Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B25/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber
  • B32B25/14—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising synthetic rubber copolymers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B25/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber
  • B32B25/04—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising rubber as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B25/042—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising rubber as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of natural rubber or synthetic rubber
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B25/00—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber
  • B32B25/16—Layered products comprising a layer of natural or synthetic rubber comprising polydienes homopolymers or poly-halodienes homopolymers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2250/00—Layers arrangement
  • B32B2250/24—All layers being polymeric
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2270/00—Resin or rubber layer containing a blend of at least two different polymers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/30—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular thermal properties
  • B32B2307/306—Resistant to heat
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
  • B32B2307/51—Elastic
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
  • B32B2307/536—Hardness
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/714—Inert, i.e. inert to chemical degradation, corrosion
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/70—Other properties
  • B32B2307/726—Permeability to liquids, absorption
  • B32B2307/7265—Non-permeable
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2605/00—Vehicles
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/3154—Of fluorinated addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
  • Y10T—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER US CLASSIFICATION
  • Y10T428/00—Stock material or miscellaneous articles
  • Y10T428/31504—Composite [nonstructural laminate]
  • Y10T428/31855—Of addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31909—Next to second addition polymer from unsaturated monomers
  • Y10T428/31928—Ester, halide or nitrile of addition polymer

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a rubber laminate. More particularly, the present invention relates to a rubber laminate obtained by vulcanization-bonding of an unvulcanized fluororubber composition and an unvulcanized NBR composition.
• Fluorororubbers are excellent in heat resistance, oil resistance, solvent resistance, chemical resistance, and other properties, and used as rubbers having excellent gasohol resistance and sour gasoline resistance. In recent years, these properties are becoming more important along with the strengthening of environmental regulations (e.g., gasoline volatility regulation), and fluororubbers are progressing at a higher degree of fluorination.
• environmental regulations e.g., gasoline volatility regulation
• fluororubbers While fluorororubbers have such excellent properties, they are more expensive than other rubber materials, such as NBR. Therefore, a rubber laminate in which an NBR layer is laminated on a fluororubber layer is used. However, there are problems that fluororubbers and NBR cannot be vulcanization-bonded by an ordinary method, or even if they are bonded to each other, the bonding strength therebetween is very weak.
• Patent Document 1 discloses a laminate in which a fluorine-containing polymer layer and a diene-based polymer layer are firmly bonded to each other by heating, the fluorine-containing polymer layer containing:
• a quaternary onium salt is added to a fluororubber layer to be laminated on an NBR layer in the production of the fluororubber layer, as listed below.
• a fuel hose having an inner layer composed of fluororubber, and an outer layer composed of an NBR-PVC-blended polymer, wherein the PVC content in the blend material and the combined acrylonitrile content in NBR are controlled at a constant level, and a 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene-7 salt of a carboxylic acid is added (see Patent Document 5).
• An object of the present invention is to provide a rubber laminate obtained by vulcanization-bonding of an unvulcanized fluororubber composition and an unvulcanized NBR composition, wherein the fluororubber layer and the NBR layer are firmly vulcanization-bonded to each other without impairing various excellent characteristics of the fluororubber constituting the fluororubber layer.
• the object of the present invention can be attained by the above rubber laminate in which the unvulcanized fluororubber composition comprising:
• the rubber laminate of the present invention sufficiently satisfies interlayer adhesiveness that is determined by peeling strength and bonding state, while oil resistance is hardly impaired. Therefore, the rubber laminates can be effectively used as fuel system parts, such as automotive fuel hoses, fuel transportation hoses, and diaphragms.
• the component (A), i.e., a fluororubber, includes highly fluorinated rubbery copolymers, such as copolymers of vinylidene fluoride with other fluorine-containing olefins. Among such copolymers, vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropene terpolymer is preferred.
• the vinylidene fluoride-tetrafluoroethylene-hexafluoropropene terpolymer which is a preferred fluorinated rubbery copolymer, preferably contains 50 to 60 mol% of a constitutional unit derived from vinylidene fluoride [VdF], 20 to 30 mol% of a constitutional unit derived from tetrafluoroethylene [TFE], and 10 to 30 mol% of a constitutional unit derived from hexafluoropropene [HFP] (total: 100 mol%).
• the amount of the TFE-derived constitutional unit is more than 30 mol%, not only cold resistance is deteriorated, but also the elasticity of the obtained fluorine-containing elastomer vulcanizate is reduced. In contrast, when the amount is less than 20 mol%, oil resistance and chemical resistance may be reduced.
• component (B) i.e., an oxide and/or hydroxide of a divalent metal
• at least one oxide or hydroxide of Mg, Ca, Ba, Pb, Zn, and other metals is used in an amount of about 1 to 40 parts by weight, preferably about 3 to 15 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of fluororubber.
• the component (C), i.e., a polyhydroxy aromatic compound, which is used as a crosslinking-bonding agent, includes 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)propane [bisphenol A], 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)perfluoropropane [bisphenol AF], hydroquinone, catechol, resorcin, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenyl, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylmethane, 4,4'-dihydroxydiphenylsulfone, 2,2-bis(4-hydroxyphenyl)butane, and the like.
• bisphenol A, bisphenol AF, and hydroquinone are used. These may be in the form of alkali metal salts or alkaline earth metal salts.
• Such a polyhydroxy aromatic compound is used in an amount of about 0.5 to 10 parts by weight, preferably about 0.5 to 6 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of fluororubber. When the amount thereof is less than this range, crosslinking density is insufficient. Conversely, when the amount is more than this range, crosslinking density is overly high, leading to a tendency to lose elastomeric properties.
• the component (D), i.e., a 2-substituted-4,6-dithiol-s-triazine derivative includes 2-substituted-4,6-dithiol-s-triazine derivatives in which the 2-substituent is substituted by methyl, ethyl, propyl, n-butyl, tert-butyl, pentyl (amyl), hexyl, 2-ethylhexyl, octyl, nonyl, dodecyl, octadecyl, or other C 1 -C 18 alkyl group; allyl, oleyl, or other C 3 -C 18 alkenyl group; phenyl, naphthyl, or other aryl group; benzyl, methylbenzyl, phenylethyl, phenylpropyl, or other aralkyl group; ethylphenyl, but
• the component (D) may be a compound in which the hydrogen atom of the 4,6-dithiol group is substituted by alkali metal or alkaline earth metal.
• Such a 2-substituted-4,6-dithiol-s-triazine derivative is used in an amount of about 0.1 to 5 parts by weight, preferably about 0.1 to 2 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of fluororubber.
• amount of the derivative used is more than this range, various characteristics of the resulting vulcanizate are adversely affected. Conversely, when the amount is less than this range, adhesion to the NBR layer becomes weak.
• component (E 1 ) i.e., a quaternary phosphonium salt vulcanization accelerator
• a quaternary phosphonium salt vulcanization accelerator for example, at least one of benzyltriphenylphosphonium chloride, benzyltriphenylphosphonium bromide, benzyltricyclohexylphosphonium chloride, benzyltricyclohexylphosphonium bromide, and the like is used.
• a tetraalkyl ammonium salt vulcanization accelerator for example, at least one of tetraethylammonium chloride, tetraethylammonium bromide, tetrabutylammonium chloride, tetrabutylammonium bromide, n-dodecyltrimethylammonium chloride, n-dodecyltrimethylammonium bromide, octadecyltrimethylammonium bromide, cetyltrimethylammonium chloride, and the like is used.
• Such a quaternary phosphonium salt compound or a tetraalkyl ammonium salt compound is used in an amount of about 0.1 to 5 parts by weight, preferably about 0.1 1 to 2 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of fluororubber. When the amount thereof is more than this range, various characteristics of the resulting vulcanizate are adversely affected. Conversely, when the amount is less than this range, crosslinking properties are inferior.
• the component (E 2 ), i.e., 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene-7 or a salt thereof (e.g., hydrochloride salt, sulfonate salt, octylate salt, or phenol salt) is used in an amount of about 0.01 to 2 parts by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 0.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of fluororubber.
• a salt thereof e.g., hydrochloride salt, sulfonate salt, octylate salt, or phenol salt
• Example of a sulfonic acid compound forming the sulfonate of 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene-7 includes benzene sulfonic acid, dodecylbenzene sulfonic acid, o-, m- or p-toluene sulfonic acid, 2,4-toluene disulfonic acid, p-aminobenzene sulfonic acid (sulfanilic acid), naphthalene sulfonic acid, 1-naphthylamine-4-sulfonic acid (naphthionic acid), p-sulfobenzoic acid, and the like.
• the hydrogen atom of the component (E 2 ) cyclic ring may be substituted by another atom or substituent.
• Example of the 5-substituent of 5-substituted-1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene or a salt thereof as component (E 3 ) includes C 1 -C 24 alkyl groups or C 7 -C 20 aralkyl groups; preferably, benzyl groups are used.
• As the salt thereof tetrafluoroborate or hexafluorophosphate salts are preferably used.
• the component (E 3 ) is used in an amount of about 0.01 to 2 parts by weight, preferably about 0.01 to 0.5 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of fluororubber. When the amount thereof is more than this range, various characteristics of the resulting vulcanizate are adversely affected. Conversely, when the amount is less than this range, adhesion to the NBR layer becomes significantly worse.
• the polyhydroxy aromatic compound (C), the quaternary phosphonium salt or tetraalkyl ammonium salt vulcanization accelerator (E 1 ), and the 5-substituted-1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonene or salt thereof (E 3 ) may be directly compounded as composition components and kneaded.
• 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene-7 or salt thereof (E 2 ) may be directly compounded as a composition component and kneaded.
• the component (E 2 ) in order to prevent poor dispersion, it is preferable to use the component (E 2 ) as a masterbatch in which the component (E 2 ) is diluted and dispersed with fillers, such as carbon black, silica, clay, talc, diatomaceous earth, and barium sulfate.
• any NBR having an acrylonitrile content of 30 to 50 wt.% and allowing sulfur vulcanization with sulfur or a sulfur donating compound, or peroxide crosslinking with an organic peroxide can be used.
• NBR may also be, other than acrylonitrile and butadiene, a ternary-based polymer prepared by copolymerizing a small amount of acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, or ester group, or a monomer having anti-aging functions; hydrogenerated NBR prepared by partially or substantially completely hydrogenating NBR; or a blend polymer prepared by blending NBR with polyvinyl chloride, ethylene-propylene(-diene) copolymerized rubber, or the like.
• These unvulcanized fluororubber composition and unvulcanized NBR composition can produce a rubber laminate comprising a fluororubber layer and an NBR layer by laminating an unvulcanized sheet obtained from the fluororubber composition and an unvulcanized sheet obtained from the NBR composition, and subjecting the resultant laminate to press vulcanization at about 0.1 to 15 MPa at about 100 to 200°C for about 3 to 60 minutes.
• the fluororubber layer is generally laminated in a thickness of about 0.1 to 5 mm
• the NBR layer is generally laminated in a thickness of about 0.1 to 5 mm; however, there is no limitation to the thickness of each rubber layer, the thickness ratio of the layers, and the thickness of the entire rubber laminate.
• Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (10 g), 6.3 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate, and 5 L of deionized water were placed in a 10-L autoclave.
• the air in the autoclave was sufficiently substituted by nitrogen gas, followed by degassing, and 5 g of isopropanol was added thereto.
• 68 g of vinylidene fluoride [VdF], 52 g of tetrafluoroethylene [TFE], and 500 g of hexafluoropropene [HFP] were charged.
• VdF vinylidene fluoride
• TFE tetrafluoroethylene
• HFP hexafluoropropene
• aqueous latex (solid matters content: 31.5 wt.%, pH: about 4) was coagulated in a 1 wt.% aqueous calcium chloride solution. After washing with water, drying was performed in a steam oven at 70°C for 24 hours, thereby obtaining a rubbery terpolymer.
• Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (10 g), 6.3 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate, and 5 L of deionized water were placed in a 10-L autoclave.
• the air in the autoclave was sufficiently substituted by nitrogen gas, followed by degassing, and 5 g of isopropanol was added thereto.
• 83 g of vinylidene fluoride [VdF], 50 g of tetrafluoroethylene [TFE], and 390 g of hexafluoropropene [HFP] were charged.
• VdF vinylidene fluoride
• TFE tetrafluoroethylene
• HFP hexafluoropropene
• Ammonium perfluorooctanoate (10 g), 6.3 g of disodium hydrogen phosphate, and 5 L of deionized water were placed in a 10-L autoclave.
• the air in the autoclave was sufficiently substituted by nitrogen gas, followed by degassing, and 5 g of isopropanol was added thereto.
• 54 g of vinylidene fluoride [VdF], 60 g of tetrafluoroethylene [TFE], and 530 g of hexafluoropropene [HFP] were charged.
• VdF vinylidene fluoride
• TFE tetrafluoroethylene
• HFP hexafluoropropene
• Table 1 shows the polymer Mooney viscosity ML 1+10 (121°C), polymer composition (determined by 19 F-NMR), and F content of each of the VdF/TFE/HFP terpolymer rubbers (fluororubbers A, B, and C) obtained in the above reference examples.
• Table 1 Fluororubber ML 1+10 (121°C) VdF/TFE/HFP (mol%) F content (wt.%) A (Ref. Ex. 1) 30 54/26/20 69.9 B (Ref. Ex. 2) 31 64/18/18 68.4 C (Ref. Ex. 3) 31 48/30/22 70.8
• a fluororubber composition IV was prepared without using the component (E 3 ), i.e., 5-benzyl-1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonenium tetrafluoroborate 35% fluororubber A masterbatch.
• a fluororubber composition V was prepared without using the component (E 3 ), i.e., 5-benzyl-1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonenium tetrafluoroborate 35% fluororubber A masterbatch.
• a fluororubber composition VI was prepared using the same amount (0.5 parts by weight) of 1-benzyl-3,5-dimethylpyridinium chloride 35% fluororubber A masterbatch in place of the component (E 3 ), i.e., 5-benzyl-1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonenium tetrafluoroborate 35% fluororubber A masterbatch.
• a fluororubber composition VII was prepared using the same amount (0.5 parts by weight) of (1-phenylmethyl-4-piperidino)pyridinium chloride 35% fluororubber A masterbatch in place of the component (E 3 ), i.e., 5-benzyl-1,5-diazabicyclo[4.3.0]-5-nonenium tetrafluoroborate 35% fluororubber A masterbatch.
• Each of the fluororubber compositions obtained in above Reference Examples 4 to 10 was subjected to press vulcanization at 160°C for 40 minutes, and the resulting vulcanizate was measured for the following items.
• scorch time t5 125°C; the time required for Mooney viscosity to be a value of the minimum value plus 5, which provides an indication of the storage stability and processing safety
• all the composition showed a scorch time of 30 minutes or more.
• dumbbell specimen punched from 2 mm-thick sheet was subjected to a tensile test according to JIS K6301 at a tensile rate of 50 cm/min, and breaking strength and elongation at break were measured Compression set: measured according to JIS K6262, which corresponds to ASTM D395; 25% compression, 125°C, 70 hours (acceptance: 65% or less)
• Table 2 Fluorororubber composition Measurement item I II III IV V VI VII Hardness (JIS A) 71 71 70 71 71 70 71 100% modulus (MPa) 3.3 3.2 4.1 3.2 3.1 3.3 3.2 Breaking strength (MPa) 12 12.5 13 12.1 12.4 11.6 11.4 Elongation at break (%) 330 350 280 330 340 340 320 Compression set (%) 63 58 67 62 56 73 72
• NBR N223L, a product of JSR; CN content: 41%) 100 parts by weight SRF carbon black 40 parts by weight Stearic acid 1 part by weight Zinc oxide 5 parts by weight Sulfur 1.5 parts by weight Vulcanization accelerator (MBTS, a product of 1 part by weight Ouchi Shinko Chemical; dibenzothiazyl disulfide) The above components were kneaded on a roll to prepare an NBR composition I.
• NBR N223L 100 parts by weight SRF carbon black 30 parts by weight Plasticizer (RS-107, a product of ADEKA; dibutyl carbitol adipate) 4 parts by weight Magnesium oxide 5 parts by weight Triallyl isocyanurate (TAIC, a product of Nippon Kasei Chemical; the component content: 60%) 4 parts by weight Dicumyl peroxide (Percumyl D-40, a product of NOF Corporation; the component content: 40%) 2 parts by weight
• TAIC Triallyl isocyanurate
• Percumyl D-40 Dicumyl peroxide
• Table 4 Fluorororubber composition Evaluation Example Composition Rubber (E 3 ) Adhesiveness Oil resistance Compression set Ex. I A Added ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Comp. Ex. 1 II B Added ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Comp. Ex. 2 III C Added ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Comp. Ex. 3 IV A Not added ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Comp. Ex. 4 V B Not added ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Comp. Ex. 5 VI A Other component ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ Comp. Ex. 6 VII A Other component ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇

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• 2009
  • 2009-06-18 WO PCT/JP2009/061081 patent/WO2009157361A1/ja not_active Ceased
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  • 2009-06-18 US US13/001,134 patent/US8574717B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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