ES2315804T3 - Protesis inversa para la articulacion del hombro. - Google Patents

Protesis inversa para la articulacion del hombro. Download PDF

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Publication number
ES2315804T3
ES2315804T3 ES05110476T ES05110476T ES2315804T3 ES 2315804 T3 ES2315804 T3 ES 2315804T3 ES 05110476 T ES05110476 T ES 05110476T ES 05110476 T ES05110476 T ES 05110476T ES 2315804 T3 ES2315804 T3 ES 2315804T3
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ES
Spain
Prior art keywords
articulation
prosthesis according
metal
reverse
glenoid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Expired - Lifetime
Application number
ES05110476T
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English (en)
Inventor
Paolo Dalla Pria
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Lima LTO SpA
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Lima LTO SpA
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Filing date
Publication date
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Application filed by Lima LTO SpA filed Critical Lima LTO SpA
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ES2315804T3 publication Critical patent/ES2315804T3/es
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical
Expired - Lifetime legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • AHUMAN NECESSITIES
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    • A61F2/00Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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    • A61F2/02Prostheses implantable into the body
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    • A61F2/4081Glenoid components, e.g. cups
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    • A61BDIAGNOSIS; SURGERY; IDENTIFICATION
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    • A61B17/56Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor
    • A61B17/58Surgical instruments or methods for treatment of bones or joints; Devices specially adapted therefor for osteosynthesis, e.g. bone plates, screws or setting implements
    • A61B17/68Internal fixation devices, including fasteners and spinal fixators, even if a part thereof projects from the skin
    • A61B17/84Fasteners therefor or fasteners being internal fixation devices
    • A61B17/86Pins or screws or threaded wires; nuts therefor
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Abstract

Prótesis inversa del hombro para la articulación de un húmero (12) en una escápula (11) de un hombro que tiene una cavidad glenoide (15), que comprende un primer elemento de articulación (35), por lo menos en parte cóncavo y dispuesto en la parte superior de dicho húmero (12), y un segundo elemento de articulación (25), en parte convexo, asociado con dicha cavidad glenoide (15) por medio de unos dispositivos de sujeción metálicos (16, 17, 20, 29, 120), donde dicho segundo elemento de articulación (25) comprende una parte exterior y un elemento de interposición (24), donde dicha parte exterior del segundo elemento de articulación (25) es de material recubierto de plástico o de cerámica, y el primer elemento de articulación (35) es de material no-polímero, anti-desgaste, metálico o cerámico, caracterizada porque dicho elemento de interposición (24) es un elemento anular a base de metal, situado y rígidamente bloqueado en el interior de la citada parte exterior del segundo elemento de articulación (25) con el fin de formar prácticamente un solo elemento con dicho elemento de articulación (25) y crear una conexión entre dicha parte exterior del segundo elemento de articulación (25) y el dispositivo metálico de sujeción (16, 17, 20, 29).

Description

Prótesis inversa para la articulación del hombro.
La presente invención se refiere a una prótesis de hombro para la articulación de la cabeza del húmero con respecto a la escápula correspondiente. Para ser más exactos, la prótesis según la invención está configurada como prótesis inversa, donde se asocia una cabeza con forma convexa a la cavidad glenoide y se articula en un alojamiento cóncavo artificial asociado con la parte superior del húmero.
Se conoce una prótesis inversas del hombro que comprende un elemento esférico unido a la escápula que se articula en una cavidad correspondiente, situada en la parte superior del húmero. Esta prótesis recibe el nombre de "inversa" ya que reproduce de forma invertida la anatomía gleno-humeral.
Normalmente, la prótesis inversa se utiliza en lugar de prótesis normales en los casos de degeneración muscular grave del hombro, en particular de los músculos del manguito de los rotadores.
La prótesis inversa suele comprender una varilla o clavija de sujeción, insertada dentro del húmero, que permite sujetar y posicionar, generalmente mediante un cuerpo de soporte, una copa humeral o inserto.
El elemento esférico se articula en la copa humeral y se sujeta a su vez en la cavidad glenoide. El elemento esférico suele estar provisto a su vez de una clavija para la sujeción directa en la cavidad glenoide o en un soporte previamente sujeto a la cavidad glenoide.
Las soluciones que se suelen aplicar consisten en que la copa humeral es de material plástico, por ejemplo polietileno y que los elementos esféricos son de metal, con el fin de garantizar buenas características de deslizamiento y un desgaste reducido de la articulación artificial.
Con el fin de garantizar el correcto funcionamiento de la prótesis inversa y de evitar la deformación mecánica de la parte de la prótesis empotrada en la cavidad glenoide, se suele disponer que el centro de articulación se desplace hacia esta última. De este modo, el borde exterior de la copa humeral suele estar en contacto con la parte ósea de la escápula, haciendo que roce con esta última.
Como consecuencia de este roce, se genera un efecto de raspado mecánico de la parte ósea de la escápula; además, el material plástico se deteriora y puede liberar partículas que producen un efecto de osteolisis y como consecuencia de ello, una re-absorción considerable del hueso. Esta re-absorción del hueso puede conducir progresivamente a una disminución de la parte ósea sobre la que se ha anclado la prótesis, comprometiendo la estabilidad mecánica de la parte de la prótesis empotrada en la cavidad glenoide y determinando una duración limitada del funcionamiento correcto de la prótesis inversa aplicada.
El documento US-A-3,916,451 describe una prótesis inversa que comprende una cabeza esférica de cerámica, que se articula sobre una copa humeral a base de material metálico o cerámico.
El documento GB-A-1.362.187 describe una prótesis inversa que comprende una cabeza esférica que se articula sobre una copa humeral. Tanto la cabeza esférica como la copa humeral pueden ser de material plástico o metal.
Uno de los objetos de la invención es obtener una prótesis inversa para la articulación del hombro que elimine, de forma sencilla y sin tener que recurrir a componentes adicionales, el problema del roce de la parte de plástico de la prótesis sobre la parte ósea, conservando las propiedades de buen deslizamiento y desgaste reducido, derivadas de la asociación de un material plástico anti-fricción y un material metálico con unas buenas características de anclaje a la parte ósea.
El solicitante ha diseñado, comprobado y realizado la presente invención para lograr estos objetivos y otras ventajas y superar los inconvenientes del estado de la técnica.
La presente invención se expone y caracteriza en la reivindicación principal, mientras que las subreivindicaciones describen otras características innovadoras de la invención.
Según el objetivo expuesto anteriormente, se utiliza una prótesis inversa del hombro para articular un húmero en una escápula de un hombro que tiene una cavidad glenoide. La prótesis según la presente invención comprende un primer elemento de articulación, por lo menos en parte cóncavo y asociado con la parte superior del húmero, y un segundo elemento de articulación, en parte convexo y asociado con la cavidad glenoide.
Según una característica de la presente invención, el segundo elemento de articulación comprende una parte exterior y un elemento de interposición.
Por lo menos la parte exterior del segundo elemento de articulación o elemento glenoide, que se articula en el primer elemento de articulación o elemento humeral, es de material recubierto con plástico o cerámica; el primer elemento de articulación asociado con el húmero es de un material como metal, aleación metálica o incluso cerámica, en particular, material no polímero, que no libera partículas y que por consiguiente no produce el fenómeno de osteolisis, incluso si se somete a roce contra la parte ósea de la escápula.
El segundo elemento de articulación convexo está asociado a un dispositivo de sujeción, por lo menos en parte de metal, que lo ancla en la cavidad glenoide.
De este modo, es posible, como ya dijimos, hacer el elemento humeral a base de material anti-desgaste, invirtiendo la elección de los materiales de prótesis inversas convencionales y eliminando así el problema del roce de partes de plástico sobre la parte ósea y la liberación consiguiente no deseada de partículas.
Por ejemplo, el elemento humeral puede ser de metal, aleación metálica con titanio, cobalto o con otra base o de material cerámico o de otro material análogo o comparable, siempre que no sea polímero y por consiguiente no presente el fenómeno antes citado de liberar partículas cuando se somete a roce contra la parte ósea de la escápula.
Según una realización preferida de la invención, el dispositivo de sujeción que ancla el elemento glenoide en la cavidad glenoide comprende ventajosamente por lo menos una clavija metálica de sujeción y el citado elemento de interposición, de metal, que crea la conexión entre la clavija metálica y la parte exterior, o parte de articulación, del elemento glenoide, de material plástico o cerámico.
El elemento de interposición consiste, en una realización preferida, en un casquillo anular, un manguito o una arandela, que se aloja y se fija en una superficie adecuada de sujeción interior, dispuesta en la parte exterior, de plástico o cerámica, del elemento glenoide, y permite el acoplamiento del vástago, sin riesgo de deformación, desgaste o disminución de la resistencia de la sujeción.
El elemento de interposición metálico se puede afianzar sobre la parte exterior del elemento glenoide por simple interferencia, atornillando, mediante clavijas, clavos, tornillos, cola o de cualquier otra forma conocida.
Como ya dijimos, la utilización de un elemento glenoide constituido por lo menos por dos partes de material diferente, una parte metálica interior de sujeción y una parte exterior de material plástico o cerámico, permite, por una parte, garantizar la estabilidad y la duración de la sujeción de la escápula y, de otra parte, permite utilizar elementos humerales de metal o cerámica, en cualquier caso, no de polímero, reduciendo e incluso eliminando los problemas de roce contra la parte ósea de la escápula y la liberación consiguiente de partículas.
Estas y otras características de la presente invención se podrán apreciar claramente en la siguiente descripción de una forma preferida de realización que se da como ejemplo no restrictivo, con referencia a las figuras adjuntas donde:
- La figura 1 es una sección longitudinal de una prótesis de tipo inverso según la invención, implantada en un hombro;
- La figura 2 muestra un detalle despiezado de la figura 1.
- La figura 3 muestra una vista despiezada de una variante de un detalle de la figura 1.
Con referencia a la figura 1, se implanta una prótesis inversa según la presente invención en un hombro, para permitir la articulación de un húmero 12 en una cavidad glenoide correspondiente 15 de una escápula 11.
Para ser más exactos, la prótesis inversa 10 comprende, del lado de la escápula 11, un soporte metálico 16 (figuras 1 y 2), normalmente denominado glenoide, insertado, por ejemplo a presión, en un alojamiento realizado en la cavidad glenoide 15 y sujeto a esta última por medio de tornillos 17.
El soporte 16 tiene una cavidad axial 18 en cuyo interior, en la solución que aquí se muestra, se inserta una parte frontal cónica 21 de una clavija metálica 20.
Según una solución variante de la presente invención, que no se muestra, se sujeta la clavija 20 al soporte 16 por medio de tornillo o también, la clavija 20 y el soporte 16 constituyen una sola pieza.
La clavija 20 tiene una parte posterior 22 de forma prácticamente cilíndrica sobre la cual se inserta un manguito metálico anular 24, que, en el caso que aquí se muestra, tiene una superficie exterior 26 irregular o moleteada.
Según una variante que no se muestra aquí, la superficie exterior del manguito anular 24 tiene unas aletas/filos, u otro tipo de medio de interferencia sobre la superficie, con el fin de obtener un acoplamiento de forma y/o de fuerza, según se describe a continuación.
Se monta sobre el manguito anular 24, en este caso por simple interferencia, una cabeza glenoide 25, también llamada glenosfera, de preferencia a base de plástico, por ejemplo polietileno o similar; tiene una forma exterior semi-esférica y comprende en su interior un alojamiento 27 que se corresponde con la superficie exterior 26, en este caso moleteada, del manguito anular 24.
Durante la etapa de montaje de la prótesis inversa 10, que se suele realizar, aunque no necesariamente, antes de implantarla en el paciente, la cabeza glenoide 25 se acopla con el manguito anular 24, insertando con fuerza la superficie exterior 26 de éste en el alojamiento 27, con el fin de constituir prácticamente un solo elemento con la parte exterior de material plástico anti-fricción y la parte interior de metal.
El manguito anular 24 realiza así la función de un elemento de interposición entre el cuerpo exterior convexo de la cabeza glenoide 25 que funciona como una pieza de articulación propia y el cuerpo interior que coopera anclándola a la escápula 11.
Según una variante de solución, que no se muestra aquí, la superficie exterior 26 del manguito anular 24 tiene una rosca y el alojamiento 27 tiene una rosca correspondiente que coopera para sujetar atornillando la cabeza glenoide 25 con el manguito anular 24.
Según otra variante de solución, que no se muestra aquí, el manguito anular 24 y la cabeza glenoide 25 están sujetas recíprocamente por medio de por lo menos un vástago, un tornillo u otro medio, insertado, por ejemplo, en una abertura correspondiente realizada en el manguito anular 24 y también en la clavija 20.
Según otra variante de solución, que no se muestra aquí, la superficie exterior 26 y el alojamiento 27 tienen forma cónica con el fin de permitir un acoplamiento cónico recíproco y aumentar la interferencia y estabilidad, con el tiempo, entre la cabeza glenoide 25 y el manguito anular 24.
Además, se puede utilizar cualquier otro tipo de sujeción del manguito anular 24 y la cabeza glenoide 25, por ejemplo encolando, que entra dentro del ámbito de la presente invención.
En el caso mostrado, el vástago 20, el manguito anular 24 y la cabeza glenoide 25 también tienen un agujero pasante longitudinal, para poder alojar un tornillo de fijación 29, que se utiliza ventajosamente como elemento de seguridad, con el fin de anclar el conjunto así obtenido en la cavidad glenoide 15.
En este caso, en la superficie exterior, la cabeza glenoide 25 tiene un hueco 30, en el cual la cabeza del tornillo de sujeción 29 se aloja de forma invisible durante la utilización.
Según una variante, no mostrada aquí, el soporte o glenoide 16 se acopla con el manguito 24 mediante inserción forzada del borde periférico correspondiente en un alojamiento adecuado, realizado en el perímetro del mismo manguito 24.
La prótesis inversa 10 comprende también, del lado del húmero 12, una varilla de sujeción 33 insertada en el húmero 12, que permite sujetar y posicionar, por medio de un cuerpo de soporte 34, una copa humeral cóncava 35, de preferencia metálica o de material cerámico, en la que se articula la superficie convexa de la cabeza glenoide 25.
La utilización de una copa humeral 35 de metal o cerámica y, en cualquier caso, no de plástico y/o polímero, como suele ser el caso en las prótesis inversas del estado de la técnica, permite, como dijimos, reducir e incluso eliminar los problemas derivados del roce de las partes de plástico contra la parte ósea de la escápula 11 y, por lo tanto, la liberación no deseada de partículas que produce la osteolisis.
La utilización de elementos de interposición, como la clavija 20 y el manguito anular 24, a base de metal, permite anclar la cabeza glenoide 25, de plástico o cerámica, en la escápula 11, sin riesgo de deformación o merma en la sujeción.
Por consiguiente, gracias a la inversión de los materiales utilizados respecto de las prótesis inversas convencionales de la escápula, obtenemos la ventaja de garantizar una mayor estabilidad, con el tiempo, para la prótesis montada, evitando la reducción del grosor y la deformación de la sujeción ósea y garantizando un período de tiempo largo hasta que sea necesario revisar o reponer posiblemente la prótesis.
Es evidente que se pueden aportar modificaciones y/o adiciones de piezas a la prótesis inversa 10 descrita hasta ahora, sin apartarse del ámbito de la presente invención.
Según una variante, que no forma parte de la presente invención, en lugar de la clavija 20 y el manguito anular 24, se ha previsto la utilización de una clavija 120 (figura 3) que tiene en una sola pieza una parte frontal cónica 121 insertada durante la utilización en la cavidad axial 18 y una superficie exterior cilíndrica 126 para acoplar al alojamiento 27 de la cabeza glenoide 25.
En el caso mostrado aquí, la superficie exterior 126 está revestida, aunque es posible ofrecer todas las variantes descritas para la superficie exterior 26 del manguito anular 24, por ejemplo, aletas, crestas, dientes o cualquier otra cosa que permita un acoplamiento de forma y/o de fuerza con la superficie interior del alojamiento 27 de la cabeza glenoide esférica 25.
Es también evidente que, si bien la presente invención se ha descrito con referencia a algunos ejemplos específicos, todo experto en la materia estará en condiciones de realizar muchas otras formas equivalentes de prótesis inversas para la articulación del hombro, que tengan las características expuestas en las reivindicaciones, y que por lo tanto entran dentro del ámbito de protección aquí definido.
Bibliografía citada en la descripción
Esta lista de referencias citada por el solicitante, es únicamente para conveniencia del lector. No forma parte del documento de la patente europea. Aunque se ha puesto mucho cuidado en recopilar las referencias, no se pueden excluir errores u omisiones y la EPO declina toda responsabilidad al respecto.
Documentos de patente citados en la descripción
\bullet US 3916451 A [0009]
\bullet GB L362187 A [0010]

Claims (10)

1. Prótesis inversa del hombro para la articulación de un húmero (12) en una escápula (11) de un hombro que tiene una cavidad glenoide (15), que comprende un primer elemento de articulación (35), por lo menos en parte cóncavo y dispuesto en la parte superior de dicho húmero (12), y un segundo elemento de articulación (25), en parte convexo, asociado con dicha cavidad glenoide (15) por medio de unos dispositivos de sujeción metálicos (16, 17, 20, 29, 120), donde dicho segundo elemento de articulación (25) comprende una parte exterior y un elemento de interposición (24), donde dicha parte exterior del segundo elemento de articulación (25) es de material recubierto de plástico o de cerámica, y el primer elemento de articulación (35) es de material no-polímero, anti-desgaste, metálico o cerámico, caracterizada porque dicho elemento de interposición (24) es un elemento anular a base de metal, situado y rígidamente bloqueado en el interior de la citada parte exterior del segundo elemento de articulación (25) con el fin de formar prácticamente un solo elemento con dicho elemento de articulación (25) y crear una conexión entre dicha parte exterior del segundo elemento de articulación (25) y el dispositivo metálico de sujeción (16, 17, 20, 29).
2. Prótesis inversa según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque dicho primer elemento de articulación (35) está constituido por una aleación metálica a base de titanio, cobalto u otros.
3. Prótesis inversa según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque dicho dispositivo de sujeción comprende por lo menos un elemento de soporte (16, 17) que se puede anclar en la citada cavidad glenoide (15) y por lo menos un elemento de sujeción (20), de tipo clavija, que permite conectar dicha parte exterior del segundo elemento de articulación (25) con el mencionado elemento de soporte (16, 17).
4. Prótesis inversa según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque dicho elemento anular (24) es un casquillo, un manguito o una arandela, que se pueden acoplar con un alojamiento correspondiente (27) que se encuentra dentro de la parte exterior del mencionado segundo elemento de articulación (25).
5. Prótesis inversa según la reivindicación 4, caracterizada porque dicho elemento anular (24) comprende una superficie exterior moleteada, arrugada o nervada que se puede insertar y afianzar por acoplamiento en el citado alojamiento (27).
6. Prótesis inversa según la reivindicación 4, caracterizada porque dicho elemento anular (24) se puede atornillar en este alojamiento (27).
7. Prótesis inversa según la reivindicación 4, caracterizada porque dicho elemento anular (24) se puede afianzar en este alojamiento (27) por medio de clavijas, tornillos, cola u otros.
8. Prótesis inversa según las reivindicaciones 1 y 3, caracterizada porque dicho elemento anular (24) y el elemento metálico de tipo clavija (20) se fabrican como piezas separadas y se conectan entre sí por medio de una pieza de conexión (22).
9. Prótesis inversa según las reivindicaciones 1 y 3, caracterizada porque dicho elemento metálico de tipo clavija (20) es por lo menos en parte cónico.
10. Prótesis inversa según la reivindicación 1, caracterizada porque la parte exterior del mencionado segundo elemento de articulación (25) es de polietileno.
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