EP3018112A1 - Combustible de generateur de gaz a base de dinitramide d'ammonium (adn) et son procede de fabrication - Google Patents

Combustible de generateur de gaz a base de dinitramide d'ammonium (adn) et son procede de fabrication Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3018112A1
EP3018112A1 EP15003111.0A EP15003111A EP3018112A1 EP 3018112 A1 EP3018112 A1 EP 3018112A1 EP 15003111 A EP15003111 A EP 15003111A EP 3018112 A1 EP3018112 A1 EP 3018112A1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
adn
mass
gas generator
ammonia
group
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EP15003111.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3018112B1 (fr
Inventor
Uwe Schaller
Jürgen HÜRTTLEN
Horst Krause
Volker Weiser
Stefan Schlechtriem
Helmut Konrad Ciezki
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Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft und Raumfahrt eV
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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Deutsches Zentrum fuer Luft und Raumfahrt eV
Fraunhofer Gesellschaft zur Foerderung der Angewandten Forschung eV
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06D—MEANS FOR GENERATING SMOKE OR MIST; GAS-ATTACK COMPOSITIONS; GENERATION OF GAS FOR BLASTING OR PROPULSION (CHEMICAL PART)
    • C06D5/00—Generation of pressure gas, e.g. for blasting cartridges, starting cartridges, rockets
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B31/00—Compositions containing an inorganic nitrogen-oxygen salt
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C06—EXPLOSIVES; MATCHES
    • C06B—EXPLOSIVES OR THERMIC COMPOSITIONS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF; USE OF SINGLE SUBSTANCES AS EXPLOSIVES
    • C06B47/00—Compositions in which the components are separately stored until the moment of burning or explosion, e.g. "Sprengel"-type explosives; Suspensions of solid component in a normally non-explosive liquid phase, including a thickened aqueous phase

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a gas generator fuel containing a monergolene fuel based on ammonium dinitramide (ADN) and at least one solvent, and a process for its preparation.
  • ADN ammonium dinitramide
  • Such gas generator fuels are used in liquid form, in particular for rocket and satellite propellants in aerospace, but also for military purposes, including military missiles and for torpedo fuels, for aircraft and submarine aircraft fuels, etc.
  • conventional monergol gas generator propellants such as those based on hydrogen peroxide or hydrazine
  • ammonium dinitramide has in particular a relatively good long-term stability (eg compared with hydrogen peroxide) and operational capability at relatively low temperatures below -20 ° C and a much lower health hazard potential (eg in comparison with hydrazine).
  • Liquid gas generator fuels based on ADN, water and fuel additives were developed as early as the end of the last century as a replacement for hydrazine-based fuels (Per Sjöberg: "A stable liquid mono-propellant based on ADN", IMEM Arlington, USA , May 11-14, 2009).
  • the DE 600 03 428 T2 describes a gas generator fuel based on ADN with water and / or hydrogen peroxide as a solvent, the latter, however, has a low durability and water from an energetic point of view is an unnecessary ballast, which causes weight problems especially in an application of propellants in aerospace.
  • the WO 2012/166046 A1 describes another liquid gas generator fuel based on ADN, which with a total content of 55 wt .-% and 62 wt .-% dissolved in a solvent mixture of 4 wt .-% to 12 wt .-% ammonia and otherwise water and which may further contain up to 22% by mass of methanol.
  • WO 2012/166046 A1 proposed further solvents methanol in particular for applications of such gas generator fuel in aerospace to that extent is a disadvantage, as it necessarily requires an oxidizer, otherwise there is an incomplete implementation of the carbon contained herein, which in particular can result in the formation of carbon monoxide in the exhaust gas.
  • ADN has limited solubility in methanol (about 87 g of ADN in 100 g of methanol), which limits the maximum possible level of ADN in a corresponding fuel composition.
  • the gas generator fuel contains on the one hand a first component of the general formula XD, referred to as "oxidizer”, where "X” is any cation and may be formed, inter alia, by an ammonium cation, while “D” is a dinitramide anion, on the other hand, a "fuel” designated second component and optionally a solvent as a third component.
  • the second component referred to as "fuel” may likewise be a solvent, wherein, inter alia, aqueous ammonia solutions are proposed.
  • ballast water content is also the disadvantage of a need to improve low temperature stability, which is especially for applications in the space sector, such as rocket and satellite fuel, of crucial importance to the already very limited available and To use energy to be entrained at startup to the lowest possible extent for preheating the fuel in order to prevent any crystallization of the fuel in the supply lines of the drive units.
  • the invention has the object of providing a liquid at room temperature gas generator fuel on the basis of ammonium dinitramide (ADN) of the type mentioned in that it has at least largely avoiding the aforementioned disadvantages improved low temperature resistance at an increased mass-specific performance. It is further directed to a method of making such gas generator fuel.
  • ADN ammonium dinitramide
  • the first part of this object is according to the invention in a gas generator fuel of the type mentioned in that the gas generator fuel contains at least about 65% by weight of ADN and at most about 5% by weight of water, based in each case on the mixture of ADN and solvent, at least one solvent of ammonia (NH 3 ) being formed.
  • the gas generator fuel contains at least about 65% by weight of ADN and at most about 5% by weight of water, based in each case on the mixture of ADN and solvent, at least one solvent of ammonia (NH 3 ) being formed.
  • the gas generator fuel according to the invention which is in the liquid phase up to a temperature in the range of at least -30 ° C, has a high mass-specific performance due to its high proportion of ADN, in particular to the Fig. 1 on the one hand, the mass-specific pulse "I sp (frz equilibrium 70: 1)" in [Ns / kg] (left ordinate), on the other hand, the volume-specific pulse "I sp vol (frz equilibrium 70: 1)" in [Ns / dm 3 ] (right ordinate) of a liquid gas generator fuel according to the invention shows, which consists exclusively of in Ammonia-dissolved ammonium dinitramide (ADN), with various proportions of ADN between about 66 mass% and about 84 mass% on the one hand compared to the mass specific momentum of conventional hydrazine, on the other hand compared to the mass specific momentum of a known gas generator propellant with 63.0 mass% ADN, 18.4 mass% methanol, 4.6 mass% ammonia and 1
  • Fig. 2 shows a differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) graph to illustrate the low temperature behavior of one consisting exclusively of about 75 mass% ADN and about 25 mass% ammonia ( ⁇ 3 mass%) , Gas generator propellant according to the invention in the second heating in dependence of the supplied amount of heat "heat flow" in [W / g] shows.
  • DSC differential scanning calorimetry
  • the melting peak of such a gas generator fuel is about -31.4 ° C, while the extrapolated onset temperature is about -35.7 ° C.
  • the melting point of pure ADN is about + 95.2 ° C and the extrapolated onset temperature is about + 94.5 ° C.
  • the 3 and 4 it can be seen that pure ADN has a decomposition temperature (onset temperature) of about 143.9 ° C during the gas generator fuel according to the invention has a decomposition temperature (onset temperature) of about 173.8 ° C.
  • the gas generator fuel according to the invention proves to be stable even with repeated cooling / heating between about -90 ° C and about + 100 ° C.
  • the gas generator fuel according to the invention depending on the selection of any additives (see below) substantially free of carcinogenic ingredients and in particular also be substantially free of carbon, so that when it burns no toxic carbon monoxide or hydrogen cyanide can be formed.
  • any additives see below
  • the gas generator fuel according to the invention depending on the selection of any additives and in particular in additives free form offers the opportunity to abandon the existing primarily nitrogen, hydrogen and water combustion products of a hydrogen fuel cell as fuel, so that the gas generator fuel can additionally be used as a hydrogen generator, which does not require separation of any carbon monoxide or dioxide.
  • inventive ratio of at least 65% by mass of ADN on the mixture of ADN and all solvents present that is to say in particular ammonia, including the optionally present, maximum 5% proportion of water and any further solvents present, giving a mass ratio of at least about 1.85: 1 from ADN to solvent.
  • the inventive method for producing the liquid gas generator fuel which is a dissolution of ADN in liquid ammonia, a condensation of ammonia on the ADN, such as a condensation of gaseous ammonia at about -30 ° C to solid ADN under atmospheric pressure, and / or Finally, a concentration of an ammoniacal ADN solution allows finally a very simple and inexpensive preparation of the same, and it is of course also possible for economic reasons to synthesize the ADN in such a known manner from guanyl urea dinitramide (GUDN, FOX 12).
  • the gas generator fuel contains at most about 4% by weight of water, in particular at most about 3% by mass of water, preferably at most about 2% by mass.
  • % Water in each case based on the mixture of ADN and solvent, wherein it most preferably contains at most about 1 wt .-% water and in particular may be substantially free of water.
  • the gas generator fuel is substantially free of carbonaceous solvents, in particular at least 15% by mass, preferably at least 20% by mass, most preferably at least 20% by mass, in each case based on the mixture of ADN and solvent, of ammonia and preferably substantially exclusively ammonia as solvent and any further solvents, for example in a proportion of at most approximately 5 mass%, preferably of at most about 4 mass%, in particular of at most about 3 mass%, most preferably of at most about 2 mass% and particularly preferably of at most about 1 mass% or especially to 0 Mass .-%, are present.
  • the gas generator fuel contains at least about 70% by mass, in particular at least about 75% by mass, of ADN, for example between about 75% by mass. % and about 80 to about 85% by mass of ADN, based in each case on the mixture of ADN and solvent.
  • ADN with a proportion of at least 70 Mass .-%, in particular of at least 75 Mass .-%, in preference - largely largely pure and anhydrous - ammonia dissolved or - preferably largely pure and anhydrous - ammonia with a corresponding proportion of the ADN is condensed or "pressed on”.
  • a maximum proportion of ADN of about 78 Mass .-%, preferably of about 77% by mass may prove beneficial in order to provide moderate burnup temperatures, but nevertheless very high performance.
  • preferred levels of ADN for such applications may be on the order of at least about 65 mass% to about 78 mass% or preferably to about 77 mass%, more preferably at least about 70 mass% to about 78 mass % or preferably to about 77 mass%, most preferably between at least about 75 mass% to about 78 mass% or preferably to about 77 mass%.
  • gas generator propellant according to the invention may in principle be in the liquid phase, according to an advantageous development it can also be provided that it is present as a gelatinous propellant and contains at least one gelling agent, which is expediently contained in a proportion of about 0.1 mass % to about 15 mass%, in particular from about 0.5 mass% to about 10 mass%, in each case based on the total mixture (ie on the total mixture of ADN, solvent, gel former and optionally present additives (see below)) may be present.
  • gelling agent which is expediently contained in a proportion of about 0.1 mass % to about 15 mass%, in particular from about 0.5 mass% to about 10 mass%, in each case based on the total mixture (ie on the total mixture of ADN, solvent, gel former and optionally present additives (see below) may be present.
  • Suitable gelling agents include carbon nanotubes including functionalized carbon nanotubes, in particular having functional groups from the group of amino groups, alkylamino groups and other functional groups having a base strength greater than ammonia, and / or doped carbon nanotubes, in particular nitrogen-doped carbon nanotubes, such as CN 2 nanotubes.
  • the carbon nanotubes can be used as single-walled, double-walled or multi-walled nanotubes and / or in the form of modified side-group carbon nanotubes.
  • n is a number between 0 and 6 and R 1 , R 2 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen (-H), alkyl groups having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, allyl, vinyl, hydroxyalkyl, ether, Cyanoalkyl, azidoalkyl and nitromethyl groups are selected.
  • advantageous gelling agents include powdered metals, semimetals, metal oxides and / or semi-metal oxides, in particular based on silicon, such as, for example, available under the trade name "Aerosil” ( Evonik Industries ) fumed silica.
  • the particle size of such powdered metals or metal oxides is preferably between about 1 nm and about 10 ⁇ m, in particular between about 1 nm and about 1 ⁇ m.
  • advantageous gelling agents include OH-functionalized, in particular alcoholic gel formers, in particular based on energetic di- and / or triols, such as glycidyl azide polymer diols (GAP diols), as well as polymeric gelling agents, in particular with nitrogen containing functional groups, such as isocyanate and / or urea-based, including triazine polymers and polymeric urea urethanes.
  • suitable urea-urethane are eg from the DE 199 19 482 A1 such as DE 102 41 853 A1 known.
  • urea-urethane which by reacting mono-, di- and / or polyalcohols, especially of energetic monoalcohols and / or diols, such as nitro alcohols, GAP-diols or the like, with diisocyanates and subsequent reaction with mono - And / or diamines or mono- and / or dinitramines including mixtures thereof have been obtained with ionic liquids (IL), in particular with energetic ionic liquids (EIL), as a solvent.
  • IL ionic liquids
  • EIL energetic ionic liquids
  • the gas generator fuel is gelled with the addition of a suitable gelling agent or gelling agent, in particular of the aforementioned type, wherein the gelling agent should expediently be dispersed as finely as possible into the mixture of ADN and solvent, for example by means of ultrasound and / or or entry of shear forces, eg using appropriate homogenizers, Scheibenrlochern (dissolvers) and the like.
  • ionic liquids with dinitramide anions prove to be particularly preferred additives for melting point reduction, with suitable cations of such ionic liquids obtained, for example, by N-quaternization of corresponding nitrogen compounds can be. This can be done, for example, by protonation and / or alkylation of the aforementioned nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds to produce a cation therefrom.
  • Particularly advantageous ionic liquids are, for example, 1,4,5-trimethyltetrazolium dinitramide, 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -4,5-dimethyltetrazolium dinitramide, 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -4-methyl-5-aminotetrazolium dinitramide and 1- (2-hydroxyethyl) -3-methyl-1,2,3-triazolium dinitramide, including isomeric mixtures of the foregoing ionic liquids, diamino urea dinitramide, oxalhydrazine dinitramide, 2-hydroxyethyl hydrazinium dinitramide, 2-hydroxydiethylammonium dinitramide, 2
  • EIL energetic ionic liquids
  • ethylammonium dinitramide with an oxygen balance of -42.1%.
  • protic ionic liquids which are based on a more basic amine than the ammonia used as a solvent for the ADN, also offers the possibility of adding the corresponding free amine directly to the gas generator fuel mixture and the respective (energetic) ionic liquid to this To create way in situ:
  • HEHDN 2-hydroxyethylhydrazinium dinitramide
  • a monergous gas generator propellant of about 75% by weight of ADN and about 23% by weight of ammonia ( ⁇ 3% by weight) according to Fig. 2 causes, for example a reduction in its melting or freezing point by 5 ° C from about -31 ° C to about -36 ° C.
  • ionic liquids or salts with anions other than dinitramide to lower the melting point is possible in principle, in particular oxygen-rich anions are in view of the oxygen balance of advantage, which have a high solubility in the novel ammonia used as a solvent, such as Anions from the group of nitrates, perchlorates, formates and azolates, in particular with nitro and / or nitramine substituents, such as 3,5-dinitro-1,2,4-triazolate, 5-nitro-1,2,3, 4-tetrazolate, 3,4,5-trinitropyrazolate, 5,5'-di-nitramine-3,3'-bis (1,2,4-triazole), 1,2,4-triazolate, including their N-oxide Derivatives and the like.
  • Other examples of advantageous heterocyclic anions of suitable ionic liquids or salts include
  • Embodiments of monergolic gas generator propellants according to the present invention having various proportions of ammonium dinitramide are shown below.
  • the burnup temperature is 2377 ° K at a combustion chamber pressure of 70 bar (expansion against ambient pressure); the exhaust gas composition is about 44 mass% water (H 2 O), about 54 mass% nitrogen (N 2 ) and about 2 mass% hydrogen (H 2 ).
  • the exhaust gas composition may be fed directly to a hydrogen fuel cell as a fuel.
  • the burnup temperature is 1985 ° K at a combustion chamber pressure of 70 bar (expansion against ambient pressure); the exhaust gas composition is about 40 mass% water (H 2 O), about 56 mass% nitrogen (N 2 ) and about 4 mass% hydrogen (H 2 ).
  • the exhaust gas composition may also be fed directly to a hydrogen fuel cell as a fuel.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Air Bags (AREA)
  • Liquid Carbonaceous Fuels (AREA)
EP15003111.0A 2014-11-06 2015-10-30 Combustible de generateur de gaz a base de dinitramide d'ammonium (adn) et son procede de fabrication Active EP3018112B1 (fr)

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DE102014016299.0A DE102014016299A1 (de) 2014-11-06 2014-11-06 Gasgenerator-Treibstoff auf der Basis von Ammoniumdinitramid (ADN) und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung

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EP3018112B1 EP3018112B1 (fr) 2019-07-03

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Cited By (5)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020254659A1 (fr) * 2019-06-19 2020-12-24 Spex Oil & Gas Limited Outil de fond de trou à système d'alimentation
CN114768873A (zh) * 2022-04-15 2022-07-22 西北大学 Fe基金属有机框架材料作为燃烧催化剂的应用
CN116947576A (zh) * 2022-04-20 2023-10-27 北京理工大学 一种多面体低聚硅倍半氧烷包覆二硝酰胺铵的简易制备方法
CN117229110A (zh) * 2023-08-24 2023-12-15 西安近代化学研究所 一种基于含能负燃速催化剂提升炸药慢烤耐热性能的方法
FR3165014A1 (fr) * 2024-07-29 2026-01-30 Totalenergies Onetech Composition de carburant ou de combustible comprenant de l’ammoniac et au moins un sel de dinitroamine

Families Citing this family (1)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102020122337A1 (de) 2020-08-26 2022-03-03 LabOrbital GmbH Heißgaserzeugungsvorrichtung mit monergolem ionischen Treibstoff und Niederspannungsanzündung

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EP2662350A2 (fr) * 2012-05-09 2013-11-13 Bayern-Chemie Gesellschaft für flugchemische Antriebe mbH Carburant pour générateur à gaz
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Cited By (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2020254659A1 (fr) * 2019-06-19 2020-12-24 Spex Oil & Gas Limited Outil de fond de trou à système d'alimentation
US12378849B2 (en) 2019-06-19 2025-08-05 Spex Oil & Gas Limited Tool for manipulating material using a pressurized fuel and oxidant mixture
CN114768873A (zh) * 2022-04-15 2022-07-22 西北大学 Fe基金属有机框架材料作为燃烧催化剂的应用
CN116947576A (zh) * 2022-04-20 2023-10-27 北京理工大学 一种多面体低聚硅倍半氧烷包覆二硝酰胺铵的简易制备方法
CN117229110A (zh) * 2023-08-24 2023-12-15 西安近代化学研究所 一种基于含能负燃速催化剂提升炸药慢烤耐热性能的方法
FR3165014A1 (fr) * 2024-07-29 2026-01-30 Totalenergies Onetech Composition de carburant ou de combustible comprenant de l’ammoniac et au moins un sel de dinitroamine

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DE102014016299A1 (de) 2016-05-12

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