EP0687926A1 - Optischer Leistungsteilerschaltkreis unabhängig von der Polarisation und Wellenlänge - Google Patents

Optischer Leistungsteilerschaltkreis unabhängig von der Polarisation und Wellenlänge Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0687926A1
EP0687926A1 EP95201401A EP95201401A EP0687926A1 EP 0687926 A1 EP0687926 A1 EP 0687926A1 EP 95201401 A EP95201401 A EP 95201401A EP 95201401 A EP95201401 A EP 95201401A EP 0687926 A1 EP0687926 A1 EP 0687926A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
section
waveguiding
waveguide
modal
discontinuity
Prior art date
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Granted
Application number
EP95201401A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP0687926B1 (de
Inventor
Johannes Jacobus Gerardus Maria Van Der Tol
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Koninklijke KPN NV
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Koninklijke PTT Nederland NV
Koninklijke KPN NV
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Priority to EP02075243A priority Critical patent/EP1207409A1/de
Publication of EP0687926A1 publication Critical patent/EP0687926A1/de
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B6/122—Basic optical elements, e.g. light-guiding paths
    • G02B6/125—Bends, branchings or intersections
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/14—Mode converters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B2006/12083—Constructional arrangements
    • G02B2006/12097—Ridge, rib or the like
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
    • G02B6/00—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings
    • G02B6/10—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type
    • G02B6/12—Light guides; Structural details of arrangements comprising light guides and other optical elements, e.g. couplings of the optical waveguide type of the integrated circuit kind
    • G02B2006/12133—Functions
    • G02B2006/1215—Splitter

Definitions

  • the invention is in the field of integrated optical circuits. More particularly, it relates to an integrated optical waveguide circuit for splitting an optical input signal into two output signals with optical powers in a predetermined splitting ratio.
  • Splitting optical signals is one of the most important functions in an optical system.
  • optical 1 ⁇ N splitters are known, which often are composed of optical 3dB splitters.
  • a 3dB splitter is a power splitter in which the optical power of an optical input signal is evenly distributed over two output signals, having therefore a splitting ratio of 50/50.
  • For optical signal monitoring or in optical control loops often smaller fractions, for example 10 %, are split out of the optical power of an optical signal.
  • known splitters can roughly be distinguished into two kinds.
  • a first kind is based on interference.
  • Splitting circuits in which a direction coupling device or an MZ-interferometer is applied belong to this kind.
  • a second splitter kind is based on symmetry.
  • the type most generally known of this kind is the symmetric Y splitter which possesses a mono-modal waveguiding trunk, branching symmetrically into two mono-modal wave guiding branches. Due to its symmetry, it principally is a 3dB splitter.
  • a second type of said second kind, for example, is known through references [1] and [2].
  • Said second type relates to an asymmetric Y splitter having a mono-modal trunk, which widens adiabatically to a bi- or multi-modal waveguide and subsequently splits into two mono-modal branches having different propagation constants at a relatively large splitting angle.
  • the coupling area adjacent to the splitting point between the two branches forms a disruption, as a result of which partial conversions in propagation modes are caused, in an optical signal entering via the trunk, from the zero order to the first order.
  • the signals which have different orders of propagation mode subsequently further propagate via the different branches.
  • the extent of conversion consequently determines the splitting ratio and, inter alia, depends on the widths chosen for the two branches and on the size of the angle between both branches.
  • a splitting point which to a large degree reflection-free is attained by having the effective refraction index in the propagation direction decrease gradually in the area between both branches starting from the splitting point.
  • this known asymmetric Y splitter is polarisation-independent to a high degree and to some extent wavelength-independent, a desired specific splitting ratio cannot be realised easily.
  • a third splitter type of the second kind, with which a well-defined fraction can be split out of an optical signal, is known through reference [3]. Said splitter is a combination of a mode converter and an asymmetric Y splitter used as a modus splitter.
  • the asymmetric Y splitter has a bi-modal wave guiding trunk which splits at a relatively small angle into two mono-modal branches having different propagation constants and is incorporated in the bi-modal trunk of a mode-converter.
  • the light mainly couples in the one or the other of both branches.
  • a desired fraction of a zero propagation mode is converted into a first propagation mode.
  • said known splitter has a splitting ratio which can be defined well, as a consequence of the interferometric nature of the mode converter it is selective, to a high extent, for wavelength and polarisation of the optical signal used.
  • the object of the invention is to provide a power splitter which can be integrated, in a simple manner, with a well-definable splitting ratio, which power splitter is based on a combination of a mode splitter with a mode converter not based upon interference.
  • the invention is based on the fact that a discontinuity in a bi-modal or, more in general, a multi-modal waveguide causes a partial mode conversion in an optical signal, propagating in accordance with a first propagation mode in said waveguide, to a signal propagating in a second propagation mode, with the two propagation modes differing in order number.
  • the width(s) of the waveguiding sections at both sides of the discontinuity in the bi- or multi-modal waveguide can be chosen in such manner that a high extent of polarisation-independence is also obtained. This means that such a discontinuity which can be dimensioned to a desired conversion fraction in a simple manner can very well be used as an interference-free mode converter.
  • An integrated optical waveguide circuit for splitting an optical input signal into two output signals having optical powers in a predetermined splitting ratio comprising a mode splitter having an input waveguide and a first and a second output waveguide, with a mode converter being incorporated into the input waveguide for converting a fraction of a signal entering via the input waveguide of a first propagation mode into a second propagation mode of different order, said mode converter including a first waveguiding section and a second waveguiding section, and the mode splitter emitting signals, which enter via the input guide and propagate in propagation modes of different order, via different output guides, which optical circuit is of a kind known from reference [3], is according to the invention characterised in that the first waveguiding section and the second waveguiding section of the mode converter adjoin each other via a single discontinuity, with the extent of discontinuity corresponding to the fraction of conversion for obtaining said splitting ratio.
  • a discontinuity defines a coupling plane or coupling area in which the conversion or coupling takes place between guided modes different in order number. It appears that the length of the coupling area can be chosen in such manner that reflections are largely suppressed, and yet the desired conversion fraction is obtained.
  • the discontinuity in the waveguide circuit defines a coupling area having a length in dependence of propagation constants of guided modes in the first and second section.
  • the discontinuity has a jumpy transition between two wave guiding subsections, such as an offset or an abrupt change in width of the subsections, with the extent of offset or change in width corresponding to the conversion fraction desired.
  • the discontinuity is formed by a taper. With tapers, both symmetric and asymmetric discontinuities can be constructed.
  • the mode splitter is an asymmetric Y splitter dimensioned as such, as a result of which the entire circuit can be realised having one type of waveguide, such as the rib type.
  • FIG. 1 shows diagrammatically a first exemplary embodiment of an optical power splitting circuit in accordance with the invention.
  • the circuit comprises a mono-modal wave guiding input channel 1 and two mono-modal wave guiding output channels 2 and 3. Between the input channel 1 and the two output channels 2 and 3 have been incorporated, successively, a taper section 4 for the adiabatic transition from a mono-modal to a bi-modal wave guiding channel, a bi-modal wave guiding intermediate section 5 directly adjoining the taper section 4, and an asymmetric Y splitter 6 dimensioned as a mode splitter and having a bi-modal wave guiding trunk 6.1 and two mono-modal wave guiding branches 6.2 and 6.3 differing in propagation constants.
  • the wave guiding branches 6.2 and 6.3 mutually divert at an diversion angle ⁇ , and outside their mutual interaction area pass into the output channels 2 and 3, respectively.
  • the bi-modal intermediary section 5 comprises two subsections 5.1 and 5.2, which adjoin each other via a discontinuity 7, i.e. are coupled to each other.
  • the plane in which the two sections are coupled to each other is called coupling plane, indicated by K in the Figure. If, in the coupling plane, the cross section profiles of the two wave guiding subsections 5.1 and 5.2 do not exactly fall over each other, this is a jumpy discontinuity.
  • the extent to which the cross section profiles of the two wave guiding subsections 5.1 and 5.2 divert from each other in the coupling plane K determines the extent of the discontinuity.
  • the discontinuity is symbolically represented by a mutual offset of the two subsections over a distance indicated by x. It is known, that at a jumpy discontinuity in a waveguide, in which optical signals in accordance with different guided modes can propagate, mode conversions can be realised from a guided mode upstream of the discontinuity into another guided mode downstream of the discontinuity, with the extent of conversion being expressed by a coupling constant which is specific for said conversion.
  • the kind of conversion that can take place depends on according to which guided mode a signal in the direction of the discontinuity propagates, on which guided modi are possible in the waveguide before and after the discontinuity, and on the symmetry of the discontinuity.
  • discontinuity is asymmetric, conversions are also possible between guided modes having an odd difference in order number, whereas a symmetric discontinuity only permits conversions between guided modes having an even difference in order number.
  • a discontinuity in a waveguide therefore has the meaning of such an abrupt transition between two successive subsections of the waveguide, that such conversions can take place between guided modes having different order numbers.
  • a discontinuity is symmetric if the two successive subsections of the waveguide and the intermediately located transition have a common plane of symmetry. Any other discontinuity is asymmetric.
  • the extent of conversion i.e. the size of the coupling constant, has been found to depend, to a large degree, on the extent of discontinuity.
  • FIG. 2 a cross section is shown, only by way of example on the basis of indium phosphide (InP). Between a substrate 11 and a top layer 12, both of InP, a light-guiding layer 13 is located, the so-called quaternary layer of InGaAsP having a thickness t.
  • InP indium phosphide
  • the top layer 12 locally shows, over the length of the guide, a rib-like elevation 12.1 having a hight h and width w, which for example, is obtained by partially etching away a top layer which initially had a thickness H.
  • a rib-like elevation 12.1 having a hight h and width w, which for example, is obtained by partially etching away a top layer which initially had a thickness H.
  • FIG. 3 shows a first asymmetric discontinuity to which two waveguiding sections a and b, respectively adjoin each other laterally in an offset manner, having central axes h a and h b and having one and the same waveguide profile, i.c. an identical width.
  • the central axes are offset over a distance x.
  • the circuit operates as follows.
  • An optical signal I i entering the mono-modal input channel 1 propagates in the fundamental mode, i.e. zero order mode, via the taper section 4 and the bi-modal subsection 5.1 of the section 5 as far as the asymmetric discontinuity 7.
  • ⁇ and ⁇ are ratio numbers of signal intensities.
  • a signal I ol emitting out of output channel 2 corresponds to the converted fraction ⁇ of the input signal I i
  • a signal I o2 emitting out of output channel 3 corresponds to the non-converted part ⁇ . Since due to reflection and radiation modes some signal losses always occur at the discontinuity, this means that ( ⁇ + ⁇ ) ⁇ 1 and that some attenuation will occur.
  • the splitting ratio ⁇ / ⁇ and the attenuation D (dB) have been plotted out as a function of the distance x, over which the central axes of the wave guiding subsections 5.1 and 5.2 have offset.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Optics & Photonics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
  • Optical Integrated Circuits (AREA)
  • Holo Graphy (AREA)
  • Spectrometry And Color Measurement (AREA)
EP95201401A 1994-06-17 1995-05-30 Optischer Leistungsteilerschaltkreis unabhängig von der Polarisation und Wellenlänge Expired - Lifetime EP0687926B1 (de)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP02075243A EP1207409A1 (de) 1994-06-17 1995-05-30 Polarisations- und wellenlängenunabhängiger optischer Leistungsteilerschaltkreis

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
NL9400993A NL9400993A (nl) 1994-06-17 1994-06-17 Polarisatie- en golflengte-onafhankelijk optisch vermogen splitsend circuit.
NL9400993 1994-06-17

Related Child Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP02075243.2 Division-Into 2002-01-21

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP0687926A1 true EP0687926A1 (de) 1995-12-20
EP0687926B1 EP0687926B1 (de) 2002-07-31

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EP95201401A Expired - Lifetime EP0687926B1 (de) 1994-06-17 1995-05-30 Optischer Leistungsteilerschaltkreis unabhängig von der Polarisation und Wellenlänge
EP02075243A Withdrawn EP1207409A1 (de) 1994-06-17 1995-05-30 Polarisations- und wellenlängenunabhängiger optischer Leistungsteilerschaltkreis

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Country Status (9)

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US (1) US5524156A (de)
EP (2) EP0687926B1 (de)
JP (1) JP2717779B2 (de)
AT (1) ATE221671T1 (de)
CA (1) CA2151222C (de)
DE (1) DE69527580T2 (de)
FI (3) FI115415B (de)
NL (1) NL9400993A (de)
NO (1) NO952409L (de)

Cited By (2)

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WO2008092825A1 (de) * 2007-01-31 2008-08-07 Ccs Technology, Inc. Asymmetrischer optischer verzweiger
US20240159963A1 (en) * 2022-11-11 2024-05-16 Cisco Technology, Inc. Optical power splitters

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US5623568A (en) * 1995-09-15 1997-04-22 Lucent Technologies Inc. Compact and fabrication tolerant high speed digital optical Y-switches
US5719976A (en) * 1995-10-24 1998-02-17 Lucent Technologies, Inc. Optimized waveguide structure
US5745619A (en) * 1996-06-07 1998-04-28 Lucent Technologies Inc. Low-loss optical power splitter for high-definition waveguides
JP3360547B2 (ja) 1996-10-24 2002-12-24 富士ゼロックス株式会社 光バスおよび信号処理装置
US6169757B1 (en) * 1997-09-26 2001-01-02 Scott A. Merritt Intermodal phase difference controller for beam angle modulation in index guided semiconductor devices
WO1999063375A1 (en) * 1998-06-04 1999-12-09 California Institute Of Technology Optical devices based on energy transfer between different modes in optical waveguide
US6236784B1 (en) * 1998-08-10 2001-05-22 Hitachi, Ltd. Y branching optical waveguide and optical integrated circuit
US6275627B1 (en) * 1998-09-25 2001-08-14 Corning Incorporated Optical fiber having an expanded mode field diameter and method of expanding the mode field diameter of an optical fiber
JP3594899B2 (ja) 2000-12-13 2004-12-02 株式会社大井製作所 車両用サンルーフの制御装置
US20030133663A1 (en) * 2002-01-16 2003-07-17 Jds Uniphase Corporation Integrated optical splitter
JP3795821B2 (ja) * 2002-03-29 2006-07-12 日本発条株式会社 光分岐器
US7027673B1 (en) * 2002-06-19 2006-04-11 Luxtera, Inc. Integrated dual waveguides
US6915047B1 (en) * 2003-03-24 2005-07-05 Inplane Photonics, Inc. Broadband, polarization independent integrated optical tap
JP5222791B2 (ja) * 2009-06-01 2013-06-26 富士通株式会社 光導波路
CN102879859A (zh) * 2012-08-20 2013-01-16 东南大学 集成型光分路器
CN103823306A (zh) * 2012-11-19 2014-05-28 鸿富锦精密工业（深圳）有限公司 光输出装置
US20150104130A1 (en) * 2013-10-14 2015-04-16 Cisco Technology, Inc. Optical power splitter
CN110455405A (zh) * 2018-05-08 2019-11-15 华为技术有限公司 光分束器、光功率监测装置及激光器芯片
US11500154B1 (en) * 2019-10-18 2022-11-15 Apple Inc. Asymmetric optical power splitting system and method
US12372724B2 (en) 2020-09-23 2025-07-29 Apple Inc. Light splitting device
US11906778B2 (en) 2020-09-25 2024-02-20 Apple Inc. Achromatic light splitting device with a high V number and a low V number waveguide
JP2023028951A (ja) * 2021-08-20 2023-03-03 富士通オプティカルコンポーネンツ株式会社 タップカプラ、光通信装置及び光分岐方法
US12487407B2 (en) 2021-09-24 2025-12-02 Apple Inc. Compact light splitting devices and methods
US11971574B2 (en) 2021-09-24 2024-04-30 Apple Inc. Multi-mode devices for multiplexing and de-multiplexing
EP4273599A1 (de) 2022-05-05 2023-11-08 Apple Inc. Kompakter optischer splitter
US12510708B2 (en) 2022-09-02 2025-12-30 Cisco Technology, Inc. Bilayer silicon nitride polarization mode converter
US12287512B2 (en) 2022-09-02 2025-04-29 Cisco Technology, Inc. Two layer polarization splitter rotator
CN117687144A (zh) * 2022-09-02 2024-03-12 华为技术有限公司 分光器、分光器芯片、通信设备和光分配网
US12372719B2 (en) 2022-09-06 2025-07-29 Apple Inc. Compact optical coupler

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Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
WO2008092825A1 (de) * 2007-01-31 2008-08-07 Ccs Technology, Inc. Asymmetrischer optischer verzweiger
US20240159963A1 (en) * 2022-11-11 2024-05-16 Cisco Technology, Inc. Optical power splitters

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FI953008L (fi) 1995-12-18
JP2717779B2 (ja) 1998-02-25
NO952409D0 (no) 1995-06-16
NO952409L (no) 1995-12-18
FI115415B (fi) 2005-04-29
US5524156A (en) 1996-06-04
JPH085852A (ja) 1996-01-12
NL9400993A (nl) 1996-02-01
FI20030927L (fi) 2003-06-19
FI953008A0 (fi) 1995-06-16
CA2151222A1 (en) 1995-12-18
EP0687926B1 (de) 2002-07-31
FI20041677L (fi) 2004-12-28
ATE221671T1 (de) 2002-08-15
DE69527580D1 (de) 2002-09-05
CA2151222C (en) 1998-11-03
FI117030B (fi) 2006-05-15
DE69527580T2 (de) 2003-03-06
FI20030927A7 (fi) 2003-06-19
EP1207409A1 (de) 2002-05-22

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