ES2010494T3 - Catalizador para la limpieza de los gases de escape de motores de combustion interna. - Google Patents
Catalizador para la limpieza de los gases de escape de motores de combustion interna.Info
- Publication number
- ES2010494T3 ES2010494T3 ES198989100695T ES89100695T ES2010494T3 ES 2010494 T3 ES2010494 T3 ES 2010494T3 ES 198989100695 T ES198989100695 T ES 198989100695T ES 89100695 T ES89100695 T ES 89100695T ES 2010494 T3 ES2010494 T3 ES 2010494T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- catalyst
- internal combustion
- exhaust gases
- combustion engines
- cleaning exhaust
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
- 239000003054 catalyst Substances 0.000 title abstract 4
- 238000002485 combustion reaction Methods 0.000 title abstract 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 title abstract 2
- 238000004140 cleaning Methods 0.000 title 1
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Zirconium dioxide Chemical compound O=[Zr]=O MCMNRKCIXSYSNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 239000010953 base metal Substances 0.000 abstract 2
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 2
- 229910052684 Cerium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007792 addition Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N ceric oxide Chemical compound O=[Ce]=O CETPSERCERDGAM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N cerium Chemical compound [Ce] GWXLDORMOJMVQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910000422 cerium(IV) oxide Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000001035 drying Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iron(III) oxide Inorganic materials O=[Fe]O[Fe]=O JEIPFZHSYJVQDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 abstract 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052763 palladium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 229910052703 rhodium Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000010948 rhodium Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N rhodium atom Chemical compound [Rh] MHOVAHRLVXNVSD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 abstract 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract 1
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01D—SEPARATION
- B01D53/00—Separation of gases or vapours; Recovering vapours of volatile solvents from gases; Chemical or biological purification of waste gases, e.g. engine exhaust gases, smoke, fumes, flue gases, aerosols
- B01D53/34—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases
- B01D53/92—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases
- B01D53/94—Chemical or biological purification of waste gases of engine exhaust gases by catalytic processes
- B01D53/9445—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC]
- B01D53/945—Simultaneously removing carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons or nitrogen oxides making use of three-way catalysts [TWC] or four-way-catalysts [FWC] characterised by a specific catalyst
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
- B01J23/54—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals combined with metals, oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/56—Platinum group metals
- B01J23/63—Platinum group metals with rare earths or actinides
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
- B01J23/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper
- B01J23/89—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals
- B01J23/8933—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36
- B01J23/894—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of the iron group metals or copper combined with noble metals also combined with metals, or metal oxides or hydroxides provided for in groups B01J23/02 - B01J23/36 with rare earths or actinides
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
- Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
- Y02T10/10—Internal combustion engine [ICE] based vehicles
- Y02T10/12—Improving ICE efficiencies
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
- Biomedical Technology (AREA)
- Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
- Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
- Catalysts (AREA)
- Exhaust Gas Treatment By Means Of Catalyst (AREA)
Abstract
LA INVENCION EN CUANTO A UN CATALIZADOR DE OXIDO DE ALUMINIO ACTIVO CON ADICIONES CEO2, ZRO2 Y FEO3 Y/O NIO COMO PORTADOR Y UNA FASE ACTIVA DE PLATINO, PALADIO Y/O RODIO Y UN METAL INNOBLE, QUE ESTA OBTENIDA A TRAVES DE IMPREGNAR AL PORTADOR QUE CONTIENE LAS ADICIONES, CON DISOLUCIONES DE SALES DE LOS METALES PARA LA FASE ACTIVA, CON LO CUAL EL METAL INNOBLE ESTA DE LA FASE ACTIVA CER, SECAR Y CALENTAR A 250 HASTA 650 C. EL CATALIZADOR SE PUEDE TAMBIEN UTILIZAR PARA LA OXIDACION Y/O REDUCCION DE LOS GASES PERDIDOS DE MOTORES DE COMBUSTION INTERNA.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| DE3803122A DE3803122C1 (es) | 1988-02-03 | 1988-02-03 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2010494A4 ES2010494A4 (es) | 1989-11-16 |
| ES2010494T3 true ES2010494T3 (es) | 1992-12-01 |
Family
ID=6346501
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| ES198989100695T Expired - Lifetime ES2010494T3 (es) | 1988-02-03 | 1989-01-17 | Catalizador para la limpieza de los gases de escape de motores de combustion interna. |
Country Status (11)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US5073532A (es) |
| EP (1) | EP0326845B1 (es) |
| JP (1) | JP2911466B2 (es) |
| KR (1) | KR970000638B1 (es) |
| AT (1) | ATE74792T1 (es) |
| BR (1) | BR8900378A (es) |
| CA (1) | CA1331375C (es) |
| DE (2) | DE3803122C1 (es) |
| ES (1) | ES2010494T3 (es) |
| GR (2) | GR890300151T1 (es) |
| MX (1) | MX26834A (es) |
Families Citing this family (43)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPH0653229B2 (ja) * | 1988-03-24 | 1994-07-20 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 排気ガス浄化用触媒 |
| DE4003939A1 (de) * | 1990-02-09 | 1991-08-14 | Degussa | Katalysator fuer die reinigung der abgase von brennkraftmaschinen |
| JPH06504940A (ja) * | 1990-09-27 | 1994-06-09 | エンゲルハード・コーポレーシヨン | ベース金属酸化物助成ロジウム含有触媒組成物 |
| US5387569A (en) * | 1992-02-25 | 1995-02-07 | Blue Planet Technologies Co., L.P. | Catalytic solution suitable for converting combustion emissions |
| RU94040728A (ru) * | 1992-02-25 | 1996-09-20 | Блю Плэнет Текнолождиз Ко. | Каталитическая система (варианты), способ каталитического превращения (варианты) |
| US5460790A (en) * | 1992-02-25 | 1995-10-24 | Blue Planet Technologies Co., L.P. | Catalytic vessel for receiving metal catalysts by deposition from the gas phase |
| DE69427602T2 (de) * | 1993-01-11 | 2001-11-22 | Cataler Industrial Co., Ltd. | Verfahren zur Reinigung von Abgasen |
| US6152972A (en) * | 1993-03-29 | 2000-11-28 | Blue Planet Technologies Co., L.P. | Gasoline additives for catalytic control of emissions from combustion engines |
| JP3291086B2 (ja) * | 1993-09-24 | 2002-06-10 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 排ガス浄化用触媒及び排ガス浄化方法 |
| JP3409894B2 (ja) * | 1993-11-17 | 2003-05-26 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 排ガス浄化用触媒及び排ガス浄化方法 |
| FR2715580B1 (fr) * | 1994-01-31 | 1996-04-05 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyseur de traitement des gaz d'échappement des moteurs à combustion interne. |
| FR2720296B1 (fr) * | 1994-05-27 | 1996-07-12 | Rhone Poulenc Chimie | Composés à base d'alumine, d'oxyde de cérium et d'oxyde de zirconium à réductibilité élevée, leur procédé de préparation et leur utilisation dans la préparation de catalyseurs. |
| JP3314897B2 (ja) * | 1994-08-03 | 2002-08-19 | トヨタ自動車株式会社 | 排気ガス浄化用触媒の製造方法 |
| DE69509672T2 (de) * | 1994-11-02 | 1999-09-16 | Anglo American Research Laboratories (Pty.) Ltd., Johannesburg | Katalysator mit zirkonoxid/ceroxid träger |
| FR2726774B1 (fr) * | 1994-11-15 | 1996-12-13 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyseur de combustion et procede de combustion utilisant un tel catalyseur |
| US6284210B1 (en) | 1994-11-15 | 2001-09-04 | Institut Francais Du Petrole | Combustion catalyst and combustion process using such a catalyst |
| US20040086441A1 (en) | 1995-12-06 | 2004-05-06 | Masao Hori | Process for purifying exhaust gas from gasoline engines |
| US5753581A (en) * | 1995-12-18 | 1998-05-19 | General Motor Corporation | Method of associating precious metals with specific oxides in mixed oxide systems for use as catalysts |
| FR2742680B1 (fr) * | 1995-12-22 | 1998-01-16 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Catalyseur de combustion et procede de combustion utilisant un tel catalyseur |
| FR2743008B1 (fr) * | 1995-12-28 | 1998-01-30 | Inst Francais Du Petrole | Procede de combustion catalytique a plusieurs zones catalytiques successives |
| US6506705B2 (en) | 1996-12-06 | 2003-01-14 | Rhodia Chimie | Composition based on cerium oxide or on cerium and zirconium oxides, in the extruded form, process for the preparation thereof and use thereof as catalyst |
| DE19753738A1 (de) * | 1997-12-04 | 1999-06-10 | Degussa | Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Katalysators |
| WO2000048261A1 (en) * | 1999-02-10 | 2000-08-17 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toshiba | Carbon monoxide converting apparatus for fuel cell and generating system of fuel cell |
| EP1172139B1 (en) * | 2000-07-14 | 2006-10-11 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Catalyst for purifying exhaust gas |
| US6455182B1 (en) * | 2001-05-09 | 2002-09-24 | Utc Fuel Cells, Llc | Shift converter having an improved catalyst composition, and method for its use |
| US6821494B2 (en) * | 2001-07-31 | 2004-11-23 | Utc Fuel Cells, Llc | Oxygen-assisted water gas shift reactor having a supported catalyst, and method for its use |
| KR20030014877A (ko) * | 2001-08-13 | 2003-02-20 | 현대자동차주식회사 | 가솔린 자동차의 배기가스 정화용 촉매 |
| US20030186805A1 (en) * | 2002-03-28 | 2003-10-02 | Vanderspurt Thomas Henry | Ceria-based mixed-metal oxide structure, including method of making and use |
| US6932848B2 (en) * | 2003-03-28 | 2005-08-23 | Utc Fuel Cells, Llc | High performance fuel processing system for fuel cell power plant |
| DE102004005997A1 (de) * | 2004-02-06 | 2005-09-01 | Hte Ag The High Throughput Experimentation Company | Mit Eisenoxid stabilisierter Edelmetall-Katalysator zur Entfernung von Schadstoffen aus Abgasen von Mager-Motoren |
| JP4901072B2 (ja) * | 2004-03-17 | 2012-03-21 | 大阪瓦斯株式会社 | 炭化水素除去用触媒およびその炭化水素除去方法 |
| DE102004043421A1 (de) * | 2004-09-06 | 2006-03-23 | W.C. Heraeus Gmbh | Katalysator für 2-Takt-Motoren oder Kleinmotoren |
| CN108671908A (zh) | 2011-06-21 | 2018-10-19 | 优美科股份公司及两合公司 | 用于在载体氧化物上沉积金属的方法 |
| US10138199B2 (en) | 2016-03-17 | 2018-11-27 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | High aspect ratio layered double hydroxide materials and methods for preparation thereof |
| US10106482B2 (en) | 2016-03-17 | 2018-10-23 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Synthesis of magnesium adamantane salts and magnesium oxide nanocomposites, and systems and methods including the salts or the nanocomposites |
| US10252245B2 (en) | 2016-03-17 | 2019-04-09 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | High temperature layered mixed-metal oxide materials with enhanced stability |
| CN109476505B (zh) | 2016-03-17 | 2021-06-01 | 沙特阿拉伯石油公司 | 过渡金属金刚烷盐和氧化物纳米复合材料的合成 |
| US10087355B2 (en) | 2016-03-17 | 2018-10-02 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Oil-based drilling fluids containing an alkaline-earth diamondoid compound as rheology modifier |
| WO2018213007A1 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2018-11-22 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Synthesis of transition-metal adamantane salts and oxide nanocomposites |
| US10875092B2 (en) | 2017-05-19 | 2020-12-29 | Saudi Arabian Oil Company | Methods for preparing mixed-metal oxide diamondoid nanocomposites and catalytic systems including the nanocomposites |
| US10071367B1 (en) * | 2017-05-25 | 2018-09-11 | Toyota Motor Engineering & Manufacturing North America, Inc. | CeO2-NiO mixed oxide catalysts for direct NOx decomposition |
| CN111111656B (zh) * | 2018-10-30 | 2023-07-21 | 中国石油化工股份有限公司 | 一种常温催化引燃VOCs自持燃烧的耐高温催化燃烧催化剂及其制备方法和应用 |
| CN117563629A (zh) * | 2023-11-06 | 2024-02-20 | 西安交通大学 | 一种用于低碳烷烃氧化的整体式催化材料及其制备方法与应用 |
Family Cites Families (16)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4239656A (en) * | 1978-04-04 | 1980-12-16 | Kabushiki Kaisha Toyota Chuo Kenkyusho | Catalyst for purifying exhaust gases and carrier for the catalyst |
| DE2907106C2 (de) * | 1979-02-23 | 1985-12-19 | Degussa Ag, 6000 Frankfurt | Abgaskatalysator und seine Verwendung zur Reinigung der Abgase von Verbrennungskraftmaschinen |
| JPS55155739A (en) * | 1979-05-23 | 1980-12-04 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | Exhaust gas purifying catalyzer |
| FR2466278A1 (fr) * | 1979-10-04 | 1981-04-10 | Pro Catalyse | Catalyseur et procede de traitement des gaz d'echappement des moteurs a combustion interne |
| JPS609861B2 (ja) * | 1979-12-19 | 1985-03-13 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 排気ガス浄化用触媒 |
| JPS56124442A (en) * | 1980-03-06 | 1981-09-30 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | Catalyst for cleaning of exhaust gas |
| JPS5815013B2 (ja) * | 1980-07-17 | 1983-03-23 | 株式会社豊田中央研究所 | 水蒸気改質用触媒とその製造方法 |
| JPS60110334A (ja) * | 1983-11-21 | 1985-06-15 | Nissan Motor Co Ltd | 排ガス浄化用触媒の製造方法 |
| JPS60259740A (ja) * | 1984-06-06 | 1985-12-21 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 内燃機関の排気浄化方法 |
| BR8502767A (pt) * | 1984-06-14 | 1986-02-18 | Engelhard Corp | Processo para oxidar simultaneamente hidrocarbonetos gasosos e monoxido de carbono,processo para preparacao de catalisador de tres vias,e processo para oxidacao de hidrocarbonetos e monosido de carbono e para reducao de oxidos de nitrogenio em uma corrente de gas |
| JPS61111140A (ja) * | 1984-11-06 | 1986-05-29 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 炭化水素合成用触媒 |
| JPS61146348A (ja) * | 1984-12-17 | 1986-07-04 | Toyota Central Res & Dev Lab Inc | 酸化触媒 |
| US4957710A (en) * | 1985-01-11 | 1990-09-18 | Toyota Motor Corporation | Catalytic combustion type exhaust gas processing device and drying furnace for use in coating utilizing the same |
| US4708946A (en) * | 1985-05-23 | 1987-11-24 | Nippon Shokubai Kagaku Kogyo Co., Ltd. | Catalyst for purifying exhaust gas |
| EP2472329B1 (en) | 2010-12-31 | 2013-06-05 | Rohm and Haas Electronic Materials LLC | Coating compositions for use with an overcoated photoresist |
| JP6235812B2 (ja) | 2013-07-03 | 2017-11-22 | 日本放送協会 | 送信装置及び受信装置 |
-
1988
- 1988-02-03 DE DE3803122A patent/DE3803122C1/de not_active Expired
-
1989
- 1989-01-17 ES ES198989100695T patent/ES2010494T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-01-17 EP EP89100695A patent/EP0326845B1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-01-17 DE DE8989100695T patent/DE58901125D1/de not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1989-01-17 AT AT89100695T patent/ATE74792T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-01-30 BR BR898900378A patent/BR8900378A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1989-02-01 MX MX26834A patent/MX26834A/es unknown
- 1989-02-02 CA CA000589877A patent/CA1331375C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-02-02 KR KR1019890001189A patent/KR970000638B1/ko not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1989-02-02 JP JP1022762A patent/JP2911466B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1990
- 1990-03-14 GR GR89300151T patent/GR890300151T1/el unknown
- 1990-07-30 US US07/559,095 patent/US5073532A/en not_active Expired - Lifetime
-
1992
- 1992-07-01 GR GR920401435T patent/GR3005090T3/el unknown
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| KR970000638B1 (ko) | 1997-01-16 |
| ES2010494A4 (es) | 1989-11-16 |
| EP0326845A2 (de) | 1989-08-09 |
| GR890300151T1 (en) | 1990-03-14 |
| DE3803122C1 (es) | 1989-07-13 |
| EP0326845B1 (de) | 1992-04-15 |
| JPH01228546A (ja) | 1989-09-12 |
| EP0326845A3 (en) | 1990-05-02 |
| DE58901125D1 (de) | 1992-05-21 |
| GR3005090T3 (es) | 1993-05-24 |
| KR890012696A (ko) | 1989-09-18 |
| ATE74792T1 (de) | 1992-05-15 |
| MX26834A (es) | 1994-03-31 |
| CA1331375C (en) | 1994-08-09 |
| BR8900378A (pt) | 1989-09-26 |
| US5073532A (en) | 1991-12-17 |
| JP2911466B2 (ja) | 1999-06-23 |
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