JPH07146295A - ラマン分光測定による免疫分析方法及び装置 - Google Patents
ラマン分光測定による免疫分析方法及び装置Info
- Publication number
- JPH07146295A JPH07146295A JP5314587A JP31458793A JPH07146295A JP H07146295 A JPH07146295 A JP H07146295A JP 5314587 A JP5314587 A JP 5314587A JP 31458793 A JP31458793 A JP 31458793A JP H07146295 A JPH07146295 A JP H07146295A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- light
- cell
- antigen
- sample
- colloid
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
- 238000001069 Raman spectroscopy Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 37
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 title abstract description 24
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 title abstract description 4
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title description 22
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 25
- 230000005284 excitation Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 24
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 239000000427 antigen Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 102000036639 antigens Human genes 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 108091007433 antigens Proteins 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 238000003018 immunoassay Methods 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000001678 irradiating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000001900 immune effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 abstract description 19
- 238000001237 Raman spectrum Methods 0.000 abstract description 10
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract description 9
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 8
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract description 8
- 238000002372 labelling Methods 0.000 abstract description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000004907 flux Effects 0.000 description 7
- BPYKTIZUTYGOLE-IFADSCNNSA-N Bilirubin Chemical compound N1C(=O)C(C)=C(C=C)\C1=C\C1=C(C)C(CCC(O)=O)=C(CC2=C(C(C)=C(\C=C/3C(=C(C=C)C(=O)N\3)C)N2)CCC(O)=O)N1 BPYKTIZUTYGOLE-IFADSCNNSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010586 diagram Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000008105 immune reaction Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000004445 quantitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 3
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 238000000149 argon plasma sintering Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004020 luminiscence type Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 3
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910001873 dinitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 230000036046 immunoreaction Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000010355 oscillation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002269 spontaneous effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000013076 target substance Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000001845 vibrational spectrum Methods 0.000 description 2
- 241000283707 Capra Species 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N alumane Chemical compound [AlH3] AZDRQVAHHNSJOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000002238 attenuated effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000005452 bending Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000112 cooling gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004925 denaturation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000036425 denaturation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000001704 evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008020 evaporation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000000605 extraction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZBKIUFWVEIBQRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold(1+) Chemical compound [Au+] ZBKIUFWVEIBQRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004848 nephelometry Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004451 qualitative analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003908 quality control method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010453 quartz Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000630 rising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000004879 turbidimetry Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N21/00—Investigating or analysing materials by the use of optical means, i.e. using sub-millimetre waves, infrared, visible or ultraviolet light
- G01N21/62—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light
- G01N21/63—Systems in which the material investigated is excited whereby it emits light or causes a change in wavelength of the incident light optically excited
- G01N21/65—Raman scattering
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
- G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
- G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
- G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
- G01N33/585—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances with a particulate label, e.g. coloured latex
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
- Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y10S436/00—Chemistry: analytical and immunological testing
- Y10S436/805—Optical property
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Immunology (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Pathology (AREA)
- Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Hematology (AREA)
- Cell Biology (AREA)
- Microbiology (AREA)
- Biotechnology (AREA)
- Nuclear Medicine, Radiotherapy & Molecular Imaging (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
Priority Applications (5)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5314587A JPH07146295A (ja) | 1993-11-19 | 1993-11-19 | ラマン分光測定による免疫分析方法及び装置 |
| DE69426642T DE69426642T2 (de) | 1993-11-19 | 1994-11-10 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Analyse der Immunität mit Ramanspektrometrie |
| EP94117767A EP0654670B1 (de) | 1993-11-19 | 1994-11-10 | Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Analyse der Immunität mit Ramanspektrometrie |
| US08/339,710 US5607643A (en) | 1993-11-19 | 1994-11-14 | Method of and apparatus for analyzing immuity by RAMAN spectrometry |
| US08/752,244 US5869346A (en) | 1993-11-19 | 1996-11-21 | Method of and apparatus for analyzing immunity by raman spectrometry |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5314587A JPH07146295A (ja) | 1993-11-19 | 1993-11-19 | ラマン分光測定による免疫分析方法及び装置 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPH07146295A true JPH07146295A (ja) | 1995-06-06 |
Family
ID=18055096
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP5314587A Pending JPH07146295A (ja) | 1993-11-19 | 1993-11-19 | ラマン分光測定による免疫分析方法及び装置 |
Country Status (4)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (2) | US5607643A (de) |
| EP (1) | EP0654670B1 (de) |
| JP (1) | JPH07146295A (de) |
| DE (1) | DE69426642T2 (de) |
Cited By (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH09171015A (ja) * | 1995-10-18 | 1997-06-30 | Kdk Corp | 尿中成分測定装置 |
| JP2003504642A (ja) * | 1999-07-16 | 2003-02-04 | ダブリューエム・マーシュ・ライス・ユニバーシティー | 生体感知用途のための金属微細シェル |
| WO2010101209A1 (ja) | 2009-03-04 | 2010-09-10 | 有限会社マイテック | 表面増強ラマン散乱活性測定基板 |
| US7829349B2 (en) | 2006-04-25 | 2010-11-09 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Base carrier for detecting target substance, element for detecting target substance, method for detecting target substance using the element, and kit for detecting target substance |
| WO2012033097A1 (ja) * | 2010-09-06 | 2012-03-15 | 有限会社マイテック | 金属錯体量子結晶の製造方法 |
| JP2012106242A (ja) * | 1997-02-28 | 2012-06-07 | Cepheid | 熱交換を行ない光学的に検出する化学反応アセンブリ |
| DE102015225871A1 (de) * | 2015-12-18 | 2017-06-22 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Verfahren der Stimulierten Raman-Mikroskopie und Mikroskop |
| TWI891308B (zh) * | 2020-06-18 | 2025-07-21 | 德商卡爾蔡司Smt有限公司 | 用於特徵化微影光罩的設備和方法 |
| JP7756407B1 (ja) * | 2024-11-20 | 2025-10-20 | シンバイオ製薬株式会社 | イムノアッセイ方法及びイムノアッセイ装置 |
Families Citing this family (31)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH07227299A (ja) * | 1994-02-14 | 1995-08-29 | Kyoto Daiichi Kagaku:Kk | Dnaの特定塩基配列の検出方法及びその装置 |
| US5750410A (en) * | 1994-08-26 | 1998-05-12 | Kyoto Dai-Ichi Kagaku Co., Ltd. | Method of and apparatus for immune analysis |
| JP3436982B2 (ja) * | 1994-08-03 | 2003-08-18 | アークレイ株式会社 | 免疫測定方法及びその装置 |
| DE69525226T2 (de) * | 1994-11-25 | 2002-06-27 | Kyoto Daiichi Kagaku Co. Ltd., Kyoto | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Bestimmung von Wasserstoffperoxid |
| US5828450A (en) * | 1995-07-19 | 1998-10-27 | Kyoto Dai-Ichi Kagaku Co., Ltd. | Spectral measuring apparatus and automatic analyzer |
| US6887430B1 (en) | 1996-01-26 | 2005-05-03 | Kyoto Dai-Ichi Kagaku Co., Ltd. | Apparatus for immune analysis |
| CN1122181C (zh) * | 1996-03-11 | 2003-09-24 | 株式会社京都第一科学 | 用于免疫分析的方法及装置 |
| US5866430A (en) * | 1996-06-13 | 1999-02-02 | Grow; Ann E. | Raman optrode processes and devices for detection of chemicals and microorganisms |
| US6558956B1 (en) | 1997-06-24 | 2003-05-06 | The University Of Wyoming | Method and apparatus for detection of a controlled substance |
| DE19729352A1 (de) * | 1997-07-09 | 1999-01-14 | Basf Ag | Zentrifugierverfahren zur Probencharakterisierung |
| GB9804083D0 (en) | 1998-02-26 | 1998-04-22 | Univ Strathclyde | Immunoassays |
| WO1999044045A1 (en) * | 1998-02-27 | 1999-09-02 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Single molecule detection with surface-enhanced raman scattering and applications in dna or rna sequencing |
| US6770488B1 (en) | 1999-03-19 | 2004-08-03 | The University Of Wyoming | Practical method and apparatus for analyte detection with colloidal particles |
| US6081328A (en) * | 1999-07-20 | 2000-06-27 | International Business Machines Corporation | Enhancement of raman scattering intensity of thin film contaminants on substrates |
| US6967717B1 (en) * | 2000-06-14 | 2005-11-22 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Navy | Thermo-electrically cooled surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy sensor system |
| US20030017620A1 (en) * | 2001-06-21 | 2003-01-23 | Carron Keith T. | Lyophilization of colloidal metals for surface enhanced Raman scattering |
| JPWO2003093835A1 (ja) * | 2002-04-30 | 2005-09-08 | アークレイ株式会社 | 分析用具の温調方法、および温調機能を備えた分析装置 |
| WO2006096468A2 (en) * | 2005-03-03 | 2006-09-14 | Sword Diagnostics, Inc. | Enhanced detection of biological and bioactive components by resonance raman spectroscopy |
| US8663575B2 (en) * | 2005-08-19 | 2014-03-04 | Canadian Blood Services | Sample holder for dynamic light scattering |
| US7842247B2 (en) | 2005-08-19 | 2010-11-30 | Canadian Blood Services | Sample holder for dynamic light scattering |
| JP4810304B2 (ja) * | 2006-05-12 | 2011-11-09 | キヤノン株式会社 | 化学センサ素子及びその製造方法 |
| US8039272B2 (en) | 2009-04-01 | 2011-10-18 | Nova Biomedical | Rapid quantification assay involving concentrated and ligand-coated gold colloid |
| CN103278491B (zh) * | 2009-11-25 | 2017-07-07 | 欧普图斯(苏州)光学纳米科技有限公司 | 用基于纳米结构的光谱检测方法检测化学物和生化物杂质 |
| US8696991B1 (en) | 2010-01-04 | 2014-04-15 | Harold W. Howe | Field deployable surface plasmon resonance based biosensor |
| WO2012012258A2 (en) * | 2010-07-21 | 2012-01-26 | First Solar, Inc. | Temperature-adjusted spectrometer |
| EP2893320B1 (de) * | 2012-08-20 | 2020-12-23 | Siemens Healthcare Diagnostics Inc. | Zweischaliges luminometer |
| WO2014121134A2 (en) * | 2013-02-01 | 2014-08-07 | State Of Oregon Acting By And Through The State Board Of Higher Education On Behalf Of Oregon State University | Embodiments of a composition comprising diatom frustules and a method for making and using |
| CN104535553A (zh) * | 2014-12-26 | 2015-04-22 | 杭州霆科生物科技有限公司 | 一种用于拉曼光谱的流动电解池 |
| WO2016133991A1 (en) | 2015-02-17 | 2016-08-25 | Xylem Ip Uk Sarl | Technique for temperature controlling polarimeter sample cells |
| FR3076352A1 (fr) * | 2017-12-28 | 2019-07-05 | Commissariat A L'energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives | Procede de determination d'un degre de polymerisation d'un polymere |
| CN116359200A (zh) * | 2023-03-01 | 2023-06-30 | 深圳大学 | 一种双金属纳米硅藻壳的拉曼传感器的构建方法及肌氨酸检测方法 |
Family Cites Families (14)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| FR1583216A (de) * | 1968-04-26 | 1969-10-24 | ||
| GB1375834A (de) * | 1970-12-09 | 1974-11-27 | ||
| US4053229A (en) * | 1976-01-13 | 1977-10-11 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Administrator Of The National Aeronautics And Space Administration | 2°/90° Laboratory scattering photometer |
| US4213703A (en) * | 1978-05-30 | 1980-07-22 | Beckman Instruments, Inc. | Photometer with stationary sample holder and rotatable shutter |
| JPS57118143A (en) * | 1981-01-14 | 1982-07-22 | Hitachi Ltd | Laser raman spectrochemical apparatus for removing fluorescence |
| US5241363A (en) * | 1989-07-10 | 1993-08-31 | General Atomics | Micropipette adaptor with temperature control for PCR amplification |
| US5092674A (en) * | 1989-07-10 | 1992-03-03 | General Atomics | Micropipette adaptor for spectrophotometers with temperature control |
| US5037200A (en) * | 1989-07-11 | 1991-08-06 | Tosoh Corporation | Laser-operated detector |
| WO1991006894A1 (en) * | 1989-10-18 | 1991-05-16 | Research Corporation Technologies, Inc. | Plasmon enhanced photo processes |
| US5266498A (en) * | 1989-10-27 | 1993-11-30 | Abbott Laboratories | Ligand binding assay for an analyte using surface-enhanced scattering (SERS) signal |
| US5376556A (en) * | 1989-10-27 | 1994-12-27 | Abbott Laboratories | Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy immunoassay |
| JPH0472549A (ja) * | 1990-07-13 | 1992-03-06 | Mitsubishi Electric Corp | 燃料性状検出装置 |
| DE4223840C2 (de) * | 1992-07-20 | 1994-06-16 | Zeiss Carl Jena Gmbh | Refraktometer |
| JP3343156B2 (ja) * | 1993-07-14 | 2002-11-11 | アークレイ株式会社 | 光学式成分濃度測定装置および方法 |
-
1993
- 1993-11-19 JP JP5314587A patent/JPH07146295A/ja active Pending
-
1994
- 1994-11-10 DE DE69426642T patent/DE69426642T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1994-11-10 EP EP94117767A patent/EP0654670B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1994-11-14 US US08/339,710 patent/US5607643A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1996
- 1996-11-21 US US08/752,244 patent/US5869346A/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Cited By (15)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH09171015A (ja) * | 1995-10-18 | 1997-06-30 | Kdk Corp | 尿中成分測定装置 |
| JP2012106242A (ja) * | 1997-02-28 | 2012-06-07 | Cepheid | 熱交換を行ない光学的に検出する化学反応アセンブリ |
| JP2003504642A (ja) * | 1999-07-16 | 2003-02-04 | ダブリューエム・マーシュ・ライス・ユニバーシティー | 生体感知用途のための金属微細シェル |
| US7829349B2 (en) | 2006-04-25 | 2010-11-09 | Canon Kabushiki Kaisha | Base carrier for detecting target substance, element for detecting target substance, method for detecting target substance using the element, and kit for detecting target substance |
| JP5466226B2 (ja) * | 2009-03-04 | 2014-04-09 | 有限会社マイテック | 表面増強ラマン散乱活性測定基板 |
| WO2010101209A1 (ja) | 2009-03-04 | 2010-09-10 | 有限会社マイテック | 表面増強ラマン散乱活性測定基板 |
| US9658163B2 (en) | 2009-03-04 | 2017-05-23 | Mytech Co., Ltd. | Assaying substrate with surface-enhanced raman scattering activity |
| WO2012033097A1 (ja) * | 2010-09-06 | 2012-03-15 | 有限会社マイテック | 金属錯体量子結晶の製造方法 |
| US9139907B2 (en) | 2010-09-06 | 2015-09-22 | Mytech Co., Ltd | Method for producing metal complex quantum crystals |
| JP5964234B2 (ja) * | 2010-09-06 | 2016-08-03 | 有限会社マイテック | 金属錯体量子結晶の製造方法 |
| JP2016197114A (ja) * | 2010-09-06 | 2016-11-24 | 有限会社マイテック | 量子結晶基板 |
| DE102015225871A1 (de) * | 2015-12-18 | 2017-06-22 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Verfahren der Stimulierten Raman-Mikroskopie und Mikroskop |
| DE102015225871B4 (de) * | 2015-12-18 | 2017-07-27 | Carl Zeiss Microscopy Gmbh | Verfahren der Stimulierten Raman-Mikroskopie und Mikroskop |
| TWI891308B (zh) * | 2020-06-18 | 2025-07-21 | 德商卡爾蔡司Smt有限公司 | 用於特徵化微影光罩的設備和方法 |
| JP7756407B1 (ja) * | 2024-11-20 | 2025-10-20 | シンバイオ製薬株式会社 | イムノアッセイ方法及びイムノアッセイ装置 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US5607643A (en) | 1997-03-04 |
| EP0654670B1 (de) | 2001-01-31 |
| DE69426642T2 (de) | 2001-08-02 |
| EP0654670A3 (de) | 1995-10-18 |
| EP0654670A2 (de) | 1995-05-24 |
| DE69426642D1 (de) | 2001-03-08 |
| US5869346A (en) | 1999-02-09 |
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