WO2024136480A1 - 양극 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 - Google Patents
양극 및 이를 포함하는 리튬 이차전지 Download PDFInfo
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- WO2024136480A1 WO2024136480A1 PCT/KR2023/021163 KR2023021163W WO2024136480A1 WO 2024136480 A1 WO2024136480 A1 WO 2024136480A1 KR 2023021163 W KR2023021163 W KR 2023021163W WO 2024136480 A1 WO2024136480 A1 WO 2024136480A1
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/13—Electrodes for accumulators with non-aqueous electrolyte, e.g. for lithium-accumulators; Processes of manufacture thereof
- H01M4/131—Electrodes based on mixed oxides or hydroxides, or on mixtures of oxides or hydroxides, e.g. LiCoOx
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C01G—COMPOUNDS CONTAINING METALS NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C01D OR C01F
- C01G53/00—Compounds of nickel
- C01G53/40—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element
- C01G53/42—Complex oxides containing nickel and at least one other metal element containing alkali metals, e.g. LiNiO2
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/10—Inorganic compounds or compositions
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- C30B29/22—Complex oxides
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
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- H01M10/052—Li-accumulators
- H01M10/0525—Rocking-chair batteries, i.e. batteries with lithium insertion or intercalation in both electrodes; Lithium-ion batteries
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- H01M10/44—Methods for charging or discharging
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
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- H01M4/362—Composites
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/386—Silicon or alloys based on silicon
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/483—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides for non-aqueous cells
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/50—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese
- H01M4/505—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of manganese of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing manganese for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiMn2O4 or LiMn2OxFy
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- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/48—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides
- H01M4/52—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron
- H01M4/525—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic oxides or hydroxides of nickel, cobalt or iron of mixed oxides or hydroxides containing iron, cobalt or nickel for inserting or intercalating light metals, e.g. LiNiO2, LiCoO2 or LiCoOxFy
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/58—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of inorganic compounds other than oxides or hydroxides, e.g. sulfides, selenides, tellurides, halogenides or LiCoFy; of polyanionic structures, e.g. phosphates, silicates or borates
- H01M4/583—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx
- H01M4/587—Carbonaceous material, e.g. graphite-intercalation compounds or CFx for inserting or intercalating light metals
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- H01M2004/021—Physical characteristics, e.g. porosity, surface area
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- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M2004/026—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material characterised by the polarity
- H01M2004/028—Positive electrodes
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
- Y02E60/10—Energy storage using batteries
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a positive electrode and a lithium secondary battery containing the same, and to a negative electrode using a silicon-based negative electrode active material, a usable high-capacity low-efficiency positive electrode, and a lithium secondary battery containing the same.
- lithium nickel-based oxide When lithium nickel-based oxide is applied, problems such as structural collapse of the positive active material, transition metal elution, and gas generation occur at high voltage. It is happening.
- silicon-based negative electrode active material lithium ions cannot be quickly inserted into the negative electrode due to an imbalance in the efficiency of both electrodes, causing an irreversible reaction to precipitate on the surface of the negative electrode, causing side reactions with the electrolyte, gas generation, and room temperature life characteristics. There are problems such as deterioration.
- the present invention is intended to solve the above problems, and includes a single-particle positive electrode active material with D 50 and crystal strain in a specific range, and a positive electrode with low initial efficiency to balance the negative electrode using a silicon-based negative active material.
- the object is to provide a lithium secondary battery containing a lithium secondary battery.
- the present invention includes a lithium nickel-based transition metal oxide in the form of at least one of a single particle consisting of one single nodule and a quasi-single particle that is a composite of 30 or less nodules, and D 50 is 4.5 ⁇ m to 4.5 ⁇ m.
- a positive electrode containing a positive electrode active material having a thickness of 6.7 ⁇ m and a crystal strain of 320 x 10 -6 or less is provided.
- the positive electrode active material may have a D 50 of 5.5 ⁇ m to 6.5 ⁇ m.
- the positive electrode active material may have a crystal strain of 220 x 10 -6 to 320 x 10 -6 .
- the positive electrode active material may have a cation mixing ratio of 0.7 at% to 1.2 at%.
- the positive electrode active material may have an average grain size of 160 nm or more.
- the lithium nickel-based transition metal oxide may have a molar ratio of Ni to all transition metals of 80 mol% or more.
- the lithium nickel-based transition metal oxide may be represented by the following formula (1).
- M 1 is Mn, Al or a combination thereof
- M 2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Zr, Ti, Mg, Ta, Nb and Mo, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.50 , 0.80 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.00, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.20, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.20, and 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.20.
- the positive electrode may have an initial charge capacity of 242 mAh/g or more.
- the anode may have an initial efficiency of 87% to 89%.
- the anode; cathode; and a lithium secondary battery containing an electrolyte In another aspect, the anode; cathode; and a lithium secondary battery containing an electrolyte.
- the negative electrode may include a silicon-based negative electrode active material, a carbon-based negative electrode active material, or a combination thereof.
- the negative electrode may include a silicon-based negative electrode active material and a carbon-based negative electrode active material.
- the lithium secondary battery can have a capacity retention rate of 88.8% or more after charging and discharging for 50 cycles by charging to 4.25V at 0.5C CCCV at 45°C and discharging to 3.0V at 1.0C CC as one cycle.
- the positive electrode and lithium secondary battery according to the present invention include a single particle positive electrode active material with D 50 and crystal strain in a specific range, lowering the initial efficiency to balance the negative electrode using a silicon-based negative electrode active material and reducing the lithium on the negative electrode surface.
- the precipitation phenomenon is controlled, enabling improved room temperature lifespan characteristics.
- the positive electrode and lithium secondary battery according to the present invention can achieve a high capacity retention rate and improved high-temperature lifespan characteristics by controlling lithium precipitation due to differences in rate characteristics.
- Figure 1 is a graph showing the initial charge capacity according to the crystal strain of the positive electrode active material.
- a “single particle” is a particle consisting of one single nodule.
- “quasi-single particle” means a composite particle formed of 30 or less nodules.
- nodule refers to a particle unit body constituting a single particle and a quasi-single particle, and the nodule is a single crystal lacking a crystalline grain boundary, or When observed at a field of view of 5,000 to 20,000 times using an electron microscope (SEM), it may be a polycrystal with no apparent grain boundaries.
- the average particle diameter of the nodule may be measured as the arithmetic average of the particle diameters of each nodule measured using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).
- secondary particles refer to particles formed by agglomerating tens to hundreds of primary particles. More specifically, secondary particles are aggregates of 40 or more primary particles.
- particle used in the present invention may include any or all of single particles, quasi-single particles, primary particles, nodules, and secondary particles.
- D 50 refers to the particle size based on 50% of the volume cumulative particle size distribution of the positive electrode active material.
- the D 50 can be measured using a laser diffraction method. For example, after dispersing the positive electrode active material powder in a dispersion medium, it is introduced into a commercially available laser diffraction particle size measuring device (e.g. Microtrac MT 3000), and irradiated with ultrasonic waves at about 28 kHz with an output of 60 W, and then a volume cumulative particle size distribution graph is drawn. After obtaining, it can be measured by determining the particle size corresponding to 50% of the volume accumulation.
- a laser diffraction particle size measuring device e.g. Microtrac MT 3000
- “specific surface area” is measured by the BET method, and can be specifically calculated from the amount of nitrogen gas adsorption under liquid nitrogen temperature (77K) using BELSORP-mino II from BEL Japan.
- crystal strain can be measured by analyzing XRD data obtained by X-ray diffraction analysis of positive electrode active material powder using the Rietveld refinement method.
- the sample is placed in the groove of a general powder holder, the sample surface is evened using a slide glass, and the sample is filled so that the height matches the edge of the holder.
- measurements were made using an Rietveld refinement was performed on the measured data considering the charge at each site (+3 for metals at the transition metal site, +2 for Ni at the Li site) and cation mixing. .
- the positive electrode according to the present invention includes a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode includes a positive electrode current collector and a positive electrode active material layer formed on the positive electrode current collector, and the positive electrode active material layer includes a positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material will be described in detail below.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention includes a lithium nickel-based transition metal oxide in at least one form of a single particle consisting of one single nodule and a quasi-single particle that is a composite of 30 or less nodules.
- Lithium nickel-based oxide in the form of single particles and/or quasi-single particles has higher particle strength than lithium nickel-based oxide in the form of existing secondary particles in which tens to hundreds of primary particles are aggregated, so the particles break during rolling. This is less.
- the number of sub-components (i.e., nodules) constituting the particle is small, so the volume of the primary particles expands during charging and discharging. , there is little change due to shrinkage, and thus the occurrence of cracks inside the particles is significantly reduced.
- the inventors of the present invention found that when applying a positive electrode active material with a D 50 of 4.5 ⁇ m to 6.7 ⁇ m and a crystal strain of 320 x 10 -6 or less, the initial efficiency satisfied 87% to 89%, making silicon oxide It was discovered that lithium precipitation could be suppressed and energy density could be improved in a battery composed of a cathode using .
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention may have a D 50 of 4.5 ⁇ m to 6.7 ⁇ m, 4.5 ⁇ m to 6.5 ⁇ m, or 4.6 ⁇ m to 6.0 ⁇ m. If D 50 is less than 4.5 ⁇ m, room temperature life characteristics are reduced, and if it is more than 6.7 ⁇ m, lithium mobility in the positive electrode active material decreases, resulting in high resistance and decreased energy density.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention has a crystal strain of 320 x 10 -6 or less, preferably 220 x 10 -6 to 320 x 10 -6 , more preferably 230 x 10 -6 to 310 x 10. It could be -6 . If the crystal strain is greater than 320 And, there is a problem that the energy density decreases.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention may have a cation mixing ratio of 0.7 at% to 1.2 at%, preferably 0.7 at% to 1.1 at%. If the cation mixing ratio is less than 0.7 at%, the initial efficiency may be excessively high due to high structural completeness. If it is more than 1.2 at%, the initial efficiency will fall below the target due to low structural completeness, and initial resistance will increase. There is a problem.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention may have an average grain size of 160 nm or more, preferably 160 nm to 220 nm, and more preferably 180 nm to 220 nm.
- the average grain size is less than 160 nm, there is a problem in that the initial efficiency falls below the target and the initial resistance increases due to low structural completeness.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention may include a lithium nickel-based transition metal oxide having a molar ratio of Ni of 80 mol% or more among all transition metals.
- the positive electrode active material according to the present invention may include lithium nickel-based oxide having the composition shown in Chemical Formula 1 below.
- M 1 is Mn, Al or a combination thereof
- M 2 is at least one selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, Zr, Ti, Mg, Ta, Nb and Mo, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.50 , 0.80 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.00, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.20, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.20, and 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.20.
- the 1+x represents the molar ratio of lithium in lithium nickel-based oxide, and may be 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.50, 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.30, or 0 ⁇ x ⁇ 0.20.
- the a represents the molar ratio of nickel to all metals excluding lithium in the lithium nickel-based oxide, and may be 0.80 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.00, 0.83 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.00, or 0.86 ⁇ a ⁇ 1.00.
- the b represents the molar ratio of cobalt to all metals excluding lithium in the lithium nickel-based oxide, and may be 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.20, 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.17, or 0 ⁇ b ⁇ 0.15.
- the c represents the molar ratio of M 1 to all metals excluding lithium in the lithium nickel-based oxide, and may be 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.20, 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.17, or 0 ⁇ c ⁇ 0.15.
- the d represents the molar ratio of the M 2 element among all metals excluding lithium in the lithium nickel-based oxide, and may be 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.20, 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.17, or 0 ⁇ d ⁇ 0.15.
- the positive electrode active material precursor and lithium raw material are mixed and then subjected to primary firing.
- the positive electrode active material precursor may be purchased and used as a commercially available precursor such as nickel cobalt manganese hydroxide, or may be manufactured according to a precursor manufacturing method known in the art, such as a coprecipitation method.
- a positive electrode active material precursor can be manufactured.
- the transition metal-containing solution may include a nickel-containing raw material, a cobalt-containing raw material, and an M 1- containing raw material, and the M 1- containing raw material may be a manganese-containing raw material and/or an aluminum-containing raw material.
- Nickel-containing raw materials may be, for example, nickel-containing acetate, nitrate, sulfate, halide, sulfide, hydroxide, oxide or oxyhydroxide, and specifically, Ni(OH) 2 , NiO, NiOOH, NiCO 3 ⁇ 2Ni (OH) 2 ⁇ 4H 2 O, NiC 2 O 2 ⁇ 2H 2 O, Ni(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O, NiSO 4 , NiSO 4 ⁇ 6H 2 O, fatty acid nickel salt, nickel halide, or a combination thereof. It may be, but is not limited to this.
- Cobalt-containing raw materials may be cobalt-containing acetate, nitrate, sulfate, halide, sulfide, hydroxide, oxide or oxyhydroxide, and specifically, Co(OH) 2 , CoOOH, Co(OCOCH 3 ) 2 ⁇ 4H 2 O, It may be Co(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 6H 2 O, CoSO 4 , Co(SO 4 ) 2 ⁇ 7H 2 O, or a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.
- the manganese-containing raw material may be, for example, manganese-containing acetate, nitrate, sulfate, halide, sulfide, hydroxide, oxide, oxyhydroxide, or a combination thereof, specifically Mn 2 O 3 , MnO 2 , Mn 3 O manganese oxides such as 4 ; Manganese salts such as MnCO 3 , Mn(NO 3 ) 2 , MnSO 4 , manganese acetate, dicarboxylic acid manganese salt, manganese citrate, fatty acid manganese salt; It may be manganese oxyhydroxide, manganese chloride, or a combination thereof, but is not limited thereto.
- Aluminum-containing raw materials include, for example, Al 2 O 3 , Al(OH) 3 , Al(NO 3 ) 3 , Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 , (HO) 2 AlCH 3 CO 2 , HOAl(CH 3 CO 2 ) 2 , Al(CH 3 CO 2 ) 3 aluminum halide, or a combination thereof.
- the transition metal-containing solution is a mixture of nickel-containing raw materials, cobalt-containing raw materials, and M 1- containing raw materials in a solvent, specifically water, or an organic solvent that can be uniformly mixed with water (for example, alcohol, etc.). It may be manufactured by adding , or it may be manufactured by mixing an aqueous solution of a nickel-containing raw material, an aqueous solution of a cobalt-containing raw material, and an M 1- containing raw material.
- the ammonium cation-containing complex forming agent may be, for example, NH 4 OH, (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 , NH 4 NO 3 , NH 4 Cl, CH 3 COONH 4 , NH 4 CO 3 or a combination thereof. It is not limited. Meanwhile, the ammonium cation-containing complex former may be used in the form of an aqueous solution, and the solvent may be water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent (specifically, alcohol, etc.) that is uniformly miscible with water.
- the basic compound may be a hydroxide of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, such as NaOH, KOH, or Ca(OH) 2 , a hydrate thereof, or a combination thereof.
- Basic compounds may also be used in the form of an aqueous solution, and in this case, the solvent may be water or a mixture of water and an organic solvent (specifically, alcohol, etc.) that is uniformly miscible with water.
- the basic compound is added to adjust the pH of the reaction solution, and may be added in an amount such that the pH of the metal solution is 8 to 12.
- the coprecipitation reaction may be performed in an inert atmosphere such as nitrogen or argon, at a temperature ranging from 35°C to 80°C.
- positive electrode active material precursor particles of nickel-cobalt-M 1 hydroxide are produced and precipitated in the reaction solution.
- concentrations of the nickel-containing raw material, the cobalt-containing raw material, and the M 1- containing raw material a positive electrode active material precursor having a nickel (Ni) content of 60 mol% or more of the total metal content can be manufactured.
- the precipitated positive electrode active material precursor particles can be separated and dried according to a conventional method to produce a positive electrode active material precursor.
- the positive electrode active material precursor prepared as above may have a D 50 of 4.3 ⁇ m to 8.0 ⁇ m, preferably 5.0 ⁇ m to 7.5 ⁇ m, more preferably 5.5 ⁇ m to 7.0 ⁇ m. If the D 50 of the precursor is less than 4.3 ⁇ m, there is a higher possibility that the D 50 of the positive electrode active material is less than the appropriate range, and if it is more than 8.0 ⁇ m, the specific surface area (BET) decreases and the reactivity decreases when mixed with lithium raw materials, resulting in the positive electrode. The structural completeness of the active material may be lowered.
- the positive electrode active material precursor may have a specific surface area of 1 m 2 /g to 15 m 2 /g, preferably 2 m 2 /g to 15 m 2 /g.
- using a precursor with a lower specific surface area (BET) than D 50 may be more advantageous in improving the structural completeness of the positive electrode active material.
- the lithium raw material may include lithium-containing sulfate, nitrate, acetate, carbonate, oxalate, citrate, halide, hydroxide, or oxyhydroxide, and is not particularly limited as long as it is soluble in water.
- the lithium raw materials include Li 2 CO 3 , LiNO 3 , LiNO 2 , LiOH, LiOH ⁇ H 2 O, LiH, LiF, LiCl, LiBr, LiI, CH 3 COOLi, Li 2 O, Li 2 SO4, CH 3 It may be COOLi, or Li 3 C 6 H 5 O 7 , and any one or a mixture of two or more of these may be used.
- the positive electrode active material precursor and lithium raw material may be mixed at a molar ratio of 1:1, 1:1.05, 1:1.10, 1:1.15, or 1:1.20, but is not limited thereto.
- the mixing ratio of the lithium raw material and the metal in the positive electrode active material precursor satisfies the above range, the layered crystal structure of the positive electrode active material is well developed, and a positive electrode material with excellent capacity characteristics and structural stability can be manufactured.
- the mixture can be subjected to primary firing.
- the first firing may be carried out under an air or oxygen atmosphere.
- the first firing is performed under conditions that grow the grains of the positive electrode active material to satisfy the particle size range of the present invention.
- the first calcination may be performed at a temperature of 700°C to 1000°C, 800°C to 900°C, or 825°C to 875°C.
- the first firing can be performed for 1 hour to 15 hours, preferably 6 hours to 15 hours, and more preferably 10 hours to 15 hours.
- the oxygen atmosphere means an atmosphere containing sufficient oxygen for calcination, including an atmospheric atmosphere.
- the grinding may be performed through general grinding known in the art, for example, a ball mill, a jet mill, etc.
- the particle size of the positive electrode active material can be more appropriately controlled.
- the first fired product can be second fired. Secondary calcination may be performed at a temperature of 500°C to 1000°C, 600°C to 900°C, or 700°C to 800°C.
- the secondary firing can be performed for 6 hours to 18 hours, preferably 8 hours to 16 hours, and more preferably 10 hours to 14 hours.
- M 2 metal-containing raw materials may be additionally mixed during the coprecipitation reaction or during the sintering step.
- the M 2 metal-containing raw material may be an acetate, carbonate, nitrate, sulfate, halide, sulfide, or oxide of the M 2 metal.
- the positive electrode current collector may contain a highly conductive metal, and the positive electrode active material layer is easily adhered, but is not particularly limited as long as it is non-reactive within the voltage range of the battery.
- the positive electrode current collector may be, for example, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, heat-treated carbon, or aluminum or stainless steel surface treated with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc.
- the positive electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the current collector to increase the adhesion of the positive electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven materials.
- the positive electrode active material layer may optionally include a conductive material and a binder as needed, along with the positive electrode active material.
- the positive electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80% to 99% by weight, preferably 90% to 98% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the conductive material is used to provide conductivity to the electrode, and can be used without particular limitation as long as it does not cause chemical change and has electronic conductivity in the battery being constructed.
- Specific examples include graphite such as natural graphite and artificial graphite; Carbon-based materials such as carbon black, acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, thermal black, and carbon fiber; Metal powders or metal fibers such as copper, nickel, aluminum, and silver; Conductive tubes such as carbon nanotubes; Conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Or conductive polymers such as polyphenylene derivatives, etc., of which one type alone or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
- the conductive material may be included in an amount of 0.01% to 10% by weight, preferably 0.1% to 9% by weight, and more preferably 0.1% to 5% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the binder serves to improve adhesion between positive electrode active material particles and adhesion between the positive active material and the current collector.
- Specific examples include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene copolymer (PVDF-co-HFP), polyvinylalcohol, polyacrylonitrile, and polymethylmethane.
- Crylate polymethymethaxrylate
- carboxymethylcellulose CMC
- starch hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene- Diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene butadiene rubber (SBR), fluororubber, polyacrylic acid, and polymers in which hydrogen thereof is substituted with Li, Na, or Ca, or various copolymers thereof Combinations, etc. may be mentioned, and one type of these may be used alone or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
- the binder may be included in an amount of 1% to 30% by weight, preferably 1% to 20% by weight, and more preferably 1% to 10% by weight, based on the total weight of the positive electrode active material layer.
- the positive electrode can be manufactured according to a conventional positive electrode manufacturing method except for using the positive electrode active material described above.
- the positive electrode slurry composition prepared by dissolving or dispersing the above-described positive electrode active material and optionally a binder, a conductive material, and a dispersant in a solvent may be prepared by applying the positive electrode current collector to the positive electrode current collector, followed by drying and rolling. .
- the solvent may be a solvent commonly used in the art, such as dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), isopropyl alcohol, N-methylpyrrolidone (NMP), and dimethylformamide (dimethyl formamide, DMF), acetone, or water, among which one type alone or a mixture of two or more types may be used.
- DMSO dimethyl sulfoxide
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- DMF dimethylformamide
- acetone acetone
- the amount of the solvent used is to dissolve or disperse the positive electrode active material, conductive material, binder, and dispersant in consideration of the application thickness and manufacturing yield of the slurry, and to have a viscosity capable of exhibiting excellent thickness uniformity when applied for subsequent positive electrode production. That's enough.
- the positive electrode may be manufactured by casting the positive electrode slurry composition on a separate support and then laminating the film obtained by peeling from this support onto the positive electrode current collector.
- the positive electrode according to the present invention may have an initial charge capacity of 242 mAh/g or more, preferably 242 mAh/g to 244 mAh/g.
- the positive electrode according to the present invention may have an initial efficiency of 87% to 89%, preferably 88% to 89%.
- the initial efficiency of the positive electrode according to the present invention satisfies the above range, lithium precipitation phenomenon is suppressed in a battery composed of a negative electrode using a silicon-based negative electrode active material, and thus energy density can be improved.
- the lithium secondary battery specifically includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode positioned opposite the positive electrode, and a separator and electrolyte interposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Since the positive electrode is the same as described above, detailed description is omitted, Hereinafter, only the remaining components will be described in detail.
- the lithium secondary battery may optionally further include a battery container that accommodates the electrode assembly of the positive electrode, negative electrode, and separator, and a sealing member that seals the battery container.
- the negative electrode includes a negative electrode current collector and a negative electrode active material layer located on the negative electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode current collector is not particularly limited as long as it has high conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery.
- it can be used on the surface of copper, stainless steel, aluminum, nickel, titanium, heat-treated carbon, copper or stainless steel. Surface treatment with carbon, nickel, titanium, silver, etc., aluminum-cadmium alloy, etc. can be used.
- the negative electrode current collector may typically have a thickness of 3 ⁇ m to 500 ⁇ m, and like the positive electrode current collector, fine irregularities may be formed on the surface of the current collector to strengthen the bonding force of the negative electrode active material.
- it can be used in various forms such as films, sheets, foils, nets, porous materials, foams, and non-woven materials.
- the negative electrode active material layer optionally includes a binder and a conductive material along with the negative electrode active material.
- the negative electrode active material layer may be disposed on one or both sides of the upper electrode current collector.
- the negative electrode active material may include a silicon-based negative electrode active material, a carbon-based negative electrode active material, or a combination thereof.
- the silicon-based negative electrode active materials include Si, SiO , rare earth elements, and combinations thereof, but not Si), or a combination thereof.
- the carbon-based negative electrode active material a compound capable of reversible intercalation and deintercalation of lithium may be used.
- Specific examples may be carbonaceous materials such as artificial graphite, natural graphite, graphitized carbon fiber, and amorphous carbon.
- the carbonaceous material may include both low-crystalline carbon and high-crystalline carbon.
- Representative examples of low-crystalline carbon include soft carbon and hard carbon, and high-crystalline carbon includes amorphous, plate-shaped, flaky, spherical, or fibrous natural graphite, artificial graphite, and Kish graphite.
- Representative examples include high-temperature heat-treated carbon such as derived cokes.
- the negative electrode active material may be included in an amount of 80% to 99% by weight, preferably 82% to 99% by weight, and more preferably 84% to 99% by weight, based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- the binder is a component that assists in bonding between the conductive material, the active material, and the current collector, and is usually added in an amount of 0.1% to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer.
- binders include polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF), polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethylcellulose (CMC), starch, hydroxypropylcellulose, regenerated cellulose, polyvinylpyrrolidone, and polytetra.
- Examples include fluoroethylene, polyethylene, polypropylene, ethylene-propylene-diene polymer (EPDM), sulfonated-EPDM, styrene-butadiene rubber, nitrile-butadiene rubber, fluorine rubber, and various copolymers thereof.
- EPDM ethylene-propylene-diene polymer
- sulfonated-EPDM styrene-butadiene rubber
- nitrile-butadiene rubber fluorine rubber
- the conductive material is a component to further improve the conductivity of the negative electrode active material, and may be included in an amount of 1% to 30% by weight, 1% to 20% by weight, or 1% to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the negative electrode active material layer. .
- These conductive materials are not particularly limited as long as they have conductivity without causing chemical changes in the battery, and examples include graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite; Carbon black such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black; Conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber; fluorinated carbon; Metal powders such as aluminum and nickel powder; Conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate; Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide; Conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used.
- graphite such as natural graphite or artificial graphite
- Carbon black such as acetylene black, Ketjen black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black, and thermal black
- Conductive fibers such as carbon fiber and metal fiber
- Fluorinated carbon such as aluminum and nickel powder
- Conductive whiskers such as zinc oxide and potassium titanate
- Conductive metal oxides such as titanium oxide
- Conductive materials such as polyphenylene derivatives may be used.
- the negative electrode active material layer is prepared by applying and drying a negative electrode slurry composition prepared by dissolving or dispersing the negative electrode active material and optionally a binder and a conductive material in a solvent on a negative electrode current collector and drying it, or the negative electrode slurry composition is applied on a separate support. It can be manufactured by casting on and then peeling from this support and laminating the obtained film onto the negative electrode current collector.
- the separator separates the negative electrode and the positive electrode and provides a passage for lithium ions to move. It can be used without particular restrictions as long as it is normally used as a separator in a lithium secondary battery, especially for ion movement in the electrolyte. It is desirable to have low resistance and excellent electrolyte moisturizing ability.
- porous polymer films for example, porous polymer films made of polyolefin polymers such as ethylene homopolymer, propylene homopolymer, ethylene/butene copolymer, ethylene/hexene copolymer, and ethylene/methacrylate copolymer, or these. A laminated structure of two or more layers may be used.
- porous non-woven fabrics for example, non-woven fabrics made of high melting point glass fibers, polyethylene terephthalate fibers, etc.
- a coated separator containing ceramic components or polymer materials may be used to ensure heat resistance or mechanical strength, and may optionally be used in a single-layer or multi-layer structure.
- electrolytes used in the present invention include organic liquid electrolytes, inorganic liquid electrolytes, solid polymer electrolytes, gel-type polymer electrolytes, solid inorganic electrolytes, and molten inorganic electrolytes that can be used in the production of lithium secondary batteries, and are limited to these. It doesn't work.
- the electrolyte may include an organic solvent and a lithium salt.
- the organic solvent may be used without particular limitation as long as it can serve as a medium through which ions involved in the electrochemical reaction of the battery can move.
- the organic solvent includes ester solvents such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, ⁇ -butyrolactone, and ⁇ -caprolactone; Ether-based solvents such as dibutyl ether or tetrahydrofuran; Ketone-based solvents such as cyclohexanone; Aromatic hydrocarbon solvents such as benzene and fluorobenzene; Dimethylcarbonate (DMC), diethylcarbonate (DEC), methylethylcarbonate (MEC), ethylmethylcarbonate (EMC), ethylene carbonate (EC), propylene carbonate carbonate-based solvents such as PC); Alcohol-based solvents such as ethyl alcohol and isopropyl alcohol; nitriles such as R-CN (R is a straight-chain, branched or ring-structured hydro
- carbonate-based solvents are preferable, and cyclic carbonates (e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.) with high ionic conductivity and high dielectric constant that can improve the charge/discharge performance of the battery, and low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compounds ( For example, ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.) are more preferable.
- cyclic carbonates e.g., ethylene carbonate or propylene carbonate, etc.
- low-viscosity linear carbonate-based compounds For example, ethylmethyl carbonate, dimethyl carbonate, diethyl carbonate, etc.
- the lithium salt can be used without particular restrictions as long as it is a compound that can provide lithium ions used in lithium secondary batteries.
- the anions of the lithium salt include F - , Cl - , Br - , I - , NO 3 - , N(CN) 2 - , BF 4 - , CF 3 CF 2 SO 3 - , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 N - , (FSO 2 ) 2 N - , CF 3 CF 2 (CF 3 ) 2 CO - , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 2 CH - , (SF 5 ) 3 C - , (CF 3 SO 2 ) 3 C - , CF 3 (CF 2 ) 7 SO 3 - , CF 3 CO 2 - , CH 3 CO 2 - , SCN - , and (CF 3 CF 2 SO 2 ) 2 N - It may be at least one selected from the group consisting of,
- the lithium salt is LiPF 6 , LiClO
- LiCl, LiI, or LiB(C 2 O 4 ) 2 may be used.
- the concentration of the lithium salt is preferably used within the range of 0.1M to 4.0M, preferably 0.5M to 3.0M, and more preferably 1.0M to 2.0M.
- the electrolyte has appropriate conductivity and viscosity, so excellent electrolyte performance can be achieved and lithium ions can move effectively.
- the electrolyte includes, for example, haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene for the purpose of improving battery life characteristics, suppressing battery capacity reduction, and improving battery discharge capacity.
- haloalkylene carbonate-based compounds such as difluoroethylene carbonate, pyridine, and trifluoroethylene
- One or more additives such as zolidine, ethylene glycol dialkyl ether, ammonium salt, pyrrole, 2-methoxy ethanol, or aluminum trichloride may be further included. At this time, the additive may be included in an amount of 0.1 to 10.0% by weight based on the total weight of the electrolyte.
- the lithium secondary battery containing the positive electrode according to the present invention has a high charging capacity and can realize high energy density, so it can be used in portable devices such as mobile phones, laptop computers, digital cameras, and hybrid electric vehicles. It is useful in electric vehicle fields such as , HEV).
- a battery module including the lithium secondary battery as a unit cell and a battery pack including the same are provided.
- the battery module or battery pack is a power tool; Electric vehicles, including electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV); Alternatively, it can be used as a power source for one or more mid- to large-sized devices among power storage systems.
- Electric vehicles including electric vehicles (EV), hybrid electric vehicles, and plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEV);
- PHEV plug-in hybrid electric vehicles
- a lithium nickel-based transition metal hydroxide precursor with a D 50 of 4.3 ⁇ m with a molar ratio of Ni:Co:Mn of 90:6:4 and the lithium raw material LiOH are mixed with a transition metal (Ni+Co+Mn):Li molar ratio of 1:1. After mixing, it was first fired at 850°C for 4 hours.
- the first fired product was second fired at 790°C for 10 hours to prepare positive electrode active material powder LiNi 0.90 Co 0.06 Mn 0.04 O 2 .
- Example 1 except that the D 50 of the lithium nickel-based transition metal hydroxide precursor was 6.06 ⁇ m, the first calcination was performed at 850°C for 4 hours, and the second calcination was performed at 790°C for 10 hours.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as above.
- Example 1 except that the D 50 of the lithium nickel-based transition metal hydroxide precursor was 5.9 ⁇ m, the first calcination was performed at 830°C for 12 hours, and the second calcination was performed at 780°C for 12 hours.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as above.
- Example 1 except that the D 50 of the lithium nickel-based transition metal hydroxide precursor was 5.9 ⁇ m, the first calcination was performed at 810°C for 12 hours, and the second calcination was performed at 750°C for 8 hours.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as above.
- Example 1 except that the D 50 of the lithium nickel-based transition metal hydroxide precursor was 5.5 ⁇ m, the first calcination was performed at 810°C for 12 hours, and the second calcination was performed at 750°C for 8 hours.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as above.
- Example 1 except that the D 50 of the lithium nickel-based transition metal hydroxide precursor was 6.06 ⁇ m, the first calcination was performed at 850°C for 4 hours, and the second calcination was performed at 820°C for 9.7 hours.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as above.
- Example 1 except that the D 50 of the lithium nickel-based transition metal hydroxide precursor was 5.9 ⁇ m, the first calcination was performed at 820°C for 7 hours, and the second calcination was performed at 750°C for 8 hours.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as above.
- Example 1 except that the D 50 of the lithium nickel-based transition metal hydroxide precursor was 3.5 ⁇ m, the first calcination was performed at 830°C for 6 hours, and the second calcination was performed at 780°C for 9 hours.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as above.
- Example 1 except that the D 50 of the lithium nickel-based transition metal hydroxide precursor was 9.0 ⁇ m, the first calcination was performed at 830 ° C. for 6 hours, and the second calcination was performed at 780 ° C. for 9 hours.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as above.
- Example 1 except that the D 50 of the lithium nickel-based transition metal hydroxide precursor was 9.0 ⁇ m, the first calcination was performed at 800°C for 6 hours, and the second calcination was performed at 780°C for 9 hours.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as above.
- Example 1 except that the D 50 of the lithium nickel-based transition metal hydroxide precursor was 6.06 ⁇ m, the first calcination was performed at 850°C for 4 hours, and the second calcination was performed at 790°C for 9.7 hours.
- the positive electrode active material was prepared in the same manner as above.
- D 50 can be defined as the particle size based on 50% of the volume cumulative particle size distribution of the positive electrode active material, and can be measured using a laser diffraction method.
- a laser diffraction particle size measuring device e.g., Microtrac MT 3000
- ultrasonic waves of about 28 kHz are applied. After irradiation with an output of 60 W, D 50 corresponding to 50% of the volume accumulation in the measuring device can be calculated.
- Crystal strain, cation mixing ratio, and average grain size can be measured by analyzing XRD data obtained by X-ray diffraction (XRD) using Cu K ⁇ X-rays using the Rietveld refinement method.
- XRD X-ray diffraction
- the sample is placed in the groove of a general powder holder, the sample surface is evened using a slide glass, and the sample is filled so that the height matches the edge of the holder.
- measurements were made using an Rietveld refinement was performed on the measured data considering the charge at each site (+3 for metals at the transition metal site, +2 for Ni at the Li site) and cation mixing. .
- Example 1 4.67 219 0.7 216
- Example 2 4.69 289 1.1 166
- Example 3 5.61 296 0.5 259
- Example 4 5.64 287 0.3 209
- Example 5 5.10 238 0.7 217
- Example 6 5.18 308 1.2 185
- Example 7 5.61 258 0.7 211 Comparative Example 1 3.96 268 0.7 193 Comparative Example 2 6.89 504 1.1 142 Comparative Example 3 6.80 376 0.9 167 Comparative Example 4 5.01 336 0.7 163
- the lithium secondary battery coin half cell was manufactured as follows.
- NMP N-methylpyrrolidone
- Lithium metal was used as the cathode.
- An electrode assembly was manufactured by interposing a separator between the anode and the cathode manufactured as in the above-described manufacturing example, and then placed inside a battery case, and then an electrolyte was injected into the case to manufacture a coin half cell.
- Example 1 244.7 88.8 89.53
- Example 2 244.3 88.0 89.64
- Example 3 244.8 88.2 88.30
- Example 4 244.9 88.3 87.71
- Example 5 246.6 88.1 89.74
- Example 6 243.9 88.3 89.86
- Example 7 244.4 88.1 89.90 Comparative Example 1 244.0 90.5 88.68 Comparative Example 2 237.3 85.9 86.92 Comparative Example 3 241.6 86.5 91.13 Comparative Example 4 242.9 89.3 88.77
- the capacity retention rates of the positive electrodes containing the positive electrode active materials of Examples 1 to 7 and Comparative Examples 1 to 4 are the same, but the initial It can be confirmed that the efficiency is 87% to 89%.
- initial efficiency in a certain range is realized, and at the same time, lithium is reduced due to the difference in rate characteristics compared to the negative electrode using the silicon-based negative active material. It can be seen that the precipitation phenomenon is controlled, the capacity retention rate is high, and the high temperature lifespan characteristics are improved.
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Abstract
Description
| D50
(㎛) |
결정 변형도 (x 10-6) |
양이온 혼합율 (at%) |
평균 결정립 크기 (nm) |
|
| 실시예 1 | 4.67 | 219 | 0.7 | 216 |
| 실시예 2 | 4.69 | 289 | 1.1 | 166 |
| 실시예 3 | 5.61 | 296 | 0.5 | 259 |
| 실시예 4 | 5.64 | 287 | 0.3 | 209 |
| 실시예 5 | 5.10 | 238 | 0.7 | 217 |
| 실시예 6 | 5.18 | 308 | 1.2 | 185 |
| 실시예 7 | 5.61 | 258 | 0.7 | 211 |
| 비교예 1 | 3.96 | 268 | 0.7 | 193 |
| 비교예 2 | 6.89 | 504 | 1.1 | 142 |
| 비교예 3 | 6.80 | 376 | 0.9 | 167 |
| 비교예 4 | 5.01 | 336 | 0.7 | 163 |
| 초기 충전 용량 (mAh/g) |
초기 효율 (%) |
고온 용량 유지율 (%) |
|
| 실시예 1 | 244.7 | 88.8 | 89.53 |
| 실시예 2 | 244.3 | 88.0 | 89.64 |
| 실시예 3 | 244.8 | 88.2 | 88.30 |
| 실시예 4 | 244.9 | 88.3 | 87.71 |
| 실시예 5 | 246.6 | 88.1 | 89.74 |
| 실시예 6 | 243.9 | 88.3 | 89.86 |
| 실시예 7 | 244.4 | 88.1 | 89.90 |
| 비교예 1 | 244.0 | 90.5 | 88.68 |
| 비교예 2 | 237.3 | 85.9 | 86.92 |
| 비교예 3 | 241.6 | 86.5 | 91.13 |
| 비교예 4 | 242.9 | 89.3 | 88.77 |
Claims (13)
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| EP23907763.9A EP4614616A4 (en) | 2022-12-21 | 2023-12-20 | POSITIVE ELECTRODE AND SECONDARY LITHIUM BATTERY INCLUDING IT |
| CN202380084944.9A CN120345080A (zh) | 2022-12-21 | 2023-12-20 | 正极和包括该正极的锂二次电池 |
| JP2025534471A JP2025541266A (ja) | 2022-12-21 | 2023-12-20 | 正極およびそれを含むリチウム二次電池 |
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| KR102126898B1 (ko) * | 2019-12-05 | 2020-06-25 | 주식회사 에스엠랩 | 양극활물질, 이의 제조방법 및 이를 포함하는 양극을 포함한 리튬이차전지 |
| US12191488B2 (en) * | 2022-12-15 | 2025-01-07 | Lg Energy Solution, Ltd. | Positive electrode active material and positive electrode including the same |
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- 2023-12-20 EP EP23907763.9A patent/EP4614616A4/en active Pending
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| KR20220100545A (ko) * | 2021-01-08 | 2022-07-15 | 주식회사 엘지화학 | 양극 활물질, 이를 포함하는 양극 및 리튬 이차전지 |
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| EP4614616A1 (en) | 2025-09-10 |
| EP4614616A4 (en) | 2026-05-13 |
| KR20240099088A (ko) | 2024-06-28 |
| CN120345080A (zh) | 2025-07-18 |
| JP2025541266A (ja) | 2025-12-18 |
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