DD291484A5 - Silberkatalysator fuer die produktion von ethylenoxid und verfahren zu seiner herstellung - Google Patents
Silberkatalysator fuer die produktion von ethylenoxid und verfahren zu seiner herstellung Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- DD291484A5 DD291484A5 DD90337055A DD33705590A DD291484A5 DD 291484 A5 DD291484 A5 DD 291484A5 DD 90337055 A DD90337055 A DD 90337055A DD 33705590 A DD33705590 A DD 33705590A DD 291484 A5 DD291484 A5 DD 291484A5
- Authority
- DD
- German Democratic Republic
- Prior art keywords
- range
- catalyst
- silver
- career
- amount
- Prior art date
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 108
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 78
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 77
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 33
- IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene oxide Chemical compound C1CO1 IAYPIBMASNFSPL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 25
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 29
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silicium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 45
- 229910052792 caesium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 42
- TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium atom Chemical compound [Cs] TVFDJXOCXUVLDH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 35
- 239000011148 porous material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 30
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 23
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Alumina Chemical compound [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 45
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 claims description 16
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000008119 colloidal silica Substances 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001354 calcination Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000003213 activating effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- DEIXUHUDJYPRSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Ag].[Cs] Chemical compound [Ag].[Cs] DEIXUHUDJYPRSP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 abstract description 5
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 33
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 18
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 16
- -1 alkali metal salt Chemical class 0.000 description 14
- 239000011734 sodium Substances 0.000 description 13
- VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethene Chemical compound C=C VGGSQFUCUMXWEO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- 239000005977 Ethylene Substances 0.000 description 12
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 description 11
- DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M Ilexoside XXIX Chemical compound C[C@@H]1CC[C@@]2(CC[C@@]3(C(=CC[C@H]4[C@]3(CC[C@@H]5[C@@]4(CC[C@@H](C5(C)C)OS(=O)(=O)[O-])C)C)[C@@H]2[C@]1(C)O)C)C(=O)O[C@H]6[C@@H]([C@H]([C@@H]([C@H](O6)CO)O)O)O.[Na+] DGAQECJNVWCQMB-PUAWFVPOSA-M 0.000 description 10
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 10
- 229910052708 sodium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 10
- 229910052783 alkali metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 150000001340 alkali metals Chemical class 0.000 description 8
- MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Dioxygen Chemical compound O=O MYMOFIZGZYHOMD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 229910001882 dioxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 6
- 238000005470 impregnation Methods 0.000 description 6
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 6
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 6
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 6
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 6
- 150000001412 amines Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 238000000354 decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 5
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N Potassium Chemical compound [K] ZLMJMSJWJFRBEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium chloride Chemical compound [Na+].[Cl-] FAPWRFPIFSIZLT-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 4
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000460 chlorine Substances 0.000 description 4
- VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N methane Chemical compound C VNWKTOKETHGBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 4
- 150000007524 organic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 4
- 229910052700 potassium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011591 potassium Substances 0.000 description 4
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 125000002947 alkylene group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- 229910052786 argon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 125000002091 cationic group Chemical group 0.000 description 3
- MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCO MTHSVFCYNBDYFN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 230000006872 improvement Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000010956 nickel silver Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N rubidium atom Chemical compound [Rb] IGLNJRXAVVLDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 238000003756 stirring Methods 0.000 description 3
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 3
- WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,2-Dichloroethane Chemical compound ClCCCl WSLDOOZREJYCGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-Aminoethan-1-ol Chemical compound NCCO HZAXFHJVJLSVMW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDSNLYIMUZNERS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-methylpropanamine Chemical compound CC(C)CN KDSNLYIMUZNERS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chlorine atom Chemical compound [Cl] ZAMOUSCENKQFHK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethane Chemical compound CC OTMSDBZUPAUEDD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Fluorane Chemical compound F KRHYYFGTRYWZRS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Molybdenum Chemical compound [Mo] ZOKXTWBITQBERF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[K+] WCUXLLCKKVVCTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propylene glycol Chemical compound CC(O)CO DNIAPMSPPWPWGF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titan oxide Chemical compound O=[Ti]=O GWEVSGVZZGPLCZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000004913 activation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001476 alcoholic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 125000000129 anionic group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- NLSCHDZTHVNDCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N caesium nitrate Chemical compound [Cs+].[O-][N+]([O-])=O NLSCHDZTHVNDCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052801 chlorine Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000010348 incorporation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011031 large-scale manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000007522 mineralic acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910052750 molybdenum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011733 molybdenum Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012071 phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N propan-1-ol Chemical compound CCCO BDERNNFJNOPAEC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N propane-1,3-diol Chemical compound OCCCO YPFDHNVEDLHUCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229940100890 silver compound Drugs 0.000 description 2
- 150000003379 silver compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011780 sodium chloride Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005979 thermal decomposition reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N tungsten Chemical compound [W] WFKWXMTUELFFGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052721 tungsten Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000010937 tungsten Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000012808 vapor phase Substances 0.000 description 2
- LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N (2r,3r,4s,5r,6s)-4,5-dimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-[(2s,3r,4s,5r,6r)-3,4,5-trimethoxy-6-(methoxymethyl)oxan-2-yl]oxy-6-[(2r,3r,4s,5r,6r)-4,5,6-trimethoxy-2-(methoxymethyl)oxan-3-yl]oxyoxane Chemical compound CO[C@@H]1[C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)[C@@H](COC)O[C@H]1O[C@H]1[C@H](OC)[C@@H](OC)[C@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OC)[C@H](OC)O[C@@H]2COC)OC)O[C@@H]1COC LNAZSHAWQACDHT-XIYTZBAFSA-N 0.000 description 1
- POFFJVRXOKDESI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3,5,7-tetraoxa-4-silaspiro[3.3]heptane-2,6-dione Chemical compound O1C(=O)O[Si]21OC(=O)O2 POFFJVRXOKDESI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZXSQEZNORDWBGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydropyrrolo[2,3-b]pyridin-2-one Chemical compound C1=CN=C2NC(=O)CC2=C1 ZXSQEZNORDWBGZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- LAXBNTIAOJWAOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chlorobiphenyl Chemical compound ClC1=CC=CC=C1C1=CC=CC=C1 LAXBNTIAOJWAOP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910018072 Al 2 O 3 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Boron Chemical compound [B] ZOXJGFHDIHLPTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N Calcium Chemical compound [Ca] OYPRJOBELJOOCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000002767 Daucus carota Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 244000000626 Daucus carota Species 0.000 description 1
- ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl cellulose Chemical compound CCOCC1OC(OC)C(OCC)C(OCC)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001856 Ethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCO LYCAIKOWRPUZTN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N Magnesium Chemical compound [Mg] FYYHWMGAXLPEAU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Triethanolamine Chemical class OCCN(CCO)CCO GSEJCLTVZPLZKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zinc Chemical compound [Zn] HCHKCACWOHOZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- RZESOXIJGKVAAX-UHFFFAOYSA-L [Ag++].[O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O Chemical compound [Ag++].[O-]C(=O)CCC([O-])=O RZESOXIJGKVAAX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 239000006096 absorbing agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000000980 acid dye Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012190 activator Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000996 additive effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002411 adverse Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000007824 aliphatic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003513 alkali Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000001339 alkali metal compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052784 alkaline earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000001342 alkaline earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003973 alkyl amines Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012298 atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011324 bead Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052796 boron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N butan-1-amine Chemical compound CCCCN HQABUPZFAYXKJW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052793 cadmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cadmium atom Chemical compound [Cd] BDOSMKKIYDKNTQ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- ZOAIGCHJWKDIPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M caesium acetate Chemical compound [Cs+].CC([O-])=O ZOAIGCHJWKDIPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L caesium carbonate Chemical compound [Cs+].[Cs+].[O-]C([O-])=O FJDQFPXHSGXQBY-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000024 caesium carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052791 calcium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011575 calcium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052799 carbon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004432 carbon atom Chemical group C* 0.000 description 1
- 239000000969 carrier Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004927 clay Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052802 copper Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010949 copper Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000000994 depressogenic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001627 detrimental effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 1
- HEQUOWMMDQTGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-L dicesium;oxalate Chemical compound [Cs+].[Cs+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O HEQUOWMMDQTGCX-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N diethylene glycol monoethyl ether Chemical compound CCOCCOCCO XXJWXESWEXIICW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 235000019325 ethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229920001249 ethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000706 filtrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011187 glycerol Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001307 helium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052734 helium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N helium atom Chemical compound [He] SWQJXJOGLNCZEY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000004679 hydroxides Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000002887 hydroxy group Chemical group [H]O* 0.000 description 1
- 230000001771 impaired effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000002500 ions Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052749 magnesium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011777 magnesium Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N mercury Chemical compound [Hg] QSHDDOUJBYECFT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229920000609 methyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 125000002496 methyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- CEQFOVLGLXCDCX-WUKNDPDISA-N methyl red Chemical compound C1=CC(N(C)C)=CC=C1\N=N\C1=CC=CC=C1C(O)=O CEQFOVLGLXCDCX-WUKNDPDISA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000001923 methylcellulose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000010981 methylcellulose Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910052754 neon Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N neon atom Chemical compound [Ne] GKAOGPIIYCISHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052758 niobium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010955 niobium Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N niobium atom Chemical compound [Nb] GUCVJGMIXFAOAE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012299 nitrogen atmosphere Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000005457 optimization Methods 0.000 description 1
- 235000005985 organic acids Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000002894 organic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000003960 organic solvent Substances 0.000 description 1
- TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Al]O[Al]=O TWNQGVIAIRXVLR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000000737 periodic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000001103 potassium chloride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001376 precipitating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000002035 prolonged effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000006722 reduction reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011819 refractory material Substances 0.000 description 1
- HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon carbide Chemical compound [Si+]#[C-] HBMJWWWQQXIZIP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910010271 silicon carbide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 235000012239 silicon dioxide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003378 silver Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- CQLFBEKRDQMJLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver acetate Chemical compound [Ag+].CC([O-])=O CQLFBEKRDQMJLZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229940071536 silver acetate Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910001958 silver carbonate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LKZMBDSASOBTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L silver carbonate Substances [Ag].[O-]C([O-])=O LKZMBDSASOBTPN-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- XNGYKPINNDWGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-L silver oxalate Chemical compound [Ag+].[Ag+].[O-]C(=O)C([O-])=O XNGYKPINNDWGGF-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- YPNVIBVEFVRZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L silver sulfate Chemical compound [Ag+].[Ag+].[O-]S([O-])(=O)=O YPNVIBVEFVRZPJ-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910000367 silver sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- LMEWRZSPCQHBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver;2-hydroxypropanoate Chemical compound [Ag+].CC(O)C([O-])=O LMEWRZSPCQHBOB-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000010935 stainless steel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910001220 stainless steel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N strontium atom Chemical compound [Sr] CIOAGBVUUVVLOB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052715 tantalum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N tantalum atom Chemical compound [Ta] GUVRBAGPIYLISA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000004408 titanium dioxide Substances 0.000 description 1
- ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N triethylene glycol Chemical compound OCCOCCOCCO ZIBGPFATKBEMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000001960 triggered effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052720 vanadium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N vanadium Chemical compound [V]#[V] GPPXJZIENCGNKB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D301/00—Preparation of oxiranes
- C07D301/02—Synthesis of the oxirane ring
- C07D301/03—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds
- C07D301/04—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen
- C07D301/08—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase
- C07D301/10—Synthesis of the oxirane ring by oxidation of unsaturated compounds, or of mixtures of unsaturated and saturated compounds with air or molecular oxygen in the gaseous phase with catalysts containing silver or gold
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/66—Silver or gold
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J21/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides, or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium, or hafnium
- B01J21/12—Silica and alumina
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
- Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
- Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP1013202A JP2637537B2 (ja) | 1989-01-24 | 1989-01-24 | エチレンオキシド製造用銀触媒およびその製造方法 |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| DD291484A5 true DD291484A5 (de) | 1991-07-04 |
Family
ID=11826572
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| DD90337055A DD291484A5 (de) | 1989-01-24 | 1990-01-11 | Silberkatalysator fuer die produktion von ethylenoxid und verfahren zu seiner herstellung |
Country Status (17)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5077256A (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP0380295B1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP2637537B2 (fr) |
| KR (1) | KR960011428B1 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN1022891C (fr) |
| AU (1) | AU625464B2 (fr) |
| BG (1) | BG60546B1 (fr) |
| BR (1) | BR9000244A (fr) |
| CA (1) | CA2007500C (fr) |
| DD (1) | DD291484A5 (fr) |
| DE (1) | DE69007639T2 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2050360T3 (fr) |
| MX (1) | MX170683B (fr) |
| PL (1) | PL163377B1 (fr) |
| RO (1) | RO107096B1 (fr) |
| RU (1) | RU1837959C (fr) |
| TR (1) | TR24173A (fr) |
Families Citing this family (32)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CA2089510C (fr) * | 1992-02-27 | 1998-09-01 | Shinichi Nagase | Catalyseur a l'argent servant a la production d'oxyde d'ethylene et methode de production du catalyseur |
| US5504052A (en) * | 1994-12-02 | 1996-04-02 | Scientific Design Company, Inc. | Silver catalyst preparation |
| AU690809B2 (en) * | 1995-02-01 | 1998-04-30 | Shell Internationale Research Maatschappij B.V. | Alkylene oxide catalyst and process |
| JPH11191963A (ja) * | 1997-12-25 | 1999-07-13 | Fujitsu Ltd | 電源装置 |
| TW426545B (en) * | 1997-12-25 | 2001-03-21 | Nippon Catalytic Chem Ind | Silver catalyst for production of ethylene oxide, method for production thereof, and method for production of ethylene oxide |
| EP0937498B1 (fr) * | 1998-02-20 | 2004-08-18 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Catalyseur à base d' argent pour la production d' oxyde d' éthylène , procédé pour sa préparation et procédé de préparation d' oxyde d' éthylène |
| GB9807498D0 (en) * | 1998-04-08 | 1998-06-10 | Ici Plc | Production of unsaturated acids therfore and catalysts therfor |
| TW460325B (en) | 1998-11-17 | 2001-10-21 | Nippon Catalytic Chem Ind | Carrier for catalyst for use in production of ethylene oxide, catalyst for use in production of ethylene oxide, and method for production of ethylene oxide |
| US6908879B1 (en) | 1999-09-06 | 2005-06-21 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Ceramic article, carrier for catalyst, methods for production thereof, catalyst for producing ethylene oxide using the carrier, and method for producing ethylene oxide |
| EP1086743B1 (fr) * | 1999-09-21 | 2006-08-16 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Catalyseur pour la production d'époxydes et méthodes pour le produire et pour préparer des époxydes |
| US20020157535A1 (en) * | 2001-02-28 | 2002-10-31 | Kanazirev Vladislav I. | Process and adsorbent for gas drying |
| JP4726349B2 (ja) * | 2001-08-03 | 2011-07-20 | 株式会社日本触媒 | 酸化エチレン製造用触媒、その製造方法および当該触媒による酸化エチレンの製造方法 |
| JP4050041B2 (ja) | 2001-11-06 | 2008-02-20 | 株式会社日本触媒 | 酸化エチレン製造用触媒、その製造方法および当該触媒による酸化エチレンの製造方法 |
| EP1354626B1 (fr) * | 2002-04-04 | 2005-07-13 | Nippon Shokubai Co., Ltd. | Catalyseur à base d'argent supporté sur de la silice-alumine et son utilisation dans la production d'époxydes |
| EP1386664B1 (fr) * | 2002-07-31 | 2016-05-11 | Ineos Technologies (Vinyls) Limited | Parallélépipède creux, approprié comme support catalytique pour des réactions exothermiques selectives |
| JP4572551B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-25 | 2010-11-04 | 住友化学株式会社 | 酸化オレフィンの製造法 |
| SG177010A1 (en) * | 2003-08-22 | 2012-01-30 | Dow Technology Investments Llc | Improved alumina carriers and silver-based catalysts for the production of alkylene oxides |
| CN100408169C (zh) * | 2005-01-11 | 2008-08-06 | 中国石化北京燕化石油化工股份有限公司 | 用于生产环氧乙烷的银催化剂、其制备方法及其应用 |
| US7759284B2 (en) * | 2005-05-09 | 2010-07-20 | Scientific Design Company, Inc. | Calcination in an inert gas in the presence of a small concentration of an oxidizing component |
| EP2017004A4 (fr) * | 2006-05-02 | 2011-06-22 | Nippon Catalytic Chem Ind | Catalyseur pour l'oxydation partielle d'oléfine, sa méthode de production et méthode pour produire de l'oxyde d'alcénylène |
| US8685883B2 (en) * | 2008-04-30 | 2014-04-01 | Dow Technology Investments Llc | Porous body precursors, shaped porous bodies, processes for making them, and end-use products based upon the same |
| CA2723160A1 (fr) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-05 | Dow Technology Investments Llc | Precurseurs de corps poreux, corps poreux faconnes, leurs procedes de fabrication et produits finaux fondes sur ces corps poreux |
| WO2009134839A1 (fr) * | 2008-04-30 | 2009-11-05 | Dow Technology Investments, Llc | Précurseurs de corps poreux, corps façonnés poreux, procédés de fabrication de ceux-ci et produits finis fondés sur ceux-ci |
| JP5211924B2 (ja) * | 2008-08-05 | 2013-06-12 | 三菱化学株式会社 | エチレンオキシド製造用触媒及びエチレンオキシドの製造方法 |
| CN102397795B (zh) | 2010-09-13 | 2014-03-19 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 环氧乙烷生产用银催化剂的载体、其制备方法、由其制成的银催化剂及其应用 |
| CN102463141B (zh) | 2010-11-02 | 2015-05-06 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种氧化铝载体、其制备方法、由其制成的银催化剂及其应用 |
| CN103816940B (zh) * | 2012-11-19 | 2019-03-26 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种氧化铝载体及其制备方法 |
| EP2938435A4 (fr) * | 2012-12-31 | 2016-10-05 | Scient Design Co | Procédé de calcination pour la production d'un catalyseur d'oxyde d'éthylène amélioré |
| JP6174442B2 (ja) * | 2013-09-30 | 2017-08-02 | 株式会社日本触媒 | アルキレンオキシド製造用触媒およびアルキレンオキシドの製造方法 |
| CN106311354B (zh) * | 2015-07-02 | 2020-07-21 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 氧化铝载体表面改性的方法、由此得到的载体和其应用 |
| CN108686712B (zh) * | 2017-04-05 | 2021-07-02 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 改性α-氧化铝载体及其制备方法和银催化剂及应用 |
| US11439986B2 (en) * | 2017-12-13 | 2022-09-13 | Scientific Design Company, Inc. | Silver impregnation solution containing high-boiling oxygenated additive and its use in ethylene oxide catalyst preparation |
Family Cites Families (9)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US2194602A (en) * | 1938-12-29 | 1940-03-26 | Carbide & Carbon Chem Corp | Activation of silver catalysts |
| US2458266A (en) * | 1945-02-09 | 1949-01-04 | Monsanto Chemicals | Process for making ethylene oxide |
| US3875080A (en) * | 1969-01-31 | 1975-04-01 | Huels Chemische Werke Ag | Process for preparing supported silver catalysts for the production of ethylene oxide |
| US3962136A (en) * | 1972-01-07 | 1976-06-08 | Shell Oil Company | Catalyst for production of ethylene oxide |
| FR2412538A1 (fr) * | 1977-12-22 | 1979-07-20 | Ugine Kuhlmann | Catalyseurs a base d'argent pour la production d'oxyde d'ethylene |
| DE2914640C2 (de) * | 1979-04-11 | 1986-01-30 | Hüls AG, 4370 Marl | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Silberkatalysatoren für die Herstellung von Ethylenoxid |
| DE2925625C2 (de) * | 1979-06-26 | 1981-10-01 | Chemische Werke Hüls AG, 4370 Marl | Verfahren zur Steigerung der Aktivität und zur Verlängerung der Standzeit bei hoher Selektivität von Silber-Träger-Katalysatoren für den Einsatz zur Ethylenoxid-Synthese |
| AU586048B2 (en) * | 1985-11-12 | 1989-06-29 | Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo Co. Ltd. | Silver catalyst for production of ethylene oxide and method for manufacture thereof |
| JPH084745B2 (ja) * | 1986-05-09 | 1996-01-24 | 三菱化学株式会社 | エチレンオキシド製造用銀触媒 |
-
1989
- 1989-01-24 JP JP1013202A patent/JP2637537B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1990
- 1990-01-10 CA CA002007500A patent/CA2007500C/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-01-11 DD DD90337055A patent/DD291484A5/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-01-12 AU AU47956/90A patent/AU625464B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1990-01-18 MX MX019181A patent/MX170683B/es unknown
- 1990-01-19 US US07/467,828 patent/US5077256A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-01-22 BR BR909000244A patent/BR9000244A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1990-01-23 RU SU904743055A patent/RU1837959C/ru active
- 1990-01-23 EP EP90300691A patent/EP0380295B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-01-23 CN CN90100752A patent/CN1022891C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-01-23 RO RO143872A patent/RO107096B1/ro unknown
- 1990-01-23 BG BG90985A patent/BG60546B1/bg unknown
- 1990-01-23 ES ES90300691T patent/ES2050360T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1990-01-23 DE DE69007639T patent/DE69007639T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-01-23 TR TR90/0102A patent/TR24173A/xx unknown
- 1990-01-24 KR KR1019900000825A patent/KR960011428B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1990-01-24 PL PL90283422A patent/PL163377B1/pl unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| PL283422A1 (en) | 1991-02-11 |
| CA2007500A1 (fr) | 1990-07-24 |
| BG90985A (bg) | 1993-12-24 |
| CN1044416A (zh) | 1990-08-08 |
| KR960011428B1 (ko) | 1996-08-22 |
| JP2637537B2 (ja) | 1997-08-06 |
| EP0380295B1 (fr) | 1994-03-30 |
| DE69007639T2 (de) | 1994-09-01 |
| US5077256A (en) | 1991-12-31 |
| AU4795690A (en) | 1990-08-02 |
| EP0380295A3 (en) | 1990-10-10 |
| RU1837959C (ru) | 1993-08-30 |
| RO107096B1 (ro) | 1993-09-30 |
| DE69007639D1 (de) | 1994-05-05 |
| AU625464B2 (en) | 1992-07-09 |
| MX170683B (es) | 1993-09-07 |
| CN1022891C (zh) | 1993-12-01 |
| EP0380295A2 (fr) | 1990-08-01 |
| JPH02194839A (ja) | 1990-08-01 |
| BR9000244A (pt) | 1990-11-20 |
| TR24173A (tr) | 1991-05-01 |
| BG60546B1 (bg) | 1995-08-28 |
| ES2050360T3 (es) | 1994-05-16 |
| PL163377B1 (en) | 1994-03-31 |
| KR900011508A (ko) | 1990-08-01 |
| CA2007500C (fr) | 1998-09-29 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| DD291484A5 (de) | Silberkatalysator fuer die produktion von ethylenoxid und verfahren zu seiner herstellung | |
| DE2712785C2 (fr) | ||
| DE69300497T2 (de) | Silberkatalysator zur Herstellung von Äthylenoxid. | |
| DE68921777T2 (de) | Hochwirksame Silberkatalysatoren zur Herstellung von Ethylenoxid durch Ethylenoxidation. | |
| DE69200450T2 (de) | Ethylenoxidkatalysator und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und seiner Anwendung. | |
| DE69409536T2 (de) | Epoxydierungskatalysator und verfahren | |
| EP0330853B1 (fr) | Procédé de préparation de l'acétate de vinyle | |
| DE69205845T2 (de) | Katalysatorträger, zusammensetzung und Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung. | |
| DE69813170T2 (de) | Silberkatalysator, Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Ethylenoxid | |
| DE2016603C3 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Katalysators und dessen Verwendung in katalytischen Reaktionen, insbesondere Hydrierungs- und Dehydrierungsreaktionen | |
| DE2521906C2 (fr) | ||
| DE69729744T2 (de) | Verbessertes verfahren für die herstellung von palladium - gold- trägerkatalysatoren | |
| DE69525648T2 (de) | Herstellung eines silberkatalysators | |
| DE2820170C2 (fr) | ||
| EP1106247B1 (fr) | Catalyseur,procédé pour sa préparation et son utilisation pour la production de monomères d'acétate de vinyle | |
| EP0125689B2 (fr) | Catalyseur pour la synthèse de méthanol | |
| DE69730848T2 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von propylenoxid unter anwendung eines auf erdalkalikarbonaten aufgetragenen edelmetallkatalysators | |
| DE69707281T2 (de) | Katalysatorträger | |
| DE69310831T3 (de) | Katalysator und Verfahren zur Oxychlorierung von Ethylen in Dichlorethan | |
| DE2220799C3 (de) | Verfahren zur Herstellung von Acrylsäure durch Oxydation von Acrolein | |
| DE2448449C2 (de) | Silberkatalysator zur Herstellung von Äthylenoxid und seine Verwendung | |
| EP0211397B1 (fr) | Catalyseur à base d'argent, sa préparation et son utilisation | |
| DD207863A5 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung eines silberkatalysators | |
| DD247388A5 (de) | Verfahren zur herstellung von silberhaltigen katalysatoren | |
| DE2935903A1 (de) | Oxidationskatalysator und seine verwendung bei einem verfahren zur herstellung von methacrolein |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| ENJ | Ceased due to non-payment of renewal fee |