WO2022009775A1 - Tofセンサ - Google Patents
Tofセンサ Download PDFInfo
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- WO2022009775A1 WO2022009775A1 PCT/JP2021/024979 JP2021024979W WO2022009775A1 WO 2022009775 A1 WO2022009775 A1 WO 2022009775A1 JP 2021024979 W JP2021024979 W JP 2021024979W WO 2022009775 A1 WO2022009775 A1 WO 2022009775A1
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- branch point
- unit pixel
- clock
- wiring
- pixel group
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/483—Details of pulse systems
- G01S7/486—Receivers
- G01S7/4861—Circuits for detection, sampling, integration or read-out
- G01S7/4863—Detector arrays, e.g. charge-transfer gates
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F39/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one element covered by group H10F30/00, e.g. radiation detectors comprising photodiode arrays
- H10F39/80—Constructional details of image sensors
- H10F39/803—Pixels having integrated switching, control, storage or amplification elements
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/02—Systems using the reflection of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves
- G01S17/06—Systems determining position data of a target
- G01S17/08—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only
- G01S17/32—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated
- G01S17/36—Systems determining position data of a target for measuring distance only using transmission of continuous waves, whether amplitude-, frequency-, or phase-modulated, or unmodulated with phase comparison between the received signal and the contemporaneously transmitted signal
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S17/00—Systems using the reflection or reradiation of electromagnetic waves other than radio waves, e.g. lidar systems
- G01S17/88—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications
- G01S17/89—Lidar systems specially adapted for specific applications for mapping or imaging
- G01S17/894—Three-dimensional [3D] imaging with simultaneous measurement of time-of-flight at a two-dimensional [2D] array of receiver pixels, e.g. time-of-flight cameras or flash lidar
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/483—Details of pulse systems
- G01S7/486—Receivers
- G01S7/4865—Time delay measurement, e.g. time-of-flight measurement, time of arrival measurement or determining the exact position of a peak
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/491—Details of non-pulse systems
- G01S7/4912—Receivers
- G01S7/4913—Circuits for detection, sampling, integration or read-out
- G01S7/4914—Circuits for detection, sampling, integration or read-out of detector arrays, e.g. charge-transfer gates
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01S—RADIO DIRECTION-FINDING; RADIO NAVIGATION; DETERMINING DISTANCE OR VELOCITY BY USE OF RADIO WAVES; LOCATING OR PRESENCE-DETECTING BY USE OF THE REFLECTION OR RERADIATION OF RADIO WAVES; ANALOGOUS ARRANGEMENTS USING OTHER WAVES
- G01S7/00—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00
- G01S7/48—Details of systems according to groups G01S13/00, G01S15/00, G01S17/00 of systems according to group G01S17/00
- G01S7/491—Details of non-pulse systems
- G01S7/4912—Receivers
- G01S7/4915—Time delay measurement, e.g. operational details for pixel components; Phase measurement
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a TOF (Time of Flyght) sensor, and more particularly to an indirect TOF sensor having a clock wiring for propagating a high-speed clock signal for a transfer gate.
- TOF Time of Flyght
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 2000-3407778 discloses an image sensor device having a small variation in wiring delay.
- the image sensor device of Patent Document 1 is composed of a printed circuit board and an image sensor chip having a long shape in the main scanning direction.
- the image sensor chip is connected to a shift register consisting of n-stage flip-flops, a photoelectric conversion element array consisting of n photoelectric conversion elements, a pixel switch array consisting of n transistors, and a clock input terminal extending in the main scanning direction. It consists of a clock wiring and a read wiring that extends in the main scanning direction and is connected to the image signal output terminal.
- the wiring delays that occur in each period are substantially equal by arranging the clock input terminal or the image signal output terminal on either one or the other of both ends in the main scanning direction.
- Patent Document 2 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 08-129571 discloses a clock wiring layout in which the rising and falling times at the ends are uniform and the skew is small.
- Patent Document 2 proposes, as a conventional technique, an H-tree method in which a clock wiring 4 is repeatedly branched into an H-shape and the clock wiring is designed so as to form a tree as a whole. Since this H-tree method regularly distributes the clock signal by 2 times, 4 times, 8 times, etc., it has high symmetry and the load capacity of the buffer amplifier at each branch point (wiring capacity and input of the next stage gate). Since the capacities, etc.) are almost equal, there is an advantage that skew can be reduced.
- Patent Document 3 Japanese Unexamined Patent Publication No. 10-199985 also discloses a semiconductor integrated circuit that reduces unnecessary power consumption and suppresses clock skew. Patent Document 3 also describes, as a conventional technique, a chip layout in which the wiring 4 having an H tree structure is used as a clock wiring in FIG. 5 (c). In the technique shown in FIG. 5 (c), a wiring pattern having a predetermined shape is formed on a chip, and a large number of flip-flops (not shown) that receive clock supply are arranged along the wiring pattern.
- the TOF sensor is a method of measuring the time required for light emitted from a light source to be reflected by an object and returning to the sensor, and to calculate a distance based on a known speed of light.
- the distance measurement by the TOF method was a point measurement in which a photodiode, a short pulse laser, and a time measurement circuit were composed discretely.
- image sensors time-resolved image sensors capable of measuring time have been developed.
- the TOF sensor has a laser emitting device and a receiving device, and the sensor and the sensor are measured by measuring the time difference between the laser emitting device emitting the laser and the receiving device receiving the laser reflected on the surface of the object.
- the receiving device will be referred to as a TOF sensor.
- the TOF sensor In order to measure the time difference, the TOF sensor generates a high-speed clock signal of multiple phases for the transfer gate inside the sensor, and transfers the charge generated in the photodiode in the pixel multiple times during the on period of each transfer gate. The amount of electric charge accumulated in the output circuit is output, and the ratio of the amount of electric charge accumulated in each phase is calculated to calculate the reception time of the laser in the receiving device.
- the transfer gate In the TOF sensor, the charge generated in the photodiode is transferred multiple times, stored, and then read out, so the operation of the output circuit does not have to be so high.
- the transfer gate In order to improve the time resolution of the TOF sensor, the transfer gate is described above. It is necessary to shorten the pulse width and period of the high-speed clock signal of multiple phases for.
- the propagation delay time of the transfer gate clock signal of each pixel in the TOF sensor varies in the TOF sensor, the timing at which the transfer gate turns on varies, and the measurement time varies between each pixel of the TOF sensor. Become.
- the problem to be solved by the present invention is the variation in the propagation delay time between the pixels of the high-speed clock signal for the transfer gate having a short pulse width and the period of the TOF sensor of the two-dimensional array having a large number of pixels. Make it smaller.
- the variation in the measurement time due to the variation in the propagation delay time is measured and recorded before shipment, and the variation in the recorded measurement time is read out when the TOF sensor is actually used, and the distance information is corrected at the time of distance measurement. Can be used for.
- the variation in the propagation delay time varies due to changes in the environment in which the TOF sensor is placed, for example, changes in temperature. Therefore, when the variation in the measurement time for correction is large, the variation in the measurement time for correction is also large due to the change in the environment, and as a result, the variation in the distance measurement value after the correction is large between the pixels.
- the variation in the propagation delay time among the pixels is not random but has a simplified tendency. Specifically, for example, in pixels arranged in two dimensions, if there is little variation in the propagation delay time in the X direction and systematic variation is also shown in the Y direction, recording and correction with a small number of parameters can be performed. It will be possible.
- the clock is turned on and the electric charge generated by the photoelectric conversion element is output as it is from the image signal output terminal.
- the photoelectric conversion element close to the clock input terminal has a small wiring delay in the clock wiring and the timing when the clock is turned on is early, but the wiring delay to the image signal output terminal of the charge generated in the photoelectric conversion element is large, and conversely.
- the photoelectric conversion element on the opposite side of the clock input terminal has a large wiring delay in the clock wiring and the timing at which the clock is turned on is late, but the wiring delay to the image signal output terminal of the charge generated by the photoelectric conversion element is small. Therefore, the difference in delay depending on the position where the photoelectric conversion element is arranged becomes small.
- This method is effective when the clock that generates electric charge and the clock that transfers electric charge are the same as in a normal image sensor, but it accumulates the electric charge generated by multiple clocks like a TOF sensor. Not applicable when transferring from. Therefore, in the case of a TOF sensor, it is necessary to reduce the variation in the propagation delay time of the high-speed clock signal itself.
- FIG. 15 is a plan explanatory view showing an example of the layout of the clock wiring by the H tree method.
- 10 is a semiconductor chip
- 11 is a clock input terminal
- 12 is a terminal circuit (latch circuit)
- 13 is a root buffer
- 14 is a clock wiring.
- the wiring of the H tree structure in FIG. 15 has high symmetry and the load capacity (wiring capacity and next) of the buffer amplifier at each branch point because the clock signal is regularly distributed in the order of 2 times, 4 times, 8 times, and so on. Since the input capacitance of the stage gate, etc.) is almost equal, there is an advantage that the skew can be reduced.
- the wiring becomes dense near the center of the array, but the wiring becomes sparse toward the peripheral part, so that the TOF pixels of the two-dimensional array become sparse.
- the clock buffer cannot be arranged in the array with the TOF pixels of the two-dimensional array, it is necessary to drive the entire wiring of the H tree structure with one clock buffer, which makes it difficult to design the clock buffer. be.
- the circuit basically operates on a time axis based on "1 clock period", so that the propagation delay time also varies if it is within the range of, for example, half or less of one clock period.
- the TOF sensor measures and records the variation in measurement time due to the variation in propagation delay time before shipment, reads out the variation in measurement time recorded during actual use, and uses it to correct distance information during distance measurement. System level efforts are being made.
- a main object of the present invention is to reduce the variation of the propagation delay time of the high-speed clock signal connected to the transfer gate of each pixel for each pixel in the TOF sensor having pixels arranged two-dimensionally in the X direction and the Y direction.
- the purpose is to provide a TOF sensor that can be used.
- the second object of the present invention is that there is little variation in the propagation delay time for each pixel in the X direction, and when correction is performed at the system level, the measurement accuracy can be significantly improved by correcting only in the Y direction. It is to provide a sensor.
- the TOF sensor is a TOF sensor including a pixel area having pixels arranged in the X direction and the Y direction and a clock buffer area arranged on one end side of the pixel area in the Y direction, in the pixel area.
- a TOF sensor including a pixel area having pixels arranged in the X direction and the Y direction and a clock buffer area arranged on one end side of the pixel area in the Y direction, in the pixel area.
- a plurality of clock signals including a charge storage and an output circuit and driving each of the plurality of transfer gates are binary-branched in the X direction in the clock buffer region, and the unit pixels are arranged in the Y direction.
- Each of the output wirings of the clock buffer that is input to the clock buffer that drives the group sequence and drives the unit pixel group sequence is binary-branched in the Y direction and connected to a plurality of transfer gates of the unit pixel group sequence.
- the binary branch is obtained by repeating the branching such that the clock wiring is first branched into two and each of the two branched clock wirings is further branched into two, and the clock wiring is branched N times. It means that it is branched into N wiring.
- the clock buffer is a circuit that amplifies a clock signal in order to drive a larger load, and is composed of, for example, two stages of inverters. Further, in the TOF sensor according to one aspect, a clock buffer area is arranged on one end side in the Y direction, and it is stipulated that each of the output wirings of the clock buffer drives a unit pixel group array arranged in the Y direction. The internal arrangement of the sensor may be rotated by 90 degrees to arrange the clock buffer area on one end side in the X direction.
- the TOF sensor according to the second invention is a TOF sensor according to one aspect, in which a clock buffer is arranged at each binary branch point where a plurality of clock signals are binary-branched in the X direction, and the output of the clock buffer is branched in two directions. May be done.
- the TOF sensor according to the third invention is the TOF sensor according to the second invention.
- each of the outputs of the clock buffer in the final stage reaches the first branch point located at the midpoint in the Y direction of the pixel region. After being wired, it is branched into two, and the transfer gate of the unit pixel group on one end side of the first branch point and the transfer gate of the unit pixel group on the other end side of the first branch point in the unit pixel group sequence. May be connected to.
- the TOF sensor according to the fourth invention is the TOF sensor according to the third invention, in which one of the wires branched into two at the first branch point is a distance of 1/4 from one end side in the Y direction of the pixel region. After being wired to the second branch point located at, it is branched into two, and the transfer gate and the second branch of the unit pixel group on one end side of the second branch point in the array of unit pixel groups in the Y direction.
- the other side of the wiring branched into two at the first branch point is wired to the third branch point located at a distance of 3/4 from one end side in the Y direction of the pixel area, and then branched into two.
- the transfer gate of the unit pixel group between the first branch point and the third branch point is connected to the transfer gate of the unit pixel group between the first branch point and the third branch point and the transfer gate of the unit pixel group on the other end side of the third branch point. You may.
- the second branch point of 1/4 from one end side of the array of unit pixel groups in the Y direction and the third branch point of 3/4 from one end side of the array of unit pixel groups in the Y direction are used for each pixel.
- the transfer gates of two unit pixel groups adjacent to each other in the Y direction with respect to the first branch point may be connected to each other in the TOF sensor according to the fifth invention. ..
- the TOF sensor according to the sixth invention is a position symmetrical with respect to the first branch point of the wiring from the output of the clock buffer to the first branch point in the TOF sensor according to the third to fifth inventions. Wiring may be formed.
- the image sensor it is important to maintain the uniformity of the wiring around each pixel as much as possible. This is because if the uniformity is not maintained, there will be variations in the state of parasitic capacitance and the like among the pixels, which will cause variations in the charge storage capacity and the transfer capacity. Since these are directly linked to variations in distance measurement accuracy, it is necessary to maintain the uniformity of physical states such as parasitic capacitance between each pixel as much as possible.
- the TOF sensor according to the third to fifth inventions there is a wiring connecting the clock buffer region arranged on one end side in the Y direction and the first branch point.
- the uniformity of the wiring around each pixel can be maintained by forming the wiring at a position symmetrical to the first branch point of the wiring from the clock back to the first branch point.
- the wiring to be formed includes a case where a dummy wiring independent of the clock wiring from one end side in the Y direction to the first branch point is extended from the vicinity of the first branch point to the other end side in the Y direction.
- the clock wiring from one end side in the direction to the first branch point may be extended to the other end side in the Y direction.
- the TOF sensor according to the seventh invention is the TOF sensor according to the third to sixth inventions, in which an upper wiring layer is used for wiring from the output of the clock buffer to the first branch point, and the first A lower wiring layer may be used for wiring from the branch point to the transfer gate of each pixel.
- the parasitic resistance and capacitance of the wiring from the output of the clock buffer to the first branch point increase the absolute value of the delay of the clock waveform and the rise and fall times.
- the delay of the clock waveform is delayed by using the upper wiring layer having a small sheet resistance and a small parasitic capacitance for the wiring from the output of the clock buffer to the first branch point. It is possible to suppress an increase in the absolute value of and the rise and fall times.
- the transfer gates of adjacent unit pixel groups in the X direction may be connected to each other in the TOF sensor according to the seventh aspect from the first aspect.
- the propagation delay of the transfer gate between the unit pixel group rows adjacent in the X direction due to the variation in the driving capacity of the clock buffer in the final stage and the relative variation in the parasitic resistance and capacitance of the wiring in the TOF sensor.
- the time variability can be reduced.
- the clock wiring structure of the TOF sensor of the present invention is particularly suitable for a back-illuminated sensor in which the influence of wiring on exposure can be ignored, but it is also applicable to a surface-illuminated sensor depending on the pixel size, the number of wiring layers, and the like. It is possible.
- FIG. 5A is a schematic diagram showing an example of the clock wiring layout of the TOF sensor.
- FIG. 5A shows a case where the clock wiring extends to the other end side in the Y direction
- FIG. 5B shows an independent dummy wiring in the Y direction.
- FIG. 6A is a schematic diagram showing another example of the clock wiring layout of the TOF sensor.
- FIG. 6A shows a case where the clock wiring extends to the other end side in the Y direction
- FIG. 6B shows an independent dummy wiring. This corresponds to the case of extending to the other end side in the Y direction.
- FIG. 1 is a schematic plan view of the TOF sensor 100
- FIG. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a clock buffer region 20 of the TOF sensor 100
- FIG. 3 is a schematic circuit diagram of an example of the pixel 40 of the TOF sensor 100
- FIG. 4 is a schematic timing chart showing an example of the operation of the TOF sensor 100.
- FIGS. 5, 6 and 7 are schematic views showing an example, another example, and further another example of the layout of the clock wiring 50 of the TOF sensor 100, respectively.
- FIGS. 8 and 9 are schematic circuit diagrams showing an example of the clock wiring 50 of the TOF sensor 100 and another example, respectively.
- a unit pixel group 36 composed of a single pixel 40 or a plurality of pixels 40 adjacent to each other in the X direction and / or the Y direction is arranged in the Y direction.
- the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction is formed, and the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction is further arranged in the X direction to form a two-dimensionally arranged pixel region 30.
- a clock buffer area 20 is formed on one end side of the pixel area 30 in the Y direction, and drives a transfer gate 42 (not shown) of each pixel 40 in each of the unit pixel group rows 35 in the Y direction from the clock buffer area 20.
- each of the TOF pixels 40 includes a plurality of transfer gates 42, and FIG. 1 shows FIG. Although not shown, a plurality of clock buffers 22 are arranged in each of the unit pixel group rows 35 in the Y direction corresponding to the number of transfer gates 42 of the pixels 40 of the TOF.
- the TOF sensor 100 is output from the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction, which is a selection signal for selecting and outputting the pixel 40 from the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction. It also includes a read-out circuit for reading out the charged charge.
- the clock signal input from the clock input terminal 21 is amplified by the clock buffer 22 and then split into two, and the branched clock signal is also amplified by the clock buffer 22 and then two more. Branch to. By repeating this binary branching, the clock signal is branched to the same number as the number of unit pixel group sequences 35 in the Y direction. In FIG. 2, 32 clock outputs are formed by branching in five stages. In general, an output of 2N can be obtained by N-step branching.
- the number of rows of unit pixel group rows 35 in the Y direction arranged in the X direction depends on the structure of the TOF sensor 100 or the required resolution in the X direction.
- the clock buffer area 20 actually includes as many binary branch circuits as the number of transfer gates 42 of each pixel 40.
- the clock buffer 22 is provided in all the branches of each stage in FIG. 2, the clock buffer 22 may not be provided for the branch of some stages, and only the branch of the wiring may be provided.
- the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction has the same resistance and capacitance as the output of the clock buffer 22 in the final stage corresponding to the output of the clock buffer region 20.
- the propagation delay time, rising and falling time, and the like of the clock signal in each clock wiring 50 of the unit pixel group row 35 can be made substantially the same.
- An object of the present invention is to provide a TOF sensor 100 having a wiring structure capable of reducing variation in propagation delay time of a high-speed clock signal connected to a transfer gate 42 for each pixel 40. Therefore, the present invention can be applied to all of the pixels 40 having a plurality of transfer gates 42, but here, as an example, the configuration and operation of the pixels 40 having two transfer gates 42 will be described.
- a plurality of transfer gates 42 (TG1, TG2) are arranged in order to sample the charge of the photodiode 41 (PD) in a plurality of time windows (clocks). There is.
- the charges sampled by the transfer gates 42 (TG1, TG2) are stored in the floating diffusion (FD1, FD2), respectively, and are output (OUT1, OUT2) via the source followers (SF1, SF2) and the selection transistors (SEL1, SEL2). Read from.
- FIG. 4 is a timing chart showing the principle of time measurement using the TOF sensor 100.
- a laser beam having a pulse width of TPW is emitted from the laser emitting device, reflected by an object, becomes received light, and is input to the photodiode 41 of the pixel 40.
- the TG1 is turned on first, and the TG2 is turned on later than the TG1 by the pulse width TPW of the laser beam.
- the received light is incident on the TOF sensor 100 with a flight time (TOF) corresponding to the time obtained by dividing the sum of the distance between the laser emitting device and the object and the distance between the object and the TOF sensor 100 by the speed of light.
- TOF flight time
- the electric charge generated at the time when the pulse of the received light and the TG1 overlap is accumulated in the FD1
- the electric charge generated at the time when the pulse of the received light and the TG2 overlap is accumulated in the FD2
- the electric charge generated at the time when the pulse of the received light and the TG2 overlap is accumulated in the FD2
- the TOF can be obtained by outputting the amount of electric charge charged and the amount of electric charge accumulated in FD2 and calculating the ratio thereof. If the timing at which the radiant laser beam is turned on and the timing at which the TG1 is turned on deviate from each other, a measurement error will occur. For example, the measurement error can be corrected by correction at the system level.
- the transfer gate 42 is also called a modulation gate because the pulse of the received light is modulated by the TG1 and the TG2.
- the propagation delay time of the clock signal at the output of each clock buffer 22 in the clock buffer area 20, the rising and falling times, etc. can be almost the same. Therefore, in order to reduce the variation in the propagation delay time between the pixels 40 arranged in the X and Y directions of the TOF sensor 100, the propagation delay time of each pixel 40 in the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction is reduced. It is important to reduce the variation of.
- FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram showing an example of the clock wiring layout of the TOF sensor 100.
- the output of the clock buffer 22 (TG1, TG2) at the final stage of the clock buffer area 20 extends to the first branch point 51 located at the midpoint in the Y direction of the pixel area 30 without being connected to the pixels, where 2
- One of the clock wirings 50 is branched into two and is connected to a transfer gate 42 (not shown) of the pixel 40 extending from the center in the Y direction to one end side adjacent to the clock buffer region 20. Further, of the two branched wirings, the other clock wiring 50 is connected to the transfer gate 42 of the pixel 40 extending from the center in the Y direction to the other end side.
- FIG. 5 shows an example in which the number of transfer gates 42 is two. Therefore, the clock wiring 50 also has two wirings laid out in each unit pixel group row 35. Further, in FIG. 5, wiring is formed at a position symmetrical with respect to the first branch point 51 of the clock wiring 50 from the clock buffer 22 to the first branch point 51. This is to maintain the uniformity of the wiring pattern around each pixel.
- FIG. 5A corresponds to the case where the clock wiring 50 extends to the other end side in the Y direction
- FIG. 5B corresponds to the case where the independent dummy wiring 56 extends to the other end side in the Y direction.
- the clock wiring 50 When the clock wiring 50 extends to the other end side in the Y direction, it is formed between one end side in the Y direction to the first branch point 51 and the first branch point 51 to the other end side in the Y direction. It is advantageous in that the parasitic capacitance component between the wiring and the clock wiring 50 after branching and its dynamic operating condition can be aligned as much as possible, but it is disadvantageous in that the parasitic capacitance component of the clock wiring 50 increases. be.
- FIG. 6 is a schematic diagram showing another example of the clock wiring layout of the TOF sensor 100.
- the clock wiring 50 an upper wiring layer 53 and a lower wiring layer 54 are laminated with an insulating layer interposed therebetween, and both clock wirings 50 are displayed in FIG.
- the output of the clock buffer 22 (TG1, TG2) at the final stage of the clock buffer area 20 extends to the first branch point 51 located at the center of the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction by the wiring layer 53 of the upper layer, and is there. It is connected to the lower wiring layer 54 via the via 55 connecting the wiring layer 53 of the above and the wiring layer 54 of the lower layer.
- the lower wiring layer 54 is a transfer gate 42 of the pixel 40 extending from the center in the Y direction to one end side adjacent to the clock buffer region 20, and a pixel 40 extending from the center in the Y direction to the other end side. It is connected to the transfer gate 42.
- FIG. 6 is also an example of the case where there are two transfer gates 42, and therefore, the clock wiring 50 also has two wirings laid out in each unit pixel group row 35. Further, also in FIG. 6, wiring is formed at a position symmetrical with respect to the first branch point 51 of the clock wiring 50 from the clock buffer 22 to the first branch point 51.
- FIG. 6A corresponds to the case where the clock wiring 50 extends to the other end side in the Y direction
- FIG. 6B corresponds to the case where the independent dummy wiring 56 extends to the other end side in the Y direction.
- FIG. 7 is a schematic diagram showing still another example of the clock wiring layout of the TOF sensor 100.
- three pixels 40 adjacent to each other in the X direction constitute a unit pixel group 36.
- the clock for driving the transfer gate 42 is three phases, and the outputs of the three clock buffers 22 (TG1, TG2, TG3) are not connected to the pixel 40 and are in the Y direction of the pixel region 30. It extends to the first branch point 51 located at the midpoint, where it is branched into two and connected to the unit pixel group 36, respectively.
- the output of the clock buffer 22 is wired using the upper wiring layer 53, and is connected to the lower wiring layer 54 via the via 55 connecting the upper wiring layer 53 and the lower wiring layer 54 in each unit pixel group 36. Then, it is connected to the transfer gate 42 of each pixel 40 by the lower wiring layer 54. Further, in the example of FIG. 7, the wiring layers 54 in the lower layer of the unit pixel group 36 adjacent to each other in the X direction are connected to each other.
- the clock signal of the present invention is binary-branched in the X direction in the clock buffer region 20, and the shapes of the clock wiring 50 and the transfer gate 42 of the unit pixel group row 35 in each Y direction are also the same in the X direction.
- the waveforms of the wiring layer 54 in the lower layer of the unit pixel group 36 adjacent to the X direction are the same, but by connecting the wiring layers 54 in the lower layer of the unit pixel group 36 adjacent to the X direction to each other.
- the variation in the propagation delay time of the transfer gate 42 among the unit pixel groups 36 adjacent in the X direction due to the variation in the drive capability of the clock buffer 22 in the final stage and the relative variation in the parasitic resistance and the parasitic capacitance of the clock wiring 50. Can be reduced.
- three pixels 40 adjacent to each other in the X direction form a unit pixel group 36.
- three pixels 40 adjacent to each other in the X direction are further combined in the Y direction.
- a unit pixel group 36 may be composed of a total of six pixels 40. Further, the unit pixel group 36 may be formed only by the pixels 40 adjacent to each other in the Y direction. Further, also in FIG. 7, wiring is formed at a position symmetrical with respect to the first branch point 51 of the clock wiring 50 from the clock buffer 22 to the first branch point 51. FIG. 7 corresponds to the case where the independent dummy wiring 56 extends to the other end side in the Y direction.
- FIG. 8 is an equivalent circuit diagram of the clock wiring 50 corresponding to the layout of FIGS. 5 to 7.
- the clock wiring 50 extends from the output of the clock buffer 22 to the first branch point 51, then is branched into two and extends toward one end side and the other end side of the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction.
- the clock wiring 50 is described as a cascade connection of CRC in order to correspond to the delay of the clock signal in the clock wiring 50.
- the variation in the propagation delay time in the clock wiring 50 in the lower stage of FIG. 8, which corresponds to the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction becomes small.
- FIG. 9 is a schematic circuit diagram showing another example of the clock wiring 50 of the TOF sensor 100.
- the output of the clock buffer 22 extends to the first branch point 51, and after branching there, one clock wiring 50 is further located at a distance of 1/4 from one end side in the Y direction of the pixel region 30. It extends to the second branch point 57, then branches into two, and extends toward one end side and the first branch point 51 side of the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction, respectively.
- the other clock wiring 50 branched at the first branch point 51 further extends to the third branch point 58 located at a distance of 3/4 from one end side in the Y direction of the pixel region 30, and there are two more.
- the variation of the propagation delay time is a unit pixel group in the Y direction. It is limited to the variation in the 1/4 section of the entire clock wiring 50 in the lower stage of FIG. 9 corresponding to the row 35. Therefore, the variation in the propagation delay time can be further reduced as compared with the case of FIG. 8 in which the output of the clock buffer 22 propagates from the first branch point 51 to one end side and the other end side.
- the modulation gate of each pixel of the unit pixel group 35 in the Y direction is driven from the points of 1/4 and 3/4 of the clock wiring 50 connecting the unit pixel group 35 in the Y direction.
- the wiring is further branched at the points of 1/4 and 3/4, and each pixel of the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction from the points of 1/8, 3/8, 5/8, and 7/8 It may be configured to drive the transfer gate 42. More generally, by wiring the clock wiring 50 connecting the unit pixel group train 35 in the Y direction to the unit pixel group 36 after binary branching in the Y direction, the variation in the propagation delay time can be reduced. ..
- the binary-branched wiring is branched into 2N lines, so 1/2 N , 3/2 N , ..., Of the clock wiring 50 connecting the unit pixel group sequence 35 in the Y direction. It is preferable to drive the transfer gate 42 of the unit pixel group 36 from the point of (2 N -1) / 2 N.
- the clock wiring 50 extending from the second branch point 57 toward the first branch point 51 side and the clock wiring 50 extending from the third branch point 58 toward the first branch point 51 side. Is connected at the first branch point 51, but since the ends of the two clock wirings 50 have theoretically the same propagation delay time, the two clock wirings 50 may be connected to each other. , You do not have to connect. However, it is advantageous to connect the two clock wirings 50 to each other with respect to the variation in the propagation delay time due to the relative variation in the resistance value or the parasitic capacitance value of the two wirings.
- FIG. 11 when driven from the 1/4 point (second branch point 57) and the 3/4 point (third branch point 58) as shown in FIG.
- the circuit diagram used in the simulation of is shown in FIG.
- the clock wiring 50 connecting the unit pixel group rows 35 in the Y direction is divided into 12
- the resistance of each of the 12 divided clock wirings 50 is 10 ⁇
- the parasitic capacitance is 0.5pF + 0.5pF
- the clock buffer 22 The output resistance of the clock was 5 ⁇ and the clock frequency was 100MHz.
- the time from the rising edge of the clock buffer 22 until the voltage at points C0 to C12 in the figure reaches half the amplitude of the clock is defined as the propagation delay time.
- FIG. 13 shows the absolute value of the propagation delay time at each C terminal in each circuit of FIGS. 10 to 12, and FIG. 14 shows each C when the point with the smallest propagation delay time is 0.
- the propagation delay time at the point of the terminal is shown.
- the propagation delay time in FIG. 14 corresponds to a variation in the propagation delay time in the clock wiring 50 connecting the unit pixel group train 35 in the Y direction.
- the absolute value of the propagation delay time of each C terminal is the smallest in the case of the end drive in FIG. 10, in the middle in the case of the center drive in FIG. big. This is because in the circuit of FIG. 11, the delay of the wiring from the clock buffer 22 to the first branch point 51 is added, and in the circuit of FIG.
- the variation in the propagation delay time inside the clock wiring 50 connecting the unit pixel group train 35 in the Y direction is the case of the central drive of FIG. 11 and the case of the end drive of FIG.
- the variation is about 1/3, and in the case of the 4-split drive in FIG. 12, it is about 1/3 in the case of the central drive and about 1/10 in the case of the end drive.
- the clock wiring 50 which is the output of the clock buffer 22 is the first branch corresponding to the center of the unit pixel group row 35 in the Y direction. After wiring to the point 51, it branches into two, one clock wiring 50 is connected to the transfer gate 42 of the pixel 40 extending from the first branch point 51 to one end side, and the other clock wiring 50 is connected to the first branch point.
- the transfer gate 42 of the pixel 40 extending from the 51 to the other end side, the variation of the propagation delay time of the high-speed clock signal connected to the transfer gate 42 of each pixel 40 for each pixel 40 is driven at the end. It can be reduced to about 1/3 of the case.
- the variation in the propagation delay time of the high-speed clock signal connected to the transfer gate 42 of each pixel 40 for each pixel 40 is the end. It can be reduced to about 1/10 of the case of driving.
- the clock wiring structure of the TOF sensor 100 of the present invention is particularly suitable for a back-illuminated sensor in which the influence of wiring on exposure can be ignored. Is also applicable.
- the pixel area 30 corresponds to the "pixel area”
- the clock buffer area 20 corresponds to the "clock buffer area”
- the TOF sensor 100 corresponds to the "TOF sensor”
- the pixel 40 corresponds to the "pixel”.
- the photodiode 41 corresponds to the "photo diode”
- the transfer gate 42 corresponds to the “transfer gate”
- the charge storage and output circuit 43 corresponds to the "charge storage and output circuit”
- the unit pixel group 36 corresponds to the "transfer gate”.
- the unit pixel group row 35 corresponds to the "unit pixel group row”
- the clock buffer 22 corresponds to the "clock buffer”
- the first branch point 51 corresponds to the "first branch point”.
- the second branch point 57 corresponds to the "second branch point”
- the third branch point 58 corresponds to the "third branch point”
- the upper wiring layer 53 corresponds to the "upper wiring layer”.
- the lower wiring layer 54 corresponds to the "lower wiring layer”.
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Abstract
Description
TOFセンサにはレーザ放出装置と受信装置とがあり、レーザ放出装置でレーザを放出してから、対象物の表面で反射したレーザを受信装置で受信するまでの時間差を測定することにより、センサと対象物との間の距離を測定する。なお、以降の説明では上記受信装置をTOFセンサと称する。
TOFセンサでは時間差を測定するために、センサ内部で転送ゲート用の複数の位相の高速クロック信号を発生させ、それぞれの転送ゲートのオンの期間に画素内のフォトダイオードに発生した電荷を複数回転送して蓄積し、出力回路で蓄積された電荷量を出力し、各位相における蓄積された電荷量の比率を計算することによって、受信装置でのレーザの受信時間を計算する。
しかし、TOFセンサ内の各画素の転送ゲート用クロック信号の伝搬遅延時間がTOFセンサ内でばらついた場合には、転送ゲートがオンするタイミングがばらつき、TOFセンサの各画素間の測定時間のばらつきとなる。したがって、TOFセンサの各画素間の測定時間のばらつきを小さくするためには、各画素の転送ゲート用クロック信号の伝搬遅延時間をなるべく同一にする必要がある。
また、TOFセンサの空間分解能を向上させるためには2次元アレイとして配置される画素の数を増やす必要がある。
また、システムの観点での取り組みを容易にするためには、各画素間での伝搬遅延時間のばらつきがランダムではなく、単純化された傾向を備えている方が望ましい。具体的には、例えば2次元に配置された画素において、X方向の伝搬遅延時間のばらつきが少なく、Y方向についても系統的なばらつきを示すものであれば、少ないパラメータでの記録、および補正が可能になる。
この方法は、通常のイメージセンサのように電荷を発生させるクロックと電荷を転送するクロックが同一の場合は有効であるが、TOFセンサのように複数回のクロックで発生させた電荷を蓄積してから転送する場合には適用できない。したがって、TOFセンサの場合は高速クロック信号の伝搬遅延時間のばらつきそのものを小さくする必要がある。
しかし、Hツリー構造を2次元アレイのTOF画素に適用した場合、アレイ中央付近は配線が密になるのに対し、周辺部に行くに従い配線が疎になっていくため、2次元アレイのTOF画素にとって重要な、画素ごとの均一性を保つことが困難であるという課題がある。
また、2次元アレイのTOF画素ではアレイ内にクロックバッファを配置することはできないため、Hツリー構造の配線全体を1つのクロックバッファで駆動する必要があり、クロックバッファの設計が難しいとの課題もある。
しかし、転送ゲートのクロック配線にこのHツリー構造を適用した場合には、伝搬遅延時間のばらつきが2次元分布となるため、例えばY方向のばらつきを独立して補正するなどの補正処理の簡素化を図ることができないとの課題もある。
本発明の第2の目的は、X方向の画素ごとの伝搬遅延時間のばらつきが少なく、システムレベルでの補正を行う場合に、Y方向のみの補正で測定精度を大幅に向上させることができるTOFセンサを提供することにある。
一局面に従うTOFセンサは、X方向およびY方向に配列される画素を備えた画素領域と画素領域のY方向の一端側に配置されるクロックバッファ領域とを備えるTOFセンサであって、画素領域には、単独の画素、または、X方向および/またはY方向に隣接する複数の画素、から構成された単位画素群が2次元配列され、単位画素群の画素はそれぞれフォトダイオードと複数の転送ゲートと電荷蓄積および出力回路とを備え、複数の転送ゲートのそれぞれを駆動する複数のクロック信号はそれぞれ、クロックバッファ領域において、X方向にバイナリー分岐されて、単位画素群がY方向に配列された単位画素群列を駆動するクロックバッファに入力され、単位画素群列を駆動するクロックバッファの出力配線のそれぞれは、Y方向においてバイナリー分岐されて、単位画素群列の複数の転送ゲートに接続される。
なお、バイナリー分岐とは、クロック配線がまず2つに分岐され、2つに分岐されたクロック配線のそれぞれがさらに2つに分岐されるというように分岐を繰り返して、N回分岐することによって2Nの配線に分岐されることを意味する。
また、クロックバッファとは、より大きな負荷を駆動するためにクロック信号を増幅する回路のことであり、例えばインバータ2段で構成される。
また、一局面に従うTOFセンサでは、Y方向の一端側にクロックバッファ領域が配置され、クロックバッファの出力配線のそれぞれがY方向に配列された単位画素群列を駆動すると規定されているが、TOFセンサの内部配置を90度回転させて、X方向の一端側にクロックバッファ領域を配置してもよい。
(a)Y方向の単位画素群列の転送ゲートを、Y方向においてバイナリー分岐されたクロック配線で駆動することにより、Y方向の単位画素群列全体を端部から1本のクロック配線で駆動する場合に比べて、Y方向の単位画素群列内での伝搬遅延時間のばらつきを減少させることができる。
(b)クロックバッファ領域において、クロック信号をX方向にバイナリー分岐することにより、Y方向の単位画素群列を駆動する各クロックバッファの間での伝搬遅延時間のばらつきを減少させることができる。
(c)上記(b)の効果により、2次元配列された画素間の測定距離の誤差のうち、X方向の画素間でのばらつきを大幅に減少させることができ、システムレベルでの誤差補正をする場合に、Y方向の画素間の誤差補正のみで2次元配列された画素間の測定精度を大幅に向上させることができる。
第2の発明にかかるTOFセンサは、一局面に従うTOFセンサにおいて、複数のクロック信号のX方向にバイナリー分岐される各バイナリー分岐点にはクロックバッファが配置され、クロックバッファの出力が2方向に分岐されてもよい。
第3の発明にかかるTOFセンサは、一局面から第2の発明にかかるTOFセンサにおいて、最終段のクロックバッファの出力のそれぞれは、画素領域のY方向の中点に位置する第1分岐点まで配線された後、2つに分岐されて、単位画素群列のうちの、第1分岐点より一端側の単位画素群の転送ゲートと第1分岐点より他端側の単位画素群の転送ゲートとに接続されてもよい。
第4の発明にかかるTOFセンサは、第3の発明にかかるTOFセンサにおいて、第1分岐点で2つに分岐された配線の一方は、画素領域のY方向の一端側から1/4の距離に位置する第2分岐点まで配線された後、2つに分岐されて、Y方向の単位画素群の配列のうちの、第2分岐点より一端側の単位画素群の転送ゲートと第2分岐点と第1分岐点の間の単位画素群の転送ゲートとに接続され、
第1分岐点で2つに分岐された配線の他方は、画素領域のY方向の一端側から3/4の距離に位置する第3分岐点まで配線された後、2つに分岐されて、Y方向の単位画素群の配列のうちの、第1分岐点と第3分岐点の間の単位画素群の転送ゲートと第3分岐点より他端側の単位画素群の転送ゲートとに接続されてもよい。
第5の発明にかかるTOFセンサは、第4の発明にかかるTOFセンサにおいて、さらに、第1分岐点に対してY方向において隣接する2つの単位画素群の転送ゲートがたがいに接続されてもよい。
第6の発明にかかるTOFセンサは、第3の発明から第5の発明にかかるTOFセンサにおいて、クロックバッファの出力から第1分岐点までの配線の、第1分岐点に対して対称となる位置に、配線が形成されてもよい。
第3の発明から第5の発明にかかるTOFセンサでは、Y方向の一端側に配置されるクロックバッファ領域と第1分岐点とを接続する配線が存在する。この場合、クロックバッから第1分岐点までの配線の、第1分岐点に対して対称となる位置に、配線を形成することによって、各画素の周辺の配線の均一性を保つことができる。
なお、形成される配線としては、Y方向の一端側から第1分岐点までのクロック配線とは独立したダミー配線を第1分岐点付近からY方向の他端側まで延在させる場合と、Y方向の一端側から第1分岐点までのクロック配線をY方向の他端側まで延在させる場合とがある。
クロック配線をY方向の他端側まで延在させる場合は、Y方向の一端側から第1分岐点までと第1分岐点からY方向の他端側までとの間で、形成される配線と分岐後のクロック配線との間の寄生容量成分およびそのダイナミックな動作状況を極力揃えることができる点で有利であるが、クロック配線の寄生容量成分が増加するという点では不利である。
第7の発明にかかるTOFセンサは、第3の発明から第6の発明にかかるTOFセンサにおいて、クロックバッファの出力から第1分岐点までの配線には、上層の配線層が使用され、第1分岐点から各画素の転送ゲートまでの配線には下層の配線層が使用されてもよい。
第8の発明にかかるTOFセンサは、一局面から第7の発明にかかるTOFセンサにおいて、さらに、X方向において隣接する単位画素群の転送ゲートがたがいに接続されてもよい。
図1は、TOFセンサ100の模式的平面図であり、図2はTOFセンサ100のクロックバッファ領域20の模式的回路図である。図3はTOFセンサ100の画素40の一例の模式的回路図であり、図4はTOFセンサ100の動作の一例を示す模式的タイミングチャートである。また、図5と図6と図7とはそれぞれ、TOFセンサ100のクロック配線50のレイアウトの一例、他の例、およびさらに他の例を示す模式図である。さらに図8と図9とはそれぞれ、TOFセンサ100のクロック配線50の一例、および他の例を示す模式的回路図である。
図1に示すように、TOFセンサ100は、単独の画素40、または、X方向および/またはY方向に隣接する複数の画素40、から構成された単位画素群36がY方向に配列されて、Y方向の単位画素群列35となり、さらにY方向の単位画素群列35がX方向に配列されて、2次元配列された画素領域30が形成されている。画素領域30のY方向の一端側にはクロックバッファ領域20が形成され、クロックバッファ領域20からY方向の単位画素群列35のおのおのに各画素40の転送ゲート42(図示せず)を駆動する高速クロック信号のクロック配線50(図示せず)が延在している。なお、図1には、Y方向の単位画素群列35のおのおのに対して1つのクロックバッファ22が描かれているが、TOFの画素40はそれぞれ複数の転送ゲート42を含み、図1には図示していないが、TOFの画素40の転送ゲート42の数に対応してY方向の単位画素群列35のおのおのに複数のクロックバッファ22が配置される。また、図1には図示していないが、TOFセンサ100にはY方向の単位画素群列35から画素40を選択して出力するための選択信号、Y方向の単位画素群列35から出力された電荷を読み出すための読み出し回路等も含まれる。
図2に示すように、クロック入力端子21から入力されたクロック信号はクロックバッファ22で増幅されたのち2つに分岐され、分岐されたクロック信号はまたクロックバッファ22で増幅されたのちさらに2つに分岐される。このバイナリー分岐を繰り返すことによってクロック信号はY方向の単位画素群列35の数と同じ数まで分岐される。図2では5段階の分岐によって32のクロック出力が形成されている。一般には、N段階の分岐によって2Nの出力を得ることができる。なお、Y方向の単位画素群列35がX方向に何列配列されるかについては、TOFセンサ100の構造、あるいは必要なX方向の分解能によって異なる。
また、図2では1つのクロック信号のみが描かれているが、実際には各画素40の転送ゲート42の数だけのバイナリー分岐回路がクロックバッファ領域20に含まれている。
また、図2では各段の分岐のすべてにクロックバッファ22が設けられているが、一部の段の分岐に対して、クロックバッファ22を設けず、配線の分岐のみとすることもできる。
本発明の目的は、転送ゲート42に接続される高速クロック信号の伝搬遅延時間の画素40ごとのばらつきを小さくすることのできる配線構造を備えたTOFセンサ100を提供することにある。したがって、本発明は、複数の転送ゲート42を備える画素40のすべてに適用することができるが、ここでは一例として、2個の転送ゲート42を備えた画素40についてその構成と動作を説明する。
図3に示すように、TOF用の画素40では、フォトダイオード41(PD)の電荷を複数の時間窓(クロック)でサンプリングするために、複数の転送ゲート42(TG1,TG2)が配置されている。転送ゲート42(TG1、TG2)でサンプリングされた電荷はそれぞれフローティングディフュージョン(FD1、FD2)に蓄積され、ソースフォロワー(SF1、SF2)および選択トランジスタ(SEL1、SEL2)を介して出力(OUT1、OUT2)から読み出される。
なお、放射レーザ光のオンするタイミングとTG1のオンするタイミングとがずれた場合測定誤差が発生するが、TG1のオンするタイミングが放射レーザ光のオンするタイミングからどれだけ遅れているかがわかっていれば、測定誤差はシステムレベルでの補正で訂正することが可能である。
また、転送ゲート42は受信光のパルスをTG1とTG2とで変調することから、変調用ゲートとも呼ばれる。
このうち、X方向については、図2のバイナリー分岐で構成されたクロックバッファ22を用いることで、クロックバッファ領域20の各クロックバッファ22の出力におけるクロック信号の伝搬遅延時間、および立ち上がり立下り時間等をほぼ同一とすることができる。したがって、TOFセンサ100のXおよびY方向に配列された各画素40の間の伝搬遅延時間のばらつきを減少させるためには、Y方向の単位画素群列35の中の各画素40の伝搬遅延時間のばらつきを減少させることが重要である。
また、図5にはクロックバッファ22から第1分岐点51までのクロック配線50の、第1分岐点51に対して対称となる位置に、配線が形成されている。これは、各画素の周辺の配線パターンの均一性を保つためである。図5(a)はクロック配線50をY方向の他端側まで延在させる場合、図5(b)は独立したダミー配線56をY方向の他端側まで延在させる場合に相当する。
クロック配線50をY方向の他端側まで延在させる場合は、Y方向の一端側から第1分岐点51までと第1分岐点51からY方向の他端側までとの間で、形成される配線と分岐後のクロック配線50との間の寄生容量成分およびそのダイナミックな動作状況を極力揃えることができる点で有利であるが、クロック配線50の寄生容量成分が増加するという点では不利である。
また、図6にも、クロックバッファ22から第1分岐点51までのクロック配線50の、第1分岐点51に対して対称となる位置に、配線が形成されている。図6(a)はクロック配線50をY方向の他端側まで延在させる場合、図6(b)は独立したダミー配線56をY方向の他端側まで延在させる場合に相当する。
また、図7の例では、X方向に隣接する単位画素群36の下層の配線層54がたがいに接続されている。本発明のクロック信号はクロックバッファ領域20でX方向にバイナリー分岐されており、各Y方向の単位画素群列35のクロック配線50および転送ゲート42の形状もX方向において同一であることから、理論的には、X方向に隣接する単位画素群36の下層の配線層54の波形は同一であるが、X方向に隣接する単位画素群36の下層の配線層54をたがいに接続することにより、最終段のクロックバッファ22の駆動能力のばらつき、およびクロック配線50の寄生抵抗および寄生容量の相対ばらつきによる、X方向において隣接する、単位画素群36の間における転送ゲート42の伝搬遅延時間のばらつきを減少させることができる。
なお、図7の例では、X方向に隣接する3つの画素40が単位画素群36を構成しているが、例えば、さらに、X方向に隣接する3つの画素40同士をY方向で合体させて合計6つの画素40で単位画素群36を構成してもよい。また、Y方向に隣接する画素40のみで単位画素群36を構成してもよい。
また、図7にも、クロックバッファ22から第1分岐点51までのクロック配線50の、第1分岐点51に対して対称となる位置に、配線が形成されている。図7は独立したダミー配線56をY方向の他端側まで延在させる場合に相当する。
図8の構成ではクロックバッファ22の出力が第1分岐点51から一端側および他端側に伝搬するために、クロックバッファ22の出力を一端側から他端側に向けて伝搬させた場合に比べて、Y方向の単位画素群列35に相当する図8の下段のクロック配線50における伝搬遅延時間のばらつきが小さくなる。
図9の構成では、クロックバッファ22の出力からの、第2分岐点57と第3分岐点58の伝搬遅延時間は同じであることから、伝搬遅延時間のばらつきとしては、Y方向の単位画素群列35に相当する図9の下段のクロック配線50全体の1/4の区間でのばらつきに限定される。したがって、クロックバッファ22の出力が第1分岐点51から一端側および他端側に伝搬する図8の場合と比較してもさらに伝搬遅延時間のばらつきを小さくすることができる。
より一般的には、Y方向の単位画素群列35を接続するクロック配線50をY方向においてバイナリー分岐してから単位画素群36に配線することにより、伝搬遅延時間のばらつきを小さくすることができる。N回バイナリー分岐すると、バイナリー分岐された配線は2N本に分岐されるので、Y方向の単位画素群列35を接続するクロック配線50の1/2N、3/2N、・・・、(2N-1)/2Nの点から単位画素群36の転送ゲート42を駆動するとよい。
Y方向の単位画素群列35と接続するクロック配線50を、端部から駆動した場合、図8のように中央部から駆動した場合、および図9のように1/4の点と3/4の点とから駆動した場合について、クロック配線50をC-R-Cの縦続接続として回路シミュレーションを行い、伝搬遅延時間のばらつきの差異を調べた。
Y方向の単位画素群列35を接続するクロック配線50を、端部から駆動した場合のシミュレーションに用いた回路図を図10に、図8のように中央部(第1分岐点51)から駆動した場合のシミュレーションに用いた回路図を図11に、および図9のように1/4の点(第2分岐点57)と3/4の点(第3分岐点58)とから駆動した場合のシミュレーションに用いた回路図を図12に示す。図10から図12ではY方向の単位画素群列35を接続するクロック配線50を12分割し、12分割したクロック配線50のそれぞれの抵抗を10Ω、寄生容量を0.5pF+0.5pF、クロックバッファ22の出力抵抗を5Ω、クロックの周波数を100MHzとした。また、クロックバッファ22の立ち上がりから図のC0乃至C12の点での電圧がクロックの振幅の半分に到達するまでの時間を伝搬遅延時間とした。
図13によれば、各C端子の伝搬遅延時間の絶対値は図10の端部駆動の場合が最も小さく、図11の中央駆動の場合が中間で、図12の4分割駆動の場合が最も大きい。これは、図11の回路では、クロックバッファ22から第1分岐点51までの配線の遅延が加算されており、図12の回路ではクロックバッファ22から第2分岐点57および第3分岐点58までの配線の遅延が追加されているためである。
一方、図14によれば、Y方向の単位画素群列35を接続するクロック配線50内部での伝搬遅延時間のばらつきは、図11の中央駆動の場合は、図10の端部駆動の場合のばらつきの約1/3、さらに図12の4分割駆動の場合は、中央駆動の場合の約1/3、端部駆動の場合の約1/10となっている。
また、第1分岐点51からさらに、Y方向の単位画素群列35の1/4の点(第2分岐点57)、および3/4の点(第3分岐点58)まで配線した後、それぞれの分岐点からY方向の単位画素群列35の転送ゲート42に接続した場合は、各画素40の転送ゲート42に接続される高速クロック信号の伝搬遅延時間の画素40ごとのばらつきを端部駆動の場合の1/10程度に小さくすることができる。
なお、本発明のTOFセンサ100のクロック配線構造は、配線による露光への影響が無視できる裏面照射型センサに特に適するが、画素40の大きさ、配線層の数などによっては表面照射型センサにも適用可能である。
11 クロック入力端子
12 末端回路(ラッチ回路)
13 ルートバッファ
14 クロック配線
20 クロックバッファ領域
21 クロック入力端子
22 クロックバッファ
30 画素領域
35 単位画素群列
36 単位画素群
40 画素
41 フォトダイオード
42 転送ゲート
43 電荷蓄積および出力回路
50 クロック配線
51 第1分岐点
53 上層の配線層
54 下層の配線層
55 上層の配線層と下層の配線層とを接続するビア
56 ダミー配線
57 第2分岐点
58 第3分岐点
100 TOFセンサ
Claims (8)
- X方向およびY方向に配列される画素を備えた画素領域と前記画素領域のY方向の一端側に配置されるクロックバッファ領域とを備えるTOFセンサであって、
前記画素領域には、単独の前記画素、または、X方向および/またはY方向に隣接する複数の前記画素、から構成された単位画素群が2次元配列され、前記単位画素群の前記画素は、それぞれフォトダイオードと複数の転送ゲートと電荷蓄積および出力回路とを備え、
前記複数の転送ゲートのそれぞれを駆動する複数のクロック信号はそれぞれ、前記クロックバッファ領域において、X方向においてバイナリー分岐されて、前記単位画素群がY方向に配列された単位画素群列を駆動するクロックバッファに入力され、
前記単位画素群列を駆動する前記クロックバッファの出力配線のそれぞれは、Y方向においてバイナリー分岐されて、前記単位画素群列の前記複数の転送ゲートに接続される、TOFセンサ。 - 前記複数のクロック信号のX方向にバイナリー分岐される各バイナリー分岐点には前記クロックバッファが配置され、前記クロックバッファの出力が2方向に分岐される、請求項1に記載のTOFセンサ。
- 前記単位画素群列を駆動する前記クロックバッファの出力配線のそれぞれは、前記画素領域のY方向の中点に位置する第1分岐点まで配線された後、2つに分岐されて、前記単位画素群列のうちの、前記第1分岐点より一端側の前記単位画素群の前記転送ゲートと前記第1分岐点より他端側の前記単位画素群の前記転送ゲートとに接続される、請求項1または2に記載のTOFセンサ。
- 前記第1分岐点で2つに分岐された配線の一方は、前記画素領域のY方向の一端側から1/4の距離に位置する第2分岐点まで配線された後、2つに分岐されて、前記Y方向の前記単位画素群の配列のうちの、前記第2分岐点より一端側の前記単位画素群の前記転送ゲートと前記第2分岐点と前記第1分岐点との間の前記単位画素群の前記転送ゲートとに接続され、
前記第1分岐点で2つに分岐された配線の他方は、前記画素領域のY方向の一端側から3/4の距離に位置する第3分岐点まで配線された後、2つに分岐されて、前記Y方向の前記単位画素群の配列のうちの、前記第1分岐点と前記第3分岐点との間の前記単位画素群の前記転送ゲートと前記第3分岐点より他端側の前記単位画素群の前記転送ゲートとに接続される、請求項3に記載のTOFセンサ。 - さらに、前記第1分岐点に対してY方向において隣接する2つの前記単位画素群の前記転送ゲートがたがいに接続される、請求項4に記載のTOFセンサ。
- 前記クロックバッファの出力から前記第1分岐点までの配線の、前記第1分岐点に対して対称となる位置に、配線が形成される、請求項3から5のいずれか1項に記載のTOFセンサ。
- 前記クロックバッファの出力から前記第1分岐点までの配線には、上層の配線層が使用され、前記第1分岐点から各単位画素群の前記転送ゲートまでの配線には下層の配線層が使用される、請求項3から6のいずれか1項に記載のTOFセンサ。
- さらに、X方向において隣接する前記単位画素群の前記転送ゲートがたがいに接続される、請求項1から7のいずれか1項に記載のTOFセンサ。
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