SK283346B6 - Kvartérne amóniové zlúčeniny, spôsob a medziprodukty na ich prípravu, ich použitie a farmaceutické prostriedky na ich báze - Google Patents
Kvartérne amóniové zlúčeniny, spôsob a medziprodukty na ich prípravu, ich použitie a farmaceutické prostriedky na ich báze Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- SK283346B6 SK283346B6 SK1744-99A SK174499A SK283346B6 SK 283346 B6 SK283346 B6 SK 283346B6 SK 174499 A SK174499 A SK 174499A SK 283346 B6 SK283346 B6 SK 283346B6
- Authority
- SK
- Slovakia
- Prior art keywords
- phenyl
- dichlorophenyl
- compound
- group
- preparation
- Prior art date
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- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 178
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 21
- 239000000543 intermediate Substances 0.000 title claims description 4
- 239000008194 pharmaceutical composition Substances 0.000 title claims description 3
- 150000003868 ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 title 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 139
- -1 2,3-dihydrobenzo[b]furanyl Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 105
- 125000001997 phenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 125000000753 cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 18
- 150000001450 anions Chemical class 0.000 claims abstract description 17
- 125000001424 substituent group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 15
- 125000004178 (C1-C4) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000001072 heteroaryl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 13
- 125000001153 fluoro group Chemical group F* 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000001624 naphthyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000001544 thienyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 10
- 125000000229 (C1-C4)alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000004093 cyano group Chemical group *C#N 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 125000001797 benzyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(C([H])=C1[H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 125000000951 phenoxy group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C(O*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 125000004453 alkoxycarbonyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 125000002915 carbonyl group Chemical group [*:2]C([*:1])=O 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 125000003016 chromanyl group Chemical group O1C(CCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 125000001041 indolyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 125000004076 pyridyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract description 3
- 125000002252 acyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims abstract 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 claims description 122
- 208000037265 diseases, disorders, signs and symptoms Diseases 0.000 claims description 43
- 125000004189 3,4-dichlorophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(Cl)=C(Cl)C([H])=C1* 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000000460 chlorine Chemical group 0.000 claims description 32
- 208000035475 disorder Diseases 0.000 claims description 25
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 23
- 201000010099 disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 18
- 125000001622 2-naphthyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C([H])=C2C([H])=C(*)C([H])=C([H])C2=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 claims description 13
- 125000004204 2-methoxyphenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(*)=C(OC([H])([H])[H])C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 11
- AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanesulfonic acid Chemical compound CS(O)(=O)=O AFVFQIVMOAPDHO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
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- 125000000217 alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 10
- 108010072901 Tachykinin Receptors Proteins 0.000 claims description 9
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- 125000000113 cyclohexyl group Chemical group [H]C1([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])C1([H])[H] 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000011282 treatment Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 210000003169 central nervous system Anatomy 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001309 chloro group Chemical group Cl* 0.000 claims description 8
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical class 0.000 claims description 8
- 125000001495 ethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 claims description 7
- VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M Chloride anion Chemical compound [Cl-] VEXZGXHMUGYJMC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 201000004624 Dermatitis Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Hydrogen Chemical compound [H][H] UFHFLCQGNIYNRP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
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- 230000003042 antagnostic effect Effects 0.000 claims description 6
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- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical group [H]* 0.000 claims description 6
- 230000009610 hypersensitivity Effects 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000001570 methylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 6
- 208000033808 peripheral neuropathy Diseases 0.000 claims description 6
- 150000003856 quaternary ammonium compounds Chemical class 0.000 claims description 6
- 125000002023 trifluoromethyl group Chemical group FC(F)(F)* 0.000 claims description 6
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- 208000032131 Diabetic Neuropathies Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
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- 208000022559 Inflammatory bowel disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
- 208000019693 Lung disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
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- 108010046334 Urease Proteins 0.000 claims description 5
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- 206010003246 arthritis Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
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- 206010009887 colitis Diseases 0.000 claims description 5
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- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 5
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- 206010012438 Dermatitis atopic Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
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- 239000003814 drug Substances 0.000 claims description 4
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- 125000004428 fluoroalkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 4
- 208000021302 gastroesophageal reflux disease Diseases 0.000 claims description 4
- QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen group Chemical group [N] QJGQUHMNIGDVPM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 231100000572 poisoning Toxicity 0.000 claims description 4
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- 208000023890 Complex Regional Pain Syndromes Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 206010036376 Postherpetic Neuralgia Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 206010039085 Rhinitis allergic Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 201000010105 allergic rhinitis Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052801 chlorine Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 208000014439 complex regional pain syndrome type 2 Diseases 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000005951 trifluoromethanesulfonyloxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 3
- 125000004201 2,4-dichlorophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(*)=C(Cl)C([H])=C1Cl 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000004182 2-chlorophenyl group Chemical group [H]C1=C([H])C(Cl)=C(*)C([H])=C1[H] 0.000 claims description 2
- CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M Bromide Chemical compound [Br-] CPELXLSAUQHCOX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical group [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910002651 NO3 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitrate Chemical compound [O-][N+]([O-])=O NHNBFGGVMKEFGY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sulfate Chemical compound [O-]S([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 claims description 2
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical group [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000003545 alkoxy group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229940077388 benzenesulfonate Drugs 0.000 claims description 2
- SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-M benzenesulfonate Chemical compound [O-]S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 SRSXLGNVWSONIS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000005605 benzo group Chemical group 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001246 bromo group Chemical group Br* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000003085 diluting agent Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000000816 ethylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000002346 iodo group Chemical group I* 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 206010039083 rhinitis Diseases 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000002462 tachykinin receptor antagonist Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000001712 tetrahydronaphthyl group Chemical group C1(CCCC2=CC=CC=C12)* 0.000 claims description 2
- JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M toluene-4-sulfonate Chemical compound CC1=CC=C(S([O-])(=O)=O)C=C1 JOXIMZWYDAKGHI-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 2
- 125000006272 (C3-C7) cycloalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- WAAMLEYKDDMXCE-LYRHXRSDSA-M [1-[(2s)-2-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-4-(4-phenyl-1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octan-1-yl)butyl]imidazol-2-yl]-(5,6,7,8-tetrahydronaphthalen-1-yl)methanone;methanesulfonate Chemical compound CS([O-])(=O)=O.C1=C(Cl)C(Cl)=CC=C1[C@@H](CN1C(=NC=C1)C(=O)C=1C=2CCCCC=2C=CC=1)CC[N+]1(CC2)CCC2(C=2C=CC=CC=2)CC1 WAAMLEYKDDMXCE-LYRHXRSDSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- SZMUSGRLLRWRIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N [4-methoxy-3-propan-2-yloxy-2-(trifluoromethoxy)phenyl] hypofluorite Chemical group COC1=C(C(=C(OF)C=C1)OC(F)(F)F)OC(C)C SZMUSGRLLRWRIV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 208000015114 central nervous system disease Diseases 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002496 gastric effect Effects 0.000 claims 1
- QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M hydrogensulfate Chemical compound OS([O-])(=O)=O QAOWNCQODCNURD-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 125000005843 halogen group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 6
- 239000005557 antagonist Substances 0.000 abstract description 5
- 125000002861 (C1-C4) alkanoyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract description 2
- 102000003141 Tachykinin Human genes 0.000 abstract description 2
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- 125000004169 (C1-C6) alkyl group Chemical group 0.000 abstract 1
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 abstract 1
- YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dichloromethane Chemical compound ClCCl YMWUJEATGCHHMB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 258
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 134
- 238000005160 1H NMR spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 120
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 114
- HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N Trichloro(2H)methane Chemical compound [2H]C(Cl)(Cl)Cl HEDRZPFGACZZDS-MICDWDOJSA-N 0.000 description 100
- RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N Diethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCC RTZKZFJDLAIYFH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 99
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 93
- WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetonitrile Chemical compound CC#N WEVYAHXRMPXWCK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 72
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- PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Sulfate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O PMZURENOXWZQFD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 37
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- 239000012074 organic phase Substances 0.000 description 34
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- 239000012267 brine Substances 0.000 description 23
- HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium;chloride;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Cl-] HPALAKNZSZLMCH-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 23
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 22
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- 238000010992 reflux Methods 0.000 description 17
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- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 16
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
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- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 13
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- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 10
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- OVFCSRJZUQAXOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2]octane;methanesulfonate Chemical compound CS([O-])(=O)=O.C1CC2CC[NH+]1CC2 OVFCSRJZUQAXOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
- KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N citric acid Chemical compound OC(=O)CC(O)(C(O)=O)CC(O)=O KRKNYBCHXYNGOX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 9
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- CSKNWIPXDBBWRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4-phenyl-1-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane Chemical compound C1CN(CC2)CCC21C1=CC=CC=C1 CSKNWIPXDBBWRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
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- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 5
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- C07D231/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings
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- C07D231/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,2-diazole or hydrogenated 1,2-diazole rings not condensed with other rings having two or three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms, hydrocarbon or substituted hydrocarbon radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
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- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D233/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings
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- C07D233/56—Heterocyclic compounds containing 1,3-diazole or hydrogenated 1,3-diazole rings, not condensed with other rings having two double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members with only hydrogen atoms or radicals containing only hydrogen and carbon atoms, attached to ring carbon atoms
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
- C07D249/08—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D405/06—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a carbon chain containing only aliphatic carbon atoms
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
- C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
- C07D405/14—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing three or more hetero rings
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D453/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids
- C07D453/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing quinuclidine or iso-quinuclidine ring systems, e.g. quinine alkaloids containing not further condensed quinuclidine ring systems
Landscapes
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
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Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| GBGB9712882.1A GB9712882D0 (en) | 1997-06-18 | 1997-06-18 | Quaternary ammonium compounds |
| PCT/EP1998/003500 WO1998057972A1 (en) | 1997-06-18 | 1998-06-05 | Quaternary ammonium compounds as tachykinin antagonists |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| SK174499A3 SK174499A3 (en) | 2001-05-10 |
| SK283346B6 true SK283346B6 (sk) | 2003-06-03 |
Family
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Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| SK1744-99A SK283346B6 (sk) | 1997-06-18 | 1998-06-05 | Kvartérne amóniové zlúčeniny, spôsob a medziprodukty na ich prípravu, ich použitie a farmaceutické prostriedky na ich báze |
Country Status (43)
Families Citing this family (8)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US6919372B1 (en) * | 1997-12-26 | 2005-07-19 | Yamanouchi Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. | Sustained release pharmaceutical compositions |
| JP4546589B2 (ja) * | 1998-04-23 | 2010-09-15 | 武田薬品工業株式会社 | ナフタレン誘導体 |
| CA2412355A1 (en) * | 2000-06-12 | 2001-12-20 | University Of Rochester | Method of treating symptoms of hormonal variation, including hot flashes, using tachykinin receptor antagonist |
| WO2002046156A2 (en) * | 2000-12-06 | 2002-06-13 | Sepracor, Inc. | 4,4-disubstituted piperidines for use as dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine ligands |
| US20060205724A1 (en) * | 2002-05-29 | 2006-09-14 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Antagonizing nk-1 receptors inhibits consumption of substances of abuse |
| WO2004091597A2 (en) * | 2003-04-15 | 2004-10-28 | Pharmacia & Upjohn Company Llc | Method of treating irritable bowel syndrome (ibs) |
| CN1980896A (zh) * | 2004-05-07 | 2007-06-13 | 詹森药业有限公司 | 咪唑衍生物的可放大合成 |
| EP2117538A1 (de) | 2007-01-24 | 2009-11-18 | Glaxo Group Limited | Pharmazeutische zusammensetzungen mit 2-methoxy-5- (5-trifluoromethyl-tetrazol-i-yl-benzyl) - (2s-phenyl-piperidin-3s-yl-) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US3991201A (en) * | 1974-06-27 | 1976-11-09 | Janssen Pharmaceutica N.V. | 1-(β-Aryl-β-R-ethyl)imidazoles as antimicrobial agents |
| US5583134A (en) * | 1992-09-30 | 1996-12-10 | Sanofi | 1-azoniabicyclo[2.2.2] octanes and pharmaceutical compositions in which they are present |
| FR2696178B1 (fr) * | 1992-09-30 | 1994-12-30 | Sanofi Elf | Amides basiques quaternaires, procédé pour leur préparation et compositions pharmaceutiques en contenant. |
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1997
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1998
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- 1998-06-05 DE DE69826129T patent/DE69826129T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
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- 1998-06-05 EA EA199900986A patent/EA002424B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1998-06-05 IL IL15562198A patent/IL155621A0/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
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- 1998-06-05 EP EP98932148A patent/EP0994876B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1998-06-05 AU AU82153/98A patent/AU726027B2/en not_active Ceased
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- 1998-06-05 HU HU0003962A patent/HUP0003962A3/hu unknown
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- 1998-06-08 PE PE1998000468A patent/PE80099A1/es not_active Application Discontinuation
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1999
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2000
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