EP0435542B1 - Procédé pour la production de tissus à poils liés par une colle de latex - Google Patents

Procédé pour la production de tissus à poils liés par une colle de latex Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0435542B1
EP0435542B1 EP90313777A EP90313777A EP0435542B1 EP 0435542 B1 EP0435542 B1 EP 0435542B1 EP 90313777 A EP90313777 A EP 90313777A EP 90313777 A EP90313777 A EP 90313777A EP 0435542 B1 EP0435542 B1 EP 0435542B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
yarn
pile
base layer
adhesive
latex adhesive
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
EP90313777A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP0435542A2 (fr
EP0435542A3 (en
Inventor
Kenneth Benjamin Higgins
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Milliken Research Corp
Original Assignee
Milliken Research Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Milliken Research Corp filed Critical Milliken Research Corp
Publication of EP0435542A2 publication Critical patent/EP0435542A2/fr
Publication of EP0435542A3 publication Critical patent/EP0435542A3/en
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP0435542B1 publication Critical patent/EP0435542B1/fr
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D04—BRAIDING; LACE-MAKING; KNITTING; TRIMMINGS; NON-WOVEN FABRICS
    • D04H—MAKING TEXTILE FABRICS, e.g. FROM FIBRES OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL; FABRICS MADE BY SUCH PROCESSES OR APPARATUS, e.g. FELTS, NON-WOVEN FABRICS; COTTON-WOOL; WADDING ; NON-WOVEN FABRICS FROM STAPLE FIBRES, FILAMENTS OR YARNS, BONDED WITH AT LEAST ONE WEB-LIKE MATERIAL DURING THEIR CONSOLIDATION
    • D04H11/00—Non-woven pile fabrics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
    • D06N7/0063—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf
    • D06N7/0071—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by their backing, e.g. pre-coat, back coating, secondary backing, cushion backing
    • D06N7/0073—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by their backing, e.g. pre-coat, back coating, secondary backing, cushion backing the back coating or pre-coat being applied as an aqueous dispersion or latex
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N7/00—Flexible sheet materials not otherwise provided for, e.g. textile threads, filaments, yarns or tow, glued on macromolecular material
    • D06N7/0063—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf
    • D06N7/0071—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by their backing, e.g. pre-coat, back coating, secondary backing, cushion backing
    • D06N7/0081—Floor covering on textile basis comprising a fibrous top layer being coated at the back with at least one polymer layer, e.g. carpets, rugs, synthetic turf characterised by their backing, e.g. pre-coat, back coating, secondary backing, cushion backing with at least one extra fibrous layer at the backing, e.g. stabilizing fibrous layer, fibrous secondary backing
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B1/00—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating
    • D06B1/02—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating by spraying or projecting
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B1/00—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating
    • D06B1/10—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating by contact with a member carrying the treating material
    • D06B1/14—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating by contact with a member carrying the treating material with a roller
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B1/00—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating
    • D06B1/10—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating by contact with a member carrying the treating material
    • D06B1/14—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating by contact with a member carrying the treating material with a roller
    • D06B1/141—Applying liquids, gases or vapours onto textile materials to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing or impregnating by contact with a member carrying the treating material with a roller where an element is used to mitigate the quantity of treating material on the roller
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06B—TREATING TEXTILE MATERIALS USING LIQUIDS, GASES OR VAPOURS
    • D06B3/00—Passing of textile materials through liquids, gases or vapours to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing, impregnating
    • D06B3/10—Passing of textile materials through liquids, gases or vapours to effect treatment, e.g. washing, dyeing, bleaching, sizing, impregnating of fabrics
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
    • D06N2201/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
    • D06N2201/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • D06N2201/0245—Acrylic resin fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
    • D06N2201/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
    • D06N2201/0263—Polyamide fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
    • D06N2201/04—Vegetal fibres
    • D06N2201/042—Cellulose fibres, e.g. cotton
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
    • D06N2201/06—Animal fibres, e.g. hair, wool, silk
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2201/00—Chemical constitution of the fibres, threads or yarns
    • D06N2201/08—Inorganic fibres
    • D06N2201/082—Glass fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2203/00—Macromolecular materials of the coating layers
    • D06N2203/02—Natural macromolecular compounds or derivatives thereof
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2203/00—Macromolecular materials of the coating layers
    • D06N2203/04—Macromolecular compounds obtained by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06N2203/041—Polyacrylic
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2203/00—Macromolecular materials of the coating layers
    • D06N2203/06—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
    • D06N2203/068—Polyurethanes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2205/00—Condition, form or state of the materials
    • D06N2205/06—Melt
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2209/00—Properties of the materials
    • D06N2209/12—Permeability or impermeability properties
    • D06N2209/126—Permeability to liquids, absorption
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D06N2209/00—Properties of the materials
    • D06N2209/16—Properties of the materials having other properties
    • D06N2209/1628—Dimensional stability

Definitions

  • a latex adhesive composition (a 50% aqueous composition of styrene butadiene supplied by Reichhold Chemical) was applied at the rate of about 1695 g/m2 (50 oz/sq. yd.).
  • the latex adhesive composition also contained filler at the level of about 150 parts filler per 100 parts polymer. Viscosity of the latex adhesive composition was about 3.0 Ns/m2 which provided optimum yarn penetration and maximum surface area for a mechanical bond to the tie coat.
  • the adhesive was then cured using infrared heaters (three 18" (457mm) strips at 100% output were used followed by one bank at 50% output). Excess moisture was drawn off by exhaust fans not shown. The carpet was then cooled and slit.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
  • Carpets (AREA)
  • Treatments For Attaching Organic Compounds To Fibrous Goods (AREA)
  • Treatment Of Fiber Materials (AREA)
  • Woven Fabrics (AREA)
  • Adhesives Or Adhesive Processes (AREA)
  • Addition Polymer Or Copolymer, Post-Treatments, Or Chemical Modifications (AREA)
  • Synthetic Leather, Interior Materials Or Flexible Sheet Materials (AREA)
  • Manufacturing Of Multi-Layer Textile Fabrics (AREA)
  • Knitting Of Fabric (AREA)

Claims (7)

  1. Procédé de fabrication d'un tissu à poils collés, comprenant les étapes consistant à:
       fournir une couche de base perméable aux liquides (17),
       positionner un fil formant les poils (10) contre ladite couche de base (17), mais non tufté à travers cette dernière,
       appliquer une colle de type latex (80) au dos de ladite couche de base (17) et
       amener la colle de type latex (80) à travers la couche de base (17) en contact avec ledit fil (10) Pour coller le fil (10) à la couche de base (17).
  2. Procédé selon la revendication 1, comprenant l'étape supplémentaire consistant à coller une couche dorsale (150) en matière thermoplastique au dos de la couche de base (17).
  3. Procédé selon la revendication 1, dans lequel :
       ladite couche de base perméable aux liquides est une première couche de base (17) continue;
       il est fourni une seconde couche de base continue perméable aux liquides (17);
       la première et la seconde couches de base (17) sont introduites entre des guides (16), lesdites couches de base (17) étant distantes l'une de l'autre et parallèles;
       ledit fil formant les poils (10) est un fil continu formant les poils et est plié contre les surfaces opposées desdites couches de base (17) par des lames plieuses (20, 22), pendant que lesdites couches de base (17) sont introduites entre les guides (16), pour positionner ledit fil (10) de façon qu'il soit plié en zig-zag, sans tufting dudit fil (10) à travers lesdites couches de base (17);
       la couche de type latex (80) est amenée à travers le dos de chacune desdites couches de base (17) en contact avec ledit fil (10) après pliage dudit fil (10) entre lesdites couches de base (17);
       ladite colle de type latex (80) est séchée en étant toujours en contact avec ledit fil (10), par passage desdites couches de base (17) entre lesquelles est intercalé ledit fil plié (10), dans un dispositif de chauffage (90); et
       ledit fil (10) est coupé entre la première et la seconde desdites couches de base (17) après séchage de ladite colle de type latex (80), pour former deux tissus à poils collés continus.
  4. Procédé selon la revendication 3, dans lequel lesdits guides (16) positionnent lesdites couches de base (17) verticalement et ladite colle de type latex (80) est appliquée sur lesdites couches de base (17) en un point situé en-dessous desdits guides (16).
  5. Procédé selon la revendication 4, dans lequel ledit dispositif de chauffage (90) est positionné verticalement en-dessous dudit point d'application du latex.
  6. Procédé selon l'une quelconque des revendications 3 à 5, dans lequel ladite colle de type latex (80) est amenée simultanément à travers lesdites première et seconde couches de base (17).
  7. Procédé selon la revendication 5, dans lequel lesdites couches de base (17), au moment où elles sont amenées entre le point d'application du latex et le dispositif de chauffage (90), sont dépourvues de tout support latéral appliqué dorsalement.
EP90313777A 1989-12-27 1990-12-17 Procédé pour la production de tissus à poils liés par une colle de latex Expired - Lifetime EP0435542B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US45761289A 1989-12-27 1989-12-27
US457612 1989-12-27

Publications (3)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0435542A2 EP0435542A2 (fr) 1991-07-03
EP0435542A3 EP0435542A3 (en) 1991-08-28
EP0435542B1 true EP0435542B1 (fr) 1994-08-10

Family

ID=23817428

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP90313777A Expired - Lifetime EP0435542B1 (fr) 1989-12-27 1990-12-17 Procédé pour la production de tissus à poils liés par une colle de latex

Country Status (7)

Country Link
EP (1) EP0435542B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP2918701B2 (fr)
AT (1) ATE109638T1 (fr)
AU (1) AU631708B2 (fr)
CA (1) CA2032345C (fr)
DE (1) DE69011490T2 (fr)
NZ (1) NZ236677A (fr)

Families Citing this family (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5443881A (en) * 1989-12-27 1995-08-22 Milliken Research Corporation Heat stabilized pile fabric
RO120414B1 (ro) * 1997-03-17 2006-01-30 The Dow Chemical Company Procedeu pentru realizarea covoarelor având suporturi poliuretanice, obţinute din formulări de latex poliuretanic
US6524978B1 (en) 1998-12-18 2003-02-25 The Dow Chemical Company Aqueous polyurethane dispersions useful for preparing polymers with improved moisture resistance properties
AU760247B2 (en) 1998-12-29 2003-05-08 Dow Global Technologies Inc. Polyurethane foams prepared from mechanically frothed polyurethane dispersions
US7374808B2 (en) * 2000-07-21 2008-05-20 Milliken & Company Patterned bonded carpet and method
US20050037175A1 (en) * 2003-08-15 2005-02-17 Burlington Industries, Inc. Open mesh in tufted wall or floor covering

Family Cites Families (8)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US2101906A (en) * 1929-11-02 1937-12-14 Us Rubber Co Pile fabric and machine for making the same
GB1191640A (en) * 1966-11-21 1970-05-13 Doverstrand Ltd Latex Backing of Tufted Carpets
GB1409068A (en) * 1972-07-27 1975-10-08 Synthetic Fab Scotland Ltd Preparation of seconcary backed carpets
US4009310A (en) * 1976-07-01 1977-02-22 The General Tire & Rubber Company Method of improving adhesion of secondary backings on carpets
US4363694A (en) * 1980-09-15 1982-12-14 Milliken Research Corporation Bonded fabric machine
US4371576A (en) * 1981-09-22 1983-02-01 Milliken Research Corporation Hot melt adhesive bonded pile fabrics
JP2593945B2 (ja) * 1988-07-25 1997-03-26 インターフェイス，インコーポレイテッド ラテックス接着されたパイルカ−ペット
JP6311142B2 (ja) 2013-12-03 2018-04-18 国立大学法人電気通信大学 ハイブリッド車両の制御システム及びハイブリッド車両の制御方法

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JPH04245954A (ja) 1992-09-02
NZ236677A (en) 1992-10-28
AU6844490A (en) 1991-07-04
CA2032345C (fr) 1995-02-21
ATE109638T1 (de) 1994-08-15
EP0435542A2 (fr) 1991-07-03
DE69011490D1 (de) 1994-09-15
JP2918701B2 (ja) 1999-07-12
EP0435542A3 (en) 1991-08-28
DE69011490T2 (de) 1994-12-08
AU631708B2 (en) 1992-12-03

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