EP1483431A4 - Minimierung des kohlenstofftransfers in einer elektrolysezelle - Google Patents

Minimierung des kohlenstofftransfers in einer elektrolysezelle

Info

Publication number: EP1483431A4
Authority: EP; European Patent Office
Prior art keywords: carbon; electrolyze; minimizing; cell; cathode
Prior art date: 2002-03-13
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.): Granted

Application number

EP03743766A

Other languages

English (en)

French (fr)

Other versions

EP1483431A1 (de

EP1483431B1 (de

Inventor

Les Strezov

Ivan Ratchev

Steve Osborn

Sergey Alexander Bliznyukov

Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)

BHP Innovation Pty Ltd

Original Assignee

BHP Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd

Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)

2002-03-13

Filing date

2003-03-13

Publication date

2006-06-28

2003-03-13 Application filed by BHP Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd filed Critical BHP Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd

2004-12-08 Publication of EP1483431A1 publication Critical patent/EP1483431A1/de

2006-06-28 Publication of EP1483431A4 publication Critical patent/EP1483431A4/de

2007-07-18 Application granted granted Critical

2007-07-18 Publication of EP1483431B1 publication Critical patent/EP1483431B1/de

2023-03-13 Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Status Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C25—ELECTROLYTIC OR ELECTROPHORETIC PROCESSES; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C—PROCESSES FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC PRODUCTION, RECOVERY OR REFINING OF METALS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C25C7/00—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells
- C25C7/005—Constructional parts, or assemblies thereof, of cells; Servicing or operating of cells of cells for the electrolysis of melts
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22B—PRODUCTION AND REFINING OF METALS; PRETREATMENT OF RAW MATERIALS
- C22B34/00—Obtaining refractory metals
- C22B34/10—Obtaining titanium, zirconium or hafnium
- C22B34/12—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08
- C22B34/129—Obtaining titanium or titanium compounds from ores or scrap by metallurgical processing; preparation of titanium compounds from other titanium compounds see C01G23/00 - C01G23/08 obtaining metallic titanium from titanium compounds by dissociation, e.g. thermic dissociation of titanium tetraiodide, or by electrolysis or with the use of an electric arc

Landscapes

Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
Organic Chemistry (AREA)
Metallurgy (AREA)
Materials Engineering (AREA)
Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
Electrochemistry (AREA)
Geology (AREA)
Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
Electrolytic Production Of Metals (AREA)
Electrodes For Compound Or Non-Metal Manufacture (AREA)
Inert Electrodes (AREA)
Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
Electrolytic Production Of Non-Metals, Compounds, Apparatuses Therefor (AREA)
Electrical Discharge Machining, Electrochemical Machining, And Combined Machining (AREA)

EP03743766A 2002-03-13 2003-03-13 Minimierung des kohlenstofftransfers in einer elektrolysezelle Expired - Lifetime EP1483431B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number	Priority Date	Filing Date	Title
AUPS117002		2002-03-13
AUPS1170A AUPS117002A0 (en)	2002-03-13	2002-03-13	Minimising carbon transfer in an electrolytic cell
PCT/AU2003/000305 WO2003076692A1 (en)	2002-03-13	2003-03-13	Minimising carbon transfer in an electrolytic cell

Publications (3)

Publication Number	Publication Date
EP1483431A1 EP1483431A1 (de)	2004-12-08
EP1483431A4 true EP1483431A4 (de)	2006-06-28
EP1483431B1 EP1483431B1 (de)	2007-07-18

Family

ID=3834768

Family Applications (1)

Application Number	Title	Priority Date	Filing Date
EP03743766A Expired - Lifetime EP1483431B1 (de)	2002-03-13	2003-03-13	Minimierung des kohlenstofftransfers in einer elektrolysezelle

Country Status (12)

Country	Link
US (1)	US20050092129A1 (de)
EP (1)	EP1483431B1 (de)
JP (1)	JP2005520046A (de)
CN (1)	CN1650052A (de)
AT (1)	ATE367461T1 (de)
AU (1)	AUPS117002A0 (de)
CA (1)	CA2479050A1 (de)
DE (1)	DE60314999D1 (de)
MX (1)	MXPA04008886A (de)
RU (1)	RU2302482C2 (de)
WO (1)	WO2003076692A1 (de)
ZA (1)	ZA200407433B (de)

Families Citing this family (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
AU2002951962A0 (en) *	2002-10-09	2002-10-24	Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd	Electrolytic reduction of metal oxides
AU2002952083A0 (en) *	2002-10-16	2002-10-31	Bhp Billiton Innovation Pty Ltd	Minimising carbon transfer in an electrolytic cell
AU2005256146B2 (en) *	2004-06-28	2010-11-25	Metalysis Limited	Production of titanium
EA014138B1 (ru) *	2005-08-01	2010-10-29	БиЭйчПи БИЛЛИТОН ИННОВЕЙШН ПТИ ЛТД.	Электрохимическое восстановление оксидов металлов
US20090045070A1 (en) *	2006-02-06	2009-02-19	Becker Aaron J	Cathode for electrolytic production of titanium and other metal powders

Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
WO1999064638A1 (en) *	1998-06-05	1999-12-16	Cambridge University Technical Services Limited	Removal of oxygen from metal oxides and solid solutions by electrolysis in a fused salt
US6017647A (en) *	1995-11-16	2000-01-25	The Dow Chemical Company	Electrode structure for solid state electrochemical devices

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
DK156731C (da) *	1980-05-07	1990-01-29	Metals Tech & Instr	Fremgangsmaade til fremstilling af metal eller metalloid
US4521281A (en) *	1983-10-03	1985-06-04	Olin Corporation	Process and apparatus for continuously producing multivalent metals
JPH07113158B2 (ja) *	1984-04-14	1995-12-06	新日本製鐵株式会社	溶鋼の清浄化方法
JPH03115592A (ja) *	1989-09-28	1991-05-16	Osaka Titanium Co Ltd	溶融塩電解槽
US6187168B1 (en) *	1998-10-06	2001-02-13	Aluminum Company Of America	Electrolysis in a cell having a solid oxide ion conductor
GB2359564B (en) *	2000-02-22	2004-09-29	Secr Defence	Improvements in the electrolytic reduction of metal oxides
WO2001062994A1 (en) *	2000-02-22	2001-08-30	Qinetiq Limited	Method of manufacture for ferro-titanium and other metal alloys electrolytic reduction
US6540902B1 (en) *	2001-09-05	2003-04-01	The United States Of America As Represented By The United States Department Of Energy	Direct electrochemical reduction of metal-oxides
JP4089944B2 (ja) *	2001-11-30	2008-05-28	財団法人電力中央研究所	電解還元装置および方法
EA007046B1 (ru) *	2002-03-13	2006-06-30	Би Эйч Пи БИЛЛИТОН ИННОВЕЙШН ПТИ ЛТД.	Восстановление оксидов металлов в электролизере
JP4252531B2 (ja) *	2004-12-15	2009-04-08	株式会社大阪チタニウムテクノロジーズ	金属製造方法

2002
- 2002-03-13 AU AUPS1170A patent/AUPS117002A0/en not_active Abandoned
2003
- 2003-03-13 JP JP2003574884A patent/JP2005520046A/ja active Pending
- 2003-03-13 EP EP03743766A patent/EP1483431B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2003-03-13 WO PCT/AU2003/000305 patent/WO2003076692A1/en not_active Ceased
- 2003-03-13 CN CNA038092743A patent/CN1650052A/zh active Pending
- 2003-03-13 RU RU2004130453/02A patent/RU2302482C2/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-03-13 CA CA002479050A patent/CA2479050A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2003-03-13 AT AT03743766T patent/ATE367461T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2003-03-13 MX MXPA04008886A patent/MXPA04008886A/es not_active Application Discontinuation
- 2003-03-13 DE DE60314999T patent/DE60314999D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
2004
- 2004-09-10 US US10/939,001 patent/US20050092129A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2004-09-16 ZA ZA200407433A patent/ZA200407433B/en unknown

Patent Citations (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number	Priority date	Publication date	Assignee	Title
US6017647A (en) *	1995-11-16	2000-01-25	The Dow Chemical Company	Electrode structure for solid state electrochemical devices
WO1999064638A1 (en) *	1998-06-05	1999-12-16	Cambridge University Technical Services Limited	Removal of oxygen from metal oxides and solid solutions by electrolysis in a fused salt

Non-Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
CHEN G Z ET AL: "Direct electrochemical reduction of titanium dioxide to titanium in molten calcium chloride", NATURE, NATURE PUBLISHING GROUP, LONDON, GB, vol. 407, 21 September 2000 (2000-09-21), pages 361 - 364, XP002968414, ISSN: 0028-0836 *
OKABE T H ET AL: "ELECTROCHEMICAL DEOXIDATION OF TITANIUM", METALLURGICAL TRANSACTIONS B. PROCESS METALLURGY, METALLURGICAL SOCIETY OF AIME. NEW YORK, US, vol. 24B, June 1993 (1993-06-01), pages 449 - 455, XP000381332 *
SADOWAY D R ET AL: "Electrochemical deoxidation of yttrium-oxygen solid solutions", JOURNAL OF ALLOYS AND COMPOUNDS, ELSEVIER SEQUOIA, LAUSANNE, CH, vol. 237, 15 April 1996 (1996-04-15), pages 150 - 154, XP004077077, ISSN: 0925-8388 *

Also Published As

Publication number	Publication date
DE60314999D1 (de)	2007-08-30
EP1483431A1 (de)	2004-12-08
AUPS117002A0 (en)	2002-04-18
RU2302482C2 (ru)	2007-07-10
JP2005520046A (ja)	2005-07-07
ZA200407433B (en)	2005-10-10
EP1483431B1 (de)	2007-07-18
CA2479050A1 (en)	2003-09-18
MXPA04008886A (es)	2004-11-26
CN1650052A (zh)	2005-08-03
RU2004130453A (ru)	2005-06-10
ATE367461T1 (de)	2007-08-15
US20050092129A1 (en)	2005-05-05
WO2003076692A1 (en)	2003-09-18

Legal Events

Date	Code	Title	Description
2004-10-22	PUAI	Public reference made under article 153(3) epc to a published international application that has entered the european phase	Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009012
2004-12-08	17P	Request for examination filed	Effective date: 20040915
2004-12-08	AK	Designated contracting states	Kind code of ref document: A1 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR
2004-12-08	AX	Request for extension of the european patent	Extension state: AL LT LV MK
2006-06-28	A4	Supplementary search report drawn up and despatched	Effective date: 20060529
2007-01-20	GRAP	Despatch of communication of intention to grant a patent	Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR1
2007-06-02	GRAS	Grant fee paid	Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: EPIDOSNIGR3
2007-06-15	GRAA	(expected) grant	Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009210
2007-07-18	AK	Designated contracting states	Kind code of ref document: B1 Designated state(s): AT BE BG CH CY CZ DE DK EE ES FI FR GB GR HU IE IT LI LU MC NL PT RO SE SI SK TR
2007-07-18	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: GB Ref legal event code: FG4D
2007-08-15	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: EP
2007-08-30	REF	Corresponds to:	Ref document number: 60314999 Country of ref document: DE Date of ref document: 20070830 Kind code of ref document: P
2007-09-05	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: IE Ref legal event code: FG4D
2008-01-31	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: FI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718 Ref country code: NL Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718 Ref country code: ES Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20071029 Ref country code: PT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20071218 Ref country code: BG Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20071018
2008-01-31	REG	Reference to a national code	Ref country code: CH Ref legal event code: PL
2008-02-01	NLV1	Nl: lapsed or annulled due to failure to fulfill the requirements of art. 29p and 29m of the patents act
2008-02-29	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: CH Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718 Ref country code: AT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718 Ref country code: LI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718
2008-03-14	EN	Fr: translation not filed
2008-03-31	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: BE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718
2008-04-30	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: DK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718 Ref country code: GR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20071019
2008-05-23	PLBE	No opposition filed within time limit	Free format text: ORIGINAL CODE: 0009261
2008-05-23	STAA	Information on the status of an ep patent application or granted ep patent	Free format text: STATUS: NO OPPOSITION FILED WITHIN TIME LIMIT
2008-05-30	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: SK Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718 Ref country code: CZ Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718
2008-06-25	26N	No opposition filed	Effective date: 20080421
2008-06-30	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: RO Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718 Ref country code: SE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20071018
2008-07-31	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: DE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20071019 Ref country code: FR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080314
2008-10-31	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: MC Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20080331
2008-11-26	GBPC	Gb: european patent ceased through non-payment of renewal fee	Effective date: 20080313
2009-01-30	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: EE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718 Ref country code: IE Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20080313
2009-06-30	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: SI Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718 Ref country code: GB Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20080313
2009-07-31	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: CY Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718
2010-07-30	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: LU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20080313 Ref country code: HU Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20080119
2010-08-31	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: TR Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF FAILURE TO SUBMIT A TRANSLATION OF THE DESCRIPTION OR TO PAY THE FEE WITHIN THE PRESCRIBED TIME-LIMIT Effective date: 20070718
2011-02-28	PG25	Lapsed in a contracting state [announced via postgrant information from national office to epo]	Ref country code: IT Free format text: LAPSE BECAUSE OF NON-PAYMENT OF DUE FEES Effective date: 20080331

Publication	Publication Date	Title
WO2004033760A3 (en)	2007-11-29	Electrochemical reduction of metal oxides
CA2479048A1 (en)	2003-09-18	Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell
PT1417356E (pt)	2005-05-31	Celula de electrolise, em especial para a producao electroquimica de cloro
MXPA05010056A (es)	2005-11-23	Revestimiento electrocatalitico con metales del grupo de platino y electrodo hecho del mismo.
DK1274884T3 (da)	2005-02-07	Elektrolytisk celle og fremgangsmåde til elektrolyse
GB2431668A (en)	2007-05-02	Method and Apparatus
HUP0401498A2 (en)	2004-10-28	Electrolysis cell, especially for electrochemical production of chlorine
BRPI0413105A (pt)	2006-10-03	célula eletroquìmica
AR024556A1 (es)	2002-10-16	ELECTRODO A DIFUSIoN DE GAS Y UN CONJUNTO MEMBRANA- ELECTRODO, SUS USOS, UNA CELDA ELECTROQUíMICA, Y PROCEDIMIENTO PARA ELECTROLIZAR UNA SOLUCIoN ACUOSA DE ÁCIDO CLORHíDRICO.
DE602005019105D1 (de)	2010-03-11	Hocheffizienter hypochloritanodenüberzug
AP1616A (en)	2006-05-23	Reduction of metal oxides in an electrolytic cell.
MY148251A (en)	2013-03-29	Carbon supported metal sulphide catalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction
DE60235242D1 (de)	2010-03-18	Reduktion von metalloxiden in einer elektrolysezelle
ATE304067T1 (de)	2005-09-15	Verhinderung der auflösung von metallischen anoden der aluminiumproduktion
TW200519231A (en)	2005-06-16	Method for the electrolysis of an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride or alkali metal chloride
DE60314999D1 (de)	2007-08-30	Minimierung des kohlenstofftransfers in einer elektrolysezelle
BR0315413A (pt)	2005-08-16	Célula eletroquìmica e método para redução eletroquìmica de um óxido metálico
WO2005079216A3 (en)	2006-08-03	A hybrid fuel cell
TW200607143A (en)	2006-02-16	Electrochemical cell
ATE448579T1 (de)	2009-11-15	Verfahren zur inertisierung der anoden von brennstoffzellen
EP1688516A4 (de)	2007-07-25	Elektrode für elektrochemische zelle und elektrochemische zelle
WO2007126309A3 (en)	2008-04-03	Method for the purification of a semiconductor material by application of an oxidation-reduction reaction
EA200800526A1 (ru)	2008-08-29	Электрохимическое восстановление оксидов металлов
WO2023104878A3 (en)	2023-07-20	Electrolysis system including at least one capacitive half-cell
ZA202505706B (en)	2026-02-25	Carbide supported catalysts