispersion was 3 nm, and the number average major axis diameter was 418 nm.
- the result of having performed steady-state viscoelasticity measurement using the rheometer is shown in FIG.
- the finely divided cellulose aqueous dispersion showed thixotropic properties.
- Step a2 Step of preparing a polymerizable monomer mixture
- ADVN 2,2-azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile
- DVB divinylbenzene
- Step a3 Step of producing an O / W type emulsion
- the polymerizable monomer mixture and the refined cellulose dispersion were each highly transparent. Separated into two phases. Next, an ultrasonic homogenizer shaft was inserted from the liquid surface of the upper phase in the two-phase separated mixed liquid, and ultrasonic homogenizer treatment was performed for 3 minutes under the conditions of a frequency of 24 kHz and an output of 400 W. The appearance of the mixed solution after the ultrasonic homogenizer treatment was like a cloudy emulsion.
- a drop of the mixture was dropped on a slide glass, sealed with a cover glass, and observed with an optical microscope.
- the dispersion stabilized as an O / W emulsion. was confirmed.
- Step a4 Step of obtaining composite particles 4
- the O / W emulsion dispersion was used in a 70 ° C. hot water bath using a water bath and treated for 8 hours while stirring with a stirrer to carry out a polymerization reaction. After the treatment for 8 hours, the dispersion was cooled to room temperature. There was no change in the appearance of the dispersion before and after the polymerization reaction.
- the obtained dispersion was treated with a centrifugal force of 75,000 g (g is gravitational acceleration) for 5 minutes to obtain a sediment.
- the supernatant was removed by decantation, and the precipitate was collected, and further washed repeatedly with pure water and methanol using a PTFE membrane filter having a pore size of 0.1 ⁇ m.
- the purified / recovered material thus obtained was redispersed at a concentration of 1%, and the particle size was evaluated using a particle size distribution meter (NANOTRAC UPA-EX150, Nikkiso Co., Ltd.). The average particle size was 2.1 ⁇ m.
- the purified / recovered material was air-dried and further subjected to vacuum drying treatment at room temperature of 25 ° C. for 24 hours to obtain a fine dry powder (composite particles 4).
- FIGS. 6 Shape observation with a scanning electron microscope
- FIGS. 7A and 7B it was confirmed that the surface was uniformly coated with the refined cellulose 1 having a width of several nm.
- the composite particle 4 of the present embodiment since the surface of the composite particle 4 is uniformly and uniformly coated with the refined cellulose 1 in spite of repeated cleaning by filtration cleaning, in the composite particle 4 of the present embodiment, the monomer inside the composite particle 4 and It was shown that the refined cellulose 1 is bonded and in an indivisible state.
- Example 1-1 was carried out under the same conditions as Example 1-1, except that diethylene glycol diacrylate (trade name FA-222A, Hitachi Chemical, hereinafter also referred to as FA-222A) was used instead of DVB in Example 1-1.
- a composite particle 4 according to Example 1-2 was produced.
- Example 1-1 was used except that hexanediol diacrylate (trade name A-HD-N, Shin-Nakamura Chemical Co., Ltd., hereinafter also referred to as A-HD-N) was used instead of DVB in Example 1-1.
- the composite particles 4 according to Example 1-3 were produced under the same conditions as those described above.
- Example 1-4 Instead of TEMPO oxidation in Example 1-1, a CCM CNF dispersion obtained by carrying out carboxymethylation (hereinafter also referred to as CM conversion) treatment according to Patent Document 4 cited as the prior art document was used. Except for the above, composite particles 4 according to Example 1-4 were produced under the same conditions as in Example 1-1.
- Step b1 step of obtaining a refined cellulose dispersion
- Step b2 step of preparing a polymer solution
- 10 g of polylactic acid (PLA) was dissolved in 100 g of dichloroethane, and 2 g of fenitrothion (Sumithion, MEP) was added and mixed to prepare a polymer solution.
- Step b3 step of producing an O / W type emulsion
- the polymer solution and the refined cellulose dispersion were each in two phases with high transparency. separated.
- an ultrasonic homogenizer treatment was performed in the same manner as in the step a3 of Example 1-1 using an ultrasonic homogenizer from the upper surface of the mixed liquid in the two-phase separated state.
- An infinite number of emulsion droplets of about 1 to several ⁇ m were generated with an optical microscope, and it was confirmed that the dispersion was stabilized as an O / W emulsion.
- Step b4 step of obtaining composite particles 4
- the O / W emulsion liquid obtained in step b3 was dried under reduced pressure at 40 ° C. for 3 hours under a reduced pressure of 700 mmHg to completely volatilize dichloroethane. There was no change in the appearance of the dispersion before and after volatilization of dichloroethane.
- the obtained dispersion was separated and purified under the same conditions as in Example 1-1.
- the average particle diameter of the obtained composite particles 4 was 2.8 ⁇ m.
- Example 1-7 In Example 1-6, micronized cellulose 1 was prepared under the same conditions as in Step b1, and in Step b2, 10 g of poly- ⁇ -caprolactone (PCL, manufactured by Wako Pure Chemical Industries) was dissolved in 200 g of ethyl acetate. 2 g of fenitrothion (Sumithion, MEP, manufactured by Sumitomo Chemical Co., Ltd.) was added and mixed to prepare a polymer solution. Next, after preparing an O / W type emulsion solution under the same conditions as in step b3, the O / W type emulsion solution was dried under reduced pressure at 40 ° C. for 5 hours under a reduced pressure condition of 700 mgHg in step b4. Volatilized completely. Otherwise, the composite particle 4 according to Example 1-7 was obtained under the same conditions as in Example 1-6.
- PCL poly- ⁇ -caprolactone
- Example 1-8> A composite particle 4 according to Example 1-8 was produced under the same conditions as in Example 1-1 except that fertilizer (isobutyraldehyde condensed urea, IB) was used in Example 1-1.
- Example 1-9> A composite particle 4 according to Example 1-9 was produced under the same conditions as in Example 1-1 except that fertilizer (isobutyraldehyde condensed urea, IB) was used in Example 1-6.
- Example 1-10> The same as in Example 1-1 except that 5,6-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (DCOIT), a fungicide, was used as the functional component in Example 1-1. Under the conditions, composite particle 4 according to Example 1-10 was produced. ⁇ Example 1-11> A composite particle 4 according to Example 1-11 was produced under the same conditions as in Example 1-1 except that DCOIT was used in Example 1-6.
- DCOIT 5,6-dichloro-2-n-octyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one
- Example 1-1 Production of composite particles according to Comparative Example 1-1 was attempted under the same conditions as in Example 1-1 except that pure water was used instead of the TEMPO oxidized CNF dispersion.
- Example 1-2> In Example 1-1, except that an aqueous carboxymethyl cellulose (hereinafter also referred to as CMC) solution was used instead of the TEMPO-oxidized CNF dispersion, the same conditions as in Example 1-1 were used. An attempt was made to make composite particles.
- CMC carboxymethyl cellulose
- Example 1-8 except that a carboxymethylcellulose (hereinafter also referred to as CMC) aqueous solution was used instead of the TEMPO-oxidized CNF dispersion, the conditions of Comparative Example 1-3 were the same as in Example 1-8. An attempt was made to make composite particles.
- ⁇ Comparative Example 1-4> In Example 1-6, in the step b1, 8 parts by mass of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and 0.5 parts by mass of polyglyceryl laurate-10 (PGLE ML10) were dissolved in 500 g of pure water instead of the fine cellulose dispersion.
- PVA polyvinyl alcohol
- PGLE ML10 polyglyceryl laurate-10
- An O / W emulsion solution was prepared using an aqueous solution under the same conditions as in Example 1-6 in Steps b2 and b3.
- the obtained O / W emulsion liquid was spray-dried at a drying temperature of 100 ° C. using a spray dryer apparatus to produce particles according to Comparative Example 1-4.
- Comparative Example 1-5> particles according to Comparative Example 1-4 were produced under the same conditions as in Comparative Example 1-4 except that IB was used instead of MEP as the functional component.
- Comparative Example 1-6> particles according to Comparative Example 1-6 were produced under the same conditions as in Comparative Example 1-4 except that DCOIT was used instead of MEP as the functional component.
- Comparative Example 1-7> an attempt was made to produce particles according to Comparative Example 1-7 under the same conditions as in Comparative Example 1-4 except that polyglyceryl-10 laurate (PGLE ML10) was not added.
- PGLE ML10 polyglyceryl-10 laurate
- ⁇ Evaluation method> Evaluation of composite particle formation
- Whether or not composite particles can be formed was determined by observing the shape with a scanning electron microscope. The obtained dry powder was observed with a scanning electron microscope. Whether or not the composite particles 4 can be formed was determined according to the following criteria. ⁇ : Spherical particles were obtained, and the surface was covered with fine cellulose. ⁇ : Spherical particles were obtained, but the surface was not coated with fine cellulose. X: The particles were not obtained.
- the dry powder of the composite particles 4 was added to pure water at a concentration of 1% and redispersed with a stirrer. After standing at 25 degrees for 2 weeks, it was confirmed by visual observation that there was aggregation.
- the dispersion stability was determined according to the following criteria. A: Aggregates were not confirmed visually. X: Aggregate was confirmed visually.
- the initial content was measured by grinding the composite particles 4 with a mortar and then dissolving the functional component in a solvent.
- the sustained release property was determined according to the following criteria. A: The elution rate is less than 50% at 100 hours from the start of sustained release. X: The elution rate is 50% or more at 100 hours from the start of sustained release.
- the insecticidal effect on the beetle larvae was evaluated.
- the composite particles 4 were mixed with the soil so as to be 0.1 g / m 2 and 10 scarab beetles were released after 40 days, and the mortality after 7 days was confirmed.
- the insecticidal effect was determined according to the following criteria. A: The mortality rate was 90% or more.
- X The mortality rate was less than 90%.
- the fertilization effect of the composite particles 4 on turf was evaluated.
- the composite particles 4 were fertilized at a rate of 25 g / m 2 on Korai turf.
- the growth of the above-ground part of the plant body 40 days after fertilization was observed.
- the fertilization effect characteristic was determined on the following criteria. ⁇ : The turf leaves are hard and the leaf color is good.
- UV resistance test In the ultraviolet (UV) resistance test, the obtained particles were added to a PVA solution so as to be 0.1 part by mass, stirred for 1 hour with a stirrer, and then applied to an aluminum plate with a thickness of 10 ⁇ m using an applicator. And air-dried overnight to prepare a coating film.
- the coating film was irradiated with UV at 30 ⁇ W / cm 2 with black light, and the DCOIT residual rate after 2 weeks was measured.
- the ultraviolet resistance was determined according to the following criteria. A: The residual rate after 2 weeks was 20% or more. X: The residual rate after 2 weeks was less than 20%.
- the biodegradability was evaluated based on the JIS standard “JIS K6950: 2000 Plastic-Determination of aerobic ultimate biodegradation in aqueous medium-Method by measuring oxygen consumption using a closed respirometer”.
- the composite particles 4 and activated sludge are added to an inorganic salt medium so as to be 100 mg / L and 30 mg / L, respectively, the consumption of oxygen is measured, and the oxygen consumption biochemical oxygen demand (BOD; Calculate the mass concentration of dissolved oxygen consumed by aerobic biooxidation in water under specific conditions.
- BOD oxygen consumption biochemical oxygen demand
- the amount of oxygen (theoretical oxygen demand, ThOD) required for converting all of the composite particles 4 excluding the functional component to water and carbon dioxide was calculated from the polymer composition formula.
- Table 2 shows examples and comparative examples using agricultural chemical MEP as a functional component
- Table 3 shows examples and comparative examples using fertilizer IB as a functional component
- Table 4 uses a fungicide DCOIT as a functional component. Examples and comparative examples were shown.
- Comparative Example 1-1 it was impossible to perform step a2. Specifically, even when the ultrasonic homogenizer treatment was performed, the monomer phase and the finely divided cellulose dispersion liquid phase remained in a two-phase separated state, and it was impossible to produce an O / W type emulsion itself. Also in Comparative Example 1-7, the execution of step b2 was impossible. Specifically, even when the ultrasonic homogenizer treatment was carried out, the polymer phase and the finely divided cellulose dispersion liquid phase remained in two-phase separation, and it was impossible to produce an O / W emulsion itself. Further, in Comparative Examples 1-2 to 1-3, it was possible to form an O / W emulsion in the step a2.
- the dissolution rate was less than 50%, and the encapsulated functional component IB was retained in the composite particles 4 for a long period of time, and it was confirmed to have excellent sustained release properties.
- the particles whose surface was not coated with the refined cellulose 1 of Comparative Example 1-5 did not have sufficient sustained release properties. From this, it was suggested that the composite particles 4 exhibit excellent sustained release properties when the surface is coated with the refined cellulose 1.
- the dissolution rate was less than 50%, and the encapsulated functional component DCOIT was retained in the composite particles 4 for a long period of time, and it was confirmed to have excellent sustained release properties.
- the particles whose surface was not coated with the refined cellulose 1 of Comparative Example 1-6 did not have sufficient sustained release properties. From this, it was suggested that the composite particles 4 exhibit excellent sustained release properties when the surface is coated with the refined cellulose 1.
- Example 1-8 As a result of the plant growth evaluation in Example 1-8 in which the functional component to be included was IB, the plant showed a high fertilization effect even after 40 days from fertilization, and the growth state of the plant was good. On the other hand, in Comparative Example 1-5, the fertilization effect after 40 days was not sufficient. From this, it is considered that the encapsulated functional component was protected by the effect of the coating of the finely divided cellulose 1 and also exhibited excellent fertilizing properties even after 40 days because of the sustained release.
- the residual rate after UV exposure of the functional component DCOIT encapsulated in the composite particles 4 of Example 1-10 and Example 1-11 the residual rate was 20% or more, and the encapsulated functional component was It was confirmed that DCOIT was retained in the composite particle 4 without being decomposed and had excellent UV resistance.
- the particles whose surface was not coated with the refined cellulose 1 of Comparative Example 1-6 did not have sufficient UV resistance. From this, it was suggested that the composite particles 4 exhibit excellent UV resistance when the surface is coated with the refined cellulose 1.
- the sustained-release composite particles described in the first embodiment have excellent sustained-release properties due to good dispersion stability, and exhibit long-term effects. Therefore, you may use the above-mentioned sustained release composite particle for the interior material of a building, furniture, etc., for example. This point will be specifically described below.
- Some building interior materials and furniture are manufactured using formaldehyde-containing adhesives and binders, and some products contain formaldehyde. From such a product, formaldehyde is released, and thus the emitted formaldehyde stays indoors, causing a health hazard to humans and animals. Therefore, development of a remover that removes formaldehyde is underway.
- a removing agent for example, one using a formaldehyde reactant capable of reacting with formaldehyde to convert formaldehyde into another compound is known. It is said that formaldehyde can be removed by treating the target product with such a remover.
- a formaldehyde reaction agent a hydrazide compound (refer to patent documents 8) etc. are known.
- the active ingredient is encapsulated in a microcapsule formed of a film-forming component in order to maintain the effect for a long period of time without greatly increasing the amount used.
- a technique of microencapsulation may be employed. As the active ingredient is encapsulated inside the microcapsule, it will be gradually released to the outside of the microcapsule over time (indicating sustained release), so that the effect of the active ingredient will last for a long time Become.
- Such microcapsule technology has been actively studied especially in the fields of medicine, agricultural chemicals and the like.
- Formaldehyde reactants are also encapsulated in microcapsules, and microcapsules encapsulating formaldehyde reagents have been proposed as the removal effect of formaldehyde can be sustained over a long period of time (Patent Literature). 9).
- the conventional removal agent using a formaldehyde reactant as disclosed in Patent Document 8 is insufficient in terms of long-term sustainability in which the removal effect of formaldehyde is sustained over a long period of time, As a result, there was a problem that the amount of formaldehyde reactant used was increased.
- the microcapsules encapsulating the formaldehyde reagent as disclosed in Patent Document 9 can maintain the sustained release property of the formaldehyde reagent for a long time in a liquid environment, but the formaldehyde reaction of the microcapsule encapsulated in a dry state It is considered difficult to maintain sustained release of the drug.
- the composite particle 4 containing the refined cellulose 1 and the core particle 3 according to the second embodiment of the present invention is obtained by polymerizing an O / W-type pickering emulsion using the refined cellulose 1 and a polymerizable monomer inside the emulsion. It is the composite particle obtained.
- the composite particle 4 includes at least one kind of core particle 3, and has a coating layer 2 composed of the refined cellulose 1 on the surface of the core particle 3, and the core particle 3 and the refined cellulose 1 are bonded to each other. It is a composite particle in an indivisible state.
- the composite particle 4 has at least one kind of core particle 3 containing a formaldehyde reactant, and fine cellulose 1 covering at least a part of the surface of the core particle 3, and contained the formaldehyde reactant.
- the core particle 3 and the refined cellulose 1 are in an indivisible state.
- the composite particles 4 according to this embodiment can be formed in the same manner as the composite particles 4 according to the first embodiment.
- the fine cellulose 1 is adsorbed on the interface of the polymerizable monomer droplets 5A dispersed in the dispersion 6, thereby stabilizing the O / W type Pickering emulsion and maintaining the stabilized state.
- the composite particles 4 using the emulsion as a template are produced by polymerizing the monomer inside the emulsion as it is.
- Other configurations are the same as those in the first embodiment. Therefore, the description is omitted here.
- the manufacturing method of the composite particle 4 which concerns on this embodiment is a process (c1 process) which disentangles a cellulose raw material in a solvent, and obtains the dispersion liquid of the refined cellulose 1, and dispersion
- the manufacturing method c of the composite particle 4 which concerns on this embodiment is substantially the same as the manufacturing method a of the composite particle 4 which concerns on 1st Embodiment mentioned above.
- Step c1 The c1 step according to the present embodiment is the same as the a1 step according to the first embodiment described above. Therefore, the description is omitted here.
- Step c2 At least a part of the surface of the polymerizable monomer droplet 5A mixed with the formaldehyde reactant in the dispersion of the refined cellulose 1 is coated with the refined cellulose 1, and the polymerizable monomer droplet 5A is emulsified. It is the process of stabilizing as. Specifically, a polymerizable monomer obtained by mixing a formaldehyde reagent is added to the fine cellulose dispersion obtained in step c1, and the polymerizable monomer is further dispersed as droplets in the fine cellulose dispersion, followed by polymerization.
- the method for producing the O / W emulsion according to this embodiment is the same as the method for producing the O / W emulsion according to the first embodiment described above. Therefore, the description is omitted here.
- the O / W type emulsion structure can be confirmed, for example, by observation with an optical microscope.
- the particle size of the O / W type emulsion is not particularly limited, but is usually about 0.1 ⁇ m to 1000 ⁇ m.
- the thickness of the fine cellulose layer (coating layer) 2 formed on the surface layer of the polymerizable monomer droplet 5A is not particularly limited, but is usually about 3 nm to 1000 nm.
- the thickness of the fine cellulose layer (coating layer) 2 can be measured using, for example, a cryo TEM.
- the kind of polymerizable monomer which can be used at c2 process is the same as the kind of polymerizable monomer which can be used at a2 process which concerns on 1st Embodiment mentioned above. Therefore, the description is omitted here.
- the formaldehyde reactant is reactive with formaldehyde and does not have at least one of an amino group and an amino group salt-forming group.
- “having reactivity with formaldehyde” means having the ability to react with formaldehyde to convert formaldehyde into another compound. That is, the aforementioned formaldehyde reactant includes a group having reactivity with formaldehyde.
- Formaldehyde is removed in the form of conversion into another compound by the reaction with the formaldehyde reactant by the composite particles 4 including the refined cellulose 1 and the formaldehyde reactant-containing core particles 3 of the present embodiment.
- the formaldehyde reactant is preferably an organic compound, and as such a formaldehyde reactant, for example, a group represented by the formula “—NH—” (hereinafter abbreviated as ““ —NH— ”group”). And a group represented by the formula “—NH—” that forms a salt (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “—NH—” salt-forming group ”).
- —NH— a group represented by the formula “—NH—” that forms a salt
- the compound which has 1 type, or 2 or more types is mentioned.
- the “—NH—” group exhibits reactivity with formaldehyde, and the “—NH—” salt-forming group itself or the “—NH—” group becomes this “—NH—” group.
- the group is presumed to be reactive with formaldehyde.
- a group represented by the formula “—C ( ⁇ O) —NH—” (an amide bond, hereinafter abbreviated as ““ —C ( ⁇ O) —NH— ”group”).
- a group represented by the formula “—NH—C ( ⁇ O) —NH—” (hereinafter referred to as “the group“ —NH—C ( ⁇ O) —NH— ”). ), A group in which the group represented by the formula “—C ( ⁇ O) —NH—” forms a salt (hereinafter abbreviated as ““ —C ( ⁇ O) —NH— ”salt-forming group”).
- a group represented by the formula “—NH—C ( ⁇ O) —NH—” forming a salt (hereinafter, ““ —NH—C ( ⁇ O) —NH— ”).
- a group represented by the formula “—HN—N (—) — NH—” form a salt.
- N—NH— ”salt-forming group Having one or more selected from the group consisting of the following groups (hereinafter sometimes abbreviated as “—HN—N (—) — NH—” salt-forming group ”): Can be mentioned.
- —HN—N (—) — NH— group refers to one nitrogen atom, two “—NH—” group nitrogen atoms, and another group, Means a single bond.
- the number of “—NH—” salt forming groups may be one. It may be two or more.
- Preferable formaldehyde reagents having a cyclic structure include, for example, one or more selected from the group consisting of “—NH—” group and “—NH—” salt-forming group, And the “—C ( ⁇ O) —NH—” group, “—NH—C ( ⁇ O) —NH—” group, “—C ( ⁇ O) —NH—” salt, and the like.
- Forming group “—NH—C ( ⁇ O) —NH—” salt forming group, “ ⁇ N—NH—” group, “—HN—N (—) — NH—” group, “ ⁇ N—NH—”
- a formaldehyde reagent in which one or more selected from the group consisting of a salt-forming group and a “—HN—N (—) — NH—” salt-forming group forms a ring skeleton having a cyclic structure is more preferable. .
- the number of ring members of the ring skeleton is preferably 5 to 7, more preferably when it is monocyclic. Is 5 or 6, and when it is polycyclic, it is preferably 8 to 10.
- Particularly preferred formaldehyde reagents include, for example, hydantoin and its salt, 2-imidazolidinone and its salt, 5-pyrazolone and its salt, 3-pyrazolone and its salt, 1,2,4-triazol-3-one and Salt thereof, phthalimide and salt thereof, glycoluril and salt thereof, pyrazole and salt thereof, 1,2,3-triazole and salt thereof, 1,2,4-triazole and salt thereof, and 1,2,3-benzotriazole And salts thereof.
- hydantoin, 2-imidazolidinone, 5-pyrazolone, 3-pyrazolone, 1,2,4-triazol-3-one, phthalimide, glycoluril, pyrazole, 1,2,3-triazole, 1,2 , 4-triazole and 1,2,3-benzotriazole may each have a substituent.
- Hydantoin, 2-imidazolidinone, 5-pyrazolone, 3-pyrazolone, 1,2,4-triazol-3-one, pyrazole, 1,2,3-triazole and 1,2,4-triazole are all cyclic It is a compound with 5 members.
- Both phthalimide and 1,2,3-benzotriazole are compounds having 9 ring members.
- Glycoluril is a compound having 8 ring members.
- the compounds shown here are only examples of formaldehyde reagents.
- the weight ratio of the polymerizable monomer obtained by mixing the finely divided cellulose fiber dispersion and the formaldehyde reactant that can be used in the c2 step It is preferable that it is 1 to 50 mass parts. If the polymerizable monomer is less than 1 part by mass, the yield of the composite particles 4 tends to decrease, which is not preferable. If it exceeds 50 parts by mass, it is difficult to uniformly coat the polymerizable monomer droplet 5A with the fine cellulose 1. This is not preferable. Further, in the c2 step according to the present embodiment, a polymerization initiator may be included in advance in the polymerizable monomer, similarly to the a2 step according to the first embodiment described above.
- polymerization initiator etc. which can be added in c2 process which concerns on this embodiment are the same as the polymerization initiator etc. which were demonstrated at the a2 process concerning 1st Embodiment. Therefore, the description is omitted here.
- Step c3 is a process of polymerizing the polymerizable monomer droplet 5A to form the core particle 3 in a state where at least a part of the surface of the polymerizable monomer droplet 5A is covered with the refined cellulose 1, thereby forming the refined cellulose.
- 1 is a step of obtaining composite particles 4 in which at least a part of the surface of the core particles 3 is coated and the core particles 3 and the refined cellulose 1 are inseparable.
- the method for polymerizing the polymerizable monomer is not particularly limited, and can be appropriately selected depending on the type of the polymerizable monomer and the type of the polymerization initiator, and examples thereof include a suspension polymerization method.
- the specific suspension polymerization method is also not particularly limited, and can be carried out using a known method. For example, it can be carried out by heating the O / W emulsion prepared in step c2 and containing a polymerization monomer droplet 5A containing a polymerization initiator, which is coated and stabilized with the fine cellulose 1, while stirring.
- the stirring method is not particularly limited, and a known method can be used. Specifically, a disper or a stirring bar can be used. Further, only heat treatment may be performed without stirring.
- the temperature condition during heating can be appropriately set depending on the type of polymerizable monomer and the type of polymerization initiator, but the temperature of the suspension is preferably 20 ° C. or higher and 150 ° C. or lower.
- the polymerization reaction rate tends to decrease, which is not preferable, and if it exceeds 150 degrees, the refined cellulose 1 may be modified, which is not preferable.
- the time for the polymerization reaction can be appropriately set depending on the kind of the polymerizable monomer and the kind of the polymerization initiator, but is usually about 1 to 24 hours.
- the polymerization reaction may be carried out by ultraviolet irradiation treatment which is a kind of electromagnetic waves. In addition to electromagnetic waves, particle beams such as electron beams may be used.
- true spherical composite particles 4 in which the core particles 3 are coated with the fine cellulose 1 can be produced.
- the collection / purification method of the composite particles 4 produced by the above method is the same as the collection / purification method described in the step a4 according to the first embodiment. Therefore, the description is omitted here.
- the composite particle 4 according to the present embodiment is a novel composite particle having good dispersion stability that is derived from the refined cellulose 1 on the surface of the composite particle 4 and has high biocompatibility and does not aggregate even in a solvent. Moreover, the dry solid substance containing the composite particle 4 which concerns on this embodiment is obtained as a fine powder, and there is no aggregation of particles. For this reason, it is also easy to re-disperse the composite particles 4 obtained as a dry powder in the solvent again, and it is derived from the coating layer 2 of the fine cellulose 1 bonded to the surface of the composite particles 4 even after the re-dispersion. Shows dispersion stability. Moreover, according to the manufacturing method of the composite particle 4 which concerns on this embodiment, the load to an environment is low and the manufacturing method of the novel composite particle 4 which can be provided by a simple method can be provided.
- the dry solid containing the composite of the refined cellulose 1 according to the present embodiment can be provided in a form that can be redispersed in a solvent.
- the composite particles 4 according to the present embodiment since the solvent can be almost removed, the transportation cost is reduced, the corruption risk is reduced, the addition efficiency as an additive is improved, and the kneading into the hydrophobic resin is performed. The effect of improving efficiency can be expected.
- the formaldehyde reactant mixed polymer particles that are the core particles 3 are covered with the cellulose nanofibers that are the refined cellulose 1, so that the formaldehyde in the atmosphere is fine. Since it is gradually brought into contact with the reactants through cellulose nanofibers, which are the modified cellulose 1, the effect of removing formaldehyde continuously for a longer period can be expected.
- the following mechanism can be considered as one of the decomposition mechanisms of formaldehyde and the like by the composite particles 4 according to the present embodiment.
- the composite particle 4 covers the surface of the core particle 3 in a state in which the finely divided cellulose 1 is inseparable from the core particle 3, so that formaldehyde in the atmosphere moves to the surface or inside of the core particle 3 through the finely divided cellulose 1. Can do. It is assumed that formaldehyde is rendered harmless because formaldehyde and the like in the atmosphere thus moved react with the formaldehyde reactant (functional component) contained in the core particle 3.
- the second embodiment of the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the drawings. However, the specific configuration is not limited to this embodiment, and design changes and the like within a scope not departing from the gist of the present invention are included. . In addition, the constituent elements shown in the second embodiment and the modifications described above can be combined as appropriate.
- the wallpaper 9 according to the present embodiment is a wallpaper including the composite particles 4 according to the second embodiment of the present invention.
- the structure of the wallpaper 9 is not particularly limited as long as it is a sheet-like structure including the composite particles 4, but the composite particles 4 are exposed on the outermost surface or the surface of the composite particles 4 is a material that transmits moisture. Preferably it is covered.
- An example of the configuration of the wallpaper 9 is a wallpaper in which the functional layer 7 including the composite particles 4 is provided on the base 8 like the wallpaper 9 shown in FIG.
- the wallpaper 9 may be produced by applying a dispersion containing the composite particles 4 to the base material 8 or the like, or by molding a wallpaper composition containing the composite particles 4.
- the functional layer 7 applies the dispersion containing the composite particles 4 to the substrate 8 and removes the solvent in the dispersion by heating or the like. It is obtained by doing.
- the dispersion containing the composite particles 4 may contain a material other than the composite particles 4 as long as the effect of the present invention is not impaired. It does not specifically limit as said material, According to the use etc. of the wallpaper 9, it can select suitably from well-known additives.
- inorganic binders such as condensates of alkoxysilanes
- organic binders such as acrylic resins and vinyl chloride resins
- humidity control agents inorganic layered compounds
- inorganic needle minerals antifoaming agents
- inorganic particles Organic particles
- lubricants antioxidants
- antistatic agents UV absorbers
- stabilizers magnetic powders
- alignment promoters plasticizers
- crosslinking agents magnetic substances, pharmaceuticals, agricultural chemicals, fragrances, adhesives, enzymes, Examples thereof include pigments, dyes, deodorants, metals, metal oxides, and inorganic oxides.
- the material of the substrate 8 examples include nonwoven fabric, mesh, paper, pulp, polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate copolymer (PETG), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), glass, and silicon. May be included.
- the substrate 8 may be subjected to surface modification with, for example, indium-tin oxide (ITO) or silicon oxide (SiOx), but is not limited thereto.
- the substrate 8 may be transparent, opaque or reflective.
- the base material 8 can have arbitrary colors, such as black and white, according to the intended purpose of the wallpaper 9.
- the base material 8 may have gloss or may not have gloss. Further, the base material 8 may be omitted.
- Means for applying the dispersion containing the composite particles 4 to the substrate 8 or the like includes, for example, brush coating, brush coating, glazing, bar coater, knife coater, doctor blade, screen printing, spray coating, spin coater, applicator, roll Coating methods such as coater, flow coater, centrifugal coater, ultrasonic coater, (micro) gravure coater, dip coating, flexographic printing, potting, and scraping treatment can be used. Then, it may be transferred. Moreover, the application of the dispersion liquid containing the composite particles 4 may be performed not only once but also a plurality of times. When the dispersion liquid containing the composite particles 4 contains a solvent, it is necessary to remove the solvent by heating and drying at a temperature at which the solvent can be removed.
- the wallpaper 9 is composed of the functional layer 7 and the substrate 8, but if necessary, a functional layer different from the functional layer 7 may be provided as long as the hygroscopicity of the wallpaper 9 is not impaired. it can.
- the role of the functional layer different from the functional layer 7 includes, for example, preventing the functional layer 7 from being damaged and preventing the functional layer 7 from becoming dirty.
- the wallpaper 9 according to the present embodiment it is possible to react with a chemical substance having a high affinity with the fine cellulose 1 as in the second embodiment.
- the composite particles 4 react with formaldehyde, and formaldehyde can be removed from the atmosphere.
- the third embodiment of the present invention has been described in detail with reference to the drawings. However, the specific configuration is not limited to this embodiment, and includes design changes and the like within a scope not departing from the gist of the present invention. .
- the constituent elements shown in the first to third embodiments can be combined as appropriate.
- Step c1 step of obtaining a refined cellulose dispersion
- TEMPO oxidation of wood cellulose 70 g of softwood kraft pulp was suspended in 3500 g of distilled water, and a solution of 0.7 g of TEMPO and 7 g of sodium bromide dissolved in 350 g of distilled water was added and cooled to 20 ° C.
- 450 g of sodium hypochlorite aqueous solution having a concentration of 2 mol / L and a density of 1.15 g / mL was added dropwise thereto to initiate an oxidation reaction.
- the temperature in the system was always kept at 20 ° C., and the decrease in pH during the reaction was kept at pH 10 by adding a 0.5N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution.
- a 0.5N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution When the total amount of sodium hydroxide added reached 3.50 mmol / g based on the weight of cellulose, about 100 mL of ethanol was added to stop the reaction. Then, filtration washing with distilled water was repeated using a glass filter to obtain oxidized pulp (oxidized cellulose).
- Oxidized pulp and re-oxidized pulp obtained by the TEMPO oxidation were weighed in 0.1 g in terms of solid content, dispersed in water at a concentration of 1%, and hydrochloric acid was added to adjust the pH to 2.5. Thereafter, the amount of carboxy groups (mmol / g) was determined by conductivity titration using a 0.5 M aqueous sodium hydroxide solution. The result was 1.6 mmol / g.
- FIG. 4 shows the results of measuring the spectral transmission spectrum using a spectrophotometer (manufactured by Shimadzu Corporation, “UV-3600”) after putting the CSNF dispersion in a quartz cell having an optical path length of 1 cm. As is clear from FIG. 4, the CSNF aqueous dispersion showed high transparency.
- the number average minor axis diameter of CSNF contained in the CSNF aqueous dispersion was 3 nm, and the number average major axis diameter was 1110 nm. Furthermore, the result of having performed steady-state viscoelasticity measurement using the rheometer is shown in FIG. As is clear from FIG. 5, the CSNF dispersion showed thixotropic properties.
- Step c2 step of producing an O / W type emulsion
- ADVN 2,2-azobis-2,4-dimethylvaleronitrile
- DVB divinylbenzene
- DVB divinylbenzene
- a drop of the mixture was dropped on a slide glass, sealed with a cover glass, and observed with an optical microscope.
- the dispersion stabilized as an O / W emulsion. was confirmed.
- Step c3 Step of obtaining composite particles 4 coated with CNF by polymerization reaction
- the O / W emulsion dispersion was used in a 70 ° C. hot water bath using a water bath and treated for 8 hours while stirring with a stirrer to carry out a polymerization reaction. After the treatment for 8 hours, the dispersion was cooled to room temperature. There was no change in the appearance of the dispersion before and after the polymerization reaction. The obtained dispersion was treated with a centrifugal force of 75,000 g (g is gravitational acceleration) for 5 minutes to obtain a sediment.
- the supernatant was removed by decantation, and the precipitate was collected, and further washed repeatedly with pure water and methanol using a PTFE membrane filter having a pore size of 0.1 ⁇ m.
- the purified / recovered material thus obtained was redispersed at a concentration of 1%, and the particle size was evaluated using a particle size distribution meter (NANOTRAC UPA-EX150, Nikkiso Co., Ltd.). The average particle size was 2.1 ⁇ m.
- the purified / recovered material was air-dried and further subjected to vacuum drying treatment at room temperature of 25 ° C. for 24 hours to obtain a fine dry powder (composite particles 4).
- FIGS. 6 Shape observation with a scanning electron microscope
- FIGS. 7A and 7B it was confirmed that the surface was uniformly coated with the refined cellulose 1 having a width of several nm.
- the surface of the composite particle 4 is uniformly and uniformly coated with the refined cellulose 1 in spite of repeated cleaning by filtration cleaning
- the monomer ( The core particles 3) and the finely divided cellulose 1 may be bonded to each other, indicating that the core particles 3 and the finely divided cellulose 1 are in an inseparable state.
- Example 2-1 was carried out under the same conditions as Example 2-1 except that diethylene glycol diacrylate (trade name FA-222A, Hitachi Chemical, hereinafter also referred to as FA-222A) was used instead of DVB.
- a composite particle 4 according to Example 2-2 was produced, and various evaluations were performed in the same manner.
- the composite particles 4 according to Example 2-3 were produced under the same conditions as described above, and various evaluations were performed in the same manner.
- Example 2-4 In Example 1, 2-imidazolidinone (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 1 g) was used instead of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 1 g). Under the conditions, composite particles 4 according to Example 2-4 were prepared, and various evaluations were performed in the same manner.
- Example 2-1 was the same as Example 2-1 except that adipic acid dihydrazide (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 1 g) was used instead of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 1 g). An attempt was made to produce composite particles according to Comparative Example 2-1.
- ⁇ Comparative Example 2-2> Example 2-1 was the same as Example 2-1 except that sebacic acid dihydrazide (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 1 g) was used instead of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 1 g). An attempt was made to produce composite particles according to Comparative Example 2-2 under the conditions described above.
- Example 2-1 was the same as Example 2-1 except that aminoethylethanol (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 1 g) was used instead of 5,5-dimethylhydantoin (Tokyo Chemical Industry Co., Ltd., 1 g). An attempt was made to produce composite particles according to Comparative Example 2-4 under the conditions described above.
- the formaldehyde-containing polymer particles coated on the cellulose nanofibers are selected by selecting the types of monomers and the formaldehyde reactants in a specific range. It was confirmed that can be produced. Further, as clearly shown in the evaluation results of Examples 2-1 to 2-5 in Table 5, the formaldehyde removal effect can be maintained over a long period of time by selecting the monomer type and the specific formaldehyde reactant. Confirmed to get. There is no problem in use even if the formaldehyde removal effect is 2 days or less.
- the sustained-release composite particle 4 of the present invention has the characteristics of the refined cellulose 1 (cellulose nanofiber) such as gas barrier property, hydrophilicity, heat resistance, high strength, etc., depending on the properties of the refined cellulose, and the functional components are ultraviolet rays, heat Protects from oxygen, etc., has an excellent sustained release, exhibits long-term effects, can reduce the number of times functional components such as agricultural chemicals and fertilizers are used, and is economical and has an impact on the environment To preferred.
- the sustained-release composite particles 4 are economical because they can contain almost all the raw materials of functional components, and are less contaminated by disposal.
- the refined cellulose 1 is a fibrous cellulose composed of cellulose which is a biodegradable polymer. When the biodegradable polymer is used for the polymer contained in the core particle 3, it can be used as an agrochemical or a fertilizer. It is safe to decompose and can prevent environmental pollution.
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Abstract
Description
マイクロ粒子中に医薬品、農薬、香料等を内包することにより、内包物を徐放化し、長期間にわたりその効果を持続させることもできる。マイクロ粒子の製造方法としては、例えば、有機溶媒に溶解させたポリマーを、界面活性剤を用いて水中に分散させ、機能性成分を内包する水中油滴(Oil-in-Water、O/W)型エマルションを形成した後、溶媒を蒸発させてマイクロ粒子として固化させる溶媒蒸発法が知られる(特許文献1)。このような方法で得られるマイクロ粒子は、自己水分散性がなく、製造時に界面活性剤等の助剤の添加が不可欠である。また、マイクロ粒子の製造時に機能性成分が消失する場合がある。
一方、近年、木材中のセルロース繊維を、その構造の少なくとも一辺がナノメートルオーダーになるまで微細化し、新規な機能性材料として利用しようとする試みが活発に行われている。
このように、CNFを分散液の状態で取り扱うこと自体が事業性を損なう原因となるため、CNFを容易に取り扱うことができる新たな取り扱い様態を提供することが強く望まれている。
界面活性剤等の添加剤を用いずに、簡便な方法で機能性成分を内包し、分散安定性に優れるために徐放性が良好なマイクロカプセルが望まれている。また、環境調和型材料である微細化セルロースを容易に取り扱うことができる新たな取り扱い様態を提供することも、同様に強く望まれている。
本発明の一態様に係る徐放性複合粒子は、少なくとも一種類のポリマー及び少なくとも一種類の機能性成分を含むコア粒子と、前記コア粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を覆う微細化セルロースとを有し、前記コア粒子と前記微細化セルロースとが不可分の状態にある。
本発明の別の態様に係る壁紙は、上述の徐放性複合粒子を含む壁紙である。
<徐放性複合粒子>
まず、本発明の第1実施形態に係る徐放性複合粒子4について説明する。
図1は、ポリマー及び機能性成分を含むコア粒子3の表面に微細化セルロース(以下、セルロースナノファイバー、CNFとも称する。)1により構成された被覆層2を有する徐放性複合粒子(以下、複合粒子とも称する。)4の概略図である。なお、ここで言う「微細化セルロース」とは、短軸径において数平均短軸径が1nm以上1000nm以下の範囲内である繊維状セルロースを意味する。
複合粒子4は、少なくとも一種類のポリマー及び少なくとも一種類の機能性成分を含むコア粒子3と、コア粒子3の表面の少なくとも一部を覆う微細化セルロース1により構成された被覆層2とを有し、コア粒子3と微細化セルロース1とが結合して不可分の状態にある複合粒子である。
特に限定されないが、例えば、微細化セルロース1を用いたO/W型ピッカリングエマルションを形成させ、エマルション内部の液滴を固体化させて固体のコア粒子3とすることで、コア粒子3と微細化セルロース1とが結合して不可分の状態にある複合粒子4を得ることができる。微細化セルロース1を用いることで界面活性剤等の添加物を用いることなく、液滴を形成することが可能であり、分散性の高い複合粒子4を得ることができる。液滴の固体化の方法は特に限定されず、例えば、モノマーを重合させる方法やポリマーを凝固させる方法、ポリマー溶液の溶媒を蒸発させる方法等の公知の方法で固体化することができる。
図2は微細化セルロース1を用いたO/W型ピッカリングエマルションと、エマルション内部の重合性モノマーを重合することで得られる複合粒子4の製造方法の一例である。図2に示すように、分散液である水6に分散した重合性モノマー及び機能性成分を含む重合性モノマー液滴5A(以下、液滴5Aとも称する。)の界面の少なくとも一部にセルロース1が吸着することによって、O/W型ピッカリングエマルションが安定化し、安定化状態を維持したままエマルション内部の重合性モノマーを重合することによって、エマルションを鋳型とした複合粒子4が作成される。
また、特に限定されないが、微細化セルロース1によって安定化されたO/W型エマルションを鋳型として複合粒子4を作製すると、複合粒子4の形状はO/W型エマルションに由来した真球状となる。詳細には、真球状のコア粒子3の表面に微細化セルロース1からなる被覆層2が比較的均一な厚みで形成された様態となる。被覆層2は、コア粒子3の表面を少なくとも一部を被覆していればよい。
また、複合粒子4は比較的揃った厚みの被覆層2で均一に被覆されていることが特徴である。具体的には上述した被覆層2の厚みの値の変動係数は0.5以下となることが好ましく、0.4以下となることがより好ましい。微細化セルロース1を含む被覆層2の厚みの値の変動係数が0.5を超える場合には、例えば、複合粒子4の徐放性の制御が困難となることや複合粒子4の回収が困難となることがある。
コア粒子3は、少なくとも一種類以上のポリマー及び少なくとも一種類の機能性成分を含む。ポリマーは、公知のポリマーを用いることができ、重合性モノマーを公知の方法で重合させたポリマーでもよい。
特に限定されないが、ポリマーは生分解性ポリマーであることが好ましい。なお、ここで言う「生分解性」とは、土壌や海水中などの地球環境において分解して消滅するポリマー、又は/及び生体内で分解して消滅するポリマーのことである。一般的に、土壌や海水中では微生物がもつ酵素によりポリマーが分解されるのに対し、生体内では酵素を必要とせず物理化学的な加水分解により分解される。
機能性成分は、動物、植物、菌類等の生物に影響を与えて機能する物質である。特に限定されないが、例えば、防カビ剤、香料、肥料(生物肥料、化学肥料、有機肥料等)、pH調整剤、農薬(殺虫剤、殺菌剤、除草剤等)、植物活力剤、植物延命剤、害虫及び動物の忌避剤、土壌浸透剤、栄養成分(ミネラル等)、植物ホルモン、無機質粒子(酸化チタン、シリカ、クレー等)、抗菌性物質等が挙げられる。
農薬としては、例えば、殺虫剤、殺菌剤、除草剤、殺そ剤、植物成長調整剤、誘引剤や忌避剤等が挙げられる。
植物成長調整剤としては、例えば、インドール酪酸、オオキシエチレンナタネ油アルコール、オルソニトロフェノール、ジベレリン、α-ナフチルアセトアミド、ポリブテン、マレイン酸ヒドラジド、α-メトキシメチルナフタリン、硫酸オキシキノリン等が挙げられる。
誘引剤や忌避剤その他としては、例えば、キュウルア、クレゾール、酸化第二鉄、ジアリルジスルフィド、シクロヘキシミド、生石灰、炭酸カルシウム、チウラム、テトラヒドロチオフェン、β-ナウトール、メチルオイゲノール等が挙げられる。
化学的緩効性肥料としては、例えば、尿素とアルデヒド類を原料とするウレアホルム(UF)、メチロール尿素、アセトアルデヒド縮合尿素(CDU)、イソブチルアルデヒド縮合尿素(IB)、グリオキサール縮合尿素、石灰窒素を原料とする硫酸グアニル尿素、シュウ酸ジエステルとアンモニアを原料とするオキサミドが挙げられる。
本実施形態の複合粒子4の製造方法の一例について説明する。なお、本実施形態の複合粒子4の製造方法は、以下で説明する製造方法に限定されるものではない。
本実施形態に係る複合粒子4の製造方法は、セルロース原料を溶媒中で解繊して微細化セルロース1の分散液を得る工程(a1工程)と、少なくとも一種類の重合性モノマーと少なくとも一種類の機能性成分とを含有する重合性モノマー混合液を準備する工程(a2工程)と、a1工程で得た微細化セルロース1の分散液中において少なくとも前記重合性モノマー混合液を含む重合性モノマー液滴5Aの表面の少なくとも一部を微細化セルロース1で覆い、重合性モノマー液滴5Aをエマルションとして安定化させる工程(a3工程)と、重合性モノマー液滴5A中の重合性モノマーを重合して微細化セルロース1でポリマー及び機能性成分を含むコア粒子3とすることで、コア粒子3の表面の少なくとも一部を微細化セルロース1で覆い、かつコア粒子3と微細化セルロース1とを不可分の状態にする工程(a4工程)と、を有する徐放性複合粒子の製造方法である。
(a1工程)
a1工程はセルロース原料を溶媒中で解繊して微細化セルロース分散液を得る工程である。まず、各種セルロース原料を溶媒中に分散し、懸濁液とする。懸濁液中のセルロース原料の濃度としては0.1%以上10%未満が好ましい。懸濁液中のセルロース原料の濃度が0.1%未満であると、溶媒過多となり生産性を損なう傾向があるため好ましくない。また、懸濁液中のセルロース原料の濃度が10%以上になると、セルロース原料の解繊に伴い懸濁液が急激に増粘し、均一な解繊処理が困難となる傾向があるため好ましくない。懸濁液作製に用いる溶媒としては、水を50%以上含むことが好ましい。懸濁液中の水の割合が50%未満になると、後述するセルロース原料を溶媒中で解繊して微細化セルロース分散液を得る工程において、微細化セルロース1の分散が阻害される傾向がある。また、水以外に含まれる溶媒としては親水性溶媒が好ましい。親水性溶媒については特に制限はないが、例えば、メタノール、エタノール、イソプロパノールなどのアルコール類;テトラヒドロフラン等の環状エーテル類が好ましい。必要に応じて、セルロースや生成する微細化セルロース1の分散性を上げるために、例えば、懸濁液のpH調整を行ってもよい。pH調整に用いられるアルカリ水溶液としては、例えば、水酸化ナトリウム水溶液、水酸化リチウム水溶液、水酸化カリウム水溶液、アンモニア水溶液、水酸化テトラメチルアンモニウム水溶液、水酸化テトラエチルアンモニウム水溶液、水酸化テトラブチルアンモニウム水溶液、水酸化ベンジルトリメチルアンモニウム水溶液などの有機アルカリなどが挙げられる。コストなどの面から水酸化ナトリウム水溶液が好ましい。
また、微細化セルロース1の分散体は、必要に応じて、本発明の効果を損なわない範囲で、セルロース及びpH調整に用いた成分以外の他の成分を含有してもよい。上記他の成分としては、特に限定されず、複合粒子4の用途等に応じて、公知の添加剤のなかから適宜選択できる。具体的には、アルコキシシラン等の有機金属化合物又はその加水分解物、無機層状化合物、無機針状鉱物、消泡剤、無機系粒子、有機系粒子、潤滑剤、酸化防止剤、帯電防止剤、紫外線吸収剤、安定化剤、磁性粉、配向促進剤、可塑剤、架橋剤、磁性体、医薬品、農薬、香料、接着剤、酵素、顔料、染料、消臭剤、金属、金属酸化物、無機酸化物等が挙げられる。
微細化セルロース1の原料として用いることができるセルロースの種類や結晶構造も特に限定されない。具体的には、セルロースI型結晶からなる原料としては、例えば、木材系天然セルロースに加えて、コットンリンター、竹、麻、バガス、ケナフ、バクテリアセルロース、ホヤセルロース、バロニアセルロースといった非木材系天然セルロースを用いることができる。さらには、セルロースII型結晶からなるレーヨン繊維、キュプラ繊維に代表される再生セルロースも用いることができる。材料調達の容易さから、木材系天然セルロースを原料とすることが好ましい。木材系天然セルロースとしては、特に限定されず、例えば、針葉樹パルプや広葉樹パルプ、古紙パルプ、など、一般的にセルロースナノファイバーの製造に用いられるものを用いることができる。精製及び微細化のしやすさから、針葉樹パルプが好ましい。
セルロースの結晶表面に導入されるアニオン性官能基の種類や導入方法は特に限定されないが、カルボキシ基やリン酸基が好ましい。セルロース結晶表面への選択的な導入のしやすさから、カルボキシ基が好ましい。
また、N-オキシル化合物及び共酸化剤とともに、臭化物及びヨウ化物からなる群から選ばれる少なくとも1種の化合物をさらに併用してもよい。これにより、酸化反応を円滑に進行させることができ、カルボキシ基の導入効率を改善することができる。このような化合物としては、臭化ナトリウム又は臭化リチウムが好ましく、コストや安定性から、臭化ナトリウムがより好ましい。化合物の使用量は、酸化反応を促進することができる量でよく、特に限定されない。通常、酸化処理する木材系天然セルロースの固形分に対して1~50質量%程度である。
また、酸化処理の反応時間は、反応温度、所望のカルボキシ基量等を考慮して適宜設定でき、特に限定されないが、通常、10分~5時間程度である。
N-オキシル化合物による酸化反応は、例えば、反応系にアルコールを添加することにより停止させることができる。このとき、反応系のpHは上記の範囲内に保つことが好ましい。 添加するアルコールとしては、例えば、反応をすばやく終了させるためメタノール、エタノール、プロパノールなどの低分子量のアルコールが好ましく、反応により生成される副産物の安全性などから、エタノールが特に好ましい。
得られたTEMPO酸化セルロースに対し解繊処理を行うと、3nm前後の均一な繊維幅を有するTEMPO酸化セルロースナノファイバー(以下、TEMPO酸化CNF、セルロースシングルナノファイバー、CSNFとも称する。)が得られる。CSNFを複合粒子4の微細化セルロース1の原料として用いると、その均一な構造に由来して、得られるO/W型エマルションの粒径も均一になりやすい。
a2工程は、少なくとも一種類の重合性モノマーと少なくとも一種類の機能性成分とを含有した重合性モノマー混合液を調製する工程である。具体的には、特に限定されないが、重合性モノマー混合液は、重合性モノマーに機能性成分を添加して混合したものである。
a2工程で用いることができる重合性モノマーの種類としては、ポリマーの単量体であって、その構造中に重合性の官能基を有し、常温で液体であって、水と完全に相溶せず、重合反応によってポリマー(高分子重合体)を形成できるものであれば特に限定されない。重合性モノマーは少なくとも一つの重合性官能基を有する。重合性官能基を一つ有する重合性モノマーは単官能モノマーとも称する。また、重合性官能基を二つ以上有する重合性モノマーは多官能モノマーとも称する。重合性モノマーの種類としては特に限定されないが、例えば、(メタ)アクリル基を有するモノマーである(メタ)アクリル系モノマー、ビニル基を有するモノマーであるビニル系モノマーなどが挙げられる。また、エポキシ基やオキセタン構造などの環状エーテル構造を有する重合性モノマー(例えばε-カプロラクトン等)を用いることも可能である。
なお、「(メタ)アクリレート」の表記は、「アクリレート」と「メタクリレート」との両方を含むこと示す。
単官能ビニル系モノマーのうち(メタ)アクリレートとしては、例えば、メチル(メタ)アクリレート、エチル(メタ)アクリレート、ブチル(メタ)アクリレート、t-ブチル(メタ)アクリレート、2-エチルヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、ラウリル(メタ)アクリレート、アルキル(メタ)アクリレート、トリデシル(メタ)アクリレート、ステアリル(メタ)アクリレート、シクロヘキシル(メタ)アクリレート、ベンジル(メタ)アクリレート、イソボルニル(メタ)アクリレート、グリシジル(メタ)アクリレート、テトラヒドロフルフリル(メタ)アクリレート、アリル(メタ)アクリレート、ジエチルアミノエチル(メタ)アクリレート、トリフルオロエチル(メタ)アクリレート、ヘプタフルオロデシル(メタ)アクリレート、ジシクロペンテニル(メタ)アクリレート、ジシクロペンテニルオキシエチル(メタ)アクリレート、トリシクロデカニル(メタ)アクリレートなどが挙げられる。
多官能のビニル系モノマーとしては、例えば、ジビニルベンゼンなどの不飽和結合を有する多官能基が挙げられる。常温で水と相溶しない液体が好ましい。
また、これらの他にも重合性の官能基を少なくとも1つ以上有するポリエーテル樹脂、ポリエステル樹脂、ポリウレタン樹脂、エポキシ樹脂、アルキッド樹脂、スピロアセタール樹脂、ポリブタジエン樹脂、ポリチオールポリエン樹脂等を使用することができ、特にその材料を限定しない。
前述のように機能性成分は、特に限定されないが、例えば、防カビ剤、香料、肥料(生物肥料、化学肥料、有機肥料等)、pH調整剤、農薬(殺虫剤、殺菌剤、除草剤等)、植物活力剤、植物延命剤、害虫及び動物の忌避剤、土壌浸透剤、栄養成分(ミネラル等)、植物ホルモン、無機質粒子(酸化チタン、シリカ、クレー等)、抗菌性物質等が挙げられる。
機能性成分は、前述の重合性モノマーへ溶解又は分散することが好ましい。重合性モノマーに機能性成分が分散することにより、後述のa3工程でO/W型エマルションを形成した際にエマルション粒子内部の液滴5A中に機能性成分を内包しやすく、機能性成分を内包する複合粒子4を効率的に得ることができる。また、内包する機能性成分の量を増やすことが可能である。
また、重合性モノマーに重合開始剤を添加してもよい。一般的な重合開始剤としては、例えば、有機過酸化物やアゾ重合開始剤などのラジカル開始剤が挙げられる。
有機過酸化物としては、例えばパーオキシケタール、ハイドロパーオキサイド、ジアルキルパーオキサイド、ジアシルパーオキサイド、パーオキシカーボネート、パーオキシエステルなどが挙げられる。
アゾ重合開始剤としては、例えばADVN、AIBNが挙げられる。
a2工程において用いることができる重合性モノマーと重合開始剤の重量比については特に限定されないが、通常、重合性モノマー100質量部に対し、重合開始剤が0.1質量部以上であることが好ましい。重合性モノマーが0.1質量部未満となると重合反応が充分に進行せずに複合粒子4の収量が低下する傾向があるため好ましくない。
a2工程において用いることができる重合性モノマーと溶媒の重量比については特に限定されないが、重合性モノマー100質量部に対し、溶媒が80質量部以下であることが好ましい。なお、溶媒が80質量部を超えると重合反応が充分に進行せずに複合粒子4の収量が低下する傾向があるため好ましくない。
a3工程は、a1工程で得た微細化セルロース1の分散液中において重合性モノマー及び機能性成分を含む重合性モノマー混合液で構成される液滴5Aの表面の少なくとも一部を微細化セルロース1で被覆し、液滴5Aをエマルションとして安定化させる工程である。
具体的には、a1工程で得られた微細化セルロース1の分散液にa2工程で得られた混合物を添加し、微細化セルロース1の分散液中に液滴5Aとして分散させ、さらに重合性モノマー及び機能性成分を含む液滴5Aの表面の少なくとも一部を微細化セルロース1によって被覆し、微細化セルロース1によって安定化されたO/W型エマルションを作製する工程である。
O/W型エマルション構造において、液滴5Aの表層に形成された被覆層2(微細化セルロース層)の厚みは特に限定されないが、3nm以上1000nm以下であることが好ましい。特に限定されないが、エマルション構造における粒径がa4工程において得られる複合粒子4の粒径と同程度となる。被覆層2の厚みは、例えばクライオTEMを用いて計測することができる。
a4工程は、重合性モノマー液滴5A中の重合性モノマーを重合してコア粒子3とすることで、前記コア粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を覆う前記微細化セルロースとを有し、前記コア粒子と前記微細化セルロースとが不可分の状態にある徐放性複合粒子を得る工程である。
重合性モノマーを重合する方法については特に限定されず、用いた重合性モノマーの種類及び重合開始剤の種類によって適宜選択可能である。前述の重合性モノマーを重合する方法としてはが、例えば懸濁重合法が挙げられる。
上述の工程を経て、コア粒子3が微細化セルロース1によって被覆された真球状の複合粒子4を作製することができる。
残存溶媒の除去方法は特に限定されず、例えば、風乾やオーブンで熱乾燥にて実施することが可能である。こうして得られた複合粒子4を含む乾燥固形物は上述のように膜状や凝集体状にはならず、肌理細やかな粉体として得られる。
本実施形態の複合粒子4の第2の製造方法について説明する。以降の説明において、既に説明したものと共通する構成については、同一の符号を付して重複する説明を省略する。
本実施形態に係る複合粒子4の製造方法は、セルロース原料を溶媒中で解繊して微細化セルロース1の分散液を得る工程(b1工程)と、少なくとも一種類のポリマー及び少なくとも一種類の機能性成分を、前記ポリマーを溶解可能な有機溶媒に添加し溶解させたポリマー溶液を準備する工程(b2工程)と、b1工程で得た微細化セルロース1の分散液中において少なくとも前記ポリマー液滴5Bの表面の少なくとも一部を微細化セルロース1で覆い、ポリマー液滴5Bをエマルションとして安定化させる工程(b3工程)と、ポリマー液滴5B中の有機溶媒を除去してポリマーを固体化してポリマー及び機能性成分を含むコア粒子3とすることで、コア粒子3の表面の少なくとも一部を覆う微細化セルロース1を有し、コア粒子3と微細化セルロース1とが不可分の状態にある徐放性複合粒子を得る工程(b4工程)と、を有する徐放性複合粒子の製造方法である。
以下に、各工程について、詳細に説明する。
b1工程は、セルロース原料を溶媒中で解繊して微細化セルロース1の分散液を得る工程である。なお、b1工程は、a1工程と同じ工程である。
少なくとも一種類のポリマー及び少なくとも一種類の機能性成分を、前記ポリマーを溶解可能な有機溶媒に添加し、溶解させたポリマー溶液を準備する工程である。
具体的には、水に完全に相溶せず、ポリマーを溶解可能な溶媒にポリマーを添加して混合し、溶解させる。このポリマー溶液に機能性成分を添加して混合し、ポリマー溶液を得る。
b2工程にて溶媒に溶解させるポリマーは特に限定されず、公知のポリマーを用いることができる。例えば、アクリル系ポリマー、エポキシ系ポリマー、ポリエステル系ポリマー、アミノ系ポリマー、シリコーン系ポリマー、フッ素系ポリマー、ウレタン・イソシアネート系ポリマー等が挙げられる。
ポリマーの分解は、ポリマーが低分子化或いは水溶性化して形態を消失することである。ポリマーの分解は、特に限定されないが、例えば、主鎖、側鎖、架橋点の加水分解や、主鎖の酸化分解により起こる。
天然高分子としては、例えば、植物が生産する多糖(セルロース、デンプン、アルギン酸等)、動物が生産する多糖(キチン、キトサン、ヒアルロン酸等)、タンパク質(コラーゲン、ゼラチン、アルブミン等)、微生物が生産するポリエステル(ポリ(3-ヒドロキシアルカノエート))、多糖(ヒアルロン酸等)等が挙げられる。
合成高分子としては、例えば、脂肪族ポリエステル、ポリオール、ポリカーボネート等が挙げられる。
ポリオールとしては、例えば、ポリビニルアルコール等が挙げられる。
ポリカーボネートとしては、例えば、ポリエステルカーボネート等が挙げられる。
その他の生分解性ポリマーとしては、例えば、ポリ酸無水物、ポリシアノアクリレート、ポリオルソエステル、ポリフォスファゼン等も生分解性の合成高分子が挙げられる。
b2工程において用いることのできるポリマーと機能性成分の重量比については特に限定されないが、複合粒子4が安定的に形状を保てる範囲で添加率が多いことが好ましい。ポリマー100質量部に対し、機能性成分が0.001質量部以上80質量部以下であることが好ましく、より好ましくは0.01質量部以上60質量部以下、さらに好ましくは0.01質量部以上40質量部以下である。
b2工程において用いることができる溶媒とポリマーの重量比については、特に限定されず、ポリマーを溶解することができればよい。好ましくは、溶媒100質量部に対し、ポリマーの重量は0.005質量部以上100質量部以下であることが好ましく、より好ましくは0.1質量部以上80質量部以下である。なお、ポリマーの含有率が0.005質量部未満の場合には、後述するb4工程において有機溶媒を除去してポリマーを固体化するのが困難となり、複合粒子4の形成が困難となる傾向がある。また、ポリマーの含有率が100質量部を超える場合には、ポリマーを溶解させることが困難である傾向がある。
b1工程で得た微細化セルロース1の分散液中において少なくとも前記ポリマー溶液を含むポリマー液滴5Bの表面の少なくとも一部を微細化セルロース1で被覆し、ポリマー液滴5Bをエマルションとして安定化させる工程である。
具体的には、b1工程で得られた微細化セルロース1の分散液にb2工程で得られたポリマー溶液を添加し、さらにポリマー溶液を微細化セルロース1の分散液中にポリマー液滴5Bとして分散させ、さらにポリマー液滴5Bの表面の少なくとも一部を微細化セルロース1によって被覆し、微細化セルロース1によって安定化されたO/W型エマルションを作製する工程である。
前述のように微細化セルロース1によってピッカリングエマルションが形成されるメカニズムは定かではないが、セルロースはその分子構造において水酸基に由来する親水性サイトと炭化水素基に由来する疎水性サイトとを有することから両親媒性を示すため、両親媒性に由来して疎水性モノマーと親水性溶媒の液/液界面に吸着すると考えられる。
b3工程において用いることができる微細化セルロース1の分散液とポリマー混合液との重量比については特に限定されないが、100質量部の微細化セルロース1に対し、ポリマー混合液が1質量部以上50質量部以下であることが好ましい。ポリマー混合液が1質量部未満となると複合粒子4の収量が低下する傾向があるため好ましくなく、50質量部を超えると液滴5Bを微細化セルロース1で均一に被覆することが困難となる傾向があるため好ましくない。
b3工程で得られたポリマー液滴5B中の有機溶媒を除去してポリマーを固体化してポリマー及び機能性成分を含むコア粒子3とすることで、コア粒子3の表面の少なくとも一部を覆う微細化セルロース1とを有し、コア粒子と3と微細化セルロース1とが不可分の状態にある徐放性複合粒子を得る工程である。
具体的には、加熱又は/及び減圧乾燥により溶媒を蒸発させ、除去する。除去する前記有機溶媒の沸点が水より低いと、有機溶媒を選択的に除去することが可能である。特に限定されないが、減圧条件下で加熱することにより効率的に溶媒を除去することができる。加熱温度は20℃以上100℃以下であることが好ましく、圧力は600mmHg以上750mmHg以下であることが好ましい。
本実施形態に係る徐放性複合粒子4は、微細化セルロース1(セルロースナノファイバー)のガスバリア性、親水性、耐熱性、高強度等の特性により、機能性成分を紫外線、熱、酸素等から保護し、分散安定性が良好であるために優れた徐放性を有して長期間効果を発揮する複合粒子である。また、優れた徐放性により、機能性成分の使用頻度を減らすことができるために経済的であり、環境負荷を低減することができる。
また、簡便な方法で機能性成分の原料を効率よく内包し、廃棄による汚染を低減する徐放性複合粒子4の製造方法を提供できる。
微細化セルロース1の特性を維持した新たな取り扱い様態の徐放性複合粒子4を提供することができる。
微細化セルロース1がコア粒子3と不可分な状態でコア粒子3の表面を覆っていることで、コア粒子3内に包含された機能性成分が、コア粒子3のみより、緩やかに機能性成分が放出され、徐放性が向上すると推察される。
また、界面活性剤等の添加剤を加えることなく、簡便な方法で機能性成分の原料を効率よく内包し、廃棄による汚染を低減する徐放性複合粒子4の製造方法を提供できる。
更に、微細化セルロース1は生分解性ポリマーであるセルロースから構成された繊維状セルロースであるため、コア粒子3に含まれるポリマーに生分解性ポリマーを使用することにより、農薬や医薬品として使用する際に分解し、安全であり、環境汚染を抑制できる徐放性複合粒子4を提供できる。
例えば、コア粒子3にはポリマー及び機能性成分の他にその他成分を含んでも構わない。また、被覆層2に微細化セルロース1以外の成分を含有させて徐放性を調節、また機能性材料を付与しても構わない。
本実施形態に係る複合粒子4は、表面の被覆層2の微細化セルロース1に、セルロース以外の機能性材料が付与されても構わない。上記実施形態においては、複合粒子4の表面に付与されるセルロース以外の機能性材料としては、例えば磁性体、医薬品、農薬、香料、接着剤、酵素、顔料、染料、消臭剤、金属、金属酸化物、無機酸化物などの機能性材料を付与することができる。
被覆層2へ機能性を付与した複合粒子4は、予め微細化セルロース1に機能性材料を付与した、機能性付与微細化セルロースを用いて複合粒子4を製造することができる。また、複合粒子4を製造してから被覆層2に機能性材料を付与してもよい。
なお、金属微粒子の形状は特に限定されないが、例えば平板状あるいはロッド状であってもよい。特に金属微粒子が金又は銀あるいはその両方を含む場合には、金属微粒子の形状を平板状とすることで、局在表面プラズモン共鳴波長を可視~近赤外領域において幅広く制御可能である。
なお、本実施形態において「平板状」とは、概平板形状をした板状の粒子であり、主平面の平均粒子径を平均粒子厚みで割った平均アスペクト比(平均粒子径/平均粒子厚み)が2.0以上である粒子を意味する。
平板状金属微粒子の平均粒子径は、20nm以上1000nm以下が好ましい。平板状金属微粒子の平均粒子厚みは、5nm以上100nm以下が好ましく、8nm以上50nm以下がより好ましい。平均アスペクト比(平均粒子径/平均粒子厚み)は、2.0以上が好ましく、2.0以上200以下がより好ましい。
以下、本発明を第1実施例に基づいて詳細に説明するが、本発明の技術的範囲はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。以下の各例において、「%」は、特に断りのない限り、質量%(w/w%)を示す。
(a1工程:微細化セルロース分散液を得る工程)
(木材セルロースのTEMPO酸化)
針葉樹クラフトパルプ70gを蒸留水3500gに懸濁し、蒸留水350gにTEMPOを0.7g、臭化ナトリウムを7g溶解させた溶液を加え、20℃まで冷却した。ここに2mol/L、密度1.15g/mLの次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液450gを滴下により添加し、酸化反応を開始した。系内の温度は常に40℃に保ち、反応中のpHの低下は0.5Nの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を添加することでpH10に保ち続けた。セルロースの重量に対して、水酸化ナトリウムの添加量の合計が3.50mmol/gに達した時点で、約100mLのエタノールを添加し反応を停止させた。その後、ガラスフィルターを用いて蒸留水によるろ過洗浄を繰り返し、酸化パルプ(酸化セルロース)を得た。
上記TEMPO酸化で得た酸化パルプ及び再酸化パルプを固形分重量で0.1g量りとり、1%濃度で水に分散させ、塩酸を加えてpHを2.5とした。その後0.5M水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を用いた電導度滴定法により、カルボキシ基量(mmol/g)を求めた。結果は1.6mmol/gであった。
(酸化セルロースの解繊処理)
上記TEMPO酸化で得た酸化セルロース1gを99gの蒸留水に分散させ、ジューサーミキサーで30分間微細化処理し、濃度1%の微細化セルロース水分散液を得た。
(微細化セルロース1の評価)
得られた酸化セルロース、微細化セルロース1について、カルボキシ基量、結晶化度、長軸の数平均軸径、光線透過率及びレオロジーの測定や算出を次のように行った。得られた微細化セルロース1の評価結果を表1、図4、図5に示す。
分散処理前の酸化セルロースについて、カルボキシ基量を以下の方法にて算出した。
酸化セルロースの乾燥重量換算0.2gをビーカーに採り、イオン交換水80mLを添加した。
そこに、0.01mol/Lの塩化ナトリウム水溶液5mLを加え、攪拌しながら、0.1mol/L塩酸を加えて、全体がpH2.8となるように調整した。
そこに、自動滴定装置(商品名:AUT-701、東亜ディーケーケー社製)を用いて、0.1mol/Lの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を0.05mL/30秒で注入し、30秒毎の電導度とpH値を測定し、pH11まで測定を続けた。
得られた電導度曲線から、水酸化ナトリウムの滴定量を求め、カルボキシ基の含有量を算出した。
TEMPO酸化セルロースの結晶化度を算出した。
TEMPO酸化セルロースについて、試料水平型多目的X線回折装置(商品名:UltimaIII、Rigaku社製)を用い、X線出力:(40kv、40mA)の条件で、5°≦2θ≦35°の範囲でX線回折パターンを測定した。得られるX線回折パターンはセルロースI型結晶構造に由来するものであるため、下記の式(1)を用い、以下に示す手法により、TEMPO酸化セルロースの結晶化度を算出した。
結晶化度(%)=〔(I22.6-I18.5)/I22.6〕×100・・・(1)
ただし、I22.6は、X線回折における格子面(002面)(回折角2θ=22.6°)の回折強度、I18.5は、アモルファス部(回折角2θ=18.5°)の回折強度を示す。
原子間力顕微鏡を用いて、微細化セルロース1の長軸の数平均軸径を算出した。
まず、微細化セルロース水分散液を0.001%となるように希釈した後、マイカ板上に20μLずつキャストして風乾した。
乾燥後に原子間力顕微鏡(商品名:AFM5400L、日立ハイテクノロジーズ社製)を用い、DFMモードで微細化セルロース1の形状を観察した。
微細化セルロース1の長軸の数平均軸径は、原子間力顕微鏡による観察画像から100本の繊維の長軸径(最大径)を測定し、その平均値として求めた。
微細化セルロース水分散液について、光線透過率を測定した。
石英製のサンプルセルの一方にはリファレンスとして水を入れ、もう一方には気泡が混入しないように微細化セルロース水分散液を入れ、光路長1cmにおける波長220nmから1300nmまでの光線透過率を分光光度計(商品名:NRS-1000、日本分光社製)にて測定した。その結果を図4に示す。
微細化セルロース0.5質量%の分散液のレオロジーをレオメーター(商品名:AR2000ex、ティー・エイ・インスツルメント社製)傾斜角1°のコーンプレートにて測定した。
測定部を25℃に温調し、せん断速度を0.01s-1から1000s-1について連続的にせん断粘度を測定した。その結果を図5に示す。図5から明らかなように、微細化セルロース分散液はチキソトロピック性を示した。せん断速度が1s-1と100s-1のときのせん断粘度を表1に示す。
次に、重合性モノマーであるジビニルベンゼン(以下、DVBとも称する。)10gに対し、重合開始剤である2、2-アゾビス-2、4-ジメチルバレロニトリル(以下、ADVNとも称する。)を1g溶解させた。更に、機能性成分として農薬フェニトロチオン(スミチオン、MEP、住友化学製)2g添加して混合した。
a2工程で調製した重合性モノマー混合液の全量を、微細化セルロース濃度1%の微細化セルロース分散液40gに対し添加したところ、重合性モノマー混合液と微細化セルロース分散液はそれぞれ透明性の高い状態で2相に分離した。
次に、上記2相分離した状態の混合液における上相の液面から超音波ホモジナイザーのシャフトを挿入し、周波数24kHz、出力400Wの条件で、超音波ホモジナイザー処理を3分間行った。超音波ホモジナイザー処理後の混合液の外観は白濁した乳化液の様態であった。混合液一滴をスライドグラスに滴下し、カバーガラスで封入して光学顕微鏡で観察したところ、1~数μm程度のエマルション液滴が無数に生成し、O/W型エマルションとして分散安定化している様子が確認された。
O/W型エマルション分散液を、ウォーターバスを用いて70℃の湯浴中に供し、攪拌子で攪拌しながら8時間処理し、重合反応を実施した。8時間処理後に上記分散液を室温まで冷却した。重合反応の前後で分散液の外観に変化はなかった。得られた分散液に対し、遠心力75,000g(gは重力加速度)で5分間処理したところ、沈降物を得た。デカンテーションにより上澄みを除去して沈降物を回収し、さらに孔径0.1μmのPTFEメンブレンフィルターを用いて、純水とメタノールで繰り返し洗浄した。こうして得られた精製・回収物を1%濃度で再分散させ、粒度分布計(NANOTRAC UPA-EX150、日機装株式会社)を用いて粒径を評価したところ平均粒子径2.1μmであった。次に精製・回収物を風乾し、さらに室温25度にて真空乾燥処理を24時間実施したところ、肌理細やかな乾燥粉体(複合粒子4)を得た。
得られた乾燥粉体を走査型電子顕微鏡にて観察した結果を図6及び図7に示す。図6から明らかなように、O/W型エマルション液滴を鋳型として重合反応を実施したことにより、エマルション液滴の形状に由来した、真球状の複合粒子4が無数に形成していることが確認された。さらに図7(a)及び(b)に示されるように、その表面は幅数nmの微細化セルロース1によって均一に被覆されていることが確認された。また、ろ過洗浄によって繰り返し洗浄したにも拘らず、複合粒子4の表面は等しく均一に微細化セルロース1によって被覆されていることから、本実施形態の複合粒子4において、複合粒子4内部のモノマーと微細化セルロース1は結合しており、不可分の状態にあることが示された。
複合粒子4の乾燥粉体を1%の濃度で純水に添加し、攪拌子で再分散させたところ、容易に再分散し、凝集も見られなかった。また、粒度分布計を用いて粒径を評価したところ、平均粒子径は乾燥前と同様に2.1μmとなり、粒度分布計のデータにおいても凝集を示すようなシグナルは存在しなかった。
以上のことから、複合粒子4はその表面が微細化セルロース1で被覆されているにもかかわらず、乾燥によって膜化することなく粉体として得られ、かつ再分散性も良好であることが示された。
実施例1-1においてDVBの代わりにジエチレングリコールジアクリレート(商品名FA-222A、日立化成、以下、FA-222Aとも称する。)を用いたこと以外は実施例1-1と同様の条件で、実施例1-2に係る複合粒子4を作製した。
<実施例1-3>
実施例1-1においてDVBの代わりにヘキサンジオールジアクリレート(商品名A-HD-N、新中村化学工業、以下、A-HD-Nとも称する。)を用いたこと以外は実施例1-1と同様の条件で、実施例1-3に係る複合粒子4を作製した。
実施例1-1においてTEMPO酸化の代わりに、先行技術文献として挙げた特許文献4に従いカルボキシメチル化(以下、CM化とも称する。)処理を行って得られたCM化CNF分散液を用いたこと以外は実施例1-1と同様の条件で、実施例1-4に係る複合粒子4を作製した。
<実施例1-5>
実施例1-1においてTEMPO酸化の代わりに、先行技術文献として挙げた非特許文献1に従いリン酸エステル化処理を行って得られたリン酸エステル化CNF分散液を用いたこと以外は実施例1-1と同様の条件で、実施例1-5に係る複合粒子4を作製した。
(b1工程:微細化セルロース分散液を得る工程)
実施例1-1と同様の条件で微細化セルロース分散液を得た。
(b2工程:ポリマー溶液を調製する工程)
次に、ポリ乳酸(PLA)10gを100gのジクロロエタンに溶解し、フェニトロチオン(スミチオン、MEP)2g添加して混合し、ポリマー溶液を調製した。
b2工程で得たポリマー溶液の全量を、微細化セルロース1濃度1%の微細化セルロース分散液500gに対し添加したところ、ポリマー溶液と微細化セルロース分散液はそれぞれ透明性の高い状態で2相に分離した。
次に、上記2相分離した状態の混合液における上層の液面から超音波ホモジナイザーを用いて実施例1-1のa3工程と同様に超音波ホモジナイザー処理した。光学顕微鏡にて1~数μm程度のエマルション液滴が無数に生成し、O/W型エマルションとして分散安定化している様子が確認された。
b3工程で得たO/W型エマルション液を700mmHgの減圧条件下にて40℃で3時間減圧乾燥してジクロロエタンを完全に揮発させた。ジクロロエタンの揮発前後で分散液の外観に変化はなかった。
得られた分散液を実施例1-1と同様の条件で分離・精製した。得られた複合粒子4の平均粒子径は2.8μmであった。実施例1-1と同様の条件で回収物を乾燥したところ、肌理細やかな乾燥粉体(複合粒子4)を得た。
実施例1-6において、b1工程と同様の条件で微細化セルロース1を調製し、b2工程にて、ポリ-ε-カプロラクトン(PCL、和光純薬製)10gを200gの酢酸エチルに溶解し、フェニトロチオン(スミチオン、MEP、住友化学製)2gを添加して混合し、ポリマー溶液を調製した。次に、b3工程と同様の条件でO/W型エマルション液を調製後、b4工程にてO/W型エマルション液を700mgHgの減圧条件下にて40℃で5時間減圧乾燥し、酢酸エチルを完全に揮発させた。それ以外は実施例1-6と同様の条件で、実施例1-7に係る複合粒子4を得た。
実施例1-1において肥料(イソブチルアルデヒド縮合尿素、IB)を用いた以外は実施例1-1と同様の条件で、実施例1-8に係る複合粒子4を作製した。
<実施例1-9>
実施例1-6において肥料(イソブチルアルデヒド縮合尿素、IB)を用いた以外は実施例1-1と同様の条件で、実施例1-9に係る複合粒子4を作製した。
実施例1-1において機能性成分として防カビ剤である5,6-ジクロロ-2-n-オクチル-4-イソチアゾリン-3-オン(DCOIT)を用いた以外は実施例1-1と同様の条件で、実施例1-10に係る複合粒子4を作製した。
<実施例1-11>
実施例1-6においてDCOITを用いた以外は実施例1-1と同様の条件で、実施例1-11に係る複合粒子4を作製した。
実施例1-1において、TEMPO酸化CNF分散液の代わりに純水を用いたこと以外は実施例1-1と同様の条件で、比較例1-1に係る複合粒子の作製を試みた。
<比較例1-2>
実施例1-1において、TEMPO酸化CNF分散液の代わりにカルボキシメチルセルロース(以下、CMCとも称する。)水溶液を用いたこと以外は実施例1-1と同様の条件で、比較例1-2に係る複合粒子の作製を試みた。
実施例1-8において、TEMPO酸化CNF分散液の代わりにカルボキシメチルセルロース(以下、CMCとも称する。)水溶液を用いたこと以外は実施例1-8と同様の条件で、比較例1-3に係る複合粒子の作製を試みた。
<比較例1-4>
実施例1-6において、b1工程において、微細化セルロース分散液の代わりにポリビニルアルコール(PVA)を8質量部、ラウリン酸ポリグリセリル-10(PGLE ML10)0.5質量部を純水500gに溶かした水溶液を用い、b2工程及びb3工程は実施例1-6と同様の条件でO/W型エマルション液を調製した。得られたO/W型エマルション液を、スプレードライヤー装置を用いて乾燥温度100℃で噴霧乾燥し、比較例1-4に係る粒子を作製した。
比較例1-4において、機能性成分としてMEPの代わりにIBを用いた以外は比較例1-4と同様の条件で、比較例1-4に係る粒子を作製した。
<比較例1-6>
比較例1-4において、機能性成分としてMEPの代わりにDCOITを用いた以外は比較例1-4と同様の条件で、比較例1-6に係る粒子を作製した。
<比較例1-7>
比較例1-4において、ラウリン酸ポリグリセリル-10(PGLE ML10)を添加しなかった以外は比較例1-4と同様の条件で、比較例1-7に係る粒子の作製を試みた。
(複合粒子形成可否評価)
複合粒子の形成可否は、走査型電子顕微鏡による形状観察により判断した。得られた乾燥粉体を走査型電子顕微鏡にて観察した。なお、複合粒子4の形成可否を以下の基準で判定した。
○:真球状の粒子が得られ、表面に微細化セルロースが被覆されていた。
△:真球状の粒子が得られたが、表面に微細化セルロースが被覆されていなかった。
×:上記粒子は得られなかった。
複合粒子4の乾燥粉体を1%の濃度で純水に添加し、攪拌子で再分散させた。25度で2週間静置後、目視で凝集があるか確認した。なお、分散安定性を以下の基準で判定した。
〇:目視で凝集物が確認されなかった。
×:目視で凝集物が確認された。
徐放性の評価は機能性成分の水中への溶出試験により行った。500mLの蒸留水に複合粒子4を0.1g添加し、25℃で250rpmの条件で振とう後、試験液をろ過し、高速液体クロマトグラフ測定装置(島津製作所社製)を用いて溶出した機能性成分の濃度を測定した。徐放開始から試験終了までに水溶液中に徐放された機能性成分の全量(徐放量)を、調製時に複合粒子4に内包された機能性成分の量(初期含有量)に対する徐放量を溶出率とした(溶出率=徐放量/初期含有量×100)。初期含有量は、複合粒子4を乳鉢ですりつぶした後、機能性成分を溶媒に溶解させて測定した。なお、徐放性を以下の基準で判定した。
〇:徐放開始から100時間の時点で溶出率が50%未満である。
×:徐放開始から100時間の時点で溶出率が50%以上である。
ヒメコガネムシ幼虫に対する殺虫効果を評価した。土壌に複合粒子4を0.1g/m2となるように土壌に混合し、40日後に10匹のコガネムシを放飼して7日後の死亡率を確認した。なお、殺虫効果を以下の基準で判定した。
〇:死亡率が90%以上であった。
×:死亡率が90%未満であった。
複合粒子4の芝に対する肥効を評価した。コーライ芝に、複合粒子4を1m2あたり25gの割合で設肥した。設肥から40日後の植物体の地上部分の生育を観察した。なお、肥効特性を以下の基準で判定した。
〇:芝葉が硬く、且つ葉色が良好である。
×:芝葉が硬くない、又は葉色が良好でない。
紫外線(UV)耐性試験は、得られた粒子0.1質量部となるようにPVA溶液に添加し、攪拌子で1時間攪拌後、アルミニウム板にアプリケーターを用いて膜厚10μmの膜厚で塗工し、一晩風乾して塗膜を作製した。塗膜にブラックライトによりUVを30μW/cm2にて照射し、2週間後のDCOIT残存率を測定した。
残存率は、初期含有量に対する残存量とした(残存率=残存量/初期含有量×100)。なお、紫外線耐性を以下の基準で判定した。
〇:2週間後の残存率が20%以上であった。
×:2週間後の残存率が20%未満であった。
JIS規格「JIS K6950:2000 プラスチック-水系培養液中の好気的究極生分解度の求め方-閉鎖呼吸計を用いる酸素消費量の測定による方法」に基づいて生分解性を評価した。複合粒子4と活性汚泥をそれぞれ100mg/L、30mg/Lになるように無機塩培地に添加し、酸素の消費量を測定し、酸素消費生物化学的酸素要求量(BOD;化学物質又は有機物が、特定条件下で、水中での好気的生物酸化によって消費された溶存酸素の質量濃度)を算出する。
コントロールとして複合粒子4が入っていない無機塩培地を用いる。機能性成分を除いた複合粒子4の全てが水と炭酸ガスにまで変換されるのに必要な酸素量(理論酸素要求量、ThOD)をポリマー組成式から算出した。生分解度は、理論酸素要求量に対する生物化学的酸素要求量として算出した(生分解度=BOD/ThOD×100)。なお、生分解性を以下の基準で判定した。
〇:試験開始から28日後の生分解度が80%以上であった。
×:試験開始から28日後の生分解度が80%未満であった。
表2、表3、表4の実施例1-1~1-11の評価結果において明らかなように、微細化セルロース1の種類(TEMPO酸化CNF、CM化CNF、リン酸エステル化CNF)によらず、各種モノマーの重合物や生分解性ポリマー及び各種機能性成分をコア粒子3とする複合粒子4を作製可能であることが確認された。実施例1-6、1-7、1-9及び1-11では、生分解性を有するポリマーに微細化セルロース形成後においても引続き生分解性を有していた。
比較例1-7においても、b2工程の遂行が不可能であった。具体的には、超音波ホモジナイザー処理を実施してもポリマー相と微細化セルロース分散液相が2相分離したままの状態となり、O/W型エマルションの作製自体が不可能であった。
また、比較例1-2から比較例1-3においては、a2工程におけるO/W型エマルションの形成は可能であった。これはCMCが微細化セルロース1と同様に両親媒性を示したため、エマルションの安定化剤として機能したと考えられる。しかしながら、続くa3工程において重合反応を実施すると、エマルションが崩壊してしまい、O/W型エマルションを鋳型とした複合粒子を得ることができなかった。この理由としては定かではないが、CMCは水溶性であるため、重合反応中もエマルション形状を維持するための被覆層2としては脆弱である可能性が高く、そのため重合反応中にエマルションが崩壊したと考えられる。
実施例1-1から実施例1-7の複合粒子4に内包される機能性成分MEPの徐放性を評価した結果、溶出率が50%未満であり、内包された機能性成分MEPが長期間複合粒子4内部に保持されており、優れた徐放性を有することが確認された。一方、比較例1-4の微細化セルロース1が表面に被覆されていない粒子においては十分な徐放性を有していなかった。このことから、微細化セルロース1が表面に被覆されることにより、優れた徐放性を示すことが示唆された。
また、実施例1-10及び実施例1-11の複合粒子4に内包された機能性成分DCOITの徐放性を評価した結果、溶出率が50%未満であり、内包された機能性成分DCOITが長期間複合粒子4内部に保持されており、優れた徐放性を有することが確認された。一方、比較例1-6の微細化セルロース1が表面に被覆されていない粒子においては十分な徐放性を有していなかった。このことから、微細化セルロース1が表面に被覆されることにより、複合粒子4が優れた徐放性を示すことが示唆された。
内包する機能性成分がIBである実施例1-8において植物生育評価を行った結果、設肥から40日後においても高い肥効を示し、植物の生育状態が良好であった。一方、比較例1-5においては、40日後の肥効は十分ではなかった。このことから、微細化セルロース1の被覆の効果により、内包された機能性成分が保護され、また、徐放されるために40日後においても優れた肥効特性を示したと考えられる。
第1実施形態で説明した徐放性複合粒子は、上述のように、分散安定性が良好であるために優れた徐放性を有して長期間効果を発揮する。そのため、上述の徐放性複合粒子を、例えば、建物の内装材や家具等に用いてもよい。以下、この点について、具体的に説明する。
このような除去剤としては、例えば、ホルムアルデヒドと反応して、ホルムアルデヒドを別の化合物に変換することが可能なホルムアルデヒド反応剤を用いたものが知られている。このような除去剤で、対象となる製品を処理することにより、ホルムアルデヒドが除去可能であるとされている。そして、ホルムアルデヒド反応剤としては、ヒドラジド化合物(特許文献8参照)等が知られている。
まず、本発明の第2実施形態に係る微細化セルロース1とコア粒子3とを含む複合粒子4について説明する。本実施形態に係る複合粒子4は、第1実施形態に係る複合粒子4と同様に、微細化セルロース1を用いたO/W型ピッカリングエマルションと、エマルション内部の重合性モノマーを重合することで得られる複合粒子である。
複合粒子4は、少なくとも一種類のコア粒子3を含み、コア粒子3の表面に、微細化セルロース1により構成された被覆層2を有し、コア粒子3と微細化セルロース1とが結合して不可分の状態にある複合粒子である。より詳しくは、複合粒子4は、ホルムアルデヒド反応剤を含んだ少なくとも一種類のコア粒子3と、コア粒子3の表面の少なくとも一部を覆う微細化セルロース1とを有し、ホルムアルデヒド反応剤を含んだコア粒子3と微細化セルロース1とが不可分の状態にある。
なお、その他の構成等については第1実施形態と同じである。そのため、ここではその説明を省略する。
次に、本実施形態の複合粒子4の製造方法の一例について説明する。本実施形態に係る複合粒子4の製造方法は、セルロース原料を溶媒中で解繊して微細化セルロース1の分散液を得る工程(c1工程)と、c1工程で得た微細化セルロース1の分散液中においてホルムアルデヒド反応剤と重合性モノマーとを含む重合性モノマー液滴5Aの表面の少なくとも一部を微細化セルロース1で覆い、重合性モノマー液滴5Aをエマルションとして安定化させる工程(c2工程)と、重合性モノマー液滴5Aの表面の少なくとも一部が微細化セルロース1で覆われた状態で、重合性モノマー液滴5Aを重合してコア粒子3とすることで、コア粒子3の表面の少なくとも一部を微細化セルロース1で覆い、かつコア粒子3と微細化セルロース1とを不可分の状態にする工程(c3工程)と、を有する複合粒子4の製造方法である。このよう、本実施形態に係る複合粒子4の製造方法cは、上述した第1実施形態に係る複合粒子4の製造方法aとほぼ同じである。
(c1工程)
本実施形態に係るc1工程は、上述した第1実施形態に係るa1工程と同じである。そのため、ここではその説明を省略する。
c2工程は、微細化セルロース1の分散液中においてホルムアルデヒド反応剤を混合させた重合性モノマー液滴5Aの表面の少なくとも一部を微細化セルロース1で被覆して、重合性モノマー液滴5Aをエマルションとして安定化させる工程である。
具体的にはc1工程で得られた微細化セルロース分散液にホルムアルデヒド反応剤を混合させた重合性モノマーを添加し、さらに重合性モノマーを微細化セルロース分散液中に液滴として分散させ、さらに重合性モノマー液滴5Aの表面の少なくとも一部を微細化セルロース1によって被覆し、微細化セルロース1によって安定化されたO/W型エマルションを作製する工程である。
本実施形態に係るO/W型エマルションを作製する方法は、上述した第1実施形態に係るO/W型エマルションを作製する方法と同じである。そのため、ここではその説明を省略する。
O/W型エマルション構造において、重合性モノマー液滴5Aの表層に形成された微細化セルロース層(被覆層)2の厚みは特に限定されないが、通常3nm~1000nm程度である。微細化セルロース層(被覆層)2の厚みは、例えばクライオTEMを用いて計測することができる。
なお、c2工程で用いることができる重合性モノマーの種類は、上述した第1実施形態に係るa2工程で用いることができる重合性モノマーの種類と同じである。そのため、ここではその説明を省略する。
ホルムアルデヒド反応剤は、ホルムアルデヒドとの反応性を有し、かつアミノ基及びアミノ基塩形成基の少なくとも一方を有しないものである。なお、ここで言う「ホルムアルデヒドとの反応性を有する」とは、ホルムアルデヒドと反応して、ホルムアルデヒドを別の化合物に変換する能力を有することを意味する。すなわち、前述のホルムアルデヒド反応剤は、ホルムアルデヒドとの反応性を有する基を含む。本実施形態の微細化セルロース1とホルムアルデヒド反応剤含有コア粒子3とを含む複合粒子4により、ホルムアルデヒドは、ホルムアルデヒド反応剤との反応によって、別の化合物への変換という形で除去される。
環状構造を有するホルムアルデヒド反応剤で好ましいものとしては、例えば、「-NH-」基及び「-NH-」塩形成基からなる群から選択される1種又は2種以上が、環状構造の環骨格を形成しているものが挙げられ、「-C(=O)-NH-」基、「-NH-C(=O)-NH-」基、「-C(=O)-NH-」塩形成基、「-NH-C(=O)-NH-」塩形成基、「=N-NH-」基、「-HN-N(-)-NH-」基、「=N-NH-」塩形成基及び「-HN-N(-)-NH-」塩形成基からなる群から選択される1種又は2種以上が、環状構造の環骨格を形成しているホルムアルデヒド反応剤がより好ましい。
特に好ましいホルムアルデヒド反応剤としては、例えば、ヒダントイン及びその塩、2-イミダゾリジノン及びその塩、5-ピラゾロン及びその塩、3-ピラゾロン及びその塩、1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-オン及びその塩、フタルイミド及びその塩、グリコールウリル及びその塩、ピラゾール及びその塩、1,2,3-トリアゾール及びその塩、1,2,4-トリアゾール及びその塩、並びに1,2,3-ベンゾトリアゾール及びその塩等が挙げられる。なお、前述のヒダントイン、2-イミダゾリジノン、5-ピラゾロン、3-ピラゾロン、1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-オン、フタルイミド、グリコールウリル、ピラゾール、1,2,3-トリアゾール、1,2,4-トリアゾール、1,2,3-ベンゾトリアゾールは、それぞれ置換基を有していてもよい。
ヒダントイン、2-イミダゾリジノン、5-ピラゾロン、3-ピラゾロン、1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-オン、ピラゾール、1,2,3-トリアゾール及び1,2,4-トリアゾールはいずれも、環員数が5の化合物である。フタルイミド及び1,2,3-ベンゾトリアゾールはいずれも、環員数が9の化合物である。グリコールウリルは環員数が8の化合物である。
なお、ここに示す化合物は、ホルムアルデヒド反応剤のごく一例に過ぎない。
また、本実施形態に係るc2工程では、上述の第1実施形態に係るa2工程と同様に、重合性モノマーには予め重合開始剤が含まれていてもよい。なお、本実施形態に係るc2工程において添加可能な重合開始剤等は、第1実施形態に係るa2工程で説明した重合開始剤等と同じである。そのため、ここではその説明を省略する。
c3工程は、重合性モノマー液滴5Aの表面の少なくとも一部が微細化セルロース1で被覆された状態で、重合性モノマー液滴5Aを重合してコア粒子3を形成することで、微細化セルロース1でコア粒子3の表面の少なくとも一部が被覆され、かつコア粒子3と微細化セルロース1とが不可分の状態にある複合粒子4を得る工程である。
重合性モノマーを重合する方法については特に限定されず、用いた重合性モノマーの種類および重合開始剤の種類によって適宜選択可能であるが、例えば懸濁重合法が挙げられる。
なお、上記方法により作製した複合粒子4の回収・精製方法は、上述した第1実施形態に係るa4工程で説明した回収・精製方法と同じである。そのため、ここではその説明を省略する。
本実施形態に係る複合粒子4は、複合粒子4の表面の微細化セルロース1に由来した、生体親和性が高く溶媒中でも凝集することない良好な分散安定性を有する新規な複合粒子である。
また、本実施形態に係る複合粒子4を含む乾燥固形物は肌理細やかな粉体として得られ、粒子同士の凝集がない。このため、乾燥粉体として得られた複合粒子4を再び溶媒に再分散することも容易であり、再分散後も複合粒子4の表面に結合された微細化セルロース1の被覆層2に由来した分散安定性を示す。
また、本実施形態に係る複合粒子4の製造方法によれば、環境への負荷が低く、簡便な方法で提供することが可能な新規な複合粒子4の製造方法を提供することができる。
また、本実施形態に係る複合粒子4によれば、溶媒をほとんど除去することが可能なため、輸送費の削減、腐敗リスクの低減、添加剤としての添加効率の向上、疎水性樹脂への混練効率向上といった効果が期待できる。
また、本実施形態に係る複合粒子4によれば、コア粒子3であるホルムアルデヒド反応剤混合ポリマーの粒子を微細化セルロース1であるセルロースナノファイバーにて被覆しているため、雰囲気中のホルムアルデヒドが微細化セルロース1であるセルロースナノファイバーを通じて徐々に反応剤に接触するため、ホルムアルデヒドの除去効果がより長期間継続して得られる効果が期待できる。
以上、本発明の第2実施形態について図面を参照して詳述したが、具体的な構成はこの実施形態に限られるものではなく、本発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲の設計変更等も含まれる。また、上述の第2実施形態および変形例において示した構成要素は適宜に組み合わせて構成することが可能である。
次に、本発明の第3実施形態について説明する。以降の説明において、既に説明したものと共通する構成については、同一の符号を付して重複する説明を省略する。
本実施形態に係る壁紙9は、本発明の第2実施形態に係る複合粒子4を含む壁紙である。
壁紙9の構成は、複合粒子4を含むシート状の構造物であれば特に限定されないが、最表面に複合粒子4が露出しているか、あるいは、複合粒子4の表面が湿度を透過する材料で覆われていることが好ましい。壁紙9の構成の例としては、図8に示す壁紙9のように、基材8の上部に複合粒子4を含む機能層7を設けた壁紙である。
壁紙9の作製方法は、基材8等に複合粒子4を含む分散液を塗布して作製してもよく、複合粒子4を含む壁紙用組成物を成形して作製してもよい。複合粒子4を含む分散液を塗布して壁紙9を作製する場合、機能層7は、前述の複合粒子4を含む分散液を基材8に塗布し、分散液中の溶媒を加熱等により除去することで得られる。
図8において、壁紙9は機能層7と基材8で構成されているが、必要に応じて、壁紙9の吸湿性を損なわない範囲で、機能層7とは別の機能層を設けることができる。機能層7とは別の機能層の役割としては、例えば、機能層7が傷つくことを防ぐことや、機能層7が汚れることを防ぐことが挙げられる。
本実施形態に係る壁紙9によれば、第2実施形態と同様に、微細化セルロース1と親和性の高い化学物質と反応できる。特に、本実施形態に係る壁紙9によれば、複合粒子4とホルムアルデヒドとが反応し、雰囲気中からホルムアルデヒドを除去できる。
以上、本発明の第3実施形態について図面を参照して詳述したが、具体的な構成はこの実施形態に限られるものではなく、本発明の要旨を逸脱しない範囲の設計変更等も含まれる。また、上述の第1~3の各実施形態において示した構成要素は適宜に組み合わせて構成することが可能である。
以下、本発明を第2実施例に基づいて詳細に説明するが、本発明の技術的範囲はこれらの実施例に限定されるものではない。以下の各例において、「%」は、特に断りのない限り、質量%(w/w%)を示す。
(c1工程:微細化セルロース分散液を得る工程)
(木材セルロースのTEMPO酸化)
針葉樹クラフトパルプ70gを蒸留水3500gに懸濁し、蒸留水350gにTEMPOを0.7g、臭化ナトリウムを7g溶解させた溶液を加え、20℃まで冷却した。ここに2mol/L、密度1.15g/mLの次亜塩素酸ナトリウム水溶液450gを滴下により添加し、酸化反応を開始した。系内の温度は常に20℃に保ち、反応中のpHの低下は0.5Nの水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を添加することでpH10に保ち続けた。セルロースの重量に対して、水酸化ナトリウムの添加量の合計が3.50mmol/gに達した時点で、約100mLのエタノールを添加し反応を停止させた。その後、ガラスフィルターを用いて蒸留水によるろ過洗浄を繰り返し、酸化パルプ(酸化セルロース)を得た。
上記TEMPO酸化で得た酸化パルプ及び再酸化パルプを固形分重量で0.1g量りとり、1%濃度で水に分散させ、塩酸を加えてpHを2.5とした。その後0.5M水酸化ナトリウム水溶液を用いた電導度滴定法により、カルボキシ基量(mmol/g)を求めた。結果は1.6mmol/gであった。
上記TEMPO酸化で得た酸化パルプ1gを99gの蒸留水に分散させ、ジューサーミキサーで30分間微細化処理し、CSNF濃度1%のCSNF水分散液を得た。CSNF分散液を光路長1cmの石英セルに入れ、分光光度計(島津製作所社製、「UV-3600」)を用いて分光透過スペクトルの測定を行った結果を図4に示す。図4から明らかなように、CSNF水分散液は高い透明性を示した。また、CSNF水分散液に含まれるCSNFの数平均短軸径は3nm、数平均長軸径は1110nmであった。さらに、レオメーターを用いて定常粘弾性測定を行った結果を図5に示す。図5から明らかなように、CSNF分散液はチキソトロピック性を示した。
次に、重合性モノマーであるジビニルベンゼン(以下、DVBとも称する。)10gに対し、重合開始剤である2、2-アゾビス-2、4-ジメチルバレロニトリル(以下、ADVNとも称する。)を1g溶解させた。さらにホルムアルデヒド反応剤である5,5-ジメチルヒダントイン(東京化成工業社製 1g)を添加し、溶解させた。DVB/ADVN/5,5-ジメチルヒダントイン混合溶液全量を、CSNF濃度1%のCSNF分散液40gに対し添加したところ、DVB/ADVN/5,5-ジメチルヒダントイン混合溶液とCSNF分散液はそれぞれ透明性の高い状態で2層に分離した。
次に、上記2層分離した状態の混合液における上層の液面から超音波ホモジナイザーのシャフトを挿入し、周波数24kHz、出力400Wの条件で、超音波ホモジナイザー処理を3分間行った。超音波ホモジナイザー処理後の混合液の外観は白濁した乳化液の様態であった。混合液一滴をスライドグラスに滴下し、カバーガラスで封入して光学顕微鏡で観察したところ、1~数μm程度のエマルション液滴が無数に生成し、O/W型エマルションとして分散安定化している様子が確認された。
O/W型エマルション分散液を、ウォーターバスを用いて70℃の湯浴中に供し、攪拌子で攪拌しながら8時間処理し、重合反応を実施した。8時間処理後に上記分散液を室温まで冷却した。重合反応の前後で分散液の外観に変化はなかった。得られた分散液に対し、遠心力75,000g(gは重力加速度)で5分間処理したところ、沈降物を得た。デカンテーションにより上澄みを除去して沈降物を回収し、さらに孔径0.1μmのPTFEメンブレンフィルターを用いて、純水とメタノールで繰り返し洗浄した。こうして得られた精製・回収物を1%濃度で再分散させ、粒度分布計(NANOTRAC UPA-EX150、日機装株式会社)を用いて粒径を評価したところ平均粒子径2.1μmであった。次に精製・回収物を風乾し、さらに室温25度にて真空乾燥処理を24時間実施したところ、肌理細やかな乾燥粉体(複合粒子4)を得た。
得られた乾燥粉体を走査型電子顕微鏡にて観察した結果を図6及び図7に示す。図6から明らかなように、O/W型エマルション液滴を鋳型として重合反応を実施したことにより、エマルション液滴の形状に由来した、真球状の複合粒子4が無数に形成していることが確認された。さらに図7(a)及び(b)に示されるように、その表面は幅数nmの微細化セルロース1によって均一に被覆されていることが確認された。また、ろ過洗浄によって繰り返し洗浄したにも拘らず、複合粒子4の表面は等しく均一に微細化セルロース1によって被覆されていることから、本実施形態の複合粒子4において、複合粒子4内部のモノマー(コア粒子3)と微細化セルロース1とは結合している可能性があり、コア粒子3と微細化セルロース1とが不可分の状態にあることが示された。
複合粒子4の乾燥粉体を1%の濃度で純水に添加し、攪拌子で再分散させたところ、容易に再分散し、凝集も見られなかった。また、粒度分布計を用いて粒径を評価したところ、平均粒子径は乾燥前と同様に2.1μmとなり、粒度分布計のデータにおいても凝集を示すようなシグナルは存在しなかった。
以上のことから、複合粒子4はその表面が微細化セルロース1で被覆されているにもかかわらず、乾燥によって膜化することなく粉体として得られ、かつ再分散性も良好であることが示された。
複合粒子4のホルムアルデヒド除去効果を確認する方法として、ホルムアルデヒドで満たしたチャンバーを複数用意し、チャンバーA内に複合粒子4を含む分散液を塗工した壁紙9をいれ、所定の時間経過後にチャンバーA内のホルムアルデヒド濃度を測定した。1日目に使用した同じ壁紙9を新たなチャンバーBにいれ、所定の時間経過後にチャンバーB内のホルムアルデヒド濃度を測定し、効果を確認した。この作業を数日繰り返し、ホルムアルデヒド除去効果の継続した日数をカウントした。
実施例2-1においてDVBの代わりにジエチレングリコールジアクリレート(商品名FA-222A、日立化成、以下、FA-222Aとも称する。)を用いたこと以外は実施例2-1と同様の条件で、実施例2-2に係る複合粒子4を作製し、同様に各種評価を実施した。
<実施例2-3>
実施例2-1においてDVBの代わりにヘキサンジオールジアクリレート(商品名A-HD-N、新中村化学工業、以下、A-HD-Nとも称する。)を用いたこと以外は実施例2-1と同様の条件で、実施例2-3に係る複合粒子4を作製し、同様に各種評価を実施した。
実施例1において5,5-ジメチルヒダントイン(東京化成工業社製 1g)に代えて、2-イミダゾリジノン(東京化成工業社製、1g)を用いたこと以外は実施例2-1と同様の条件で、実施例2-4に係る複合粒子4を作製し、同様に各種評価を実施した。
<実施例2-5>
実施例2-1において5,5-ジメチルヒダントイン(東京化成工業社製 1g)に代えて、3-メチル-5-ピラゾロン(東京化成工業社製、1g)を用いたこと以外は実施例2-1と同様の条件で、実施例2-5に係る複合粒子4を作製し、同様に各種評価を実施した。
実施例2-1において、5,5-ジメチルヒダントイン(東京化成工業社製 1g)に代えて、アジピン酸ジヒドラジド(東京化成工業社製、1g)を用いたこと以外は実施例2-1と同様の条件で、比較例2-1に係る複合粒子の作製を試みた。
<比較例2-2>
実施例2-1において、5,5-ジメチルヒダントイン(東京化成工業社製 1g)に代えて、セバシン酸ジヒドラジド(東京化成工業社製、1g)を用いたこと以外は実施例2-1と同様の条件で、比較例2-2に係る複合粒子の作製を試みた。
<比較例2-3>
実施例2-1において、5,5-ジメチルヒダントイン(東京化成工業社製 1g)に代えて、アミノエチルエタノール(東京化成工業社製、1g)を用いたこと以外は実施例2-1と同様の条件で、比較例2-4に係る複合粒子の作製を試みた。
なお、比較例2-1~2-3は、アミノ基またはアミノ基塩形成基を有するホルムアルデヒド反応剤を用いたことによりCNFの有するカルボン酸と反応してしまい、コア粒子3へのCNFによる被覆形成が阻害され、CNF被覆できなかった。
○:O/W型エマルションの形成が可能
×:O/W型エマルションの形成が不可能
また、c3工程の可否については、以下のように判定した。
○:c3工程のエマルション鋳型とした真球状の粒子が得られた
×:上記粒子は得られなかった
また、再分散性に関しては、以下のように判定した。
○:複合粒子が溶媒中に再分散可能
×:複合粒子が溶媒中に再分散不可能
また、ホルムアルデヒド除去効果の長期継続性評価に関しては、以下のように判定した。
○:効果継続が10日以上
△:効果継続が2日以下
また、表5の比較例中の各セルにおける斜線表記は、各工程実施中に工程の遂行が不可能となり、その後の工程を実施していないことを示している。
徐放性複合粒子4は機能性成分の原料をほとんど内包できるために経済的であり、廃棄による汚染も少ない。また、微細化セルロース1は生分解性ポリマーであるセルロースから構成された繊維状セルロースであり、コア粒子3に含まれるポリマーに生分解性ポリマーを使用することにより、農薬や肥料等として使用する際に分解し、安全であり、環境汚染を抑制できる。
2 被覆層(微細化セルロース層)
3 コア粒子(ポリマー+機能性成分)
4 複合粒子
5 液滴
5A 液滴(重合性モノマー液滴)(モノマー+機能性成分)
5B 液滴(ポリマー液滴)(ポリマー+機能性成分+有機溶媒)
6 分散液(水)
7 機能層
8 基材
9 壁紙
Claims (18)
- 少なくとも一種類のポリマー及び少なくとも一種類の機能性成分を含むコア粒子と、前記コア粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を覆う微細化セルロースとを有し、前記コア粒子と前記微細化セルロースとが不可分の状態にあることを特徴とする徐放性複合粒子。
- 前記微細化セルロースの少なくとも一部は結晶化しており、
前記微細化セルロースの結晶表面にアニオン性官能基が導入されていることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の徐放性複合粒子。 - 前記機能性成分が、防カビ剤、香料、肥料、pH調整剤、農薬、植物活力剤、植物延命剤、害虫及び動物の忌避剤、土壌浸透剤、栄養成分、植物ホルモン及び抗菌性物質の少なくとも一種であることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の徐放性複合粒子。
- 前記機能性成分が、ホルムアルデヒド反応剤であることを特徴とする請求項1又は請求項2に記載の徐放性複合粒子。
- 前記ホルムアルデヒド反応剤が、ホルムアルデヒドとの反応性を有し、アミノ基及びアミノ基が塩を形成している基の少なくとも一方を有しないことを特徴とする請求項4に記載の徐放性複合粒子。
- 前記ポリマーが、ビニル基を有するモノマーの重合物であることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の徐放性複合粒子。
- 前記ポリマーが、(メタ)アクリル基を有するモノマーの重合物であることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項6のいずれか1項に記載の徐放性複合粒子。
- 前記ポリマーが、2つ以上の重合性官能基を有する多官能モノマーの重合物であることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項7のいずれか1項に記載の徐放性複合粒子。
- 前記多官能モノマーが有する2つ以上の重合性官能基の少なくとも一つが、ビニル基であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の徐放性複合粒子。
- 前記多官能モノマーが有する2つ以上の重合性官能基の少なくとも一つが、(メタ)アクリル基であることを特徴とする請求項8に記載の徐放性複合粒子。
- 前記多官能モノマーが、ジビニルベンゼンであることを特徴とする請求項9に記載の徐放性複合粒子。
- 前記ポリマーが、生分解性ポリマーであることを特徴とする請求項1から請求項5のいずれか1項に記載の徐放性複合粒子。
- 請求項1から請求項12のいずれか1項に記載の徐放性複合粒子を含むことを特徴とする乾燥粉体。
- 固形分率が80%以上であることを特徴とする請求項13に記載の乾燥粉体。
- セルロース原料を溶媒中で解繊して微細化セルロースの分散液を得るa1工程と、
少なくとも一種類の重合性モノマーと少なくとも一種類の機能性成分とを含むモノマー混合液を準備するa2工程と、
前記微細化セルロースの分散液中において前記重合性モノマー及び前記機能性成分を含む前記モノマー混合液で構成される重合性モノマー液滴の表面の少なくとも一部を前記微細化セルロースで覆い、前記重合性モノマー液滴をエマルションとして安定化させるa3工程と、
前記重合性モノマー液滴の表面の少なくとも一部が前記微細化セルロースで覆われた状態で、前記重合性モノマー液滴を重合してポリマー及び前記機能性成分を含むコア粒子とすることで、前記コア粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を前記微細化セルロースで覆い、且つ前記コア粒子と前記微細化セルロースとを不可分の状態にするa4工程と、を有することを特徴とする徐放性複合粒子の製造方法。 - セルロース原料を溶媒中で解繊して微細化セルロースの分散液を得るb1工程と、
少なくとも一種類のポリマー及び少なくとも一種類の機能性成分を、前記ポリマーを溶解可能な有機溶媒に添加し溶解させたポリマー溶液を準備するb2工程と、
前記微細化セルロースの分散液中において前記ポリマー、前記機能性成分及び前記有機溶媒を含む前記ポリマー溶液で構成されるポリマー液滴の表面の少なくとも一部を前記微細化セルロースで覆い、前記ポリマー液滴をエマルションとして安定化させるb3工程と、
前記ポリマー液滴の表面の少なくとも一部が前記微細化セルロースで覆われた状態で、前記ポリマー液滴に含まれる前記有機溶媒を除去して前記ポリマーを固体化して前記ポリマー及び前記機能性成分を含むコア粒子とすることで、前記コア粒子の表面の少なくとも一部を前記微細化セルロースで覆い、且つ前記コア粒子と前記微細化セルロースとを不可分の状態にするb4工程と、を有することを特徴とする徐放性複合粒子の製造方法。 - 前記機能性成分が、ホルムアルデヒド反応剤であることを特徴とする請求項15又は請求項16に記載の徐放性複合粒子の製造方法。
- 請求項1から請求項12のいずれか1項に記載の徐放性複合粒子を含むことを特徴とする壁紙。
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| JP7067246B2 (ja) | 2018-04-27 | 2022-05-16 | 凸版印刷株式会社 | 複合粒子、複合粒子の製造方法および乾燥粉体 |
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| KR20250166126A (ko) | 2023-03-30 | 2025-11-27 | 유시로 인크. | 조성물 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPWO2019208801A1 (ja) | 2021-05-27 |
| CN112313289A (zh) | 2021-02-02 |
| JP7409302B2 (ja) | 2024-01-09 |
| US20210051950A1 (en) | 2021-02-25 |
| EP3786231A1 (en) | 2021-03-03 |
| US12075775B2 (en) | 2024-09-03 |
| EP3786231A4 (en) | 2021-06-09 |
| EP3786231B1 (en) | 2026-07-22 |
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