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Definitions

• the invention is directed to certain indole carboxamide compounds, which are inhibitors of kinase activity. More specifically, the compounds are IKK2 inhibitors. These compounds are useful in the treatment of disorders associated with inappropriate IKK2
• IKK ⁇ also known as IKK ⁇ activity
• IKK2 mechanisms including inflammatory and tissue repair disorders.
• disorders include rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
• Protein kinase enzyme family An important large family of enzymes is the protein kinase enzyme family.
• protein kinases There are about 500 different known protein kinases. However, because three to four percent of the human genome is a code for the formation of protein kinases, there may be many thousands of distinct and separate kinases in the human body. Protein kinases serve to catalyze the phosphorylation of an amino acid side chain in various proteins by the transfer of the ⁇ -phosphate of the ATP-Mg 2+ complex to said amino acid side chain.
• protein kinases Due to their physiological relevance, variety and ubiquitousness, protein kinases have become one of the most important and widely studied family of enzymes in biochemical and medical research.
• the protein kinase family of enzymes is typically classified into two main subfamilies:
• PSTK serine/threonine kinases
• the serine/threonine kinases includes cyclic AMP- and cyclic GMP-dependent protein kinases, calcium and phospholipid dependent protein kinase, calcium- and calmodulin-dependent protein kinases, casein kinases, cell division cycle protein kinases and others. These kinases are usually cytoplasmic or associated with the particulate fractions of cells, possibly by anchoring proteins.
• tyrosine kinases phosphorylate tyrosine residues.
• Tyrosine kinases play an equally important role in cell regulation. These kinases include several receptors for molecules such as growth factors and hormones, including epidermal growth factor receptor, insulin receptor, platelet derived growth factor receptor and others.
• tyrosine kinases are transmembrane proteins with their receptor domains located on the outside of the cell and their kinase domains on the inside. Much work is also under progress to identify modulators of tyrosine kinases as well.
• Nuclear factor KB belongs to a family of closely related dimeric transcription factor complexes composed of various combinations of the Rel/NF- ⁇ B family of polypeptides.
• the family consists of five individual gene products in mammals, ReIA (p65), NF- ⁇ B1 (p50/ p105), NF- ⁇ B2 (p49/ p100), c-Rel, and ReIB, all of which can form hetero- or homodimers.
• These proteins share a highly homologous 300 amino acid "ReI homology domain" which contains the DNA binding and dimerization domains.
• ReI homology domain At the extreme C-terminus of the ReI homology domain is a nuclear translocation sequence important in the transport of NF- ⁇ B from the cytoplasm to the nucleus.
• p65 and cRel possess potent transactivation domains at their C-terminal ends.
• NF- ⁇ B The activity of NF- ⁇ B is regulated by its interaction with a member of the inhibitor IKB family of proteins. This interaction effectively blocks the nuclear localization sequence on the NF- ⁇ B proteins, thus preventing migration of the dimer to the nucleus.
• a wide variety of stimuli activate NF- ⁇ B through what are likely to be multiple signal transduction pathways. Included are bacterial products (LPS), some viruses (HIV-1 , HTLV-1), inflammatory cytokines (TNF ⁇ , IL-1), environmental and oxidative stress and DNA damaging agents. Apparently common to all stimuli however, is the phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of IKB. IKB is phosphorylated on two N-terminal serines by the recently identified IKB kinases (IKK- ⁇ and IKK- ⁇ ).
• IKK- ⁇ is also known as IKK2.
• Site- directed mutagenesis studies indicate that these phosphorylations are critical for the subsequent activation of NF- ⁇ B in that once phosphorylated the protein is flagged for degradation via the ubiquitin-proteasome pathway.
• the active NF- ⁇ B complexes Free from IKB, the active NF- ⁇ B complexes are able to translocate to the nucleus where they bind in a selective manner to preferred gene-specific enhancer sequences.
• Included in the genes regulated by NF- ⁇ B are a number of cytokines and chemokines, cell adhesion molecules, acute phase proteins, immunoregualtory proteins, eicosanoid metabolizing enzymes and anti-apoptotic genes.
• NF- ⁇ B plays a key role in the regulated expression of a large number of pro-inflammatory mediators including cytokines such as TNF, IL-1 ⁇ , IL-6 and IL-8, cell adhesion molecules, such as ICAM and VCAM, and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS).
• cytokines such as TNF, IL-1 ⁇ , IL-6 and IL-8
• cell adhesion molecules such as ICAM and VCAM
• iNOS inducible nitric oxide synthase
• NF- ⁇ B in inflammatory disorders is further strengthened by studies of airway inflammation including asthma, in which NF- ⁇ B has been shown to be activated. This activation may underlie the increased cytokine production and leukocyte infiltration characteristic of these disorders.
• inhaled steroids are known to reduce airway hyperresponsiveness and suppress the inflammatory response in asthmatic airways.
• glucocorticoid inhibition of NF- ⁇ B one may speculate that these effects are mediated through an inhibition of NF- ⁇ B.
• NF- ⁇ B is normally present as an inactive cytoplasmic complex
• recent immunohistochemical studies have indicated that NF- ⁇ B is present in the nuclei, and hence active, in the cells comprising rheumatoid synovium.
• NF- KB has been shown to be activated in human synovial cells in response to stimulation with TNF- ⁇ or ll_-1 ⁇ . Such a distribution may be the underlying mechanism for the increased cytokine and eicosanoid production characteristic of this tissue. See Roshak, A. K., et al., J. Biol.
• IKK- ⁇ has been shown in synoviocytes of rheumatoid arthritis patients and gene transfer studies have demonstrated the central role of IKK- ⁇ in stimulated inflammatory mediator production in these cells. See Aupperele et al. J. Immunology 1999. 163:427-433 and Aupperle et al. J. Immunology 2001 ;166:2705-11. More recently, the intra-articular administration of a wild type IKK- ⁇ adenoviral construct was shown to cause paw swelling while intra- articular administration of dominant-negative IKK ⁇ inhibited adjuvant-induced arthritis in rat. See Tak et al. Arthritis and Rheumatism 2001 , 44:1897-1907.
• NF- ⁇ B/Rel and IKB proteins are also likely to play a key role in neoplastic transformation and metastasis.
• Family members are associated with cell transformation in vitro and in vivo as a result of over expression, gene amplification, gene rearrangements or translocations.
• rearrangement and/or amplification of the genes encoding these proteins are seen in 20-25% of certain human lymphoid tumors.
• NF- ⁇ B is activated by oncogenic ras, the most common defect in human tumors and blockade of NF- ⁇ B activation inhibits ras mediated cell transformation.
• NF- ⁇ B a role for NF- ⁇ B in the regulation of apoptosis has been reported strengthening the role of this transcription factor in the regulation of tumor cell proliferation.
• TNF, ionizing radiation and DNA damaging agents have all been shown to activate NF- ⁇ B which in turn leads to the upregulated expression of several anti-apoptotic proteins.
• inhibition of NF- KB has been shown to enhance apoptotic-killing by these agents in several tumor cell types. As this likely represents a major mechanism of tumor cell resistance to chemotherapy, inhibitors of NF- ⁇ B activation may be useful chemotherapeutic agents as either single agents or adjunct therapy.
• NF- ⁇ B as an inhibitor of skeletal cell differentiation as well as a regulator of cytokine-induced muscle wasting (Guttridge et al. Science; 2000; 289: 2363-2365.) further supporting the potential of NFKB inhibitors as novel cancer therapies.
• the marine natural product hymenialdisine is known to inhibit NF- ⁇ B. Roshak, A., et al., JPET, 283, 955-961 (1997). Breton, J. J and Chabot-Fletcher, M. C, JPET, 282, 459- 466 (1997).
• IKK2 mechanisms including inflammatory and tissue repair disorders, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and fibrotic diseases; dermatosis, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and ultraviolet radiation (UV)-induced skin damage; autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus eythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, alkylosing spondylitis, tissue and organ rejection, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, restonosis, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, cancer, including Hodgkins disease, cachexia, inflammation associated with infection and certain viral infections, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), adult respiratory distress syndrome, and Ataxis, AIDS, AIDS), adult respiratory distress syndrome, and Ataxis
• the invention is directed to novel indole carboxamide derivatives. Specifically, the invention is directed to compounds according to formula (I):
• R1 , R2, R3, U and V are defined below and to pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.
• the compounds of the invention are inhibitors of 1KK2 and can be useful in the treatment of disorders associated with inappropriate IKK2 (also known as IKK ⁇ ) activity, such as rheumatoid arthritis, asthma, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease). Accordingly, the invention is further directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention. The invention is still further directed to methods of inhibiting IKK2 activity and treatment of disorders associated therewith using a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
• the invention is directed to compounds according to formula (1):
• R1 is the group -XYZ or or
• X is phenyl, heteroaryl, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, or 2,3-dihydro-1 H-indenyl, where said phenyl, heteroaryl, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, and 2,3-dihydro- 1 H-indenyl are optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the following:
• Y is a bond or C-
• Z is -NR4R5 oi r heterocycloalkyl, where ; said heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the following:
• R2 is selected from
• R3 is selected from
• R4 is selected from 1) H and
• Ci-C 6 -alkyl where said C-
• -C ⁇ -alkyl is optionally substituted with one hydroxy or one methoxy group;
• R5 is selected from
• each R6 is independently selected from
• R7 is selected I from
• R8 is selected from 1 ) H
• each R9 is independently selected from 1 ) hydroxy
• R10 is selected from
• heterocycloalkyl where said C-
• each R11 is independently selected from 1) H,
• U is a bond, C-
• V is phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, each of which is substituted by -N(R7)S(O) m R12, - S(O) m N(R7)R12, -S(O) m R12, or -C(O)RI 2;
• n 1 or 2;
• R12 is C-
• One embodiment of the present invention is a compound according to formula (I): where R1 is the group -XYZ;
• X is phenyl or heteroaryl, where said phenyl and heteroaryl are optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the following:
• Y is a bond or C ⁇ -CQ alkylene, where C- ] -CQ alkylene is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the following: 1 ) C-I -C3-alkyl optionally substituted by one OR4 group,
• Z is -NR4R5 or heterocycloalkyl, where said heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the following: 1 ) C-
• R2 is selected from
• R3 is selected from
• R4 is selected from
• Ci -C 6 -alkyl where said C ⁇ -Cg-alkyl is optionally substituted with one hydroxy or one methoxy group;
• R5 is selected from
• each R6 is independently selected from
• R7 is selected from
• R8 is selected from
• R10 is selected from
• Cs-Cycycloalkyl, and 5) heteroaryl where said C-
• each R11 is independently selected from
• U is a bond, C- ⁇ -CQ alkylene or C2 ⁇ CQ alkenylene
• V is phenyl, 5 or 6 membered heteroaryl, 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl, C5-C7 cycloalkyl, or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl, each of which is substituted by -N(R7)S(O) m R12, - S(O) m N(R7)R12, -S(O) m R12, or -C(O)RI 2;
• n 1 or 2;
• R12 is C-i-CQ-alkyl, C3-C7 cycloalkyl, Ci-C6-alkyl-C 3 -C7cycloalkyl, or Ci-Cg-alkyl- phenyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound according to formula (I): where R1 is the group -XYZ or or
• X is phenyl, heteroaryl, 1 ,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthalenyl, or 2,3-dihydro-1 H-indenyl;
• Y is a bond or C-
• Z is -NR4R5 or heterocycloalkyl, where said heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the following:
• R2 is H
• R3 is H
• R4 is selected from
• R5 is selected from 1 ) H
• each R6 is independently selected from
• R7 is selected from
• R10 is selected from
• heterocycloalkyl where said C-] -Cg-alkyl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from C ⁇ -Cy-cycloalkyl and -S-R7; where said heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one -C(O)R7 group; and where said phenyl, heteroaryl and C-
• each R11 is independently selected from
• V is a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl substituted by -S(O) m R12; m is 1 or 2; and R12 is Ci -C ⁇ -alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• R1 is the group -XYZ;
• X is phenyl or heteroaryl;
• Y is a bond or C ⁇ -Cg alkylene;
• Z is -NR4R5 or heterocycloalkyl, where said heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents each independently selected from the following:
• R2 is H
• R3 is H
• R4 is selected from 1) H and
• R5 is selected from
• each R6 is independently selected from
• heterocycloalkyl and 9) halo, where said heteroaryl, cycloalkyl, phenyl and heterocycloalkyl are optionally substituted with one to two substituents selected from R9;
• R7 is selected from 1) H and
• R8 is selected from
• each R9 is independently selected from
• R10 is selected from
• each R11 is independently selected from 1) H,
• U is a bond
• V is a 5-7 membered heterocycloalkyl substituted by -S(O) m R12; m is 1 or 2;
• R12 is C-i-Cg-alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (I) where: where R1 is the group -XYZ; X is 2- or 3- thiophenyl; Y is a bond or C1-C4 alkylene;
• Z is -NR4R5 or heterocycloalkyl
• R2 is H
• R3 is H
• R4 is selected from
• Ci-C 6 -alkyl where said Ci-C ⁇ -alkyl is optionally substituted with one hydroxy or one methoxy group;
• R5 is selected from
• Ci-C 6 -alkyl where said Cs-Cycycloalkyl and C-
• each R6 is independently selected from
• R7 is selected from 1) H 1
• R8 is selected from 1) H,
• each R9 is independently selected from 1) C-
• V is 4-piperidinyl substituted by -S(O)2R12;
• R12 is ethyl or isopropyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound according to formula (I)
• Another embodiment of the present invention is a compound of formula (II)
• R13 is -NR14R15 or heterocycloalkyl where said heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or two substituents selected from the following:
• R14 is selected from
• Ci-C 6 -alkyl where said C ⁇ -Cg-alkyl is optionally substituted with one hydroxyl or one methoxy group;
• R15 is selected from 1) H,
• each R16 is independently selected from
• R18 is selected from
• R19 is selected from D hydroxy
• n 1 to 3; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.
• Alkyl refers to a saturated hydrocarbon chain having the specified number of member atoms.
• -Cg alkyl refers to an alkyl group having from 1 to 6 member atoms.
• Alkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein.
• Alkyl groups may be straight or branched. Representative branched alkyl groups have one, two, or three branches.
• Alkyl includes methyl, ethyl, propyl (n-propyl and isopropyl), butyl (n-butyl, isobutyl, and t-butyl), pentyl (n-pentyl, isopentyl, and neopentyl), and hexyl.
• Alkylene when used alone or in forming other groups (such as the C-
• CQ alkylene-Cs-Cycycloalkenyl groups refers to a saturated divalent hydrocarbon chain having the specified number of member atoms.
• -CQ alkylene refers to an alkylene group having from 1 to 6 member atoms.
• Alkylene groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein.
• Alkylene groups may be straight or branched. Representative branched alkylene groups have one, two, or three branches.
• Alkylene includes methylene, ethylene, propylene (n-propylene and isopropylene), butylene (n-butylene, isobutylene, and t-butylene), pentylene (n-pentylene, isopentylene, and neopentylene), and hexylene.
• Alkenyl refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon chain having the specified number of member atoms and having one or more carbon-carbon double bond within the chain.
• C ⁇ -CQ alkenyl refers to an alkenyl group having from 2 to 6 member atoms.
• alkenyl groups have one carbon-carbon double bond within the chain.
• alkenyl groups have more than one carbon-carbon double bond within the chain.
• Alkenyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein.
• Alkenyl groups may be straight or branched. Representative branched alkenyl groups have one, two, or three branches.
• Alkenyl includes ethylenyl, propenyl, butenyl, pentenyl, and hexenyl.
• Alkenylene refers to an unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon chain having the specified number of member atoms and having one or more carbon-carbon double bond within the chain.
• C ⁇ -Cg alkenylene refers to an alkenylene group having from 2 to 6 member atoms.
• alkenylene groups have one carbon-carbon double bond within the chain.
• alkenylene groups have more than one carbon-carbon double bond within the chain.
• Alkenylene groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein.
• Alkenylene groups may be straight or branched. Representative branched alkenylene groups have one, two, or three branches.
• Alkenyl includes ethylenylene, propenylene, butenylene, pentenylene, and hexenylene.
• Alkynylene refers to an unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon chain having the specified number of member atoms and having one or more carbon-carbon triple bond within the chain.
• C2-C ⁇ alkynylene refers to an alkynylene group having from 2 to 6 member atoms.
• alkynylene groups have one carbon-carbon triple bond within the chain.
• alkynylene groups have more than one carbon-carbon triple bond within the chain.
• unsaturated divalent hydrocarbon chains having one or more carbon-carbon triple bond within the chain and one or more carbon-carbon double bond within the chain are alkynylene groups.
• Alkynylene groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein.
• Alkynylene groups may be straight or branched. Representative branched alkynylene groups have one, two, or three branches.
• Alkynyl includes ethylynylene, propynylene, butynylene, pentynylene, and hexynylene.
• Aryl refers to an aromatic hydrocarbon ring.
• Aryl groups are monocyclic ring systems or bicyclic ring systems.
• Monocyclic aryl ring refers to phenyl.
• Bicyclic aryl rings refer to napthyl and rings wherein phenyl is fused to a cycloalkyl or cycloalkenyl ring having 5, 6, or 7 member atoms.
• Aryl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein.
• Cycloalkyl refers to a saturated hydrocarbon ring having the specified number of member atoms. Cycloalkyl groups are monocyclic ring systems. For example, C3-C-6 cycloalkyl refers to a cycloalkyl group having from 3 to 6 member atoms. Cycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein. Cycloalkyl includes cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, and cyclohexyl. "Cycloalkenyl” refers to an unsaturated hydrocarbon ring having the specified number of member atoms and having a carbon-carbon double bond within the ring.
• C3-C6 cycloalkenyl refers to a cycloalkenyl group having from 3 to 6 member atoms.
• cycloalkenyl groups have one carbon-carbon double bond within the ring.
• cycloalkenyl groups have more than one carbon-carbon double bond within the ring.
• cycloalkenyl rings are not aromatic.
• Cycloalkenyl groups are monocyclic ring systems. Cycloalkenyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein. Cycloalkenyl includes cyclopropenyl, cyclobutenyl, cyclopentenyl, and cyclohexenyl.
• Enantiomerically enriched refers to products whose enantiomeric excess is greater than zero.
• enantiomerically enriched refers to products whose enantiomeric excess is greater than 50% ee, greater than 75% ee, and greater than 90% ee.
• Enantiomeric excess or "ee” is the excess of one enantiomer over the other expressed as a percentage. As a result, since both enantiomers are present in equal amounts in a racemic mixture, the enantiomeric excess is zero (0% ee). However, if one enantiomer was enriched such that it constitutes 95% of the product, then the enantiomeric excess would be 90% ee (the amount of the enriched enantiomer, 95%, minus the amount of the other enantiomer, 5%).
• Enantiomerically pure refers to products whose enantiomeric excess is 99% ee or greater.
• Half-life refers to the time required for half of a quantity of a substance to be converted to another chemically distinct specie in vitro or in vivo.
• Halo refers to the halogen radical fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo.
• Haloalkyl refers to an alkyl group wherein at least one hydrogen atom attached to a member atom within the alkyl group is replaced with halo. Haloalkyl includes trifluoromethyl.
• Heteroaryl refers to an aromatic ring containing from 1 to. 4 heteroatoms as member atoms in the ring. Heteroaryl groups containing more than one heteroatom may contain different heteroatoms. Heteroaryl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein. Heteroaryl groups are monocyclic ring systems or are fused, spiro, or bridged bicyclic ring systems. Monocyclic heteroaryl rings have 5 or 6 member atoms.
• Bicyclic heteroaryl rings have from 7 to 11 member atoms.
• Bicyclic heteroaryl rings include those rings wherein phenyl and a monocyclic heterocycloalkyl ring are attached forming a fused, spiro, or bridged bicyclic ring system, and those rings wherein a monocyclic heteroaryl ring and a monocyclic cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl ring are attached forming a fused, spiro, or bridged bicyclic ring system.
• Heteroaryl includes pyrrolyl, pyrazolyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, furanyl, furazanyl, thienyl, triazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrazinyl, triazinyl, tetrazinyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, indazolyl, purinyl, quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, pteridinyl, cinnolinyl, benzimidazolyl, benopyranyl, benzoxazolyl, benzofuranyl, isobenzofuranyl, benzothiazolyl, benzothienyl, furopyridinyl, and napth
• Heteroatom refers to a nitrogen, sulphur, or oxygen atom.
• Heterocycloalkyl refers to a saturated or unsaturated ring containing from 1 to 4 heteroatoms as member atoms in the ring. However, heterocycloalkyl rings are not aromatic. Heterocycloalkyl groups containing more than one heteroatom may contain different heteroatoms. Heterocycloalkyl groups may be optionally substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein. Heterocycloalkyl groups are monocyclic ring systems having from 4 to 7 member atoms. In certain embodiments, heterocycloalkyl is saturated. In other embodiments, heterocycloalkyl is unsaturated but not aromatic.
• Heterocycloalkyl includes pyrrolidinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, dihydrofuranyl, pyranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, dihydropyranyl, tetrahydrothienyl, pyrazolidinyl, oxazolidinyl, thiazolidinyl, piperidinyl, homopiperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, thiamorpholinyl, 1 ,3- dioxolanyl, 1 ,3-dioxanyl, 1 ,4-dioxanyl, 1 ,3-oxathiolanyl, 1 ,3-oxathianyl, 1 ,3-dithianyl, and azetidinyl.
• Member atoms refers to the atom or atoms that form a chain or ring. Where more than one member atom is present in a chain and within a ring, each member atom is covalently bound to an adjacent member atom in the chain or ring. Atoms that make up a substituent group on a chain or ring are not member atoms in the chain or ring.
• Optionally substituted indicates that a group, such as alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, aryl, cycloalkyl, cycloalkenyl, heterocycloalkyl, or heteroaryl, may be unsubstituted or substituted with one or more substituents as defined herein.
• “Substituted” in reference to a group indicates that a hydrogen atom attached to a member atom within a group is replaced. It should be understood that the term “substituted” includes the implicit provision that such substitution be in accordance with the permitted valence of the substituted atom and the substituent and that the substitution results in a stable compound (i.e.
• a single atom may be substituted with more than one substituent as long as such substitution is in accordance with the permitted valence of the atom.
• Suitable substituents are defined herein for each substituted or optionally substituted group.
• “Pharmaceutically acceptable” refers to those compounds, materials, compositions, and dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings and animals without excessive toxicity, irritation, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
• Tr retention time
• RP reverse phase
• TEA triethylamine
• TFA trifluoroacetic acid
• TFAA trifluoroacetic anhydride
• THF tetrahydrofuran
• DMSO dimethylsulf oxide
• AcOEt ethyl acetate
• DCE dichloroethane
• DMF ⁇ /, ⁇ /-dimethylformamide
• DMPU ⁇ /, ⁇ /'-dimethylpropyleneurea
• CDI 1,1-carbonyldiimidazole
• IBCF isobutyl chloroformate
• HOAc acetic acid
• HOSu ⁇ /-hydroxysuccinimide
• HOBT 1-hydroxybenzotriazole
• mCPBA metal-chloroperbenzoic acid
• DCC (dicyclohexylcarbodiimide); CBZ (benzyloxycarbonyl);
• TIPS triisopropylsilyl
• TBS f-butyldimethylsilyl
• DMAP 4-dimethylaminopyridine
• BSA bovine serum albumin
• ATP adenosine triphosphate
• HRP horseradish peroxidase
• DMEM Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium
• BOP bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl)phosphinic chloride
• TBAF tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride
• HBTU O-Benzotriazole-1 -yl-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluroniumhexafluoro phosphate
• HEPES (4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethane sulfonic acid);
• DPPA diphenylphosphoryl azide
• fHNOg fluoride
• EDTA ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid
• TMEDA N,N,N',N'-tetramethyl-1 ,2-ethanediamine
• NBS N-bromosuccinimide
• HATU O-(7azabenzobenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N',N'-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate
• DIPEA diisopropylethylamine
• lmes (1 ,3-Bis(2 ,4,6-trimethylphenyl)imidazolium chloride)
• dppf (1 ,1 '-bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene);
• MDAP Mass Directed AutoPrep
• CH 3 CN acetonitrile
• EtOAc ethyl acetate
• the compounds according to formulae l-ll may contain one or more asymmetric center (also referred to as a chiral center) and may, therefore, exist as individual enantiomers, diastereomers, or other stereoisomeric forms, or as mixtures thereof.
• Chiral centers such as chiral carbon atoms, may also be present in a substituent such as an alkyl group.
• Individual stereoisomers of a compound according to formulae l-ll which contain one or more asymmetric center may be resolved by methods known to those skilled in the art. For example, such resolution may be carried out (1 ) by formation of diastereoisomeric salts, complexes or other derivatives; (2) by selective reaction with a stereoisomer- specific reagent, for example by enzamatic oxidation or reduction; or (3) by gas-liquid or liquid chromatography in a chiral environment, for example, on a chiral support such as silica with a bound chiral ligand or in the presence of a chiral solvent.
• stereoisomers may be synthesized by asymmetric synthesis using optically active reagents, substrates, catalysts or solvents, or by converting one enantiomer to the other by asymmetric transformation.
• the compounds according to formulae l-ll may also contain double bonds or other centers of geometric asymmetry. Where the stereochemistry of a center of geometric asymmetry present in formulae l-ll, or in any chemical structure illustrated herein, is not specified, the structure is intended to encompass the trans (E) geometric isomer, the cis (Z) geometric isomer, and all mixtures thereof.
• all tautomeric forms are also included in formulae l-ll whether such tautomers exist in equilibrium or predominately in one form.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compounds according to formulae l-ll may be prepared. Indeed, in certain embodiments of the invention, pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the compounds according to formulae l-ll may be preferred over the respective free base or free acid because such salts impart greater stability or solubility to the molecule thereby facilitating formulation into a dosage form. Accordingly, the invention is further directed to pharmaceutically- acceptable salts of the compounds according to formulae l-ll.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable salts refers to salts that retain the desired biological activity of the subject compound and exhibit minimal undesired toxicological effects. These pharmaceutically-acceptable salts may be prepared in situ during the final isolation and purification of the compound, or by separately reacting the purified compound in its free acid or free base form with a suitable base or acid, respectively.
• compounds according to formulae l-ll may contain an acidic functional group.
• suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable salts include salts of such acidic functional groups.
• Representative salts include pharmaceutically-acceptable metal salts such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and zinc salts; carbonates and bicarbonates of a pharmaceutically-acceptable metal cation such as sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, magnesium, aluminum, and zinc; pharmaceutically- acceptable organic primary, secondary, and tertiary amines including aliphatic amines, aromatic amines, aliphatic diamines, and hydroxy alkylamines such as methylamine, ethyiamine, 2-hydroxyethylamine, diethylamine, triethylamine, ethylenediamine, ethanolamine, diethanolamine, and cyclohexylamine.
• compounds according to formulae l-ll may contain a basic functional group and are therefore capable of forming pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts by treatment with a suitable acid.
• Suitable acids include pharmaceutically- acceptable inorganic acids and pharmaceutically-acceptable organic acids.
• Representative pharmaceutically-acceptable acid addition salts include hydrochloride, hydrobromide, nitrate, methylnitrate, sulfate, bisulfate, sulfamate, phosphate, acetate, trifluoroacetate, hydroxyacetate, phenylacetate, propionate, butyrate, isobutyrate, valerate, maleate, hydroxymaleate, acrylate, fumarate, malate, tartrate, citrate, salicylate, p-aminosalicyclate, glycollate, lactate, heptanoate, phthalate, oxalate, succinate, benzoate, oacetoxybenzoate, chlorobenzoate, methylbenzoate, dinitrobenzoate, hydroxybenzoate, methoxybenzoate, mandelate, tannate, formate, stearate, ascorbate, palmitate, oleate, pyruvate, pamoate, malonate, laurate, glut
• the term "compounds of the invention” means both the compounds according to formulae l-ll and the pharmaceutically-acceptable salts thereof.
• the compounds of the invention may exist in solid or liquid form. In the solid state, the compounds of the invention may exist in crystalline or noncrystalline form, or as a mixture thereof.
• pharmaceutically-acceptable solvates may be formed wherein solvent molecules are incorporated into the crystalline lattice during crystallization. Solvates may involve nonaqueous solvents such as ethanol, isopropanol, DMSO, acetic acid, ethanolamine, and ethyl acetate, or they may involve water as the solvent that is incorporated into the crystalline lattice.
• Hydrates wherein water is the solvent that is incorporated into the crystalline lattice are typically referred to as "hydrates.” Hydrates include stoichiometric hydrates as well as compositions containing variable amounts of water. The invention includes all such solvates.
• polymorphs i.e. the capacity to occur in different crystalline structures.
• These different crystalline forms are typically known as "polymorphs.”
• the invention includes all such polymorphs. Polymorphs have the same chemical composition but differ in packing, geometrical arrangement, and other descriptive properties of the crystalline solid state. Polymorphs, therefore, may have different physical properties such as shape, density, hardness, deformability, stability, and dissolution properties. Polymorphs typically exhibit different melting points, IR spectra, and X-ray powder diffraction patterns, which may be used for identification. The skilled artisan will appreciate that different polymorphs may be produced, for example, by changing or adjusting the reaction conditions or reagents, used in making the compound. For example, changes in temperature, pressure, or solvent may result in polymorphs. In addition, one polymorph may spontaneously convert to another polymorph under certain conditions.
• the compounds of this invention may be made by a variety of methods, including standard chemistry. Any previously defined variable will continue to have the previously defined meaning unless otherwise indicated. Illustrative general synthetic methods are set out below and then specific compounds of the invention are prepared in the Examples section.
• CQ alkenylene and V is C5-C7 cycloalkyl or C5-C7 cycloalkenyl or heterocycloalkyl or heterocycloalkenyl.
• Scheme 1 also represents a general scheme for the preparation of compounds according to formulae I and Il wherein U is C-J -CQ alkylene or C2-C6 alkenylene and V is aryl, or heteroaryl.
• R1 is defined above unless defined otherwise.
• the indoline 1 depicted as starting material is commercially available. Reaction conditions are as described above in the scheme; however, the skilled artisan will appreciate that certain modifications in the reaction conditions and/or reagents used are possible.
• indoline 1 Treatment of indoline 1 with di-tertbutyl dicarbonate in a suitable solvent such as THF or methylene chloride produces the desired BOC protected product. Further transformation to the desired bromide 2 can be accomplished via lithiation using seo-butyllithium in the presence of TMEDA and quenching with methyl chloroformate followed by bromination with N-bromosuccinimide. Treatment of bromide 2 with trifluoroacetic acid followed by oxidation of the resulting indoline to the indole with manganese dioxide and subsequent hydrolysis of the methyl ester to the acid yields the desired carboxylic acid 3. Installation of the substituent R1 can be accomplished via a transition metal mediated coupling using an appropriate catalyst and coupling partner.
• Scheme 2 represents a general scheme for the preparation of compounds according to formulae I and Il wherein U is a bond and V is aryl or heteroaryl.
• R1 is defined above unless defined otherwise.
• the indolecarboxylic acid 3 depicted as starting material is obtained as described in Scheme 1.
• Reaction conditions are as described above in the scheme; however, the skilled artisan will appreciate that certain modifications in the reaction conditions and/or reagents used are possible.
• a substituent described herein is not compatible with the synthetic methods described herein, the substituent may be protected with a suitable protecting group that is stable to the reaction conditions.
• the protecting group may be removed at a suitable point in the reaction sequence to provide a desired intermediate or target compound.
• suitable protecting groups and the methods for protecting and de-protecting different substituents using such suitable protecting groups are well known to those skilled in the art; examples of which may be found in T. Greene and P. Wuts, Protecting Groups in Chemical Synthesis (3rd ed.), John Wiley & Sons, NY (1999).
• a substituent may be specifically selected to be reactive under the reaction conditions used. Under these circumstances, the reaction conditions convert the selected substituent into another substituent that is either useful as an intermediate compound or is a desired substituent in a target compound.
• the compounds of the invention are inhibitors of IKK2. These compounds can be useful in the treatment of disorders wherein the underlying pathology is (at least in part) attributable to inappropriate IKK2 (also known as IKK ⁇ ) activity such as rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma, and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease).
• inappropriate IKK2 activity refers to any IKK2 activity that deviates from the normal IKK2 activity expected in a particular patient. Inappropriate IKK2 activity may take the form of, for instance, an abnormal increase in activity, or an aberration in the timing and or control of IKK2 activity. Such inappropriate activity may result then, for example, from overexpression or mutation of the protein kinase leading to inappropriate or uncontrolled activation. Accordingly, in another aspect the invention is directed to methods of treating such disorders.
• Such disorders include inflammatory and tissue repair disorders, particularly rheumatoid arthritis, inflammatory bowel disease, asthma and COPD (chronic obstructive pulmonary disease); osteoarthritis, osteoporosis and fibrotic diseases; dermatosis, including psoriasis, atopic dermatitis and ultraviolet radiation (UV)-induced skin damage; autoimmune diseases including systemic lupus eythematosus, multiple sclerosis, psoriatic arthritis, alkylosing spondylitis, tissue and organ rejection, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, atherosclerosis, restonosis, diabetes, glomerulonephritis, cancer, including Hodgkins disease, cachexia, inflammation associated with infection and certain viral infections, including acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), adult respiratory distress syndrome, and Ataxia Telangiestasia.
• AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
• AIDS acquired immune deficiency syndrome
• Ataxia Telangiestasia AIDS
• the methods of treatment of the invention comprise administering a safe and effective amount of a compound according to formulae I-II or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof to a patient in need thereof.
• Individual embodiments of the invention include methods of treating any one of the above-mentioned disorders by administering a safe and effective amount of a compound according to formulae l-ll or a pharmaceutically- acceptable salt thereof to a patient in need thereof.
• treat in reference to a disorder means: (1) to ameliorate or prevent the disorder or one or more of the biological manifestations of the disorder, (2) to interfere with (a) one or more points in the biological cascade that leads to or is responsible for the disorder or (b) one or more of the biological manifestations of the disorder, (3) to alleviate one or more of the symptoms or effects associated with the disorder, or (4) to slow the progression of the disorder or one or more of the biological manifestations of the disorder.
• prevention of a disorder includes prevention of the disorder.
• prevention is not an absolute term. In medicine, “prevention” is understood to refer to the prophylactic administration of a drug to substantially diminish the likelihood or severity of a disorder or biological manifestation thereof, or to delay the onset of such disorder or biological manifestation thereof.
• safe and effective amount in reference to a compound of the invention or other pharmaceutically-active agent means an amount of the compound sufficient to treat the patient's condition but low enough to avoid serious side effects (at a reasonable benefit/risk ratio) within the scope of sound medical judgment.
• a safe and effective amount of a compound will vary with the particular compound chosen (e.g. consider the potency, efficacy, and half-life of the compound); the route of administration chosen; the disorder being treated; the severity of the disorder being treated; the age, size, weight, and physical condition of the patient being treated; the medical history of the patient to be treated; the duration of the treatment; the nature of concurrent therapy; the desired therapeutic effect; and like factors, but can nevertheless be routinely determined by the skilled artisan.
• patient refers to a human or other animal.
• the compounds of the invention may be administered once or according to a dosing regimen wherein a number of doses are administered at varying intervals of time for a given period of time. For example, doses may be administered one, two, three, or four times per day. Doses may be administered until the desired therapeutic effect is achieved or indefinitely to maintain the desired therapeutic effect. Suitable dosing regimens for a compound of the invention depend on the pharmacokinetic properties of that compound, such as absorption, distribution, and half-life, which can be determined by the skilled artisan.
• suitable dosing regimens including the duration such regimens are administered, for a compound of the invention depend on the disorder being treated, the severity of the disorder being treated, the age and physical condition of the patient being treated, the medical history of the patient to be treated, the nature of concurrent therapy, the desired therapeutic effect, and like factors within the knowledge and expertise of the skilled artisan. It will be further understood by such skilled artisans that suitable dosing regimens may require adjustment given an individual patient's response to the dosing regimen or over time as individual patient needs change.
• Typical daily dosages may vary depending upon the particular route of administration chosen. Typical daily dosages for oral administration range from 0.001 mg to 50mg per kg of total body weight.
• a prodrug of a compound of the invention is a functional derivative of the compound which, upon administration to a patient, eventually liberates the compound of the invention in vivo.
• Administration of a compound of the invention as a prodrug may enable the skilled artisan to do one or more of the following: (a) modify the onset of the compound in vivo; (b) modify the duration of action of the compound in vivo; (C) modify the transportation or distribution of the compound in vivo; (d) modify the solubility of the compound in vivo; and (e) overcome or overcome a side effect or other difficulty encountered with the compound.
• Typical functional derivatives used to prepare prodrugs include modifications of the compound that are chemically or enzymatically cleaved in vivo. Such modifications, which include the preparation of phosphates, amides, esters, thioesters, carbonates, and carbamates, are well known to those skilled in the art.
• the invention also provides a compound of the invention for use in medical therapy, and particularly in the treatment of disorders mediated by IKK2 activity.
• the invention is directed to the use of a compound according to formulae l-ll or a pharmaceutically-acceptable salt thereof in the preparation of a medicament for the treatment of a disorder characterized by inappropriate IKK2 activity.
• the compounds of the invention will normally, but not necessarily, be formulated into pharmaceutical compositions prior to administration to a patient. Accordingly, in another aspect the invention is directed to pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention and one or more pharmaceutically-acceptable excipient.
• compositions of the invention typically contain one compound of the invention. However, in certain embodiments, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention contain more than one compound of the invention. For example, in certain embodiments the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention contain two compounds of the invention. In addition, the pharmaceutical compositions of the invention may optionally further comprise one or more additional pharmaceutically active compounds.
• dosage forms include those adapted for (1 ) oral administration such as tablets, capsules, caplets, pills, troches, powders, syrups, elixers, suspensions, solutions, emulsions, sachets, and cachets; (2) parenteral administration such as sterile solutions, suspensions, and powders for reconstitution; (3) transdermal administration such as transdermal patches; (4) rectal administration such as suppositories; (5) inhalation such as aerosols, solutions, and dry powders; and (6) topical administration such as creams, ointments, lotions, solutions, pastes, sprays, foams, and gels.
• oral administration such as tablets, capsules, caplets, pills, troches, powders, syrups, elixers, suspensions, solutions, emulsions, sachets, and cachets
• parenteral administration such as sterile solutions, suspensions, and powders for reconstitution
• transdermal administration such as transdermal patches
• rectal administration such as
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients will vary depending upon the particular dosage form chosen.
• suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for a particular function that they may serve in the composition.
• certain phamnaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the production of uniform dosage forms.
• Certain pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the production of stable dosage forms.
• Certain pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to facilitate the carrying or transporting the compound or compounds of the invention once administered to the patient from one organ, or portion of the body, to another organ, or portion of the body.
• Certain pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients may be chosen for their ability to enhance patient compliance.
• Suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients include the following types of excipients: Diluents, fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, granulating agents, coating agents, wetting agents, solvents, co-solvents, suspending agents, emulsifiers, sweetners, flavoring agents, flavor masking agents, coloring agents, anticaking agents, hemectants, chelating agents, plasticizers, viscosity increasing agents, antioxidants, preservatives, stabilizers, surfactants, and buffering agents.
• excipients include the following types of excipients: Diluents, fillers, binders, disintegrants, lubricants, glidants, granulating agents, coating agents, wetting agents, solvents, co-solvents, suspending agents, emulsifiers, sweetners, flavoring agents, flavor masking agents, coloring agents, anticaking agents, hemectants, chelating agents
• Skilled artisans possess the knowledge and skill in the art to enable them to select suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients in appropriate amounts for use in the invention.
• resources that are available to the skilled artisan which describe pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients and may be useful in selecting suitable pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients. Examples include
• the oral solid dosage form may further comprise a binder.
• Suitable binders include starch (e.g. corn starch, potato starch, and pre-gelatinized starch), gelatin, acacia, sodium alginate, alginic acid, tragacanth, guar gum, povidone, and cellulose and its derivatives (e.g. microcrystalline cellulose).
• the oral solid dosage form may further comprise a disintegrant. Suitable disintegrants include crospovidone, sodium starch glycolate, croscarmelose, alginic acid, and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
• the oral solid dosage form may further comprise a lubricant. Suitable lubricants include stearic acid, magnesuim stearate, calcium stearate, and talc.
• dosage unit formulations for oral administration can be microencapsulated.
• the composition can also be prepared to prolong or sustain the release as for example by coating or embedding particulate material in polymers, wax or the like.
• the compounds of the invention may also be coupled with soluble polymers as targetable drug carriers.
• soluble polymers can include polyvinylpyrrolidone, pyran copolymer, polyhydroxypropylmethacrylamide -phenol, polyhydroxyethylaspartamidephenol, or polyethyleneoxidepolylysine substituted with palmitoyl residues.
• the compounds of the invention may be coupled to a class of biodegradable polymers useful in achieving controlled release of a drug, for example, polylactic acid, polepsilon caprolactone, polyhydroxy butyric acid, polyorthoesters, polyacetals, polydihydropyrans, polycyanoacrylates and cross-linked or amphipathic block copolymers of hydrogels.
• the invention is directed to a liquid oral dosage form.
• Oral liquids such as solution, syrups and elixirs can be prepared in dosage unit form so that a given quantity contains a predetermined amount of a compound of the invention.
• Syrups can be prepared by dissolving the compound of the invention in a suitably flavored aqueous solution, while elixirs are prepared through the use of a non-toxic alcoholic vehicle.
• Suspensions can be formulated by dispersing the compound of the invention in a non- toxic vehicle.
• the invention is directed to a dosage form adapted for administration to a patient by inhalation.
• the compound of the invention may be inhaled into the lungs as a dry powder, an aerosol, a suspension, or a solution.
• the dry powder may be administered to the patient via a reservoir dry powder inhaler (RDPI) having a reservoir suitable for storing multiple (un-metered doses) of medicament in dry powder form.
• RDPIs typically include a means for metering each medicament dose from the reservoir to a delivery position.
• the metering means may comprise a metering cup, which is movable from a first position where the cup may be filled with medicament from the reservoir to a second position where the metered medicament dose is made available to the patient for inhalation.
• the dry powder may be presented in capsules (e.g. gelatin or plastic), cartridges, or blister packs for use in a multi-dose dry powder inhaler (MDPI).
• MDPIs are inhalers wherein the medicament is comprised within a multi-dose pack containing (or otherwise carrying) multiple defined doses (or parts thereof) of medicament.
• the dry powder is presented as a blister pack, it comprises multiple blisters for containment of the medicament in dry powder form.
• the blisters are typically arranged in regular fashion for ease of release of the medicament therefrom.
• the blisters may be arranged in a generally circular fashion on a disc-form blister pack, or the blisters may be elongate in form, for example comprising a strip or a tape.
• Each capsule, cartridge, or blister may, for example, contain between 20 ⁇ g-10mg of the compound of the invention.
• the aerosol may contain additional pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients typically used with MDIs such as surfactants, lubricants, cosolvents and other excipients to improve the physical stability of the formulation, to improve valve performance, to improve solubility, or to improve taste.
• additional pharmaceutically-acceptable excipients typically used with MDIs such as surfactants, lubricants, cosolvents and other excipients to improve the physical stability of the formulation, to improve valve performance, to improve solubility, or to improve taste.
• Suspensions and solutions comprising a compound of the invention may also be administered to a patient via a nebulizer.
• the solvent or suspension agent utilized for nebulization may be any pharmaceutically-acceptable liquid such as water, aqueous saline, alcohols or glycols, e.g., ethanol, isopropylalcohol, glycerol, propylene glycol, polyethylene glycol, etc. or mixtures thereof.
• Saline solutions utilize salts which display little or no pharmacological activity after administration.
• organic salts such as alkali metal or ammonium halogen salts, e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride or organic salts, such as potassium, sodium and ammonium salts or organic acids, e.g., ascorbic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, etc. may be used for this purpose.
• alkali metal or ammonium halogen salts e.g., sodium chloride, potassium chloride or organic salts, such as potassium, sodium and ammonium salts or organic acids, e.g., ascorbic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, etc.
• organic acids e.g., ascorbic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, tartaric acid, etc.
• the compound of the invention may be stabilized by the addition of an inorganic acid, e.g., hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and/or phosphoric acid; an organic acid, e.g., ascorbic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and tartaric acid, etc., a complexing agent such as EDTA or citric acid and salts thereof; or an antioxidant such as antioxidant such as vitamin E or ascorbic acid. These may be used alone or together to stabilize the compound of the invention. Preservatives may be added such as benzalkonium chloride or benzoic acid and salts thereof.
• an inorganic acid e.g., hydrochloric acid, nitric acid, sulphuric acid and/or phosphoric acid
• an organic acid e.g., ascorbic acid, citric acid, acetic acid, and tartaric acid, etc.
• a complexing agent such as EDTA or citric acid and salts thereof
• Surfactant may be added particularly to improve the physical stability of suspensions. These include lecithin, disodium dioctylsulphosuccinate, oleic acid and sorbitan esters.
• Pharmaceutical compositions adapted for transdermal administration may be presented as discrete patches intended to remain in intimate contact with the epidermis of the patient for a prolonged period of time.
• the active ingredient may be delivered from the patch by iontophoresis as generally described in Pharmaceutical Research, 3(6), 318 (1986).
• compositions adapted for topical administration may be formulated as ointments, creams, suspensions, lotions, powders, solutions, pastes, gels, sprays, aerosols or oils.
• compositions may be applied as a topical ointment or cream.
• the compound of the invention When formulated in an ointment, the compound of the invention may be employed with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the compound of the invention may be formulated in a cream with an oil-in-water cream base or a water-in-oil base.
• compositions adapted for nasal administration wherein the carrier is a solid include a coarse powder having a particle size for example in the range 20 to 500 microns which is administered by rapid inhalation through the nasal passage from a container of the powder held close up to the nose.
• suitable compositions wherein the carrier is a liquid, for administration as a nasal spray or as nasal drops, include aqueous or oil solutions of the compound of the invention.
• compositions adapted for parenteral administration include aqueous and non-aqueous sterile injection solutions which may contain anti-oxidants, buffers, bacteriostats and solutes which render the formulation isotonic with the blood of the intended recipient; and aqueous and non-aqueous sterile suspensions which may include suspending agents and thickening agents.
• the compositions may be presented in unit- dose or multi-dose containers, for example sealed ampoules and vials, and may be stored in a freeze-dried (lyophilized) condition requiring only the addition of the sterile liquid carrier, for example water for injections, immediately prior to use.
• Extemporaneous injection solutions and suspensions may be prepared from sterile powders, granules and tablets.
• MS mass spectra
• Preparative HPLC refers to methods where the material was purified by high performance liquid chromatography on a HPLC ABZ+ 5 ⁇ m column (10 cm x 21.2 mm i.d.) with 0.1% formic acid in water and 0.05% formic acid in acetonitrile utilising gradient elution at a flow rate of 8 ml/min and UV detection at 254nM.
• silica flash column chromatography and Combiflash refers to the purification of material using RedisepTM pre-packed silica flash columns on an ISCO sq16x machine with the stated solvent systems.
• Reverse phase HPLC method A refers to methods where the materials were purified by high performance liquid chromatography on an HPLC S-5 ⁇ m column (75x30 mm i.d.) utilizing gradient elution with the stated solvent systems and UV detection at 254 nm.
• Reverse phase HPLC method B refers to methods where the materials was purified by high performace liquid chromatography on a HPLC Luna C18 (2) 100A column (50x21.2 mm i.d.) utilizing gradient elution with the stated solvent system and UV detection at 254 nm.
• Methyl chloroformate (8.8 mL, 10.8 g, 0.1 mol) was added to the mixture and the reaction was allowed to warm up to room temperature over 1 hour. Water was added carefully to the mixture and the organic layer separated and washed 3 times with more water. The organic layer was dried over magnesium sulfate, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to give the title compound (4.91 g) as a gummy yellow solid.
• the title compound may be prepared as follows:

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