JP2000511483A - アモルファスなプラスチック物体の部分的結晶化方法及び装置 - Google Patents
アモルファスなプラスチック物体の部分的結晶化方法及び装置Info
- Publication number
- JP2000511483A JP2000511483A JP10544031A JP54403198A JP2000511483A JP 2000511483 A JP2000511483 A JP 2000511483A JP 10544031 A JP10544031 A JP 10544031A JP 54403198 A JP54403198 A JP 54403198A JP 2000511483 A JP2000511483 A JP 2000511483A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- mold
- cooling
- neck
- plastic
- core
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/72—Heating or cooling
- B29C45/73—Heating or cooling of the mould
- B29C45/7312—Construction of heating or cooling fluid flow channels
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/72—Heating or cooling
- B29C45/73—Heating or cooling of the mould
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29C49/00—Blow-moulding, i.e. blowing a preform or parison to a desired shape within a mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C49/42—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C49/64—Heating or cooling preforms, parisons or blown articles
- B29C49/6409—Thermal conditioning of preforms
- B29C49/6436—Thermal conditioning of preforms characterised by temperature differential
- B29C49/6445—Thermal conditioning of preforms characterised by temperature differential through the preform length
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29B—PREPARATION OR PRETREATMENT OF THE MATERIAL TO BE SHAPED; MAKING GRANULES OR PREFORMS; RECOVERY OF PLASTICS OR OTHER CONSTITUENTS OF WASTE MATERIAL CONTAINING PLASTICS
- B29B11/00—Making preforms
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29C35/00—Heating, cooling or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanising; Apparatus therefor
- B29C35/02—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould
- B29C35/08—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation
- B29C35/0805—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation
- B29C2035/0855—Heating or curing, e.g. crosslinking or vulcanizing during moulding, e.g. in a mould by wave energy or particle radiation using electromagnetic radiation using microwave
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- B29C45/73—Heating or cooling of the mould
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
- B29C45/17—Component parts, details or accessories; Auxiliary operations
- B29C45/72—Heating or cooling
- B29C45/73—Heating or cooling of the mould
- B29C2045/7362—Heating or cooling of the mould turbulent flow of heating or cooling fluid
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C2949/0772—Closure retaining means
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C2949/0777—Tamper-evident band retaining ring
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- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C2949/00—Indexing scheme relating to blow-moulding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
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- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- Y10S264/908—Crystallizing of neck portion of hollow article or hollow preform
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Fluid Mechanics (AREA)
- Blow-Moulding Or Thermoforming Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Moulds For Moulding Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Processing And Handling Of Plastics And Other Materials For Molding In General (AREA)
- Injection Moulding Of Plastics Or The Like (AREA)
- Processes Of Treating Macromolecular Substances (AREA)
- Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (1)
- 【特許請求の範囲】 1. 射出金型内に溶融したプラスチックを昇温下で射出することによってプラ スチック物体を形成し、 固体状態へと前記溶融状態から前記プラスチックを冷却し、 前記溶融プラスチックの第1の部分を前記溶融状体から前記第1の部分に隣接 した第1の手段により迅速に前記固体状態へと冷却することでアモルファスな第 1の部分を形成し、前記プラスチックの第2の部分を前記第2の部分に隣接する 第2の手段により前記溶融状体からゆっくりと冷却して前記固体状態とすること で、結晶化した第2の部分を形成することを含むプロセス。 2. 前記物体は、閉塞された底部と、前記閉塞された底部から延びる側壁部分 と、前記側壁から延びるネック領域とを備えており、さらに、前記ネック領域を 結晶化して前記体部領域よりも強度の高い結晶化した前記ネック領域を形成する ステップを含むことを特徴とする請求項1のプロセス。 3. さらに、前記射出成型金型に前記物体を冷却する冷却手段を設けるステッ プと、前記冷却手段から前記第2の部分の少なくとも一部を断熱するステップと を有することを特徴とする請求項1に記載のプロセス。 4. 前記射出成型金型中でプラスチックプレフォームを製造するステップを含 むことを特徴とする請求項1に記載のプロセス。 5. 前記プラスチックは、ポリエチレンテレフタレートであることを特徴とす る請求項1に記載のプロセス。 6. 前記射出成型金型に金型コアと前記金型コア内に配置された冷却チューブ とを設けるステップと、前記ネック領域の少なくとも一部に隣接した前記冷却チ ューブを絶縁するステップとを有することを特徴とする請求項2に記載のプロセ ス。 7. 前記射出成型金型に金型コアと前記金型コア内に配置された冷却チューブ を設けるステップと、前記ネック領域の少なくとも一部に隣接した前記冷却チュ ーブを絶縁するステップとを有することを特徴とする請求項2に記載のプロセス 。 8. 前記射出成型金型に金型コアと少なくとも1つの冷却チャンネルを有する ネックリングとを設けるステップと、前記ネック領域の少なくとも一部に隣接し た前記ネックリングを断熱するステップとを有することを特徴とする請求項2に 記載のプロセス。 9. さらに、前記第2の部分の少なくとも一部に隣接して加熱手段を配置して 、前記第2の部分に少なくとも結晶化を生じさせるように少なくとも前記第2の 部分を加熱するステップを有する請求項1に記載のプロセス。 10. さらに、前記第2の部分に結晶化を少なくとも結晶化が開 始するように前記第2の部分の少なくとも一部に隣接して熱的不連続手段を配置 するステップを有する請求項2に記載のプロセス。 11. 前記ネック領域に隣接してネックリングを配置するステップと、前記ネ ックリングの第1の部分を加熱し、前記ネックリングの第2の部分を冷却するス テップと、前記第2の部分から前記第1の部分を断熱するステップとを含むこと を特徴とする請求項2に記載のプロセス。 12. 前記射出成型金型の金型コアを配置するステップと、前記金型の内部に 冷却チャンネルを設けるステップと、前記ネック領域に隣接して前記冷却チャン ネルの冷却制限部を設けるステップとを有する請求項2に記載のプロセス。 13. さらに、多層プラスチック物体を形成するステップを含むことを特徴と する請求項1に記載のプロセス。 14. 前記第2の部分のゆっくりとした冷却は、前記射出成型金型の外部で行 われることを特徴とする請求項1に記載のプロセス。 15. 内部に金型キャビティを備える射出成型金型と、 前記金型に溶融したプラスチックを射出して内部にプラスチック物体を形成す るための手段と、 前記溶融状態から前記プラスチックを固体状態へと冷却するように前記金型キ ャビティと熱交換関係に置かれる手段とを備え、 前記手段は、アモルファスの第1の部分を形成させるため前記固体状態へと前 記溶融状体から前記プラスチックを迅速に冷却する前記プラスチックの第1の部 分に隣接した第1の手段と、前記固体状態へと前記溶融状体から前記第2の部分 をゆっくりと冷却するため前記プラスチックの第2の部分に隣接する第2の手段 とを備えることを特徴とする装置。 16. 前記物体は、閉塞された底部と、前記閉塞された底部から延びる側壁部 分と、前記側壁から延びるネック領域とを備えており、さらに、前記第2の部分 に隣接した前記手段は、前記ネック領域の少なくとも一部に隣接しており、前記 ネック領域を結晶化して前記体部領域よりも強度の高い結晶化した前記ネック領 域を形成することを特徴とする請求項15に記載の装置。 17. さらに、前記第2の部分に隣接する手段は、前記冷却手段から前記第2 の部分の少なくとも一部を断熱する断熱手段を備えることを特徴とする請求項1 5に記載の装置。 18. 前記射出成型金型は、プラスチックプレフォームを形成することを特徴 とする請求項15に記載の装置。 19. 前記プラスチックは、ポリエチレンテレフタレートであることを特徴と する請求項15に記載の装置。 20. 前記射出成型金型は、金型コアと前記金型コア内に配置さ れた冷却チューブとを備え、前記第2の部分に隣接する前記手段には、前記ネッ ク領域の少なくとも一部に隣接した前記冷却チューブ上に断熱手段が配設されて いることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の装置。 21. 前記射出成型金型は、金型コアと前記金型コア内に配置された冷却チュ ーブとを備え、前記第2の部分に隣接する前記手段は、前記ネック領域の少なく とも一部に隣接した前記冷却チューブ上に断熱手段が配設されていることを特徴 とする請求項16に記載の装置。 22. 前記射出成型金型は、金型コアとネックリングと該ネックリング上に少 なくとも1つの冷却チャンネルとを備え、前記第2の手段に隣接する前記手段は 、前記ネック領域の少なくとも一部分に隣接した前記ネックリングを断熱する断 熱手段を備えることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の装置。 23. さらに、前記第2の部分に隣接する手段は、前記第2の部分に少なくと も結晶化を生じさせるように少なくとも前記第2の部分の一部に隣接する加熱手 段を有する請求項15に記載の装置。 24. さらに、前記第2の部分に隣接する手段は、前記第2の部分に結晶化を 少なくとも結晶化を開始させるように前記第2の部分の少なくとも一部に隣接し た熱的不連続手段を備えることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の装置。 25. 前記装置は、前記ネック領域に隣接するネックリングを備え、前記ネッ クリングは、加熱される第1の部分と前記第1の部分から断熱されると共に、冷 却される第2の部分とを備えることを特徴とする請求項16に記載の装置。 26. 前記射出成型金型は、金型コアと、前記金型の内部に配置された冷却チ ャンネルを形成する冷却チューブとを備え、前記ネック領域に隣接した前記冷却 チャンネルに冷却制限部を備える請求項16に記載の装置。 27. さらに、多層プラスチック物体を形成することを特徴とする請求項15 に記載の装置。 28. 前記第2の手段は、前記射出成型金型の外部の前記第2の部分の冷却を ゆっくり行わせることを特徴とする請求項15に記載の装置。 29. 溶融したプラスチックを射出成型金型に射出することによって形成され た射出成型プラスチック物体であって、前記物体は、アモルファスな第1の部分 を有し、該第1の部分は、該第1の部分に隣接する第1の手段により前記第1の 部分の前記溶融したプラスチックを固体状態へと迅速に冷却することにより形成 され、さらに結晶化した第2の部分を有し、該第2の部分は、前記溶融状体から 前記溶融したプラスチックを前記固体状態へと前記第2の部分に隣 接した第2の手段によりゆっくり冷却することにより形成されることを特徴とす る射出成型物体。 30. 前記物体は、閉塞された底部と、前記閉塞された底部から延びる側壁部 分と、前記側壁から延びるネック領域とを備えており、さらに、少なくとも前記 ネック領域は、結晶化されていることを特徴とする請求項29の物体。 31. 前記物体は、プラスチックプレフォームであることを特徴とする請求項 30に記載の物体。 32. 前記プラスチックは、ポリエチレンテレフタレートであることを特徴と する請求項30に記載の物体。 33. 前記物体は、多層プラスチック物体であることを特徴とする請求項29 に記載の物体。 34. 単一又は多数の材料から製造されアモルファス部分と結晶部分とを有す る成型物体の射出成型プロセスであって、 (a)金型キャビティと金型コアとにより画成される金型キャビティ空間内に溶 融した材料を射出するステップと、 (b)前記溶融状体から溶融温度領域にある前記溶融した材料をガラス転移温度 領域にある実質的に固体状態へと、結晶化温度領域である中間的結晶状態を通過 させて冷却するステップとを有し、 −前記溶融材料の少なくとも第1の部分は、迅速に前記結晶化 温度領域を通して前記溶融状態から前記固体状態へと第1の温度コンディショニ ング手段により冷却されて少なくともアモルファスな第1の部分を形成し; −前記溶融材料の少なくとも第2の部分は、ゆっくりと前記結晶化温度領域 を通して前記溶融状態から前記固体状態へと第2の温度コンディショニング手段 により冷却されて少なくとも結晶性の第2の部分を形成し; (c)前記ガラス状体にある第1の部分と少なくとも一部が前記結晶状体にある 前記第2の部分とを有する前記成型物体の処理及び取扱を行うため前記金型キャ ビティを開くステップとを含む射出成型プロセス。 35. 単一又は多数の材料から製造されアモルファス部分と結晶部分とを有す る成型物体の射出成型プロセスであって、前記処理は、前記第2の部分に施され 前記物体を結晶化温度領域内に維持させることで前記第2の部分の結晶化度を高 めるための温度処理プロセスを含むことを特徴とする請求項34に記載の射出成 型プロセス。 36. 単一又は多数の材料から製造されアモルファス部分と結晶部分とを有す る成型物体の射出成型プロセスであって、前記第1及び前記第2の温度コンディ ショニング手段は、前記金型キャビティ及び前記金型コア内に配置されているこ とを特徴とする請求項34に記載の射出成型プロセス。 37. 単一又は多数の材料から製造されアモルファス部分と結晶 部分とを有する成型物体の射出成型プロセスであって、前記第1及び前記第2の 温度コンディショニング手段は、それぞれ前記第1の部分及び前記第2の部分に 隣接していることを特徴とする請求項36に記載の射出成型プロセス。 38. キャビティとコアの間に形成されキャビティ空間の射出軸に沿って配列 された複数の連続部分を備えたキャビティ空間内に溶融した材料を射出するステ ップと; 前記溶融材料に対して同時に異なった温度を与えるための各部分に隣接した冷 却手段を用いてガラス転移温度まで前記溶融温度から前記溶融材料を冷却するス テップと; 冷却された前記部分の材料を金型排出手段を用いて前記金型コアから実質的に 変形を生じさせずに最も高い温度において取り出された直後に、前記キャビティ 空間から前記成型物体を排出するステップとを有する射出成型方法。 39. ブロー成型可能なポリエチレンテレフタレートプレフォーム物体を形成 するための金型であって、 成型される前記成型プレフォームのネック部分に螺子部分を形成するための金 型手段を備える第1の部分を含む少なくとも2つの部分からなる金型キャビティ と; 前記各金型キャビティと協動して加熱されたポリエチレンテレフタレート溶融 物を収容するキャビティ空間を形成する金型コアと; 前記キャビティ部分を独立して温度調節して、前記ポリエチレンテレフタレー トが前記溶融状体から前記ガラス状態にまで前記結晶 領域を通して冷却される間に前記各部分を異なった温度で冷却するための手段と を備えた金型。 40. 成型プレフォームのネック部分に螺子部分を形成するための金型手段を 備える第1の部分を含んだ少なくとも2つの部分からなる金型キャビティと; 前記金型キャビティと協動して加熱されたポリエチレンテレフタレート溶融物 を収容するキャビティ空間を形成する金型コアと; 前記ネック部分を独立して温度調節して、前記ポリエチレンテレフタレートが 前記溶融状体から前記ガラス状態及び前記結晶領域まで冷却される間に前記ネッ ク部分を異なった温度で冷却するための別体となった手段とを備えるブロー成型 可能なPETプレフォーム物体形成用の金型。 41. プラスチック物体のネック部分に隣接するネックリング部分と、前記ネ ックリング部分に備えられた冷却及び加熱手段とを備える射出成型プラスチック 物体に用いるネックリング。 42. 前記プラスチック物体の前記ネック部分の少なくとも一部に隣接する断 熱部を備えることを特徴とする請求項41に記載のネックリング。 43. 前記加熱手段は、前記ネックリングの少なくとも一部及び前記プラステ チック物体の前記ネックに隣接する部分を加熱するために駆動されることを特徴 とする請求項41に記載のネックリング。 44. 前記プラスチック物体の前記ネック部分に隣接した薄膜状ヒータを備え ることを特徴とする請求項41に記載のネックリング。 45. プラスチック物体に隣接するコア面と、コア内に冷却及び加熱手段を備 えることを特徴とする射出成型プラスチック物体に用いるコア。 46. 少なくとも2つの材料で形成された前記コア内にコアチューブを含むこ とを特徴とする請求項45に記載のコア。 47. 前記コアは、その面の少なくとも一部に内部断熱部を備えることを特徴 とする請求項45に記載のコア。 48. 前記コアは、その面の少なくとも一部わたって加熱手段を有しているこ とを特徴とする請求項45に記載のコア。 49. 前記加熱手段は、薄膜状ヒータであることを特徴とする請求項48に記 載のコア。 50. 前記コアの内側面は、前記コアの前記内側面を増加させると共に乱流を 発生させるための溝を有していることを特徴とする請求項45に記載のコア。
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| US4370397P | 1997-04-16 | 1997-04-16 | |
| US60/043,703 | 1997-04-16 | ||
| PCT/US1998/007061 WO1998046410A1 (en) | 1997-04-16 | 1998-04-09 | Partial crystallization method and apparatus of amorphous plastic articles |
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| JP2000511483A true JP2000511483A (ja) | 2000-09-05 |
| JP3388761B2 JP3388761B2 (ja) | 2003-03-24 |
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| US (4) | US6168740B1 (ja) |
| EP (2) | EP1825988B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP3388761B2 (ja) |
| CN (6) | CN101402250A (ja) |
| AT (2) | ATE368559T1 (ja) |
| AU (1) | AU6959798A (ja) |
| CA (4) | CA2494248A1 (ja) |
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| CA2228458C (en) * | 1998-02-02 | 2008-08-05 | Mold-Masters Limited | Injection molding cooled gate insert |
| CA2255798C (en) * | 1998-12-07 | 2008-06-17 | Jobst Ulrich Gellert | Injection molding cooling core having spiral grooves |
-
1998
- 1998-04-09 AU AU69597/98A patent/AU6959798A/en not_active Abandoned
- 1998-04-09 JP JP54403198A patent/JP3388761B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-09 CN CNA2008101295442A patent/CN101402250A/zh active Pending
- 1998-04-09 DE DE69838178T patent/DE69838178T2/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-09 CN CNB011088869A patent/CN100441391C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-09 AT AT98915402T patent/ATE368559T1/de active
- 1998-04-09 CA CA002494248A patent/CA2494248A1/en not_active Withdrawn
- 1998-04-09 CA CA002451119A patent/CA2451119C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-09 WO PCT/US1998/007061 patent/WO1998046410A1/en not_active Ceased
- 1998-04-09 CN CN2008101295438A patent/CN101402249B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-09 CA CA002286746A patent/CA2286746C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-09 CA CA002494247A patent/CA2494247C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-09 US US09/057,883 patent/US6168740B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-09 EP EP07075301A patent/EP1825988B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-09 AT AT07075301T patent/ATE523315T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-04-09 EP EP98915402A patent/EP1019234B1/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-04-09 CN CNB988041286A patent/CN1231341C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1998-04-09 CN CN200510073792A patent/CN100584573C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2000
- 2000-07-17 US US09/617,335 patent/US6413075B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
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2001
- 2001-04-11 US US09/832,547 patent/US6547553B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2001-04-11 US US09/832,552 patent/US6497569B2/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2001-12-30 CN CNB011396504A patent/CN1231343C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2003136589A (ja) * | 2001-11-06 | 2003-05-14 | Sumitomo Heavy Ind Ltd | プリフォームネック部の結晶化方法及びその装置 |
| JP2005515084A (ja) * | 2002-01-09 | 2005-05-26 | モールド‐マスターズ、リミテッド | 金型キャビティ内の溶融材料の温度を計測するための方法及び装置 |
| JP2006297775A (ja) * | 2005-04-21 | 2006-11-02 | Yoshino Kogyosho Co Ltd | プリフォーム用の保持治具および熱結晶化処理設備 |
| WO2013035443A1 (ja) * | 2011-09-09 | 2013-03-14 | ポリプラスチックス株式会社 | 樹脂複合成形体の製造方法、及び樹脂複合成形体 |
| WO2013051494A1 (ja) * | 2011-10-07 | 2013-04-11 | ポリプラスチックス株式会社 | 溶着体の製造方法 |
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