ES2564935T3 - Derivados de quinazolinona 5-sustituidos como agentes anti-cancerosos - Google Patents
Derivados de quinazolinona 5-sustituidos como agentes anti-cancerosos Download PDFInfo
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- ES2564935T3 ES2564935T3 ES11174055.1T ES11174055T ES2564935T3 ES 2564935 T3 ES2564935 T3 ES 2564935T3 ES 11174055 T ES11174055 T ES 11174055T ES 2564935 T3 ES2564935 T3 ES 2564935T3
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- optionally substituted
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Abstract
Un compuesto de fórmula (I):**Fórmula** o una sal farmacéuticamente aceptable, solvato o estereoisómero del mismo, para su uso en un método de tratamiento, control o prevención de un cáncer de la sangre o de la médula ósea, en donde: R1 es: hidrógeno; halo; -(CH2)nOH; alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; alcoxi (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; o -(CH2)nNHRa, donde Ra es: hidrógeno; alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; -(CH2)n-(arilo de 6 a 10 miembros); -C(O)-(CH2)n-(arilo de 6 a 10 miembros) o -C(O)-(CH2)n-(heteroarilo de 6 a 10 miembros), en donde el arilo o heteroarilo está opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más de: halo; -SCF3; alquilo (C1-C6), el mismo opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; o alcoxi (C1-C6), el mismo opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; -C(O)-alquilo (C1-C8), en donde el alquilo está opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; -C(O)-(CH2)n-(cicloalquilo C3-C10); -C(O)-(CH2)n-NRbRc, donde Rb y Rc son cada uno independientemente: hidrógeno; alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; alcoxi (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; o arilo de 6 a 10 miembros, opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más de: halo; alquilo (C1-C6), el mismo opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; o alcoxi (C1-C6), el mismo opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; -C(O)-(CH2)n-O-alquilo (C1-C6); o -C(O)-(CH2)n-O-(CH2)n-(arilo de 6 a 10 miembros); R2 es: hidrógeno; -(CH2)nOH; fenilo; -O-alquilo (C1-C6); o alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; R3 es: hidrógeno; o alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; y n es 0, 1 o 2.
Description
opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; o alcoxi (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; o
-C(O)-(CH2)n-O-(CH2)n-(arilo de 6 a 10 miembros);
R9 es: hidrógeno; -(CH2)nOH; fenilo; -O-alquilo (C1-C6); o alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o 5 más halo;
R10 es: hidrógeno; o alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; y
n es 0, 1o 2.
En una realización, Rg es -(CH2)n-(arilo de 6 a 10 miembros). En otra realización, Rg es -C(O)-(CH2)n-(arilo de 6 a 10 miembros) o -C(O)-(CH2)n-(heteroarilo de 6 a 10 miembros), en donde el arilo o el heteroarilo está opcionalmente
10 sustituido como se ha descrito anteriormente. En otra realización, Rg es -C(O)-(CH2)n-NHRh, en donde Rh es arilo de 6 a 10 miembros, opcionalmente sustituido como se ha descrito anteriormente. En otra realización, Rg es -C(O)(CH2)n-O-(CH2)n-(arilo de 6 a 10 miembros).
En una realización, R9 es hidrógeno. En otra realización, R9 es -(CH2)nOH o hidroxilo. En otra realización, R9 es fenilo. En otra realización, R9 es -O-alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo. En otra
15 realización, R9 es alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo.
En una realización, R10 es hidrógeno. En otra realización, R10 es alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo.
En una realización, n es 0. En otra realización, n es 1. En otra realización, n es 2.
Los compuestos proporcionados en este documento incluyen cualquiera de las combinaciones de Rg, R9, R10 y n que 20 se han descrito anteriormente.
En una realización específica, R9 es metilo. En otra realización, R9 es -C(O)-fenilo o -C(O)-CH2-fenilo, en donde el fenilo está opcionalmente sustituido con metilo, -CF3 y/o halo. En otra realización, Rg es -C(O)-NH-fenilo; en donde el fenilo está opcionalmente sustituido con metilo, -CF3 y/o halo.
Los compuestos específicos incluyen:
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Como se usa en este documento, y a menos que se indique otra cosa, el término "sal farmacéuticamente aceptable"
5 se refiere a sales preparadas a partir de ácidos no tóxicos farmacéuticamente aceptables, incluyendo ácidos inorgánicos y ácidos orgánicos. Las sales no tóxicas adecuadas incluyen ácidos inorgánicos y orgánicos, tales como, pero sin limitación, acético, algínico, antranílico, bencenosulfónico, benzoico, canforsulfónico, cítrico, etenosulfónico, fórmico, fumárico, furoico, glucónico, glutámico, glucorénico, galacturónico, glicídico, bromhídrico, clorhídrico, isetiónico, láctico, maleico, málico, mandélico, metanosulfónico, múcico, nítrico, pamoico, pantoténico,
10 fenilacético, propiónico, fosfórico, salicílico, esteárico, succínico, sulfanílico, sulfúrico, ácido tartárico, ptoluenosulfónico y similares. En una realización, son adecuados ácidos clorhídricos, bromhídricos, fosfóricos y sulfúricos.
Como se usa en este documento, y a menos que se indique otra cosa, el término "solvato" significa un compuesto que incluye adicionalmente una cantidad estequiométrica o no estequiométrica de disolvente unido por fuerzas
15 intermoleculares no covalentes. Cuando el disolvente es agua, el solvato es un hidrato.
Como se usa en la presente memoria, y a no ser que se especifique otra cosa, el término “profármaco” significa un derivado de un compuesto que puede hidrolizarse, oxidarse o reaccionar de otro modo en condiciones biológicas (in vitro o in vivo) para proporcionar el compuesto. Los ejemplos de profármacos incluyen, pero sin limitación, compuestos que comprenden restos biohidrolizables tales como amidas biohidrolizables, ésteres biohidrolizables, 20 carbamatos biohidrolizables, carbonatos biohidrolizables, ureidas biohidrolizables y análogos de fosfato biohidrolizables. Otros ejemplos de profármacos incluyen compuestos que comprenden restos -NO, -NO2, -ONO o -ONO2. Los profármacos pueden prepararse típicamente usando métodos muy conocidos, tales como los descritos en Burger‘s Medicinal Chemistry and Drug Discovery, 172-178, 949-982 (Manfred E. Wolff ed., 5ª ed. 1995), y
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profármacos, clatratos o estereoisómeros farmacéuticamente aceptables. Sin limitarse a ninguna teoría particular, los compuestos proporcionados en la presente memoria pueden controlar la angiogénesis o inhibir la producción de determinadas citocinas, incluyendo, pero sin limitación, TNF-α, IL-1, IL-12, IL-18, GM-CSF y/o IL-6. Sin querer limitarse a ninguna teoría particular, los compuestos proporcionados en la presente memoria pueden estimular la producción de ciertas otras citocinas, incluyendo IL-10, y también actuar como una señal coestimulante para la activación de células T, dando como resultado la producción aumentada de citocinas, tales como, pero sin limitación, IL-12 y/o IFN-. Además, los compuestos proporcionados en la presente memoria, pueden potenciar los efectos de células NK y la citotoxicidad celular mediada por anticuerpos (ADCC). Adicionalmente, los compuestos proporcionados en la presente memoria pueden ser inmunomoduladores y/o citotóxicos, y por tanto, pueden ser útiles como agentes quimioterapéuticos. Por consiguiente, sin limitarse a ninguna teoría particular, algunas o todas las características poseídas por los compuestos proporcionados en la presente memoria, pueden hacerlos útiles para el tratamiento, control y/o prevención de diversas enfermedades o trastornos.
Como ejemplos de enfermedades o trastornos se incluyen, pero sin limitación, cáncer, trastornos asociados con la angiogénesis, dolor incluyendo, pero sin limitación, síndrome de dolor regional complejo (“CRPS”), degeneración macular (“MD") y síndromes relacionados, enfermedades cutáneas, trastornos pulmonares, trastornos relacionados con el amianto, enfermedades parasitarias, trastornos de inmunodeficiencia, trastornos del SNC, lesión del SNC, aterosclerosis y trastornos relacionados, sueño disfuncional y trastornos relacionados, hemoglobinopatía y trastornos relacionados (por ejemplo, anemia), trastornos relacionados con el TNFα y diversas otras enfermedades y trastornos.
Como se usa en la presente memoria, y a no ser que se especifique otra cosa, los términos “tratar”, “tratando” y “tratamiento” se refieren a la erradicación o mejoría de una enfermedad o un trastorno, o de uno o más síntomas asociados con la enfermedad o el trastorno. En algunas realizaciones, los términos se refieren a minimizar la extensión o el empeoramiento de la enfermedad o el trastorno resultantes de la administración de uno o más agentes profilácticos o terapéuticos a un sujeto con tal enfermedad o trastorno.
Como se usa en la presente memoria, y a no ser que se especifique otra cosa, los términos “prevenir”, “previniendo” y “prevención” se refieren a la prevención de la aparición, recaída o extensión de una enfermedad o trastorno o de uno o más de sus síntomas.
Como se usa en la presente memoria, y a no ser que se especifique otra cosa, los términos “controlar”, “controlando” y “control", se refieren a prevenir o a frenar el avance, extensión o empeoramiento de una enfermedad o trastorno, o de uno o más síntomas de sus síntomas. En algunos casos, los efectos beneficiosos que obtiene un sujeto de un agente profiláctico o terapéutico, no dan como resultado la curación de la enfermedad o el trastorno.
Como se usa en la presente memoria, y a no ser que se especifique otra cosa, una “cantidad terapéuticamente eficaz” de un compuesto es una cantidad suficiente para proporcionar un beneficio terapéutico en el tratamiento o control de una enfermedad o trastorno, o para retrasar o minimizar uno o más síntomas asociados con la enfermedad o trastorno. Una cantidad terapéuticamente eficaz de un compuesto significa una cantidad del agente terapéutico, solo o en combinación con otras terapias, que proporciona un beneficio terapéutico en el tratamiento o control de la enfermedad o trastorno. La expresión “cantidad terapéuticamente eficaz” puede abarcar una cantidad que mejore la terapia global, reduzca o evite síntomas o causas de enfermedad o trastorno, o potencie la eficacia terapéutica de otro agente terapéutico.
Como se usa en la presente memoria, y a no ser que se especifique otra cosa, una “cantidad profilácticamente eficaz” de un compuesto es una cantidad suficiente para prevenir una enfermedad o trastorno, o prevenir su recaída. Una cantidad profilácticamente eficaz de un compuesto significa una cantidad de agente terapéutico, solo o en combinación con otros agentes, que proporcione un beneficio profiláctico en la prevención de la enfermedad. La expresión “cantidad profilácticamente eficaz” puede abarcar una cantidad que mejore la profilaxis global o potencie la eficacia profiláctica de otro agente profiláctico.
Como ejemplos de cáncer y afecciones precancerosas se incluyen, pero sin limitación, los descritos en las Patentes de Estados Unidos Nº 6.281.230 y 5.635.517 de Muller et al., en diversas Publicaciones de Patente de Estados Unidos de Zeldis, incluyendo las publicaciones Nº 2004/0220144A1, publicada el 4 de noviembre de 2004 (Treatment of Myelodysplastlc Syndrome); 2004/0029832A1, publicada el 12 de febrero de 2004 (Treatment of Various Types of Cancer); y 2004/0087546, publicada el 6 de mayo de 2004 (Treatment of Myeloproliferative Diseases). Los ejemplos también incluyen los descritos en el documento WO 2004/103274, publicado el 2 de diciembre de 2004.
Los ejemplos específicos del cáncer incluyen, pero sin limitación, cánceres de piel, tales como melanoma; cánceres de nódulos linfáticos; mama; cuello uterino; útero; tracto gastrointestinal; pulmón; ovario; próstata; colon; recto; boca; cerebro; cabeza y cuello; garganta; testículo; riñón; páncreas; hueso; bazo; hígado; vejiga urinaria; laringe, vías nasales y relacionados con el SIDA. Un compuesto según se define en la reivindicaciones se usa en un método para el tratamiento, control y prevención de cánceres de la sangre y la médula ósea, tales como mieloma múltiple y leucemias agudas y crónicas, por ejemplo, leucemias linfoblástica, mielógena, linfocítica y mielocítica. Los compuestos proporcionados en la presente memoria pueden usarse para el tratamiento, prevención o control de
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- Arteria
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- Axilar
- Hombro y axila
- Braquial
- Brazo
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- Cabeza, cuello y brazo
- Celíaca
- Se divide en arterias gástrica izquierda, esplénica y hepática
- Carótida común
- Cuello
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- Se divide en arterias ilíacas externa e interna
- Coronaria
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- Cuello y regiones internas de la cabeza
- Ilíaca interna
- Recto, vejiga urinaria, genitales externos y músculos de las nalgas, útero y vagina
- Gástrica izquierda
- Esófago y estómago
- Sacra media
- Sacro
- Ovárica
- Ovarios
- Arco palmar
- Mano
- Peroneal
- Pantorrilla
- Poplítea
- Rodilla
- Tibial posterior
- Pantorrilla
- Pulmonar
- Pulmones
- Radial
- Antebrazo
- Renal
- Riñón
- Esplénica
- Estómago, páncreas y bazo
- Subclavia
- Hombro
- Mesentérica superior
- Páncreas, intestino delgado, colon ascendente y transversal
- Testicular
- Testículos
- Ulnar
- Antebrazo
Los ejemplos de sueño disfuncional y síndromes relacionados incluyen, pero sin limitación, los descritos en la publicación de Estados Unidos Nº 2005/0222209A1, publicada el 6 de octubre de 2005. Los ejemplos específicos
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breflato; bropirimina; budotitano; butionina sulfoximina; calcipotriol; calfostina C; derivados de camptotecina; capecitabina; carboxamida-amino-triazol; carboxiamidotriazol; CaRest M3; CARN 700; inhibidor derivado de cartílago; carzelesina; inhibidores de caseína quinasa (ICOS); castanospermina; cecropin B; cetrorelix; clorinas; cloroquinoxalina sulfonamida; cicaprost; cis-porfirina; cladribina; análogos de clomifeno; clotrimazol; colismicina A; colismicina B; combretastatina A4; análogo de combretastatina; conagenina; crambescidina 816; crisnatol; criptoficina 8; derivados de criptoficina A; curacina A; ciclopentantraquinonas; cicloplatarn cipetnicina; ocfosfato de citarabina; factor citolítico; citostatina; dacliximab; decitabina; deshidrodidemnina B; deslorelina; dexametasona; desixifosfamida; dexrazoxano; dexverapamilo; diazicuona; didemina B; didox; dietilnorespermina; dihidro-5azacitidina; dihidrotaxol, 9-; dioxamicina; difenil espiromustina; docetaxel; docosanol; dolasetrón; doxifluridina; doxorubicina; droloxifeno; dronabinol; duocarmicina SA; ebseIeno; ecomustina; edelfosina; edrecolomab; eflornitina; elemene; emitefur; epirubicina; epristerida; análogo de estramustina; agonistas de estrógeno; antagonistas de estrógeno; etanidazol; fosfato de etopósido; exemestano; fadrozol; fazarabina; fenretinida; filgrastim; finasterida; flavopiridol; flezelastina; fluasterona; fludarabina; clorhidrato de fluorodaunorunicina; forfenimex; formestano; fostriecina; fotemustina; texafirina de gadolinio; nitrato de galio; galocitabina; ganirelix; inhibidores de gelatinasa; gemcitabina; inhibidores de glutatión; hepsulfam; heregulina; hexametileno bisacetamida; hipericina; ácido ibandrónico; idarubicina; idoxifeno; idramantona; ilmofosina; ilomastat; imatinib (Gleevec), imiquimod; péptidos inmunoestimulantes; inhibidor del receptor del factor 1 de crecimiento similar a insulina; agonistas de interferones, interferones; interleucinas; iobenguano; yododoxorubicina; 4-ipomeanol; iroplact; irsogladina; isobengazol; isohomohalicondrina B; itasetrón; jasplaquinolida; cahalalida F; triacetato lamelarina-N; lanreotida; Ieinamicina; lenograstim; sulfato de lentinano; leptolestatina; Ietrozol; factor inhibidor de leucemia; alfa interferón de leucocitos; leuprolida+estrógeno+progesterona; leuprorelina; levamisol; liarozol; análogo de poliamina lineal; péptido disacárido lipófilo; compuestos de platino lipófilos; Iisoclinamida 7; lobaplatino; lombricina; lometrexol; lonidamina; losoxantrona; loxoribina; lurtotecan; texafirin lutetio; lisofilina; péptidos líticos; maitansina; manostatina A; marimastat; masoprocol; maspin; inhibidores de matrilisina; inhibidores de metaloproteinasas de la matriz; menogaril; merbarona; meterelin; metioninasa; metoclopramida; inhibidor de MIF; mifepristona; miltefosina; mirimostim; mitoguazona; mitolactol; análogos de mitomicina; mitonafida; saporina-factor del crecimiento del fibroblasto mitotoxina; mitoxantrona: mofaroteno; molgramostim; Erbitux, gonadotropina coriónica humana; monofosforil lípido A+pared celular de miobacterias sk; mopidamol; agente anticáncer de mostaza; micaperóxido B; extracto de la pared celular de Mycobacteria; miriaporona; N-acetildinalina; benzamidas N-sustituidas; nafarelina; nagrestip; naloxona+pentazocina; napavina; nafterpina; nartograstim; nedaplatin; nemorubicina; ácido neridrónico; nilutamida; nisamicina; moduladores de óxido nítrico; antioxidante nitróxido; nitrulina; oblimersen (Genasense);O6-bencilguanina; octreotida; ocicenona; oligonucleótidos; onapristona; ondansetrón; oracín; inductor oral de citosina oral; ormaplatino; osaterona; oxaliplatino; oxaunomicina; paclitaxel; análogos de paclitaxel, derivados de paclitaxel; palauamina; palmitoilrizoxina; ácido pamidrónico; panaxitriol; panomifeno; parabactina; pazeliptina; pegaspargaso; peldesina; polisulfato sódico de pentosan; pentostatina; pentrozol; perflubrón; perfosfamida; alcohol de perililo; fenazinomicina; fenilacetato; inhibidores de fosfatasa; picibanil; clorhidrato de pilocarpina; pirarubicina; piritrexim; placetin A; placetin B; inhibidor del activador de plasminógeno; complejo de platino; compuestos de platino; complejo de platino triamina; porfimer sódico; porfiromicina; prednisona; propil bis-acridona; prostaglandina J2; inhibidores de proteosoma; modulador inmune basado en la proteína A, inhibidores de la proteína quinasa C, en microalgas; inhibidores de la proteína tirosina fosfatasa; inhibidores de purina nucleósido fosforilasa; purpurinas; pirazoloacridina; conjugado de polioxietileno y hemoglobina piridoxilada; antagonistas de la raf; raltitrexed; ramosetrón; inhibidores de la proteína farmesil transferasa en los ras; inhibidores de ras; inhibidor de ras-GAP; reteliptina desmetilada; etidronato de renio Re 186; rhizoxina; ribozimas; retinamida R11; rohituquina; romurtida; roquinimex; rubiginona B1; ruboxil; safingol; saintopín; SarCNU; sarcofitol A; sargramostim; miméticos de Sdi 1; semustina; inhibidor 1 derivado de la senescencia; oligonucleótidos sentido; inhibidores de la transducción de señales; sizofirán; sobuzoxano; borocaptato sódico; fenilacetato sódico; solverol; proteína de unión a somatomedina; sonermina; ácido esparfósico; espicamicina D; espiromustina; esplenopentina; espongistatina 1; escualamina; estipiamida; inhibidores de estromelisina; sulfinosina; antagonistas superactivos de péptidos intestinales vasoactivos; suradista; suramina; swainsonina; talimustina; tamoxifen metiodida; tauromustina; tazaroteno; tecogalán sódico; tegafur; telurapirilio; inhibidores de telomerasa; temoporflna; tenipósido; tetraclorodecaóxido; tetrazomina; taliblastina; tiocoralina; trombopoyetina; mimético de la trombopoyetina; timalfasina; antagonista del receptor de la timopoyetina; timotrinano; hormona estimulante del tiroides; etiopurpurina de etilo de estaño; tirapazamina; bicloruro titanoceno; topsentina; toremifeno; inhibidores de la traducción; tretinoina; triacetiluridina; triciribina; trimetrexato; triptorelina; tropisetrón; turosterida; inhibidores de tirosina quinasa; tirfostinas; inhibidores de la UBC; ubenimex; factor inhibidor del crecimiento derivado del seno urogenital; antagonistas del receptor de uroquinasa; vapreotida; variolin B; velaresol; veramina; verdinas; verteporfina; vinorelbina; vinxaltina; vitaxina; vorozol; zanoterona; zeniplatino; cilascorbo y zinostatina estimalámero.
Los segundos agentes activos específicos incluyen, pero sin limitación 2-metoxiestradiol, telomestatina, inductores de la apoptosis en células de mieloma múltiple (tales como, por ejemplo, TRAIL), estatinas, semaxanib, ciclosporina, etanercept, doxicyclina, bortezomib, oblimersen (Genasense), remicade, docetaxel, celecoxib, melfalán, dexametasona (Decadron), esteroides, gemcitabina, cisplatino, temozolomida, etopósido, ciclofosfamida, temodar, carboplatino, procarbazina, gliadel, tamoxifeno, topotecan, metotrexato, Arisa, taxol, taxotere, fluorouracilo, leucovorina, irinotecan, xeloda, CPT-11, interferón alfa, interferón alfa pegilado (por ejemplo, PEG INTRON-A), capecitabina, cisplatino, tiotepa, fludarabina, carboplatino, daunorubicina liposómica, citarabina, doxetaxol, pacilitaxel, vinblastina, IL-2, GM-CSF, dacarbazina, vinorelbina, ácido zoledrónico, palmitronato, biaxin, busulfán, prednisona, bisfosfonato, trióxido arsénico, vincristina, doxorubicina (Doxil), paclitaxel, ganciclovir, adriamicina,
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fosfato sódico de estramustina (Emcyt), sulindac y etopósido.
Pueden encontrarse segundos agentes específicos de acuerdo con las indicaciones a tratar, prevenir o controlar en las siguientes referencias: Patentes de Estados Unidos Nº 6.281.230 y 5.635.517; publicaciones Nos 2004/0220144, 2004/0190609, 2004/0087546, 2005/0203142, 2004/0091455, 2005/0100529, 2005/0214328, 2005/0239842, 2006/0154880, 2006/0122228 y 2005/0143344; y solicitud provisional de Estados Unidos Nº 60/631.870.
Ejemplos de segundos agentes activos que pueden usarse para el tratamiento, prevención y/o control del dolor incluyen, pero sin limitación, agentes terapéuticos convencionales usados para tratar o prevenir dolor, tales como antidepresivos, anticonvulsivos, antihipetensivos, ansiolíticos, bloqueadores de canales de calcio, relajantes musculares, analgésicos no narcóticos, analgésicos opioides, antiinflamatorios, inhibidores de cox-2, agentes inmunomoduladores, agonistas o antagonistas de receptores alfa-adrenérgicos, agentes inmunosupresores, corticoesteroides, oxígeno hiperbárico, ketamina, otros agentes anestésicos, antagonistas de NMDA y otros agentes terapéuticos encontrados, por ejemplo, en Physician's Desk Reference 2003. Los ejemplos específicos incluyen, pero sin limitación, ácido acetil salicílico (Aspirina), celecoxib (Celebrex), Enbrel, ketamina, gabapentina (Neurontin), fenitoina (Dilantin), carbamazepina (regretol), oxcarbazepina (Trileptal), ácido valproico (Depakene), sulfato de morfina, hidromorfona, prednisona, griseofulvina, pentonio, alendronato, difenhidramida, guanetidina, ketorolac (Acular), tirocalcitonina, dimetilsulfóxido (DMSO), clonidina (Catapres), bretilio, ketanserina, reserpina, droperidol, atropina, fentolamina, bupivacaína, lidocaína, acetaminofeno, nortriptileno (Pamclor), amitriptilina (Elavil), imipramina (Tofranil), doxepin (Sinequan), clomipramina (Anafranil), fluoxetina (Prozac), sertralina (Zoloft), naproxeno, nefazodona (Serzone), venlafaxina (Effexor), trazodona (Desyrel), bupropión (Wellbutrin), mexiletin, nifedipina, propranolol, tramadol, lamotrigina, vioxx, ziconotida, ketamina, dextrometorfán, benzodiacepinas, baclofeno, tizanidina y fenoxibenzamina.
Ejemplos de segundos agentes activos que pueden usarse para el tratamiento, prevención y/o control de la degeneración macular y síndromes relacionados incluyen, pero sin limitación, un esteroide, un fotosensibilizador, una integrina, un antioxidante, un interferón, un derivado de xantina, una hormona del crecimiento, un factor neurotrófico, un regulador de la neovascularización, un anticuerpo anti-VEGF, una prostaglandina, un antibiótico, un fitoestrógeno, un compuesto antiinflamatorio o un compuesto antiangiogénico, o una de sus combinaciones. Los ejemplos específicos incluyen, pero sin limitación, verteporfina, purlitina, un esteroide angiostático, rhuFab, interferón-2α, pentoxifillina, etipurpurina de estaño, motexaflna, lucentis, lutecio, 9-fluoro-11,21-dihidroxi-16,17-1metiletilidinbis(oxi)pregna-1,4-dieno-3,20-diona, latanoprost (véase la Patente de Estados Unidos Nº 6.225.348), tetraciclina y sus derivados, rifamicina y sus derivados, macrólidos, metronidazol (Patentes de Estados Unidos Nos
6.218.369 y 6.015.803), genisteína, genistina, 6’-O-Mal genistina, 6’-O-Ac genistina, daidzeína, daidzina, 6’-O-Mal daidzina, 6’-O-Ac daidzina, gliciteína, glicitina, 6’-O-Mal glicitina, biochanina A, formononetina (Patente de Estados Unidos Nº 6.001.368), acetómido de triamcinolona, dexametasona (Patente de Estados Unidos Nº 5.770.589), talidomida, glutationa (Patente de Estados Unidos Nº 5.632.984), factor de crecimiento fibroblástico básico (bFGF), factor de crecimiento transformante b (TGF-b), factor neurotrófico derivado del cerebro (BDNF), factor activador de plasminógeno de tipo 2 (PAI-2), EYE101 (Eyetech Pharmaceuticals), LY333531 (Eli Lilly), Miravant y el implante RETISERT (Bausch & Lomb).
Ejemplos de segundos agentes activos que pueden usarse para el tratamiento o prevención y/o control de enfermedades de la piel incluyen pero sin limitación, queratolíticos, retinoides, α-hidroxi ácidos, antibióticos, colágeno, toxina botulínica, interferón, esteroides y agentes inmunomoduladores. Los ejemplos específicos incluyen, pero sin limitación, 5-fluorouracilo, masoprocol, ácido tricloroacético, ácido salicílico, ácido láctico, lactato amónico, urea, tretinoína, isotretinoína, antibióticos, colágeno, toxina botulínica, interferón, corticoesteroides, ácido transretinoico y colágenos tales como colágeno placentario humano, colágeno placentario animal, Dermalogen, AlloDerm, Fascia, Cymetra, Autologen, Zyderm, Zyplast, Resoplast e Isolagen.
Ejemplos de segundos agente activos que pueden usarse para el tratamiento, prevención y/o control de hipertensión pulmonar y trastornos relacionados incluyen, pero sin limitación, anticoagulantes, diuréticos, glucósidos cardíacos, bloqueadores de canales de calcio, vasodilatadores, análogos de prostaciclina, antagonistas de endotelina, inhibidores de fosfodiesterasa (por ejemplo, inhibidores de PDE V), inhibidores de endopeptidasa, agentes hipolipemiantes, inhibidores de tromboxano y otros agentes terapéuticos que se sabe que reducen la presión de la arteria pulmonar. Los ejemplos específicos incluyen, pero sin limitación, warfarina (Coumadin), un diurético, un glucósido cardíaco, digoxina-oxígeno, diltiazem, nifedipina, un vasodilatador, tal como prostaciclina (por ejemplo prostaglandina 12 (PG12), epoprostenol (EPO, Floran), treprostinilo (Remodulin), óxido nítrico (NO), bosentano (Tracleer), amlodipina, epoprostenol (Floran), treprostinilo (Remodulin), prostaciclina, tadalafilo (Cialis), simvastatina (Zocor), omapatrilat (Vanlev), irbesartan (Avapro), pravastatina (Pravachol), digoxina, L-arginina, iloprost, betaprost y sildenafilo (Viagra).
Ejemplos de segundos agentes activos que puede usarse para el tratamiento, prevención y/o control de trastornos relacionados con el amianto incluyen, pero sin limitación, antraciclina, platino, un agente alquilante, oblimerseno (Genasense), cisplatino, ciclofosfamida, temodar, carboplatino, procarbazina, gliadel, tamoxifeno, topotecan, metotrexato, taxotere, irinotecan, capecitabina, cisplatino, tiotepa, fludarabina, carboplatino, daunorrubicina liposómica, citarabina, doxetaxol, pacilitaxel, vinblastina, IL-2, CM-CSF, dacarbazina, vinorrelbina, ácido zoledrónico,
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disfuncional y síndromes relacionados incluyen, pero sin limitación, un agente antidepresivo tricíclico, un inhibidor selectivo de la reabsorción de serotonina, un agente antiepiléptico (gabapentina, pregabalina, carbamazepina, oxcarbazepina, levitiracetam, topiramato) un agente antiarrítmico, un agente bloqueador de canales de sodio, un inhibidor mediador inflamatorio selectivo, un agente opioide, un segundo compuesto inmunomodulador, un agente de combinación y otros agentes convencionales o conocidos usados en la terapia del sueño. Los ejemplos específicos incluyen, pero sin limitación, neurontin, oxicontin, morfina, topiramato, amitriptilina, nortriptilina, carbamazepina, Levodopa, L-DOPA, cocaína, α-metil-tirosina, reserpina, tetrabenazina, benzotropina, pargilina, mesilato de fenodolpam, cabergolina, diclorhidrato de pramipexol, ropinorola, clorhidrato de amantadina, clorhidrato de selegilina, carbidopa, mesilato de pergolida, Sinemet CR, Symmetrel, iproniazid, clorgilina, fenelzina, isocarboxazida, tolcapona, entacapona, saliclato de fisoestigmina, sulfato de fisoestigmina, bromuro de fisoestigmina, bromuro de meoestigmina, metilsulfato de neoestigmina, cloruro de ambenonim, cloruro de edrofonio, tacrina, cloruro de pralidoxima, cloruro de obidoxima, bromuro de trimedoxima, monoxim diacetilo, endrofonio, piridostigmina, demecario, naproxeno sódico, diclofenaco sódico, diclofenaco potásico, celecoxib, sulindac, oxaprozin, diflunisal, etodolac, meloxicam, ibuprofeno, ketoprofeno, nabumetona, refecoxib, metotrexato, leflunomida, sulfasalazina, sales de oro, inmunoglobulina RHo-D, micofenilato de mofetilo, ciclosporina, azatioprina, tacrolimus, basiliximab, daclizumab, ácido salicílico, ácido acetilsalicílico, metil salicilato, diflunisal, salsalato, olsalazina, sulfasalazina, acetaminofeno, indometacina, sulindac, ácido mefenámico, meclofenamato sódico, tolmetina, ketorolac, diclofenaco, flurbinprofeno, oxaprozina, piroxicam, meloxicam, ampiroxicam, droxicam, pivoxicam, tenoxicam, fenilbutazona, oxifenbutazona, antipirina, aminopirina, apazona, zileuton, aurotioglucosa, tiomalato sódico de oro, auranofina, metotrexato, colchicina, alopurinol, probenecid, sulfinpirazona, benzbromarona, betametasona y otros glucocorticoides, metoclopromida, domperidona, proclorperazina, prometazina, clorpromazina, trimetobenzamida, ondansetron, granisetron, hidroxizina, acetileucina monoetanolamina, alizaprida, azasetron, benzquinamida, bietanautina, bromoprida, buclizina, cleboprida, ciclizina, dimenhidrinato, difenidol, dolasetron, meclizina, metalatal, metopimazina, nabilona, oxipernidil, pipamazina, escopolamina, sulpirida, tetrahidrocannabinol, tietilperazina, tioproperazina, tropisetron y una de sus mezclas.
Ejemplos de segundos agentes activos que pueden usarse para el tratamiento, prevención y/o control de hemoglobinopatía y trastornos relacionados incluyen, pero sin limitación, interleucinas tales como IL-2 (incluyendo IL-2 recombinante (“ rIL2”) y canaripox IL-2), IL-1, IL-12 e IL-18; interferones, tales como interferón alfa-2a, interferón alfa-2b, interferón alfa-n1, interferón alfa-n3, interferón beta-1 a e interferón gamma-1 b; y G-CSF; hidroxiurea; butiratos o derivados de butirato; óxido nitroso; hidroxi urea; HEMOXIN (NIPRISAN; véase la Patente de Estados Unidos Nº 5.800.819); antagonistas del canal de Gardos tales como clotrimazol y derivados de triaril metano; Deferoxamina; proteína C; y transfusiones de sangre, o de un sustituto de la sangre tal como Hemospan o Hemospan PS (Sangart).
La administración de un compuesto proporcionado en la presente memoria o una sal, solvato, clatrato, estereoisómero o profármaco del mismo farmacéuticamente aceptable y el segundo agente activo a un paciente puede producirse simultanea o secuencialmente mediante la misma o diferentes vías de administración. La idoneidad de una vía de administración particular empleada para un agente activo particular dependerá del propio agente activo (por ejemplo, si puede administrarse por vía oral sin descomponerse antes de entrar en la corriente sanguínea) y de la enfermedad que vaya a tratarse. Una de la administración para los compuestos proporcionados en la presente memoria es por vía oral. Las vías de administración para los segundos agentes o ingredientes activos son conocidas por los expertos habituales en la técnica. Véase, por ejemplo, Physicians' Desk Reference (60ª ed., 2006).
El segundo agente activo puede administrarse por vía intravenosa o por vía subcutánea y una o dos veces al día en una cantidad desde aproximadamente 1 a aproximadamente 1000 mg, de aproximadamente 5 a aproximadamente 500 mg, de aproximadamente 10 a aproximadamente 350 mg, o de aproximadamente 50 a aproximadamente 200 mg. La cantidad específica del segundo agente activo dependerá del agente específico usado, del tipo de enfermedad que vaya a tratarse o a controlarse, de la gravedad y fase de la enfermedad y de la cantidad (o cantidades) de los compuestos proporcionados en la presente memoria y cualquiera de los agentes activos adicionales opcionales administrados simultáneamente al paciente.
Como se ha indicado en cualquier parte de la presente memoria, también se desvela un método para reducir, tratar y/o prevenir efectos adversos o no deseados asociados con terapia convencional que incluyen, pero sin limitación, cirugía, quimioterapia, radioterapia, terapia hormonal terapia biológica e inmunoterapia. Los compuestos proporcionados en la presente memoria y otros ingredientes activos pueden administrarse a un paciente antes, durante, o después de la aparición del efecto adverso asociado con terapia convencional.
4.4 Terapia cíclica
Los agentes profilácticos o terapéuticos pueden aministrarse cíclicamente a un paciente. La terapia cíclica implica la administración de un agente activo durante un periodo de tiempo, seguido por un descanso durante un periodo de tiempo (es decir, discontinuación de la administración) y repetir esta administración secuencial. La terapia cíclica puede reducir el desarrollo de resistencia a una o más de las terapias, evitar o reducir los efectos secundarios de una de las terapias y/o mejorar la eficacia del tratamiento.
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Por consiguiente, un compuesto proporcionado en la presente memoria puede administrarse diariamente en una sola dosis o en dosis divididas en un ciclo de cuatro a seis semanas con un periodo de descanso de aproximadamente una semana o dos semanas. La terapia cíclica permite además aumentar la frecuencia, el número y la duración de los ciclos de dosificación. Por tanto, un compuesto proporcionado en la presente memoria puede administrarse durante más ciclos de los que son típicos cuando se administra solo. Un compuesto proporcionado en la presente memoria puede administrarse durante un número de ciclos mayor del que típicamente provocaría la toxicidad limitiva de la dosis en un paciente al que no se estuviera administrando el segundo ingrediente activo.
Un compuesto proporcionado en la presente memoria puede administrarse diariamente y de manera continua durante tres o cuatro semanas a una dosis de aproximadamente 0,1 mg a aproximadamente 500 mg al día, seguido por un descanso de una o dos semanas. La dosis puede ser de aproximadamente 1 mg a aproximadamente 300 mg, de aproximadamente 0,1 mg a aproximadamente 150 mg, de aproximadamente 1 mg a aproximadamente 200 mg, de aproximadamente 10 mg a aproximadamente 100 mg, de aproximadamente 0,1 mg a aproximadamente 50 mg, de aproximadamente 1 mg a aproximadamente 50 mg, de aproximadamente 10 mg a aproximadamente 50 mg, de aproximadamente 20 mg a aproximadamente 20 mg o de aproximadamente 1 mg a aproximadamente 20 mg, seguido por un descanso.
Un compuesto proporcionado en la presente memoria y un segundo ingrediente activo pueden administrarse por vía oral, produciéndose la administración del compuesto proporcionado en la presente memoria 30 a 60 minutos antes del segundo ingrediente activo, durante un ciclo de cuatro a seis semanas. La combinación de un compuesto proporcionado en la presente memoria y un segundo ingrediente activo puede administrarse mediante infusión intravenosa durante aproximadamente 90 minutos cada ciclo.
Típicamente, el número de ciclos durante los cuales el tratamiento de combinación se administra a un paciente será de aproximadamente uno a aproximadamente 24 ciclos, de aproximadamente dos a aproximadamente 16 ciclos o de aproximadamente cuatro a aproximadamente tres ciclos.
4.5 Composiciones farmacéuticas y formas de dosificación
Las composiciones farmacéuticas pueden usarse en la preparación de formas de dosificación unitaria simples, individuales. Las composiciones farmacéuticas y las formas de dosificación desveladas en la presente memoria comprenden un compuesto proporcionado en la presente memoria, o una de sus sales, solvatos, estereoisómeros, clatratos o profármacos farmacéuticamente aceptables. Las composiciones farmacéuticas y las formas de dosificación pueden comprender adicionalmente uno o más excipientes. Las composiciones farmacéuticas y las formas de dosificación desveladas en la presente memoria también pueden comprender uno o más ingredientes activos adicionales.
Los ejemplos de ingredientes activos segundos, o adicionales, opcionales se analizan en la sección 4.3 anterior.
Las formas de dosificación unitaria simples desveladas en la presente memoria son adecuadas para la administración oral, mucosa (por ejemplo, nasal, sublingual, vaginal, bucal o rectal), parenteral (por ejemplo, subcutánea, intravenosa, por inyección de bolo, intramuscular o intraarterial), tópica (por ejemplo, gotas oculares u otras preparaciones oftálmicas), transdérmica o transcutánea a un paciente. Los ejemplos de formas de dosificación incluyen, pero sin limitación: comprimidos, comprimidos encapsulados; cápsulas, tales como cápsulas de gelatina elásticas blandas; sobrecitos; trociscos; pastillas para chupar; dispersiones; supositorios; polvos; aerosoles (por ejemplo, pulverizadores o inhaladores nasales); geles; formas de dosificación líquidas adecuadas para administración oral o mucosa a un paciente, incluyendo suspensiones (por ejemplo, suspensiones líquidas acuosas
o no acuosas, emulsiones de aceite en agua, o emulsiones líquidas de agua en aceite), soluciones y elixires; formas de dosificación líquidas adecuadas para la administración parenteral a un paciente; gotas oculares u otras preparaciones oftálmicas adecuadas para la administración tópica; y sólidos estériles (por ejemplo, sólidos cristalinos o amorfos) que pueden reconstituirse para proporcionar formas de dosificación líquidas adecuadas para la administración parenteral a un paciente.
La composición, la conformación y el tipo de las formas de dosificación variarán típicamente dependiendo de su uso. Por ejemplo, una forma de dosificación usada en el tratamiento agudo de una enfermedad puede contener grandes cantidades de uno o más de los ingredientes activos que comprende una forma de dosificación usada en el tratamiento crónico de la misma enfermedad. De manera similar, una forma de dosificación parenteral puede contener menores cantidades de uno o más de los ingredientes activos que comprende una forma de dosificación oral usada para tratar la misma enfermedad. Estos y otros modos en los que se usan las formas de dosificación específicas variarán entre sí y serán evidentes para los expertos habituales en la materia. Véase, por ejemplo Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 18ª ed., Mack Publishing, Easton PA (1990).
Las composiciones farmacéuticas y las formas de dosificación pueden comprender uno o más excipientes. Los excipientes adecuados son muy conocidos por los expertos en la técnica de la farmacia y, en la presente memoria, se desvelan ejemplos no limitantes de excipientes adecuados. Que un excipiente particular sea adecuado para la incorporación en una composición farmacéutica o forma de dosificación depende de una diversidad de factores muy conocidos en la técnica, incluyendo, pero sin limitación, el modo en el que la forma de dosificación se administrará a
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activos en una mezcla íntima con al menos un excipiente de acuerdo con las técnicas de combinación farmacéuticas convencionales. Los excipientes pueden adoptar una diversidad de formas dependiendo de la forma de preparación deseada para la administración. Por ejemplo, los excipientes adecuados para su uso en formas de dosificación oral líquidas o de aerosol incluyen, pero sin limitación, agua, glicoles, aceites, alcoholes, agentes aromatizantes, conservantes y agentes colorantes. Los ejemplos de excipientes adecuados para su uso en formas de dosificación oral sólidas (por ejemplo, polvos, comprimidos, cápsulas y cápsulas oblongas) incluyen, pero sin limitación, almidones, azúcares, celulosa microcristalina, diluyentes, agentes de granulación, lubricantes, aglutinantes y agentes disgregantes.
las formas de dosificación oral son comprimidos o cápsulas, en cuyo caso que se emplean excipientes sólidos. Los comprimidos se recubren mediante técnicas acuosas o no acuosas convencionales. Tales formas de dosificación pueden prepararse mediante cualquiera de los métodos farmacéuticos. En general, las composiciones farmacéuticas y las formas de dosificación se preparan mezclando uniforme e íntimamente los principios activos con vehículos líquidos, vehículos sólidos finamente divididos o ambos y a continuación conforman el producto en la presentación deseada, si fuera necesario.
Por ejemplo, un comprimido puede prepararse por compresión o moldeo. Los comprimidos formados por compresión pueden prepararse comprimiendo en una compresora adecuada los ingredientes activos en una forma fluida tal como un polvo o gránulos, opcionalmente mezclados con un excipiente. Los comprimidos moldeados pueden elaborarse moldeando en una moldeadora una mezcla del compuesto en polvo humedecido con un diluyente líquido inerte.
Los ejemplos de excipientes que pueden usarse en las formas de dosificación orales desvelados en la presente memoria incluyen, pero sin limitación, aglutinantes, cargas, disgregantes y lubricantes. Los aglutinantes adecuados para el uso en las composiciones farmacéuticas y las formas de dosificación incluyen, pero sin limitación, almidón de maíz, almidón de patata u otros almidones, gelatina, gomas sintéticas y naturales tales como goma arábiga, alginato de sodio, ácido algínico, otros alginatos, tragacanto en polvo, goma guar, celulosa y sus derivados (por ejemplo etilcelulosa, acetato de celulosa, carboximetilcelulosa de calcio, carboximetilcelulosa de sodio), polivinilpirrolidona, metilcelulosa, almidón pregeletinizado, hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa (por ejemplo, Nº 2208, 2906, 2910), celulosa microcristalina y sus mezclas.
Las formas adecuadas de celulosa microcristalina incluyen, pero sin limitación, los materiales comercializados como AVICEL-PH-101, AVICEL-PH-103 AVICEL RC-581, AVICEL-PH-105 (disponibles de FMC Corporation, American Viscose Division, Avicel Sales, Marcus Hook, PA) y sus mezclas. Un aglutinante específico es una mezcla de celulosa microcristalina y carboximetilcelulosa sódica comercializada como AVICEL RC-S81. Los excipientes o aditivos anhidros o de baja humedad adecuados incluyen AVICEL-PH-103 y Almidón 1500 LM.
Los ejemplos de cargas adecuadas para su uso en las composiciones farmacéuticas y formas de dosificación desvelados en la presente memoria incluyen, pero sin limitación, talco, carbonato de calcio (por ejemplo, gránulos o polvo), celulosa microcristalina, celulosa en polvo, dextratos, caolín, manitol, ácido silícico, sorbitol, almidón, almidón pregeletinizado y mezclas de los mismos. El aglutinante o carga en la composición farmacéutica puede estar presente desde aproximadamente 50 a aproximadamente 99 por ciento en peso de la composición farmacéutica o forma de dosificación.
Los disgregantes pueden usarse en las composiciones para proporcionar comprimidos que se disgregan cuando se exponen a un medio acuoso. Los comprimidos que contiene demasiado disgregante pueden disgregarse en el almacenamiento mientras que aquellos que contienen muy poco pueden no disgregarse a una velocidad deseada o en las condiciones deseadas. Por tanto, puede usarse una cantidad suficiente de disgregante que no sea demasiado excesiva ni demasiado escasa para alterar la liberación del ingrediente activo para formar las formas de dosificación oral sólidas. La cantidad de disgregante usada variará basándose en el tipo de formulación y es fácilmente discernible por un experto habitual en la técnica. Las composiciones farmacéuticas pueden comprender de aproximadamente 0,5 a aproximadamente el 15 por ciento en peso del disgregante o de aproximadamente 1 a aproximadamente el 5 por ciento en peso del disgregante.
Los disgregantes que pueden usarse en las composiciones farmacéuticas y las formas de dosificación incluyen, pero sin limitación, agar-agar, ácido algínico, carbonato de calcio, celulosa microcristalina, croscarmelosa sódica, crospovidona, polacrilina potásica, almidón glicolato sódico, almidón de patata o de tapioca, otros almidones, almidón pregeletinizado, otros almidones, arcillas, otras alginas, otras celulosas, gomas y sus mezclas.
Los lubricantes que pueden usarse en las composiciones y formas de dosificación farmacéuticas incluyen, pero sin limitación, estearato de calcio, estearato de magnesio, aceite mineral, aceite mineral ligero, glicerina, sorbitol, manitol, polietilenglicol, otros glicoles, ácido esteárico, laurisulfato sódico, talco, aceite vegetal (por ejemplo aceite de cacahuete, aceite de semillas de algodón, aceite de girasol, aceite de sésamo, aceite de oliva, aceite de maíz y aceite de soja) hidrogenado, estearato de cinc, oleato de etilo, laureato de etilo, agar y sus mezclas. Los lubricantes adicionales incluyen, por ejemplo, un gel de sílice siloideo (AEROSIL200, fabricado por W.R. Grace Co. de Baltimore, MD), un aerosol coagulado de sílice sintética (comercializado por Degussa Co. of Plano, TX), CAB-O-SIL (un producto de dióxido de silicio pirogénico comercializado por Cabot Co. de Boston, MA) y sus mezclas. Si se
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usan, los lubricantes pueden usarse en una cantidad de menos de aproximadamente el 1 por ciento en peso de las composiciones farmacéuticas o formas de dosificación en las que se incorporan.
Una forma de dosificación oral sólida puede comprender un compuesto proporcionado en la presente memoria, lactosa anhidra, celulosa microcristalina, polivinilpirrolidona, ácido esteárico, sílice anhidra coloidal y gelatina.
4.5.2 Formas de dosificación de liberación controlada
Los ingredientes activos desvelados en la presente memoria pueden administrarse por medios de liberación controlada o mediante dispositivos de aporte muy conocidos por los expertos habituales en la técnica. Los ejemplos incluyen, pero sin limitación, los descritos en las Patentes de Estados Unidos Nº 3.845.770; 3.916.899; 3.536.809; 3.598.123; y 4.008.719. 5.674.533. 5.059.595. 5.591.767. 5.120.548. 5.073.543. 5.639.476. 5.354.556. y 5.733.566. Tales formas de dosificación pueden usarse para proporcionar una liberación lenta o controlada de uno o más ingredientes activos usando, por ejemplo, hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa, otras matrices poliméricas, geles, membranas permeables, sistemas osmóticos, recubrimientos multicapa, micropartículas, liposomas, microesferas o una de sus combinaciones, para proporcionar el perfil de liberación deseado en proporciones variables. Las formulaciones de liberación controlada adecuadas conocidas por los expertos habituales en la técnica, incluyendo las descritas en la presente memoria, pueden seleccionarse fácilmente para su uso con los agentes activos desvelados en la presente memoria. Las formas de dosificación unitarias simples adecuadas para la administración oral pueden ser comprimidos, cápsulas, cápsulas de gelatina y cápsulas oblongas que se adaptan a la liberación controlada.
Los productos farmacéuticos de liberación controlada mejoran la terapia farmacológica sobre la alcanzada por sus homólogos no controlados. El uso de una preparación de liberación controlada en el tratamiento médico se caracteriza por un mínimo de sustancia farmacológica empleada para curar o controlar la afección en una cantidad mínima de tiempo. Las ventajas de las formulaciones de liberación controlada incluyen una actividad prolongada del fármaco, una frecuencia de dosificación reducida y una aceptación del paciente incrementada. Además, las formulaciones de liberación controlada pueden usarse para influir en el momento de la aparición de la acción u otras características, tales como los niveles sanguíneos del fármaco, y por tanto pueden influir en la presencia de efectos secundarios (por ejemplo adversos).
Las formulaciones de liberación controlada se diseñan para liberar inicialmente una cantidad de fármaco (ingrediente activo) que produce inmediatamente el efecto terapéutico o profiláctico deseado y liberar gradualmente y de manera continua las otras cantidades de fármaco para mantener este nivel de efecto terapéutico o profiláctico a lo largo de un periodo de tiempo prolongado. Para mantener un nivel constante de fármaco en el cuerpo, el fármaco debe liberarse de la forma de dosificación a una velocidad que reemplace la cantidad de fármaco que se metaboliza y excreta del cuerpo.
La liberación controlada de un ingrediente activo puede estimularse mediante diversas condiciones que incluyen, pero sin limitación, el pH, la temperatura, las enzimas, el agua y otras condiciones fisiológicas o compuestos.
4.5.3 Formas de dosificación parenteral
Las formas de dosificación parenteral pueden administrarse a los pacientes mediante diversas vías, incluyendo, pero sin limitación, subcutánea, intravenosa (incluyendo inyección en bolo), intramuscular e intraarterial. La administración de una forma de dosificación parenteral evita las defensas naturales de los pacientes contra los contaminantes, y por tanto, las formas de dosificación parenteral son estériles o pueden esterilizarse antes de la administración al paciente. Los ejemplos de formas de dosificación parenteral incluyen, pero sin limitación, soluciones listas para inyección, productos secos listos para disolverse o suspenderse en un vehículo farmacéuticamente aceptable para inyección, suspensiones listas para inyección y emulsiones.
Los vehículos adecuados que pueden usarse para proporcionar formas de dosificación parenteral son muy conocidos por los expertos en la técnica. Los ejemplos incluyen, pero sin limitación: agua para inyección USP; vehículos acuosos tales como, pero sin limitación, inyección de cloruro sódico, inyección de Ringer, inyección de dextrosa, inyección de cloruro sódico y dextrosa e inyección de Ringer con lactato; vehículos miscibles con agua tales como, pero sin limitación, alcohol etílico, polietilenglicol y polipropilenglicol; y vehículos no acuosos tales como, pero sin limitación, aceite de maíz, aceite de semillas de algodón, aceite de cacahuete, aceite de sésamo, oleato de etilo, miristato de isopropilo y benzoato de bencilo.
Compuestos que incrementan la solubilidad de uno o más de los ingredientes activos divulgados en la presente memoria también pueden incorporarse en las formas de dosificación parenteral. Por ejemplo, pueden usarse ciclodextrina y sus derivados para incrementar la solubilidad de un compuesto proporcionado en la presente memoria. Véase, por ejemplo, la Patente de Estados Unidos Nº 5.134.127.
4.5.4 Formas de dosificación tópica y mucosa
Las formas de dosificación tópica y mucosa desveladas en la presente memoria, incluyen, pero sin limitación, pulverizaciones, aerosoles, soluciones, emulsiones, suspensiones, gotas oculares u otras preparaciones oftálmicas, u otras formas conocidas por un experto en la técnica. Véase, por ejemplo, Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences,
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-C(O)-(CH2)„-NReRf, en donde Re y Rf son cada uno independientemente: hidrógeno; alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; o alcoxi (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; o
5 -C(O)-(CH2)n-O-alquilo (C1-C6). R7 es: hidrógeno; -(CH2)nOH; fenilo; -O-alquilo (C1-C6); o alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más
halo; R8 es: hidrógeno; o alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; y n es 0, 1 o 2.
10 8. El compuesto del ítem 7, o una sal farmacéuticamente aceptable, solvato o estereoisómero del mismo, en donde R7 es metilo.
9. El compuesto del ítem 7, o una sal farmacéuticamente aceptable, solvato o estereoisómero del mismo, en donde Rd es -C(O)-alquiIo (C1-C6).
10. El compuesto del ítem 7, o una sal farmacéuticamente aceptable, solvato o estereoisómero del mismo, en donde 15 Rd es -C(O)-CH2-O-alquiI (C1-C6),
11. El compuesto del ítem 7, que es:
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o una sal farmacéuticamente aceptable, solvato o estereoisómero del mismo.
12. El compuesto del ítem 1 que tiene una estructura de fórmula (IV):
5 o una sal farmacéuticamente aceptable, solvato o estereoisómero del mismo, en donde: Rg
es: -(CH2)n-(arilo de 6 a 10 miembros); -C(O)-(CH2)n-(arilo de 6 a 10 miembros) o -C(O)-(CH2)n-(heteroarilo de 6 a 10 miembros), en donde el arilo o
heteroarilo está opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más de: halo; -SCF3; alquilo (C1-C6), el mismo opcionalmente 10 sustituido con uno o más halo; o alcoxi (C1-C6), el mismo opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; -C(O)-(CH2)n-NHRh, en donde Rh es: arilo de 6 a 10 miembros, opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más de: halo; alquilo (C1-C6), el mismo opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; o alcoxi (C1-C6), el mismo opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; o
15 -C(O)-(CH2)n-O-(CH2)n-(arilo de 6 a 10 miembros); R9 es: hidrógeno; -(CH2)nOH; fenilo; -O-alquilo (C1-C6); o alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo;
R10 es: hidrógeno; o alquilo (C1-C6), opcionalmente sustituido con uno o más halo; y n es 0, 1 o 2. 20 13. El compuesto del ítem 12, en donde R9 es metilo.
- 14.
- El compuesto del ítem 12, en donde Rg es-C(O)-fenilo,-C(O)-CH2-fenilo, o -C(O)-NH-fenilo.
- 15.
- El compuesto del ítem 14, en donde el fenilo está sustituido con uno o más de metilo, -CF3 o halógeno.
- 16.
- El compuesto del ítem 12, que es:
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18. Un método de tratamiento, control o prevención de una enfermedad o trastorno que comprende administrar a un paciente un compuesto del ítem 1, o una sal farmacéuticamente aceptable, solvato o estereoisómero del mismo, en donde la enfermedad o trastorno es cáncer, un trastorno asociado con angiogénesis, dolor, degeneración macular o un síndrome relacionado, una enfermedad de la piel, un trastorno pulmonar, un trastorno relacionado con amianto, una enfermedad parasitaria, un trastorno inmunodeficiente, un trastorno del SNC, lesión del SNC, aterosclerosis o un trastorno relacionado, sueño disfuncional o un trastorno relacionado, hemoglobinopatía o un trastorno relacionado
o un trastorno relacionado con TNFα.
19. El método del ítem 18, que comprende además administrar un segundo agente activo.
5. Ejemplos
Ciertas realizaciones de la invención se ilustran siguiendo los ejemplos.
5.1 3-(5-METIL-4-OXO-4H-QUINAZOLIN-3-IL)-PIPERIDIN-2,6-DIONA
Etapa 1: Una mezcla de ácido 2-amino-6-metilbenzoico (10,75 g, 71,1 mmol) y CDI (10,75 g, 66,3 mmol) en acetonitrilo (150 ml) se agitó a temperatura ambiente durante 1 hora. A la suspensión se le añadieron cloruro de 3amino-piperidina-2,6-diona hidrógeno (10,75 g, 65,3 mmol) e hidrogenocarbonato sódico (8,0 g, 95 mmol), y la mezcla se calentó a 50 ºC durante 18 horas. La suspensión se enfrió a temperatura ambiente, se filtró y se lavó con acetonitrilo (50 ml), agua (2 x 50 ml), metanol (50 ml) y acetato de etilo (50 ml) para dar 2-amino-N-(2,6-dioxopiperidin-3-il)-6-metil-benzamida en forma de un sólido de color blanco (9,89 g, rendimiento del 58 %): 1H RMN (DMSO-d6) δ 1,98-2,17 (m, 5H, CH2, CH3) 2,51-2,56 (m, 1H, CHH), 2,74-2,86 (m, 1H, CHH), 4,68-4,77 (m, 1H, NCH),5,18 (s, 2H, NH2), 6,38 (d, J = 7 Hz, 1H, Ar), 6,50 (d, J = 7 Hz, 1H, Ar), 6,94 (t; J = 7 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8,59 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H, NH), 10,90 (s, 1H, NH); 13C RMN (DMSO-d6) δ 19,14, 23,75,30,99, 49,10, 112,37, 17,21, 122,28, 128,96, 134,61, 145,22, 168,36, 172,84, 173,00; LCMS: MH = 262.
Etapa 2: Una solución de 2-amino-N-(2,6-dioxo-piperidin-3-il)-6-metil-benzamida (0,60 g, 2,2 mmol), ortoformiato de trimetilo (3 ml, 26,8 mmol) y ácido p-tolueno sulfónico (0,060 g) en acetonitrilo (20 ml) se calentó a reflujo durante 30 horas. La mezcla se enfrió a temperatura ambiente. A la mezcla se le añadieron agua (75 ml) y éter (20 ml), y la mezcla resultante se agitó durante 2 horas. La suspensión se filtró y se lavó con agua y éter (50 ml cada vez) para dar 3-(5-metil-4-oxo-4H-quinazolin-3-il)-piperidina-2,6-diona en forma de un sólido de color blanco (0,28 g, rendimiento del 47 %): HPLC: Waters Symmetry C18, 5 µm, 3,9 x 150 mm, 1 ml/min, 240 nm, 30/70 de CH3CN/H3PO4 al 0,1 %, 3,08 min (99 %); p.f.: 262-264 ºC; 1H RMN (DMSO-d6) δ 2,09-2,16 (m, 1H, CHH), 2,62-2,84 (m, 6H, CH2, CH3, CHH), 5,42 (s a, 1H, NCH), 7,32 (d, J = 7 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7,52 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7,69 (t, J = 8 Hz, 1H, Ar), 8,30 (s, 1H, CH), 11,12 (s, 1H, NH); 13C RMN (DMSO-d6) δ 22,35, 22,62, 30,88, 58,00, 119,81, 125,36, 129,57, 133,72, 140,15, 147,08, 149,07, 160,21, 169,91, 172,33, 172,44; LCMS: MH = 272; Anál. calc. para C14H13N3O3: C, 61,99; H, 4,83; N, 15,49. Encontrado: C, 61,67; H, 4,40; N, 15,41.
5.2 3-(2,5-DIMETIL-4-OXO-4H-QUINAZOLIN-3-IL)-PIPERIDIN-2,6-DIONA
Una solución de 2-amino-N-(2,6-dioxo-piperidin-3-il)-6-metil-benzamida (1,00 g, 3,8 mmol) y ortoacetato de trietilo (0,9 ml, 4,9 mmol) en DMF (10 ml) se calentó a reflujo durante 1 hora. La mezcla se enfrió a temperatura ambiente. A la solución se le añadió Celite (40 ml), y el disolvente se retiró al vacío. El sólido se cargó en SIM y se purificó con cromatografía ultrarrápida sobre gel ISCO (gel de sílice, CH3OH/CH2Cl2) para dar 3-(2,5-dimetil-4-oxo-4H-quinazolin3-il)-piperidina-2,6-diona en forma de un sólido de color blanquecino (0,46 g, rendimiento del 43 %): HPLC: Waters Symmetry C18, 5 µm, 3,9 x 150 mm, 1 ml/min, 240 nm, 25/75 de CH3CN/H3PO4 al 0,1 %, 2,95 min (96 %); p.f.: 292294 ºC; 1H RMN (DMSO-d6) δ 2,11-2,18 (m, 1H, CHH), 2,55-2,65 (m, 2H, CH2), 2,60 (s, 3H, CH3), 2,69 (s, 3H, CH3), 2,78-2,85 (m, 1H, CHH), 5,19 (dd, J = 6, 11 Hz, 1H, NCH), 7,25 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7,43 (d, J = 8 Hz, 1H, Ar), 7,64 (t, J = 8 Hz, 1H, Ar), 10,99 (s, 1 H, NH); 13C RMN (DMSO-d6) δ 20,82, 22,43, 23,32, 30,55, 56,33, 118,69, 124,73,
33
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