BRPI0811305A2 - catalisador de epoxidação, um processo para preparação do catalisador e um processo para a produção de um óxido de olefina, um 1,2-diol,um éter de 1,2-diol, um 1,2-carbonato ou uma alcanolamina. - Google Patents
catalisador de epoxidação, um processo para preparação do catalisador e um processo para a produção de um óxido de olefina, um 1,2-diol,um éter de 1,2-diol, um 1,2-carbonato ou uma alcanolamina.Info
- Publication number
- BRPI0811305A2 BRPI0811305A2 BRPI0811305-0A BRPI0811305A BRPI0811305A2 BR PI0811305 A2 BRPI0811305 A2 BR PI0811305A2 BR PI0811305 A BRPI0811305 A BR PI0811305A BR PI0811305 A2 BRPI0811305 A2 BR PI0811305A2
- Authority
- BR
- Brazil
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- diol
- preparing
- promoter
- alkanolamine
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title abstract 9
- 150000000180 1,2-diols Chemical class 0.000 title abstract 6
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 6
- 150000001336 alkenes Chemical class 0.000 title abstract 5
- JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N olefin Natural products CCCCCCCC=C JRZJOMJEPLMPRA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title abstract 5
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title abstract 4
- 238000006735 epoxidation reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 2
- WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhenium atom Chemical compound [Re] WUAPFZMCVAUBPE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphorus Chemical compound [P] OAICVXFJPJFONN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000001590 oxidative effect Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052698 phosphorus Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011574 phosphorus Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical group [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
- C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
- C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
- C07D301/04—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen
- C07D301/08—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase
- C07D301/10—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase with catalysts containing silver or gold
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/66—Silver or gold
- B01J23/68—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/002—Mixed oxides other than spinels, e.g. perovskite
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/64—Platinum group metals with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/656—Manganese, technetium or rhenium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/66—Silver or gold
- B01J23/68—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J23/688—Silver or gold with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with manganese, technetium or rhenium
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/02—Sulfur, selenium or tellurium; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/053—Sulfates
- B01J27/055—Sulfates with alkali metals, copper, gold or silver
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J27/00—Catalysts comprising the elements or compounds of halogens, sulfur, selenium, tellurium, phosphorus or nitrogen; Catalysts comprising carbon compounds
- B01J27/14—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof
- B01J27/186—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium
- B01J27/188—Phosphorus; Compounds thereof with arsenic, antimony, bismuth, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, polonium, chromium, molybdenum, tungsten, manganese, technetium or rhenium with chromium, molybdenum, tungsten or polonium
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C213/00—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton
- C07C213/04—Preparation of compounds containing amino and hydroxy, amino and etherified hydroxy or amino and esterified hydroxy groups bound to the same carbon skeleton by reaction of ammonia or amines with olefin oxides or halohydrins
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/09—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by hydrolysis
- C07C29/10—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by hydrolysis of ethers, including cyclic ethers, e.g. oxiranes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C29/09—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by hydrolysis
- C07C29/10—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by hydrolysis of ethers, including cyclic ethers, e.g. oxiranes
- C07C29/103—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by hydrolysis of ethers, including cyclic ethers, e.g. oxiranes of cyclic ethers
- C07C29/106—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by hydrolysis of ethers, including cyclic ethers, e.g. oxiranes of cyclic ethers of oxiranes
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C68/00—Preparation of esters of carbonic or haloformic acids
- C07C68/04—Preparation of esters of carbonic or haloformic acids from carbon dioxide or inorganic carbonates
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J2523/00—Constitutive chemical elements of heterogeneous catalysts
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/141—Feedstock
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Epoxy Compounds (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
Abstract
catalisador de epdxidação, um processo para preparação do catalisador e um processo para a produção de um óxido de olefina, um 1,2-diol, um éter de 1,2 - diol, um 1,2-carbonato ou uma alcanolamina" um catalisador para a epoxidação de uma olefina que compreende um veículo e, depositado no veículo, prata, um promotor de rênio, um primeiro co-promotor, e um segundo co-promotor; onde a quantidade do promotor de rênio depositado no veículo é maior do que 1 mmol/kg, em relação ao peso do catalisador; o primeiro co-promotor é selecionado de enxofre, fósforo, boro e suas misturas; o segundo co-promotor é selecionado de tungstênio, molibdênio, cromo e suas misturas; e a quantidade total do primeiro e do segundo co-promotor depositada no veículo é de no máximo 3,8 mmol/kg, em relação ao peso do catali-sador; um processo para preparação do catalisador; um processo para preparação de um óxido de olefina através da reação de um alimentador compreendendo uma olefina e oxigênio na presença do catalisador; e um processo para preparação de um 1,2-diol, um éter de 1,2-diol, um 1,2-carbonato ou uma alcanolamina.
Applications Claiming Priority (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US91694707P | 2007-05-09 | 2007-05-09 | |
| US60/916.947 | 2007-05-09 | ||
| US60/916,947 | 2007-05-09 | ||
| PCT/US2008/062862 WO2008141027A2 (en) | 2007-05-09 | 2008-05-07 | An epoxidation catalyst, a process for preparing the catalyst, and a process for the production of an olefin oxide, a 1,2-diol, a 1,2-diol ether, a 1,2-carbonate, or an alkanolamine |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| BRPI0811305A2 true BRPI0811305A2 (pt) | 2019-02-26 |
| BRPI0811305B1 BRPI0811305B1 (pt) | 2020-02-27 |
Family
ID=39865078
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| BRPI0811305-0A BRPI0811305B1 (pt) | 2007-05-09 | 2008-05-07 | Catalisador de epoxidação, um processo para preparação do catalisador e um processo para a produção de um óxido de olefina, um 1,2-diol, um éter de 1,2-diol, um 1,2-carbonato ou uma alcanolamina |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US10532989B2 (pt) |
| EP (1) | EP2152411B1 (pt) |
| JP (1) | JP5542659B2 (pt) |
| KR (1) | KR20100017689A (pt) |
| CN (2) | CN103599798B (pt) |
| AR (1) | AR066468A1 (pt) |
| BR (1) | BRPI0811305B1 (pt) |
| CA (1) | CA2685512C (pt) |
| TW (1) | TWI446964B (pt) |
| WO (1) | WO2008141027A2 (pt) |
| ZA (1) | ZA200907566B (pt) |
Families Citing this family (25)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US7932408B2 (en) | 2006-09-29 | 2011-04-26 | Scientific Design Company, Inc. | Catalyst with bimodal pore size distribution and the use thereof |
| WO2010113963A1 (ja) | 2009-03-31 | 2010-10-07 | 株式会社日本触媒 | エチレンオキシド製造用触媒およびエチレンオキシドの製造方法 |
| US8937031B2 (en) * | 2010-03-01 | 2015-01-20 | Shell Oil Company | Epoxidation catalyst, a process for preparing the catalyst, and a process for the production of an olefin oxide |
| JP5388925B2 (ja) * | 2010-03-30 | 2014-01-15 | 株式会社日本触媒 | エチレンオキシド製造用触媒および酸化エチレン製造方法 |
| US9018126B2 (en) * | 2010-07-13 | 2015-04-28 | Shell Oil Company | Epoxidation catalyst, a process for preparing the catalyst, and a process for the production of an olefin oxide |
| SG190901A1 (en) | 2010-12-15 | 2013-07-31 | Dow Technology Investments Llc | Method of starting-up a process of producing an alkylene oxide using a high-efficiency catalyst |
| CN103547365B (zh) | 2011-04-11 | 2016-03-16 | 陶氏技术投资有限责任公司 | 调节高效环氧乙烷催化剂的方法 |
| CN103502229B (zh) | 2011-04-29 | 2016-02-03 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 用于改善环氧乙烷催化剂选择性的方法 |
| JP2015501212A (ja) * | 2011-10-28 | 2015-01-15 | ビーエーエスエフ ソシエタス・ヨーロピアBasf Se | 担持銀触媒を生成するための方法 |
| SG11201401948UA (en) * | 2011-10-31 | 2014-09-26 | Dow Technology Investments Llc | Methods for producing epoxidation catalysts and epoxidation methods utilizing these |
| US9649621B2 (en) * | 2011-12-19 | 2017-05-16 | Dow Technology Investments Llc | Method of formulating alkylene oxide catalyst in relation to catalyst reference properties |
| CN105143161B (zh) | 2013-03-15 | 2018-08-10 | 陶氏技术投资有限责任公司 | 用于制造环氧乙烷的方法 |
| EP3079810A4 (en) * | 2013-12-09 | 2017-05-31 | Basf Se | Catalyst for the epoxidation of alkenes |
| EP3325455B1 (en) * | 2015-07-24 | 2021-04-07 | Lyondell Chemical Technology, L.P. | Post treated silver catalysts for epoxidation |
| EP3363777B1 (en) | 2015-11-24 | 2021-09-22 | Daikin Industries, Ltd. | Method for producing diol |
| EP3390379B1 (en) | 2015-12-15 | 2019-10-30 | Shell International Research Maatschappij B.V. | Processes and systems for removing a vinyl iodide impurity from a recycle gas stream in the production of ethylene oxide |
| CN108368039B (zh) | 2015-12-15 | 2020-07-14 | 国际壳牌研究有限公司 | 从环氧乙烷制造中的循环气体流去除碘化物杂质的方法和系统 |
| RU2721603C2 (ru) | 2015-12-15 | 2020-05-21 | Шелл Интернэшнл Рисерч Маатсхаппий Б.В. | Способы и системы для удаления примеси алкилиодида из возвратного газового потока при получении этиленоксида |
| BR112018012058B1 (pt) | 2015-12-15 | 2021-01-05 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | processo para operar um sistema de leito de guarda |
| CN107413342B (zh) * | 2016-05-23 | 2021-02-05 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 用于烯烃环氧化生产环氧化合物的银催化剂及其制备方法 |
| TWI772330B (zh) | 2016-10-14 | 2022-08-01 | 荷蘭商蜆殼國際研究所 | 用於定量分析氣態製程流之方法及設備 |
| CN117101637A (zh) | 2017-01-05 | 2023-11-24 | 科学设计有限公司 | 载体、催化剂、生产它们的方法和生产环氧乙烷的方法 |
| WO2019020793A1 (en) | 2017-07-28 | 2019-01-31 | Basf Se | PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A MOLDED CATALYST BODY COMPRISING SILVER APPLIED TO AN ALUMINUM CARRIER |
| TWI808125B (zh) | 2018-02-07 | 2023-07-11 | 德商巴斯夫歐洲公司 | 有效地將乙烯氧化轉化為環氧乙烷之催化劑 |
| WO2026027443A1 (en) | 2024-07-29 | 2026-02-05 | Basf Se | Blended catalyst mix for epoxidation |
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-
2008
- 2008-05-07 AR ARP080101926A patent/AR066468A1/es unknown
- 2008-05-07 TW TW097116881A patent/TWI446964B/zh active
- 2008-05-07 KR KR1020097025532A patent/KR20100017689A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2008-05-07 US US12/116,905 patent/US10532989B2/en active Active
- 2008-05-07 JP JP2010507612A patent/JP5542659B2/ja active Active
- 2008-05-07 EP EP08747765.9A patent/EP2152411B1/en not_active Revoked
- 2008-05-07 CA CA2685512A patent/CA2685512C/en active Active
- 2008-05-07 CN CN201310595220.9A patent/CN103599798B/zh active Active
- 2008-05-07 WO PCT/US2008/062862 patent/WO2008141027A2/en not_active Ceased
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| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US10532989B2 (en) | 2020-01-14 |
| EP2152411B1 (en) | 2019-12-04 |
| JP5542659B2 (ja) | 2014-07-09 |
| CN103599798A (zh) | 2014-02-26 |
| JP2010527748A (ja) | 2010-08-19 |
| BRPI0811305B1 (pt) | 2020-02-27 |
| CA2685512C (en) | 2016-12-06 |
| CA2685512A1 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
| EP2152411A2 (en) | 2010-02-17 |
| WO2008141027A2 (en) | 2008-11-20 |
| CN103599798B (zh) | 2015-11-18 |
| ZA200907566B (en) | 2010-08-25 |
| WO2008141027A3 (en) | 2009-02-12 |
| KR20100017689A (ko) | 2010-02-16 |
| CN101678332A (zh) | 2010-03-24 |
| TWI446964B (zh) | 2014-08-01 |
| TW200906486A (en) | 2009-02-16 |
| AR066468A1 (es) | 2009-08-19 |
| US20080281118A1 (en) | 2008-11-13 |
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