JPS5925781B2 - N−アルキル化アニリン化合物の製造法 - Google Patents
N−アルキル化アニリン化合物の製造法Info
- Publication number
- JPS5925781B2 JPS5925781B2 JP49072714A JP7271474A JPS5925781B2 JP S5925781 B2 JPS5925781 B2 JP S5925781B2 JP 49072714 A JP49072714 A JP 49072714A JP 7271474 A JP7271474 A JP 7271474A JP S5925781 B2 JPS5925781 B2 JP S5925781B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- alkyl
- hydrogen
- nitro
- butyl
- hno
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims description 6
- -1 N-alkylated aniline compound Chemical class 0.000 title description 28
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 49
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 47
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 47
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 47
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 34
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 30
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 29
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 27
- 239000011541 reaction mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 230000000802 nitrating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 16
- ZOTRFGNOTDLOAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dimethyl-n-pentan-3-ylaniline Chemical group CCC(CC)NC1=CC=C(C)C(C)=C1 ZOTRFGNOTDLOAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 15
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 15
- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 13
- 150000001448 anilines Chemical class 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000000449 nitro group Chemical group [O-][N+](*)=O 0.000 claims description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 9
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002431 hydrogen Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000006227 byproduct Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000006682 monohaloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 5
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000007126 N-alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003538 pentan-3-yl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004183 alkoxy alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 2
- 150000002832 nitroso derivatives Chemical class 0.000 claims 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 claims 1
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 46
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 41
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 36
- 238000006396 nitration reaction Methods 0.000 description 33
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 32
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 32
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrochloric acid Chemical compound Cl VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 28
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 27
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 description 25
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- FDPIMTJIUBPUKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-3-one Chemical compound CCC(=O)CC FDPIMTJIUBPUKL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 22
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 18
- 150000002576 ketones Chemical class 0.000 description 17
- ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Butanone Chemical group CCC(C)=O ZWEHNKRNPOVVGH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 16
- PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Aniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=CC=C1 PAYRUJLWNCNPSJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 14
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 13
- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 13
- DOLQYFPDPKPQSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dimethylaniline Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N)C=C1C DOLQYFPDPKPQSS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 150000004982 aromatic amines Chemical class 0.000 description 12
- 239000002243 precursor Substances 0.000 description 12
- 239000007858 starting material Substances 0.000 description 11
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000008096 xylene Substances 0.000 description 10
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- 150000007513 acids Chemical class 0.000 description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- LNOPIUAQISRISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n'-hydroxy-2-propan-2-ylsulfonylethanimidamide Chemical compound CC(C)S(=O)(=O)CC(N)=NO LNOPIUAQISRISI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-Hexane Chemical compound CCCCCC VLKZOEOYAKHREP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- QFUSCYRJMXLNRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical class NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=CC=C1[N+]([O-])=O QFUSCYRJMXLNRB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetone Chemical compound CC(C)=O CSCPPACGZOOCGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 8
- 239000008346 aqueous phase Substances 0.000 description 8
- KVBGVZZKJNLNJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=CC2=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C21 KVBGVZZKJNLNJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- CDULGHZNHURECF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dimethylaniline 2,4-dimethylaniline 2,5-dimethylaniline 2,6-dimethylaniline 3,4-dimethylaniline 3,5-dimethylaniline Chemical group CC1=CC=C(N)C(C)=C1.CC1=CC=C(C)C(N)=C1.CC1=CC(C)=CC(N)=C1.CC1=CC=C(N)C=C1C.CC1=CC=CC(N)=C1C.CC1=CC=CC(C)=C1N CDULGHZNHURECF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000012043 crude product Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 7
- UYRFXZMCMONWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butan-2-yl-3,4-dimethylaniline Chemical compound CCC(C)NC1=CC=C(C)C(C)=C1 UYRFXZMCMONWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000013076 target substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N Toluene Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1 YXFVVABEGXRONW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000000921 elemental analysis Methods 0.000 description 6
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N pentan-2-one Chemical compound CCCC(C)=O XNLICIUVMPYHGG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005932 reductive alkylation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 description 6
- 125000000229 (C1-C4)alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 5
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000008018 melting Effects 0.000 description 5
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 150000004008 N-nitroso compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phosphoric acid Chemical compound OP(O)(O)=O NBIIXXVUZAFLBC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 4
- WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N benzoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 WPYMKLBDIGXBTP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000003480 eluent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000005984 hydrogenation reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 4
- MIHBNYMMGYGFGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrophenyl)-n-pentan-3-ylnitrous amide Chemical compound CCC(CC)N(N=O)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O MIHBNYMMGYGFGX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NKPDMJBXCFNGSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butan-2-yl-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CCC(C)NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O NKPDMJBXCFNGSC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- VJAABRFQYRCZNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butan-2-yl-4-tert-butylaniline Chemical compound CCC(C)NC1=CC=C(C(C)(C)C)C=C1 VJAABRFQYRCZNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- CHIFOSRWCNZCFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N pendimethalin Chemical compound CCC(CC)NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O CHIFOSRWCNZCFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 235000011121 sodium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 4
- 238000004809 thin layer chromatography Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 4
- PFCHFHIRKBAQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-hexanone Chemical compound CCCC(=O)CC PFCHFHIRKBAQGU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 241000196324 Embryophyta Species 0.000 description 3
- 238000004566 IR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000009835 boiling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 3
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000004440 column chromatography Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000002363 herbicidal effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 description 3
- OIFSXNKXBJFNNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butan-2-yl-3-chloro-4-methylaniline Chemical compound CCC(C)NC1=CC=C(C)C(Cl)=C1 OIFSXNKXBJFNNG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000002828 nitro derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrobenzene Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 LQNUZADURLCDLV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000376 reactant Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000741 silica gel Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002027 silica gel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 238000004611 spectroscopical analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 3
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N toluene-4-sulfonic acid Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S(O)(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical group [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000005711 Benzoic acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Bromine atom Chemical compound [Br] WKBOTKDWSSQWDR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chloroform Chemical compound ClC(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorine Chemical compound FF PXGOKWXKJXAPGV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000010469 Glycine max Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 244000299507 Gossypium hirsutum Species 0.000 description 2
- 238000005481 NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 2
- BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silane Chemical compound [SiH4] BLRPTPMANUNPDV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium bicarbonate Chemical compound [Na+].OC([O-])=O UIIMBOGNXHQVGW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910000147 aluminium phosphate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000004429 atom Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 235000010233 benzoic acid Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N bromine Substances BrBr GDTBXPJZTBHREO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052794 bromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000003153 chemical reaction reagent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000004122 cyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 125000001995 cyclobutyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000003453 denitrosating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011737 fluorine Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052731 fluorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 2
- CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptan-2-one Chemical compound CCCCCC(C)=O CATSNJVOTSVZJV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- NGAZZOYFWWSOGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N heptan-3-one Chemical compound CCCCC(=O)CC NGAZZOYFWWSOGK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004009 herbicide Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000004811 liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000036244 malformation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 125000004108 n-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 238000007034 nitrosation reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 125000000018 nitroso group Chemical group N(=O)* 0.000 description 2
- 238000010534 nucleophilic substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000012044 organic layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 125000002924 primary amino group Chemical group [H]N([H])* 0.000 description 2
- 230000035484 reaction time Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910000077 silane Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetrachloromethane Chemical compound ClC(Cl)(Cl)Cl VZGDMQKNWNREIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 description 2
- 125000005913 (C3-C6) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- ULPMRIXXHGUZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N (R)-4-Methyl-3-hexanone Natural products CCC(C)C(=O)CC ULPMRIXXHGUZFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,1-Dichloroethane Chemical compound CC(Cl)Cl SCYULBFZEHDVBN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- APNSUHRNUVUCIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-chloropentan-3-one Chemical compound CCC(=O)CCCl APNSUHRNUVUCIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IYHKHKUEGSVBMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-methoxypentan-3-one Chemical compound CCC(=O)CCOC IYHKHKUEGSVBMS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CGNBQYFXGQHUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,3-dinitroaniline Chemical class NC1=CC=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1[N+]([O-])=O CGNBQYFXGQHUQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSCSQMIRKUSCQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-diethyl-2,6-dinitro-n-propan-2-ylaniline Chemical compound CCC1=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C(NC(C)C)C([N+]([O-])=O)=C1CC RSCSQMIRKUSCQT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NYWYVPJGXSWDEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-n,n-dipropylaniline Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O NYWYVPJGXSWDEQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYUBPCNMZPYCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitro-n-propan-2-ylaniline Chemical compound CC(C)NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O OYUBPCNMZPYCJP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LXAFKQMKKXFYRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dimethyl-2-nitro-n-pentan-3-ylaniline Chemical group CCC(CC)NC1=CC=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O LXAFKQMKKXFYRJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OQAIEKNGRUJACL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3,4-dimethyl-n-propan-2-ylaniline Chemical compound CC(C)NC1=CC=C(C)C(C)=C1 OQAIEKNGRUJACL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NYPUAFUSYNRJNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(methoxymethyl)-4-methyl-n-pentan-3-ylaniline Chemical compound CCC(CC)NC1=CC=C(C)C(COC)=C1 NYPUAFUSYNRJNA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HJGXZLXQQPSCMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(methoxymethyl)-n-pentan-3-yl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline Chemical compound CCC(CC)NC1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C(COC)=C1 HJGXZLXQQPSCMQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XWCKVTPDJIKDEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chloro-4-methyl-2,6-dinitro-n,n-dipropylaniline Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(Cl)=C1[N+]([O-])=O XWCKVTPDJIKDEG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDCVNHLJWCXJQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chloro-n,n-diethyl-4-methyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CCN(CC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(Cl)=C1[N+]([O-])=O CDCVNHLJWCXJQH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RQKFYFNZSHWXAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chloro-p-toluidine Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N)C=C1Cl RQKFYFNZSHWXAW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RCHMRIXFRMRATD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethoxy-4-methyl-2,6-dinitro-n,n-dipropylaniline Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(OCC)=C1[N+]([O-])=O RCHMRIXFRMRATD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGNZPDAMQVAENC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethoxy-4-methyl-n-pentan-2-ylaniline Chemical compound CCCC(C)NC1=CC=C(C)C(OCC)=C1 AGNZPDAMQVAENC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HHAPSLUXHAXDLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-ethyl-2,6-dinitro-n-propan-2-yl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline Chemical compound CCC1=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C([N+]([O-])=O)C(NC(C)C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O HHAPSLUXHAXDLY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PAPZOIOWDRYNEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-2,6-dinitro-n-pentan-3-yl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline Chemical compound CCC(CC)NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C(F)(F)F)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O PAPZOIOWDRYNEN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HUEIVFRAOUXWGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-2,6-dinitro-n-propyl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline Chemical compound CCCNC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C(F)(F)F)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O HUEIVFRAOUXWGI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JYTFVCIATXQTHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-methyl-n-pentan-3-yl-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline Chemical compound CCC(CC)NC1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C(C)=C1 JYTFVCIATXQTHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXVONLUNISGICL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,6-dinitro-o-cresol Chemical group CC1=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1O ZXVONLUNISGICL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DBEGABZQNNHBEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-chloro-3-methyl-2,6-dinitro-n,n-dipropylaniline Chemical compound CCCN(CCC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(Cl)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O DBEGABZQNNHBEW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- GTBGLCILSXEPOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-chloro-n,n,3-trimethyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(Cl)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O GTBGLCILSXEPOQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SCULPRDRPFRJGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-chloro-n,n-diethyl-3-methyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CCN(CC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(Cl)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O SCULPRDRPFRJGE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- TYMLOMAKGOJONV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-nitroaniline Chemical class NC1=CC=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C1 TYMLOMAKGOJONV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ODGIMMLDVSWADK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-trifluoromethylaniline Chemical compound NC1=CC=C(C(F)(F)F)C=C1 ODGIMMLDVSWADK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N hexamethylenetetramine Chemical compound C1N(C2)CN3CN1CN2C3 VKYKSIONXSXAKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000005457 ice water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000000338 in vitro Methods 0.000 description 1
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- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 description 1
- NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L iron dichloride Chemical compound Cl[Fe]Cl NMCUIPGRVMDVDB-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 125000001449 isopropyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 1
- JJYPMNFTHPTTDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N meta-toluidine Natural products CC1=CC=CC(N)=C1 JJYPMNFTHPTTDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000004706 metal oxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004170 methylsulfonyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])S(*)(=O)=O 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002763 monocarboxylic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- NRMYUJBWRRMJDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n,3,4-tetramethyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CN(C)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O NRMYUJBWRRMJDZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- DZGNLHAJKBYQLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-bis(2-chloroethyl)-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CC1=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C(N(CCCl)CCCl)C([N+]([O-])=O)=C1C DZGNLHAJKBYQLS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OZOUCVPMAZQVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-bis(2-chloroethyl)-3,4-dimethylaniline Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(N(CCCl)CCCl)C=C1C OZOUCVPMAZQVOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XKUWFOYPQIVFMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-bis(2-chloroethyl)-4-methyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CC1=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C(N(CCCl)CCCl)C([N+]([O-])=O)=C1 XKUWFOYPQIVFMM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YSWMVWWXZLNNLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-dibutyl-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CCCCN(CCCC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O YSWMVWWXZLNNLF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PCYJWAIMNQMEKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diethyl-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CCN(CC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O PCYJWAIMNQMEKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RSDNOTLHFVGRID-UHFFFAOYSA-N n,n-diethyl-3-methoxy-4-methyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CCN(CC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(OC)=C1[N+]([O-])=O RSDNOTLHFVGRID-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- MERHDLUCOZIMJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(2-chloroethyl)-n,3,4-trimethyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound ClCCN(C)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O MERHDLUCOZIMJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XALJBLCXNVTGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-(3,4-dimethylphenyl)-n-nitronitramide Chemical group CC1=CC=C(N([N+]([O-])=O)[N+]([O-])=O)C=C1C XALJBLCXNVTGMH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OSONHUUMLPGWPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butan-2-yl-3,4-dimethyl-2-nitroaniline Chemical compound CCC(C)NC1=CC=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O OSONHUUMLPGWPQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RCDQLHUTVHEJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butan-2-yl-3-methoxy-4-methyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CCC(C)NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(OC)=C1[N+]([O-])=O RCDQLHUTVHEJSV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JOCIBTOQHZBCTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butan-2-yl-3-methyl-2,6-dinitro-4-(trifluoromethyl)aniline Chemical compound CCC(C)NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C(F)(F)F)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O JOCIBTOQHZBCTH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QYNBFLGNBJWLFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butan-2-yl-4-methyl-2,6-dinitro-3-propan-2-ylaniline Chemical compound CCC(C)NC1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C(C)C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O QYNBFLGNBJWLFV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NUSCSIGZZCTURT-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butan-2-yl-4-tert-butyl-3-methylaniline Chemical compound CCC(C)NC1=CC=C(C(C)(C)C)C(C)=C1 NUSCSIGZZCTURT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JPEZSTABLOULFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butan-2-yl-n-(3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitrophenyl)nitrous amide Chemical compound CCC(C)N(N=O)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O JPEZSTABLOULFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PEEYSGCDTNILEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-butyl-n-ethyl-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CCCCN(CC)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O PEEYSGCDTNILEF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ABLOYYZKKUMNKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-cyclobutyl-3,4-dimethyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound [O-][N+](=O)C1=C(C)C(C)=CC([N+]([O-])=O)=C1NC1CCC1 ABLOYYZKKUMNKF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VFOYZPFFJWXAET-UHFFFAOYSA-N n-ethyl-n,3,4-trimethyl-2,6-dinitroaniline Chemical compound CCN(C)C1=C([N+]([O-])=O)C=C(C)C(C)=C1[N+]([O-])=O VFOYZPFFJWXAET-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001280 n-hexyl group Chemical group C(CCCCC)* 0.000 description 1
- 125000000740 n-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- 125000004123 n-propyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N naphthalene-1-sulfonic acid Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=CC2=C1 PSZYNBSKGUBXEH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001338 necrotic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229940005654 nitrite ion Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 125000004433 nitrogen atom Chemical group N* 0.000 description 1
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen(.) Chemical compound [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitromethane Chemical compound C[N+]([O-])=O LYGJENNIWJXYER-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009935 nitrosation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010899 nucleation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000005489 p-toluenesulfonic acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005191 phase separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910000027 potassium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000004382 potting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- OVARTBFNCCXQKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-2-one;hydrate Chemical compound O.CC(C)=O OVARTBFNCCXQKS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000000746 purification Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000717 retained effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007789 sealing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003548 sec-pentyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000007086 side reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000004756 silanes Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000017557 sodium bicarbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910000030 sodium bicarbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BEOOHQFXGBMRKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium cyanoborohydride Chemical compound [Na+].[B-]C#N BEOOHQFXGBMRKU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000009331 sowing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000005415 substituted alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 230000000475 sunscreen effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000000516 sunscreening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000725 suspension Substances 0.000 description 1
- 208000024891 symptom Diseases 0.000 description 1
- 239000013077 target material Substances 0.000 description 1
- YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N trichloroacetic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(Cl)(Cl)Cl YNJBWRMUSHSURL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000007738 vacuum evaporation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000007 visual effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004383 yellowing Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07B—GENERAL METHODS OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C07B43/00—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing nitrogen
- C07B43/02—Formation or introduction of functional groups containing nitrogen of nitro or nitroso groups
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (6)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US37307873A | 1973-06-25 | 1973-06-25 | |
| US37307973A | 1973-06-25 | 1973-06-25 | |
| US37307773A | 1973-06-25 | 1973-06-25 | |
| US373077 | 1973-06-25 | ||
| US373078 | 1973-06-25 | ||
| US373079 | 1989-06-29 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS5052033A JPS5052033A (cs) | 1975-05-09 |
| JPS5925781B2 true JPS5925781B2 (ja) | 1984-06-21 |
Family
ID=27409108
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP49072714A Expired JPS5925781B2 (ja) | 1973-06-25 | 1974-06-25 | N−アルキル化アニリン化合物の製造法 |
Country Status (20)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| JP (1) | JPS5925781B2 (cs) |
| AR (1) | AR214707A1 (cs) |
| BG (1) | BG25788A3 (cs) |
| BR (1) | BR7405158D0 (cs) |
| CH (3) | CH605612A5 (cs) |
| CS (3) | CS184848B2 (cs) |
| DD (3) | DD115111A5 (cs) |
| DE (1) | DE2429958C2 (cs) |
| DK (1) | DK152751C (cs) |
| FR (1) | FR2233937A1 (cs) |
| HU (1) | HU170762B (cs) |
| IL (1) | IL44927A (cs) |
| IN (1) | IN139715B (cs) |
| IT (1) | IT1016118B (cs) |
| NL (2) | NL183579C (cs) |
| PL (1) | PL93741B1 (cs) |
| RO (2) | RO70074A (cs) |
| SE (1) | SE416198B (cs) |
| SU (1) | SU897108A3 (cs) |
| YU (1) | YU39721B (cs) |
Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| EP0024503B1 (en) * | 1979-08-24 | 1983-06-15 | American Cyanamid Company | N-denitration of n,2,6-trinitroanilines with phase transfer catalysts |
| CN109320424B (zh) * | 2017-07-31 | 2021-12-21 | 江苏永安化工有限公司 | 一种二甲戊灵的纯化方法 |
Family Cites Families (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| DE1207397B (de) * | 1963-06-22 | 1965-12-23 | Hoechst Ag | Verfahren zur Herstellung von 4-Chlor- und 4-Methoxy-2, 6-dinitranilin |
| US3504033A (en) * | 1967-09-08 | 1970-03-31 | American Cyanamid Co | Process for preparing n-tertiary-alkylanilines and their hydrohalide salts |
-
1974
- 1974-05-30 IL IL44927A patent/IL44927A/xx unknown
- 1974-05-31 IN IN1198/CAL/74A patent/IN139715B/en unknown
- 1974-06-10 AR AR254137A patent/AR214707A1/es active
- 1974-06-20 IT IT51637/74A patent/IT1016118B/it active
- 1974-06-21 YU YU1748/74A patent/YU39721B/xx unknown
- 1974-06-21 DE DE2429958A patent/DE2429958C2/de not_active Expired
- 1974-06-24 BR BR5158/74A patent/BR7405158D0/pt unknown
- 1974-06-24 PL PL1974172146A patent/PL93741B1/pl unknown
- 1974-06-24 HU HU74AE00000418A patent/HU170762B/hu unknown
- 1974-06-24 DK DK338974A patent/DK152751C/da not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-06-24 SE SE7408285A patent/SE416198B/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-06-24 SU SU742038395A patent/SU897108A3/ru active
- 1974-06-25 RO RO7479298A patent/RO70074A/ro unknown
- 1974-06-25 DD DD179464A patent/DD115111A5/xx unknown
- 1974-06-25 BG BG027074A patent/BG25788A3/xx unknown
- 1974-06-25 DD DD188248A patent/DD120431A5/xx unknown
- 1974-06-25 JP JP49072714A patent/JPS5925781B2/ja not_active Expired
- 1974-06-25 CH CH1229377A patent/CH605612A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-06-25 NL NLAANVRAGE7408514,A patent/NL183579C/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-06-25 CS CS7600006395A patent/CS184848B2/cs unknown
- 1974-06-25 DD DD188247A patent/DD120432A5/xx unknown
- 1974-06-25 CS CS7600006394A patent/CS184847B2/cs unknown
- 1974-06-25 FR FR7422133A patent/FR2233937A1/fr active Granted
- 1974-06-25 CH CH872274A patent/CH605613A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-06-25 RO RO7488141A patent/RO70150A/ro unknown
- 1974-06-25 CH CH1229277A patent/CH605618A5/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1974-06-25 CS CS7400004463A patent/CS184828B2/cs unknown
-
1988
- 1988-01-08 NL NL8800037A patent/NL8800037A/nl active Search and Examination
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