TWI343060B - Fire-resistant wire/cable - Google Patents
Fire-resistant wire/cable Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- TWI343060B TWI343060B TW95148155A TW95148155A TWI343060B TW I343060 B TWI343060 B TW I343060B TW 95148155 A TW95148155 A TW 95148155A TW 95148155 A TW95148155 A TW 95148155A TW I343060 B TWI343060 B TW I343060B
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- Taiwan
- Prior art keywords
- cable
- organic
- burning
- wire
- inorganic
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Description
1343060 九、發明說明: 【發明所屬之技術領域】 本發明係有關於一種具有環保型防火絕緣層及/或外 覆層之耐火電線/電纜。 【先前技術】
由於近年來台灣經濟成長快速,帶動營建業亦蓬勃發 展,伴隨而來的是對於建築物消防觀念的提升。根據内政 4消防署的統計,民國93年台灣地區總共發生11起火 火事件,較民國92年的8,642起與88年的18,254起均減 少了相當大的幅度,此良性現象與近來國人防火觀念提升 與建築物防火設施的逐漸普遍使用有關。但就我國因火災 所造成的損失來看,93年死亡人數高達16〇人,所造成的 財物扣、失更局達2(M意8千592 $ 4千元,顯示X哭所造成 的損失仍相當嚴重。因此’除了建築業者需就防火逃生 全作更有效之空間規劃外,最重要的防火對策即是防火 燃阻燃材料的使用。在建築材料、裝修(飾)材料、室 與室外用電線電纜以及居家用物品等其材料本質的選 上’易燃性的材料應盡量減少使用,而需使用具有防焰 阻燃性及耐燃性防火材料,以免火源產生後燃燒快速 大’造成災害-發不可收拾。而隨著建築物高度鱼密戶 速提升’火災產生源以及蔓延因子增加,人員消防^ 加不易,故所使用之防火耐燃阻燃材料其應用 以及防火能力亦需隨之提升。 <州曰 esmond 0954-A2l260ClP3TWF(N2):P549501^4TW; 5 1343060 -j 防火耐燃阻燃材料之中,室内與室外用阻燃電線電纜 是一相當重要的課題。電線電纜為電能之傳輸傳遞媒介, 應用相當廣泛,建築營造、公共工程、電信、電子、電機 及資訊等領域使用均極為普遍,正因電線電纜的大量使 用,由於電線電纜走火而造成火焰蔓延釀成重大火災的事 故更是屢見不鮮,為了防止此類事故不斷發生,電線電纜 的阻燃性必須要提升。現行電線電纜的絕緣層與外覆(被覆) 層材料有相當多種類,主要可分為熱塑性與熱固性兩類。 • 熱塑性有 PVC、LDPE、HDPE、PP、PU、nylon 與鐵氟龍 等,而熱固性則有 SBR、NBR、EPR、EPT 與 silicone rubber 等種類,這些材料中使用最大量的為聚氣乙烯(PVC)與聚烯 烴(polyolefin)或其共聚物,其中又以PE為最(表一)。PE 體積電阻極高(>1017 Ω-cm)、絕緣性與機械性質優良,但 而才燃性極差,為一種極易燃之物質,為提昇PE的财燃性 質會添加鹵素系、鱗系或無機系的難燃劑。而PVC體積電 阻高(1013-10150-〇11)、絕緣性與機械性質亦相當優良,而 ® 且阻燃性較其他材料如PE來的優良,故被用於取代PE作 為各種電線電纜之阻燃絕緣層與外覆(被覆)層。然而由於 鹵素系難燃劑與PVC含有溴與氣的成分,雖然鹵素成分能 夠提升材料的阻燃性,但燃燒後會產生毒性氣體,對於環 境與人體會造成相當大的危害,且2006年歐盟的 RoHS(Restriction on the use of certain Hazardous)法規,禁 用PBBs、PBDEs含鹵素難燃劑的塑膠材料,世界各國亦 對於含鹵素成分的物質加以越來越多的規範,故在此一趨
0954-A21260CIP3TWF(N2):P54950l24TW;esm〇ncJ 6 1343060 勢下,將來含有對環境具破壞性的鹵素系物質使用限制必 定會越來越嚴苛,鹵素系難燃劑與PVC的使用必定會越來 越受限。因此,電線電纜用非鹵素系環保型阻燃外覆(被覆) 層材料在近年漸漸成為電線電纜研發與生產的重點。 表一、一般電力線用PE與PVC特性比較表 材料名稱 PVC PE 項目 絕緣用 被覆用 絕緣用 被覆用 電器特性 ------- 體積固有電阻Ω-cm 1013〜1015 - 1017以上 - 絕緣耐壓kv/mm 25 〜35 - 40^50 - 機械特性 抗張強度kg/mm2 1.0-2.3 1.0-2.3 1.5-1.8 1.9-2.5 伸長率% 150-300 150-350 400-700 500-800 化學特性 财溶劑性耐油 (汽油變壓器油、重油) 良 良 耐酸性(鹽酸、硫酸等) 良 良 而于驗性 濃度高時PVC稍微硬化 良 物理特性 耐熱性 100°C以上時PVC變形 100°C以上時PE溶解 耐寒性 一身έ用 PVC 耐寒-15°C~25°C 耐寒用PVC-40°C不龜裂 -50°C40°C不龜裂 耐燃性 火焰移開自行熄滅 火焰移開繼續燃燒
以現行電線電纜阻燃絕緣層與外覆(被覆)層材料而 Φ 言’由於PVC具有極佳的阻燃性質,故PVC是最廣泛被 使用的材料。如日本專利JP10330569、JP721 1 153、韓國 專利KR9201723B與歐洲專利EP0029234等,皆直接使用 PVC添加塑化劑(plasticizer)與安定劑(stabilizer)作為電線 電纜的阻燃絕緣層與外覆(被覆)層;NZ207294則以交聯 pVC包覆未交聯PVC作為電線電纜的阻燃絕緣層與外覆 (被覆)層。除此之外,PVC亦常搭配其他有機或無機的添 加物以進一步提升其阻燃性,如EP0769789以PVC添加鈣 塩、鋅塩、鎂塩與鋁塩等;US5891571以PVC添加phosphate 0954-A2l260CIP3TWF(N2):P54950124TW:esmond 7 1343060 與hologenated plasticize、氫氧化鋁、三氧化二銻與錫酸鋅 (zinc stannate)等添加物以提升PVC的阻燃性;PVC亦可搭 配其他聚烯烴高分子以提升其阻水性,如JP1041112是以 ethylene-PVC 以及 ethylene vinyl acetate-PVC 之共聚物作 為電線電纜的阻燃絕緣層與外覆(被覆)層。 然而PVC的電氣絕緣性較差,許多高電壓用的電線電 纜對於其電氣絕緣性的需求較為嚴苛。故電線電纜絕緣層 與外覆(被覆)層材料的選擇,會以電氣絕緣性較佳的聚烯 • 烴系列高分子作為電纜的絕緣層與外覆(被覆)層,或是以 聚烯烴作為絕緣層搭配PVC外覆(被覆)層。以聚烯烴系列 高分子作為電纜的絕緣層與外覆(被覆)層,如何提升極為 易燃之聚烯烴系列高分子材料的阻燃性是極為重要的一項 課題。多數聚烯烴系列高分子會採用添加阻燃/難燃劑的方 式來提高聚烯烴系列高分子的阻燃性,如 US6303681(B1)、US5166250、JP2000191845 與 CA2210057 等專利是於PE、PP等聚烯烴中添加金屬氫氧化物、矽烷、 鲁 矽氧烷等物質;專利US20060148939則在PE、PP、EPR、 EPDM、EVA等高分子中添加無機成分,如SiC、Ca0、Si02 等粉體,並搭配第二阻燃添加物,如有機或無機磷系化合 物、含銻化合物與金屬氫氧化物等;專利JP2005322474採 用以有機物質如EVA或styrene-ethylene-butylene之共聚 物添加Mg(OH)2及矽烷耦合劑之方式,提升其阻燃能力; 專利US20050205290則是於有機高分子HDPE、MDPE與 LDPE中添加玻璃質添加物,如含磷玻璃質添加物B2〇3、 0954-A21260CIP3TWF{N2);P54950124TW:esmond 8 1343060 -: P205、PbO等,並搭配高熔點之矽酸鹽或氫氧化物以提升 複材阻燃能力。 上述前案專利除了直接使用PVC作為電線電纜阻燃絕 緣層與外覆(被覆)層材料之外,一般之易燃高分子材料皆 是以添加不燃、高熔點、高裂解溫度之無機系統添加物, 以及會釋放水氣之氫氧化物,以與有機高分子混成的方式 達到提升阻燃性的目的,其阻燃添加物與有機高分子之間 並無直接反應產生化學鍵結。因此在火焰與熱量的影響下 • 會產生熔化、熔融或滴垂等現象,故此難燃特性並不足以 提供防火能力,亦即無法保護其他易燃物質在有火焰與熱 量下不被引燃並且有效的延緩火焰蔓延。 【發明内容】 有鑑於此,本發明使用不同的阻燃概念,不使用鹵素 系難燃劑與PVC,而是選用具有反應性官能基的有機成分 與具有相對應反應官能基的無機粉體進行反應,形成有機/ Φ 無機複合材料。此有機/無機複合材料可依照所使用有機成 分系統的不同搭配適當的加工製程,以押出(extrusion)或含 浸(dipping)等方式加工成為電線電纜之絕緣層或/與外覆 (被覆)層(outer sheath)。 本發明之防火電線電纜包含:一導體芯線,以及一有 機/無機防火複合材料,作為該電線電纜之絕緣層或外覆 層。上述之有機/無機防火複合材料包含:一有機成分,具 有第一反應性官能基,該有機成分包括:有機高分子、共 聚合物、或寡聚合物;及一無機粉體,具有第二反應性官 0954-A21260CIP3TWF(N2):P54950124TW;esmond 9 1343060 : 能基;其中有機成分與無機粉體經由第一與第二反應性官 能基形成化學鍵結。 為讓本發明之上述和其他目的、特徵、和優點能更明 顯易懂,下文特舉出較佳實施例,並配合所附圖式,作詳 細說明如下: 【實施方式】 本發明利用本身具有反應性官能基,或能夠經由表面 φ 處理、改質後具備表面官能基的無機粉體材料,與有機高 分子、單體、寡聚合物或預聚合物之反應性官能基產生反 應,並且使其均勻地分散於有機成分系統中,再加工成為 電線電纜之絕緣層或/與外覆(被覆)層。由於阻燃絕緣層與 外覆層材料中之有機成分與無機粉體之間因反應而具有化 學鍵結,此阻燃絕緣層與外覆層在有火焰燃燒或接觸大量 熱量時,阻燃絕緣層與外覆層中之有機成分並不會融化或 燃燒造成火焰蔓延與轉移,而會快速碳化形成結構堅硬之 • 焦炭層,無機粉體材料與其他添加物則會在高溫下產生輻 射放熱的作用,將接觸傳遞的火焰與熱量以輻射的方式放 出,具有消散熱量的作用。此種阻燃機制能夠在不添加含 鹵素系化合物或難燃阻燃劑的前提下,有效阻擋火焰與熱 量的蔓延與轉移,亦不會產生因ii素而形成的具有毒性的 氣體或物質,是一種環保型阻燃絕緣層與外覆(被覆)層。 上述有機/無機防火複合材料中,有機成分之含量可在 10-90wt%之間,無機粉體之含量可在90-10wt%之間;在較 佳實施例中,有機成分含量為30-70wt%,無機粉體含量為 0954-A21260CIP3TWF(N2):P54950124TW;esmond 10 1343060 : 7()-3()wt°/〇 ;在更佳實施例中,有機成分含量為40-60wt%, 無機粉體含量為60-40wt%。本發明中所稱之”寡聚合物,,係 指數量平均分子量約200至1499 Daltons之化合物,而” 共聚合物”與,,有機高分子”係指數量平均分子量約15〇〇至 大於】,00,000 Daltons之化合物。 有機成分與無機粉體之反應性官能基包括,但不限 於:-OH、-COOH、-NCO、-NH3、-NH2、-NH、環氧基等。 舉例而言’可選擇具有-COOH或-NCO官能基之有機成分 .(如有機酸系化合物或反應型聚氨酯)與具有-OH官能基之 無機粉體(如金屬氫氧化物)反應。亦可選擇具有環氧基 (epoxy)之有機成分與表面具有_Nh2官能基之無機粉體反應。 反之’亦可選擇具有-OH官能基之有機成分(如聚乙烯醇)與 具有-COOH或-NCO官能基之無機粉體反應,或者選擇具 有-NH2官能基之有機成分與具有環氧基(ep〇Xy)之無機粉體反 應。 本發明之有機成分包括任何具有上述反應性官能基之 > 寡聚物、單聚合物、或共聚合物,且反應性官能基可位於 高分子主鏈或側鏈,較佳者包括:聚有機酸(polyorganic acid)系、聚氨酯(polyurethane)系、環氧(epoxy)系、聚烯烴 (polyolefin)系、聚胺(polyamine)系等。其中,聚有機酸系 包括具有魏酸、續酸之單聚物或共聚物,例如是:乙烯丙 稀酸共聚物(p〇ly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid))、丙稀酸馬來酸 共聚物(P〇]y(acrylic acid-co-maleic acid))等。環氧系例如是 Bis(3,4-epoxy-6-methy]cyclohexylmethy]) adipate 、 0954-A2l260ClP3TWF(N2);P54950124TW;esmond 1343060
Vinylcyclohexene dioxide ' Diglycidyl tetrahydrophthalate ' Diglycidyl hexahydrophthalate ' Bis(2,3-epoxycyclopentyl) ether resin、Glycidyl ethers of polyphenol epoxy resin 等 ° 聚胺系包括聚醯胺(polyamide)與聚醯亞胺(polyimide),聚 酿胺例如是:nylon 6 ((NH(CH2)5CO)n)、nylon66 ((NH(CH2)6-NH-CO(CH2)4CO)n) 、 nylon 12 ((NH(CH2)iiCO)n)等。聚醯亞胺系包括二胺(diamine)與以 二胺與二酐(dianhydride)所合成之聚酿亞胺,二胺例如是 4,4-oxydianiline 、 1,4-bis(4-aminophenoxy)benzene 、 2,2-bis[4-(4-aminophenoxy)phenyl]propane 等,以及以上述 二胺搭配二酐如 oxydiphthalic anhydride、pyromellitic dianhydride、benzophenone tetracarboxylic dianhydride 等戶斤 合成得之聚醯亞胺。聚烯烴系包括烯烴單體與上述具反應 性官能基之單體之共聚物。應注意的是,有機成分之起始 物尚可包括上述之單體、寡聚物、或預聚物,除此之外, 更可同時將兩種以上之有機成分混搭使用。 本發明所使用之無機成分包括本身具有上述官能基之 無機粉體’或經由表面處理、改質後具備上述官能基之無 機粉體。較佳之無機粉體包括:氫氧化物、氮化物、氧化物、 碳化物、金屬鹽類、或無機層狀材料等。其中,氫氧化物 包括金屬氫氧化物,如氫氧化鋁(ai(oh)3)、氫氧化鎂 (Mg(OH)2)等。氮化物包括氮化硼(BN)、氮化矽(Si3N4)等。 氧化物包括二氧化矽(Si02)、二氧化鈦(Ti02)、氧化鋅(ZnO) 等。碳化物例如是碳化矽(SiC)。金屬鹽類例如是碳酸鈣 0954-A21260C!P3TWF(N2).P54950124TW;esmond 1343060 (CaC03)。無機層狀材料包括黏土、滑石⑽c)、或層狀雙 氫氧化合物(Layered Double Hydroxides ; LDH)等,其中 黏土可為石圭装石類黏土(smectite clay)、虫至石(vermiculite)、 管狀南領土(ha]]oysite)、絹雲母(sericite)、息土(saponite)、 蒙脫土(montmorillonite)、富鋁蒙脫土(beidellite),矽鐵石 (nontronite)、雲母(mica)、以及水輝石(hectorite)等。應注 意的是’上述之無機成分亦可混合使用,例如同時添加具 有反應性官能基之黏土與金屬氫氧化物。無機粉體可以是微 米級顆粒或奈米級顆粒’其中又以粒徑hiOOnm的奈米級顆 粒較佳’因為較小的粒徑可以提高單位重量的表面積。 有機成分與無機粉體可直接混合進行反應,或者在各 種溶媒(例如水、乙醇或曱基乙基酮)的存在下進行反應形 成共價鍵(covalent bond)。反應的溫度端視所使用的成分而 定,一般在室溫至150°C之間,反應時間可從1〇分鐘至數 天不等。 上述之有機/無機防火複合材料可視實際應用上的需 求添加各式添加劑,例如能更進一步提昇材料難燃性之阻 燃劑(如美耐明磷酸鹽系(Melamine Phosphates)、紅磷、與 石粦系阻燃劑)、增強結構並協助硬化之石夕烧(如TE〇s、TEVS) 或矽氧烷(siloxane)、增強材料耐熱性與結構強度之玻璃砂 或玻璃纖維等。添加劑的量一般在〇丨_2〇重量份,其〗〇〇重 量份之有機/無機複合材料為基準。 本發明之有機/無機防火複合材料可依照所使用有機 成刀糸統的不同格配適當的加工製程,以押出(extrusj〇n) 0954-A2l260CIP3TWF(N2);P54950124TW;esm〇nd 1343060 ,:或含浸(dipping)等方式加工成為各種電線電境之絕緣 /與外覆(被覆)層,例如電源線、資料傳輸線、通訊用電線 及電缓等。由於本發明之有機成分與無機粉體之間是有化 學鍵結,因此遇熱/火培時不會有炫融、滴垂、燃燒等現象, 有別於一般的物理性接混。 上述防火複合材料可以直接作為導體芯線之絕緣層, 而無需其他材料即可通過vw](ULi58i#直燃燒測二。 此外’亦可先用防火複合材料包覆在導體騎(通常為铭或 銅)表面作為絕緣層,再以其他材料如PVC作為外覆層; 或者,亦可用一般無阻燃效果之材料如PE包覆導體芯線 作為絕緣層後,外再施以本發明之防火複合材料為外覆 層,而以上述防火複合材料作為外覆層,其中外覆層與絕 緣層可以分開形成,或是以共押出的方式同時形成。 【實施例】 實施例一 將300.0g的乙稀丙稀酸共聚物(p〇】y(ethyiene_c〇_acryiic acid) ; acrylic acid含量15wt%)置於反應容器中,預加熱至 110-120°C使其熔化後以300rpm恆溫定速攪拌。加入324.0g 去離子水以及324.0g氨水後攪拌反應1〇分鐘後呈現白色乳狀 液體,再加入300g氫氧化鋁粉體攪拌反應1〇分鐘可獲得白色 均勻漿料。請參照第1圖,選用14AWG/3G裸銅線100為基 材,以含浸製程(dipping)將容器400中之漿料200塗佈於銅 線’形成厚度為0.25mm,0.53mm,1.02mm三種不同厚度之外 0954~A21260CIP3TWF(N2):P54950124TW:esmond 1343060 覆層300。將此一塗佈試樣送入烘箱進行成型乾燥,程序如下: 60°C(60min)—80°C(60min)— 100°C(60min)~M20°C(30min 140〇C(30min)-^ 160°C (240min) 待外層材料完全成型硬化後,進行VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃 燒測試’測試結果如表二所示。此外覆(被覆)層在第一至第五 次燃燒測試中皆不會燃燒’火焰不會蔓延至測試樣品頂端之標 旗。燃燒測試時外覆(被覆)層材料會產生滴垂現象,但並不會 引燃底部棉花,外覆(被覆)層材料通過VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃 • 燒測試。 由此實施例可知,由於乙烤丙稀酸共聚物 (poly(ethylene-co-acry】ic acid))之-COOH 官能基與氫氧化紹 (Al(OH)3)之-OH官能基產生反應而形成鍵結,強化了外覆(被 覆)層材料的結構,大幅提昇了外覆(被覆)層材料的阻燃特性。 表二實施例一之電線試樣VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試結果
樣品厚 度 樣品 編號 每次以火必燃燒15秒後 纪錄粉*_持續時問(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試評估 0.25 +0.05 mm 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X ____ 每次α火is燃燒丨5秒後 續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試評估 0.53+ \s\. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 是/否 是/否 通過 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X --—〜 mm 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X ----- 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 每次以火始燃燒15秒後 iii*燃燒持硪時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測试評估 1.02 丄Λ 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失牧 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X jU.Uj mn' 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否Ί X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 0954-A21260ClP3TWF(N2):P54950124TW;e$mond 15 1343060 .· 實施例二 •t ' 將 300·0§ 的 p〇ly(ethylene-co-acrylic acid)置於反應容器 • 中預加熱至H〇-120°C使其熔化後以300rpm恆溫定速攪拌, 加入300.0g氫氧化鋁粉體攪拌反應1〇分鐘可獲得白色均句紧 料’將默料冷卻至室溫後會凝固成為白色塊狀材料。將白色塊 狀材料粉碎後至於押出機(Extmder)中,選用14AWG/3G裸綱 泉方、13〇 C 進行共押出(co_extrusi〇n)製備 0.2mm、0.5mm、 φ 1 ·〇 m m三種不同厚度之電線外層。將此一押出試樣送入烘箱進 行成型乾燥,裎序如下: 60°C(60min)-> 80〇C(60min)^ 100°C(60min)^ 120〇C(30min H 140〇C(30min)-^ 160〇C(240min) 待外層材料完全成型硬化後,進行VW_1(;UL1581)垂直燃 燒測试,測试結果如表三所示。此外覆(被覆)層在第一至第五 次燃燒測試中皆不會燃燒,火焰不會蔓延至測試樣品頂端之標 旗。燃燒測試時外覆(被覆)層材料會產生滴垂現象,但並不會 φ 引燃底部棉花,外覆(被覆)層材料通過VW-1(UL1581)垂直燦 燒測試。 ' 由此實施例可知,由於乙烯丙烯酸共聚物 (P〇丨y(ethylene-co-acrylic acid))之-COOH 官能基與氫氧化在呂 (Al(OH)3)之-OH官能基產生反應而形成鍵結,強化了外覆(被 覆)層材料的結構,大幅提昇了外覆(被覆)層材料的阻燃特性。 0954-A21260CIP3TWF(N2);P54950124TW;esm〇nd 1343060 表三實施例二之電線試樣VW-1(UL158I)垂直燃燒測試結果
樣品厚 度 樣品 編號 每次以火边燃燒丨5秒後 紀錄^燒持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試評估 0.2 +〇〇5 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X mm 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 每次以火培燃燒15秒後 纪錄燃燒持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 0.5+ 0.05 mm 1st 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 每次以火始燃燒丨5秒後 紀錄燃燒持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 1.0 土 0.05 mm 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失財 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X
實施例三 將 300.0g 的 p〇]y(maleic acid-co-acrylic acid)置於反應容哭 中,預加熱至110-12(TC使其熔化後以300ipm恆溫定速攪掉, 加入300.0g氫氡化鎂粉體攪拌反應1〇分鐘可獲得白色均勻渡 料,將漿料冷卻至室溫後會凝固成為微黃色塊狀材料。將微黃 色塊狀材料粉碎後至於押出機中,選用14AWG/3G裸銅線於 130 C進行共押出製備〇.2mm、0.5mm、1‘0mm三種不同厚度 之電線外層。將此一押出試樣送入烘箱進行成型乾燥,程序如 下: 60 C (60min)-^· 80°C (60min)^ 100°C (60min)-> 120〇C(30min )-^ 140〇C(30min)-^ 160°C (240min) 待外層材料完全成型硬化後,進行VW-1(UL〗581)垂直燃 0954-A21260CIP3TWF(N2);P54950124TW:esm〇nd 17 1343060 燒測試,測試結果如表四所示。此外覆(被覆)層在第—至第五 次燃燒測試中皆不會燃燒,火焰不會蔓延至測試樣品頂端之標 旗。燃燒測試時外覆(被覆)層材料會產生滴垂現象,但並不會 引燃底部棉花,外覆(被覆)層材料通過VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃 燒測試。 由此實施例可知,由於丙稀酸順丁稀二酸共聚物 (poly(maleic acid-co-acrylic acid))之-COOH 官能基與氫氧化鎮 (Μ8(Οίί)2)之-OH官能基產生反應而升j成鍵結,強化了夕卜覆(被 覆)層材料的結構,大幅提昇了外覆(被覆)層材料的阻燃特性。 表四實施例三之電線試樣VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試結果
樣品厚 度 樣品 編號 每次以火焰燃燒15秒後 紀錄燃燒持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試評估 0.2 ±0.05 mm 1st· 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 每次以火迫燃燒15秒後 紀錄《燒持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 0.5土 0.05 1st. 2nd. 3rd 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無1 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 每次以火焰燃燒15秒後 tei射然燒持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉— 花? 測試 評估 1.0 土 0.05 ΠΤ1Τ1 1st. 2nd 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X
實施例四 將500.0g含有8%反應性異氰酸酯(-NCO)官能基的反應型 0954-A21260CIP3TWF(N2);P54950124TW;esmond 18 1343060 聚氨酯(reactive polyurethane)置於反應容器中以300rpm室溫 定速攪拌’再加入500.0g氫氧化鋁粉體後攪拌反應5分鐘可 獲得白色均勻漿料。選用14AWG/3G裸銅線為基材,將漿料 塗佈於銅線外層’厚度為l.〇4mm、2.15mm、2.97mm三種。 漿料塗佈採用含浸製程。將試樣置於室溫下成型乾燥24小 時。待外層材料完全成型硬化後,進行VW_1(UL1581)垂直燃 燒測試,測試結果如表五所示。 此外覆(被覆)層在第一至第五次燃燒測試中皆不會燃燒, 火焰不會蔓延至測試樣品頂端之標旗。燃燒測試時外覆(被覆) 層材料會產生滴垂現象’但並不會引燃底部棉花,外覆(被覆) 層材料通過VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃燒蜊試。 由此實施例可知’由於反應型聚氨錯(reactivepc>lyurethane) 之-NCO官能基與氫氧化鋁(Al(OH)3)之_0H官能基產生反應而 形成鍵結’強化了外覆(被覆)層材料的結構,大幅提昇了外覆 (被覆)層材料的阻燃特性。
0954-A21260ClP3TWF(N2);P54950124TW:esmond 19 1343060 表五實施例四之電線試樣VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃焯測試姑果
樣品厚 度 樣品 編號 每次^ 之火姑燃燒 钱燒待續時 15秒後 間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試評估 1.04 ±0.05 mm 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 诵過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 每次c 似彔ί (火坊燃燒 眺持續時 5秒後 間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 2.15+ 0.05 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X mm 2 無 無 無 無 < **» 否 否 X -— 3 無 無 無 無 »*»» 否 否 X 每次L (规燃燒 嫩持續時 5秒後 間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 2.97 +005 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X mm 2 無 無 無 無 無 卜否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 實施例五 將500.0g含有8%反應性異氰酸_(_nc〇)官能基的 反應型聚氨酯(reactive polyurethane)加入 3〇〇.〇g DMAC 後,置 於反應容器中以300i*pm室溫定速攪拌,再加入5〇〇 〇g氣氧化 鋁粉體後攪拌反應5分鐘可獲得黏度較低白色均勻漿料。選用 14AWG/3G裸銅線為基材,將漿料塗佈於鋼線外層,厚度為 0.21mm、0.49mm、0.98mm三種。漿料塗佈採用含浸製程。將 此一試樣置於室溫下成型乾燥24小時再移入丨仍^烘箱乾燥 成型24小時。待外層材料完全成型硬化後,進行 垂直燃燒測試,測試結果如表六所示。 此外覆(被覆)層在第-至第五次燃燒測試中皆不合 燃燒,火鮮會纽至賴樣品糊之彳轉。燃燒測試時夕^ 0954-A2l260CIP3TWF(N2):P54950124TW;esm〇nd 20 1343060 (被覆)層材料會產生滴垂現象,但並不會引燃底部棉花,外覆 (被覆)層材料通過VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試。 由此實施例可知,由於反應型聚氨g旨(reactive polyurethane) 之-NCO官能基與氫氧化鋁(A】(〇h)3)之-OH官能基產生反應而 形成鍵結,強化了外覆(被覆)層材料的結構,大幅提昇了外覆 (被覆)層材料的阻燃特性。
表六實施例五之電線試樣VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試結果 樣品厚 度 樣品 編號 每次以火姑燃燒丨5秒後 燃燒持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試評估 0.21 +0.05 mm 1st. 2nd. 3rd 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 每次以火热職15秒後 紀錄《燒捋續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 0.49+ 0.05 mm 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 每次以火焰燃燒15秒後 .纟21爹、燃燒持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 0.98 +0.05 mm 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 h 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 實施例六 將500.0g含有8%反應性異氰酸醋(_NCO)官能基的反應型 聚氨酯(reactive polyurethane)置於反應容器中以3〇〇rpm室溫 定速攪拌,再加入450.0g氫氧化鎂粉體與5〇 〇g經改質帶有 -OH官能基之奈米黏土後,攪拌反應5分鐘可獲得黏度較低白 色均勻漿料。選用14AWG/3G裸銅線為基材,將漿料塗佈於 0954-A21260CIP3TWF(N2) :P54950124TW;esmond 1343060 銅線外層’厚度為1.10mm、2.26mm、2.95mm三種。漿料塗 佈採用含浸製程。將此一試樣置於室溫下成型乾燥24小時。 待外層材料完全成型硬化後,進行VW-1(UL〗581)垂直燃燒測 試《’測試結果如表七所示。 此外覆(被覆)層在第一至第五次燃燒測試中皆不會燃燒, 火焰不會曼延至測試樣品頂端之標旗。燃燒測試時外覆(被覆) 層材料不會產生滴垂現象,外覆(被覆)層材料通過 VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試。 由此貝施例可知’由於反應型聚氣g旨(reactive polyurethane) 之-NCO官能基與氫氧化鎂(Mg(OH)2)之-OH官能基以及奈米 黏土經改質所帶有的-OH官能基產生反應而形成鍵結,強化了 外覆(被覆)層材料的結構’大幅提昇了外覆(被覆)層材料的阻 燃特性。 表七實施例六之電線試樣VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試結果
樣品厚 度 樣品 編號 每次以规燃燒15秒後 紀錄燃麟續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試評估 1 1 π 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 i*i尚 失敗 1.1U +0.05 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X mm 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 每次以火览燃燒J 5秒& ,啦料然絶持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 2.26土 0.05 mm 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X .2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 每次 嫌* 〈域燃燒 嫩持續時 15秒後 間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 2.95 +0.05 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4lh. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X mm 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 0954-A21260CIP3TWF(N2);P54950124TW;esm〇nd 22 1343060 實施例七 將500.0g含有7 6%反應性異氰酸酯(_NC〇)官能基的反應 型聚IU旨(reactiVepolyurethane)置於反應容器中以3〇〇rpin室 溫定速攪掉’再加入經改質帶有_〇H官能基之45〇 〇g二氧化 鈦粉體與50.0g經改質帶有_〇H官能基之奈米黏土後,攪拌反 應5分鐘可獲得白色均勾聚料。朝14AWG/3G裸銅線為基 材’將f料塗佈於銅、線外層,厚度為〇7〇咖、146麵、2 〇〇誦 二種。漿料塗佈採用含浸製程。將此一試樣置於室溫下成型乾 燥24小時再移入80〇c烘箱成型乾燥24小時。待外層材料完 全成型硬化後,進行VW_1(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試,測試結果 如表八所示。 此外覆(被覆)層在第一至第五次燃燒測試中皆不會燃燒, 火焰不會蔓延至測試樣品頂端之標旗。燃燒測試時外覆(被覆) 層材料會產生滴垂現象,但並不會引燃底部棉花,外覆(被覆) 層材料通過VW-〗(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試。 由此實施例可知,由於反應型聚氨酷(reactive 禮騰) 之-NCO g此基與一氧化鈦表面改質所鍵結之—OH官能基以及 奈米黏土經改質所帶有的·〇Η官能基產生反應而形成=吉,強 化了外覆(被覆)層材料的結構,大幅提昇了外覆(被覆)層材料 的阻燃特性。 0954-A2l260CIP3TWF(N2);P54950124TW:esmond 23 1343060 表八實施例七之電線試樣VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試結果
樣品厚 度 樣品 編號 每次以火焰燃燒15秒後 紀錄燃燒持續時間(秒) mm 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試評估 0.70 ±0.05 mm 1st 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 每次以火愁燃燒15秒後 紀錄持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 1.46+ 0.05~ mm 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5th. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 一否 X 每次以火姑燃燒15抄後 紀錄燃燒持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 2.00 ±0.05 mm 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th. 5lh. 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 2 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X 3 無 無 無 無 無 否 否 X
比較例一 將500.0g含有7.6%反應性異氰酸醋(-NCO)官能基的反應 型聚氨酯(reactive polyurethane)置於反應容器中以3〇〇rpm室 φ 溫定速攪拌,再加入500.0g未經表面改質的二氧化矽粉體攪 拌反應5分鐘可獲得白色均勻漿料。選用14AWG/3G裸銅線 為基材,將漿料塗佈於銅線外層,厚度為0 72mm、丨3lmm、 2.01mm三種。漿料塗佈採用含浸製程。將此一試樣置於室溫 下成型乾燥24小時再移入80〇C烘箱成型乾燥24小時,再置 於室溫下72小時。待外層材料完全成型硬化後,進行 VW-l〇JL1581)垂直燃燒測試,測試結果如表九所示。 此外覆(被覆)層在第一或第二次燃燒測試時以產生燃燒, 火焰蔓延至測試樣品頂端之標旗。燃燒測試時外覆(被覆)層材 0954-A2l260CIP3TWF(N2);P54950124TW;esm〇nd 24 1343060 料會產生滴垂現象且會引燃底部棉花,外覆(被覆)層材料無法 通過VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試。 由此比較例可知,由於二氧化矽表面無法與反應型聚氨酯 (reactive polyurethane)之-NCO官能基產生足夠反應而形成鍵 結,外覆(被覆)層材料的結構並未經由有機/無機之反應而有效 強化’故外覆(被覆)層材料並無顯著的阻燃特性。 表九比較例一之電線試樣VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試结果
樣品厚 度 樣品 編號 每次以火坊燃燒15秒後 紀錄^燒待續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測言式ΐ乎估 0.72 ±0.05 mm 1st 2nd. 3rd. 4th 5 th 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 120(完全燃燒) 是 否 X 2 82(完全燃燒) 是 是 X 3 66(完全燃燒) 是 否 X 每次以火总燃燒丨5秒後 ,幸2#典燒持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 1.31 ±0.05 mm 1st. 2nd. | 3rd. | 4th | 5th 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 94(完全燃燒) 是 否 X 2 88(完全燃燒) 是 是 X 3 76(完全燃燒) 是 是 X 每次以火培燃燒15秒後 紀錄燃燒持續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 2.01 ±0.05 mm 1st. 2nd. | 3rd. | 4th | 5th 是/否 是/否 通過 失敗 1 無 88(完全燃燒) 是 是 X 2 無 116(完全燃燒) 是 否 χ~ 3 97(完全燃燒) 是 是 X 比較例二 將500.0g不含反應性異氰酸酯(-NCO)官能基的聚說西旨 (polyurethane)置於反應容器中以300rpm室溫定速攪拌,再加 入氫氧化鋁粉體500.0g,攪拌反應5分鐘後可獲得白色均句装 料。選用14AWG/3G裸銅線為基材,將漿料塗佈於銅線外層, 0954-A21260CIP3TWF(N2);P54950124TW;esmonc( 25 1343060 :J 厚度為〇.52mm、1.17mm、1.88mm三種。漿料塗佈採用含浸 製程。將此一塗佈試樣送入烘箱進行成型乾燥,程序如下: 60〇C(120min)-^80〇C(120min)-^ 100°C (120min)-^ 120〇C(36 Omin) 〇 待外層材料完全成型硬化後,進行VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃 燒測试,測試結果如表十所示。 此外覆(被覆)層在第一或第二次燃燒測試時以產生燃燒, 火焰曼延至測試樣品頂端之標旗。燃燒測試時外覆(被覆)層材 • 料會產生滴垂現象且會引燃底部棉花,外覆(被覆)層材料無法 通過VW-1(UL1581)垂直燃燒測試。 由此比較例可知’由於聚氨酯無反應性官能基,無法與氣 氧化銘之-0H官能基產生足夠反應而形成鍵結,外覆(被覆)層 材料的結構並未經由有機/無機之反應而有效強化,故外覆(被 覆)層材料並無顯著的阻燃特性。 0954-A21260CiP3TWF{N2);P54950124TW;esmond !343〇6〇
表十比較例二之電線試樣垂直燃燒測試結果 樣品厚 度 樣品 編號 每次以火沿燃燒丨5秒後 紀錄燒捋續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試评估 0.52 ±0.05 mm 1st. 2nd. 3rd. 4th 5th 是/否 是/否 通過 失良 1 無〜 79(完全燃燒) 是 足 2 _ 84(完全燃燒) 是 是 父一 3 _ 80(完全燃燒) 是 否 每次以火1¾¾燒15秒後 紀錄燃燒待續時間(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 1.17 ±0.05 mm — 1st. 2nd. 3rd· 4th 5th 是/否 是/否 通過 失ϋ 1 無 114(完全燃燒) 是 是 X 2 96(完全燃燒) 是 是 3 82(完全燃燒) 是 是 ____ X 每次以火览燃燒15秒後 紀錄^燒捋續時問(秒) 燃燒標 旗? 引燃棉 花? 測試 評估 1.88 ±0.05 mrn 1st. 2nd, 3rd 4th 5th 是/否 是/否 失敗 1 無 83(完全燃燒) 是 L 否 X 2 88(完全燃燒) 97(完全燃燒) 是 是 是 是 X X Γ 3 —雖然本發明已讀她佳實關減如上,然其並非用以限 定本發明’任何所屬技術領域中具㈣常知識者,在不脫離本發 精神和範圍内,當可作任意之更動與潤飾,因此本發明之保 ⑼圍當視後附之申料概騎界定者為準。 0954-A21260CIP3TWF(N2) ;P54950124TW:esm〇nd 27 1343060 【圖式簡單說明】 第1圖繪示實施例1之防火外覆層之含浸塗佈示意圖。 【主要元件符號說明】
100〜銅線; 200〜漿料; 3〇〇〜外覆層; 400〜容器。
0954-A21260CIP3TWF(N2):P54950124TW;esmond 28
Claims (1)
1343060 第 95148155 號 KJ0!^ —容 餐正ϋ期:1劭.镇3(更)正尽 修正本 十、申請專利範圍: 1.一種防火電線電纜,包括: 一導體芯線; 一有機/無機防火複合材料,作為該電線電纜之絕緣層 或外覆層,其中該有機/無機防火複合材料包含: 一有機成分,具有反應性異氰酸酯基,該有機成分包 括:聚氨酯(polyurethane)系高分子、共聚合物、或寡聚合 物;及
一金屬氫氧化物粉體,具有羥基; 其中該有機成分之反應性異氰酸酯基與該金屬氫氧化 物粉體之羥基反應形成共價鍵。 2. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之防火電線電纜,其中 該有機/無機防火複合材料中該有機成分含量為10-90重量 %,該無機粉體含量為90-10重量%。
3. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之防火電線電纜,其中 該有機/無機防火複合材料中該有機成分含量為30-70重量 %,該無機粉體含量為70-30重量%。 4. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之防火電線電纜,其中 該金屬氫氧化物包括氫氧化鋁(ai(oh)3)或氫氧化鎂 (Mg(0H)2)。 5. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之防火電線電纜,其中 該有機/無機防火複合材料係以押出或含浸方式塗佈在該 導體芯線上。 6. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之防火電線電纜,其中 29 1343060 第 95148155 號 修正日期:100.3.3 修正本 該防火電線電纜通過VW-1(UL 1581)垂直燃燒測試。 7. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之防火電線電纜,其中該 金屬氫氧化物粉體之粒徑在1〜l〇〇nm之間。 8. 如申請專利範圍第1項所述之防火電線電纜,其中 該有機/無機防火複合材料更包括:0.1-20重量份之添加劑, 以100重量份之有機/無機複合材料為基準。 9. 如申請專利範圍第8項所述之防火電線電纜,其中該 添加劑包括:阻燃劑、矽烷、矽氧烷、玻璃砂、玻璃纖維、 或前述之組合。
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Priority Applications (2)
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|---|---|---|---|
| TW95148155A TWI343060B (en) | 2005-12-26 | 2006-12-21 | Fire-resistant wire/cable |
| FI20070484A FI124009B (fi) | 2006-12-21 | 2007-06-18 | Palonkestoinen johto/kaapeli |
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| TW94146503 | 2005-12-26 | ||
| TW95148155A TWI343060B (en) | 2005-12-26 | 2006-12-21 | Fire-resistant wire/cable |
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| TW200725649A TW200725649A (en) | 2007-07-01 |
| TWI343060B true TWI343060B (en) | 2011-06-01 |
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| TW95148153A TWI333496B (en) | 2005-12-26 | 2006-12-21 | Organic/inorganic composite and fire-resistant plate containing the same |
| TW95148148A TWI338024B (en) | 2005-12-26 | 2006-12-21 | Fire-resistant coating materials |
| TW95148155A TWI343060B (en) | 2005-12-26 | 2006-12-21 | Fire-resistant wire/cable |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| TW95148153A TWI333496B (en) | 2005-12-26 | 2006-12-21 | Organic/inorganic composite and fire-resistant plate containing the same |
| TW95148148A TWI338024B (en) | 2005-12-26 | 2006-12-21 | Fire-resistant coating materials |
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| US (3) | US20070149675A1 (zh) |
| JP (3) | JP4810418B2 (zh) |
| DE (3) | DE102006062147A1 (zh) |
| GB (3) | GB2433831B (zh) |
| TW (3) | TWI333496B (zh) |
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2006
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- 2006-12-25 JP JP2006348596A patent/JP4810418B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2006-12-25 JP JP2006348595A patent/JP5199570B2/ja active Active
- 2006-12-25 JP JP2006348594A patent/JP4440915B2/ja active Active
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| GB2433741A (en) | 2007-07-04 |
| TWI338024B (en) | 2011-03-01 |
| TW200724619A (en) | 2007-07-01 |
| DE102006062146B4 (de) | 2017-03-30 |
| JP5199570B2 (ja) | 2013-05-15 |
| TWI333496B (en) | 2010-11-21 |
| TW200724552A (en) | 2007-07-01 |
| JP2007214113A (ja) | 2007-08-23 |
| TW200725649A (en) | 2007-07-01 |
| JP4440915B2 (ja) | 2010-03-24 |
| US20070149675A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
| US8329819B2 (en) | 2012-12-11 |
| DE102006062147A1 (de) | 2007-11-15 |
| GB0625854D0 (en) | 2007-02-07 |
| US20070149676A1 (en) | 2007-06-28 |
| GB2433831B (en) | 2010-09-08 |
| JP2007191711A (ja) | 2007-08-02 |
| US8329820B2 (en) | 2012-12-11 |
| JP2007197704A (ja) | 2007-08-09 |
| JP4810418B2 (ja) | 2011-11-09 |
| DE102006062146A1 (de) | 2008-04-03 |
| DE102006062148A1 (de) | 2007-08-16 |
| GB2433742B (en) | 2010-09-08 |
| GB2433831A (en) | 2007-07-04 |
| DE102006062148B4 (de) | 2011-09-29 |
| GB2433741B (en) | 2010-08-18 |
| US20070179235A1 (en) | 2007-08-02 |
| GB2433742A (en) | 2007-07-04 |
| GB0625855D0 (en) | 2007-02-07 |
| GB0625852D0 (en) | 2007-02-07 |
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