ES2371533T3 - Sistema de telepresencia multicomponente y procedimiento de preparación correspondiente. - Google Patents
Sistema de telepresencia multicomponente y procedimiento de preparación correspondiente. Download PDFInfo
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- ES2371533T3 ES2371533T3 ES97949717T ES97949717T ES2371533T3 ES 2371533 T3 ES2371533 T3 ES 2371533T3 ES 97949717 T ES97949717 T ES 97949717T ES 97949717 T ES97949717 T ES 97949717T ES 2371533 T3 ES2371533 T3 ES 2371533T3
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Abstract
Sistema quirúrgico robotizado para realizar un proceso dentro de un campo estéril, comprendiendo: un instrumento quirúrgico (24); un ensamblado de manipulación (4) que incluye un brazo de manipulación (42) con porciones finales proximales (154) y distales (48); un paño quirúrgico (70) que cubre al menos el brazo de manipulación (42) del ensamblado de manipulación (4) para proteger el brazo de manipulación (42) del entorno estéril; y un adaptador (52) para acoplar la porción final distal (48) del brazo de manipulación (42) con el instrumento quirúrgico (24), extendiéndose por el paño quirúrgico (70), caracterizado por el hecho de que el adaptador (52) está dispuesto para transferir al menos dos grados de movimiento desde el ensamblado de manipulación (4) al instrumento (24) utilizando al menos dos vías de paso de movimiento.
Description
ANTECEDENTES DE LA INVENCIÓN
[0001] Esta invención se refiere a manipuladores quirúrgicos robotizados y más particularmente a sistemas y procedimientos para realizar procesos quirúrgicos telerobóticos en un paciente, proporcionando al mismo tiempo al cirujano la sensación de presencia física en el sitio quirúrgico.
[0002] En cirugía robotizada o telerobótica, el cirujano maneja típicamente un controlador maestro para controlar de forma remota el movimiento de los instrumentos quirúrgicos en el sitio quirúrgico desde una ubicación que puede estar alejada del paciente (p. ej., en la sala de operaciones, en otra una habitación o en un edificio completamente diferente al que está el paciente).El controlador maestro incluye normalmente uno o más dispositivos de entrada manuales, como palancas de mando, guantes exoskeletales o similares, que están acoplados a los instrumentos quirúrgicos con servomotores para articular los instrumentos en el sitio quirúrgico. Los servomotores típicamente forman parte de un dispositivo o manipulador quirúrgico (“el esclavo”) que sirve de apoyo y controla los instrumentos quirúrgicos que han sido introducidos directamente en un campo quirúrgico abierto o a través de trocares dentro de una cavidad corporal, como el abdomen del paciente. Durante la operación, el manipulador quirúrgico proporciona la articulación mecánica y el control de una variedad de instrumentos quirúrgicos, como pinzas de tejido, porta-agujas, sondas de cauterio, etc., y cada una realiza diferentes funciones para el cirujano, p. ej., sostener o dirigir
una aguja, agarrar un vaso sanguíneo, o diseccionar, cauterizar o coagular tejidos.
[0003] Este nuevo procedimiento para realizar cirugía telerobótica mediante manipulación remota tiene, obviamente,
nuevos retos. Uno de estos retos es del hecho de que una porción del manipulador quirúrgico electromecánico estará en contacto directo con los instrumentos quirúrgicos, y también se colocará contiguo al sitio quirúrgico. Por consiguiente, el manipulador quirúrgico se puede contaminar durante la cirugía y típicamente se desecha
o se esteriliza durante las operaciones. Por tanto, visto desde la perspectiva de los costes, sería preferible esterilizar
el dispositivo. Sin embargo, los servomotores, los sensores, los codificadores y las conexiones eléctricas que son necesarias para controlar robóticamente los motores normalmente no se pueden esterilizar utilizando métodos convencionales, p. ej., vapor, calor y presión o productos químicos, porque se dañarían o se destruirían en el proceso de esterilización.
[0004] Otro objetivo de la cirugía telerobótica es que es cirujano típicamente utiliza un gran número de instrumentos quirúrgicos diferentes durante un procedimiento. Dado que el número de porta-instrumentos es limitado debido a las restricciones de espacio y de costes, muchos de estos instrumentos se acoplan y se separan muchas veces del mismo porta-instrumentos durante la operación. En procesos de laparoscopia, por ejemplo, el número de puertos de entrada hacia el abdomen del paciente suele ser limitado durante la operación por las restricciones de espacio, así como por la necesidad de evitar incisiones innecesarias al paciente. Por tanto, un número de instrumentos quirúrgicos diferentes se introducirá típicamente a través del mismo trocar durante la operación. Del mismo modo, en cirugía abierta, típicamente no hay espacio suficiente en el sitio quirúrgico para colocar más de uno o dos manipuladores quirúrgicos, y por tanto al ayudante del cirujano se verá forzado a retirar instrumentos del portador y cambiarlos por otras herramientas quirúrgicas.
[0005] US-A-5184601 describe un estabilizador endoscópico que incluye un brazo de posición universal para sostener un endoscopio durante un proceso quirúrgico. El ajuste del trayecto en la elevación del instrumento por encima de la mesa de operaciones se proporciona mediante un motor de dirección reversible que extiende y retrae un soporte superior sobre el que se sostiene el instrumento.
[0006] Lo que se necesita, por tanto, son sistemas y procedimientos telerobóticos mejorados para controlar de forma remota instrumentos quirúrgicos en un sitio quirúrgico sobre el paciente. Estos sistemas y procedimientos deben configurarse para que sean fáciles de esterilizar, de modo que se pueden reutilizar después de que los componentes se hayan contaminado durante la operación. Además, estos sistemas y procedimientos se deben diseñar para minimizar el tiempo necesario para cambiar de instrumental durante el proceso quirúrgico.
RESUMEN DE LA INVENCIÓN
[0007] La invención está definida por las reivindicaciones adjuntas, y las realizaciones preferidas se describen un las reivindicaciones preferidas.
[0008] Esta invención proporciona sistemas y procedimientos para preparar los sistemas que realizan procesos quirúrgicos robotizados de forma remota en un paciente, proporcionando al mismo tiempo al cirujano la sensación de presencia física en el sitio quirúrgico (es decir, telepresencia). En particular, un sistema quirúrgico robotizado para realizar un procedimiento en un entorno estéril que comprenda: una herramienta quirúrgica; un ensamblado de manipulación que incluye un brazo de manipulación que tiene porciones finales proximales y distales; un paño quirúrgico que cubre al menos el brazo de manipulación del ensamblado de manipulación para proteger el brazo de manipulación del entorno estéril; y un adaptador para acoplar la porción final distal del brazo de manipulación con la herramienta quirúrgica y transferir al menos dos grados de movimiento desde el ensamblado de manipulación a la herramienta utilizando al menos dos vías de paso de movimiento, extendiéndose el adaptador por el paño quirúrgico.
[0009] El componente de activación y control de la presente invención incluye generalmente los actuadores de accionamiento, p.ej., engranajes o poleas, etc., y dispositivos de posicionamiento que son necesarios para articular la herramienta quirúrgica en el sitio quirúrgico. Además, el componente de activación y control normalmente incluirá los codificadores y conectores eléctricos necesarios para acoplar el componente al servomecanismo con el fin de formar un sistema quirúrgico telerobótico master/esclavo. En una configuración específica de la invención, este componente comprende un ensamblado de manipulación que tiene un ensamblado de accionamiento y un brazo de manipulación con amplio grado de libertad. El brazo y el ensamblado de accionamiento están cubiertos por un paño estéril para proteger eficazmente estos componentes del sitio quirúrgico estéril durante la operación.
De este modo, la porción del sistema que incluye motores, codificadores y elementos electrónicos frágiles no tiene que ser esterilizada porque está separada del entorno estéril que rodea el sitio quirúrgico.
[0010] El conector intermedio incluye un adaptador estéril que se extiende por una abertura en el paño quirúrgico para acoplar la herramienta quirúrgica estéril en el brazo de manipulación. El adaptador incluye una pluralidad de vías de paso de movimiento y eléctricas para articular la herramienta quirúrgica, y para enviar señales eléctricas hacia y desde la herramienta, p. ej., señales de retorno de fuerza y esfuerzo, etc. En una configuración, el componente intermedio incluye un adaptador de visualización para acoplar un microscopio de visualización, como un endoscopio acoplado un soporte de cámara y una cámara, al brazo de manipulación. En otra configuración, el conector intermedio incluye un ensamblado de instrumento quirúrgico acoplado al adaptador estéril. El ensamblado de instrumento quirúrgico normalmente incluirá una herramienta quirúrgica que puede comprender una variedad de instrumentos articulados con efectores terminales, como tijeras, porta-agujas, micro-disectores, aplicadores de grapas, remaches, instrumentos de succión-irrigación, aplicadores de clips o instrumentos no articulados, como cuchillas cortantes, sondas de cauterio, irrigadores, catéteres u orificios de succión.
[0011] En una configuración preferida, el ensamblado de instrumento quirúrgico incluirá también una unidad de puño para acoplar de forma movible la herramienta quirúrgica al adaptador en el ensamblado de manipulación. La unidad de puño comprende un árbol alargado con una articulación distal acoplada a la herramienta quirúrgica para proporcionar la articulación del instrumento alrededor de la articulación distal. Durante un proceso quirúrgico, el sistema telerobótico normalmente incluirá una variedad de ensamblados de instrumentos quirúrgicos, teniendo cada uno una unidad de puño, cada uno con una unidad de herramienta acoplada. Las unidades de articulación se pueden acoplar y desacoplar de forma fácil y rápida de los ensamblados de manipulación con el fin de facilitar el intercambio de instrumentos durante el proceso. En un ejemplo de realización, la unidad de puño se puede cambiar e incluye un mecanismo para contar el número de veces que la unidad de puño se utiliza para inhibir un uso adicional de la unidad.
[0012] El ensamblado de manipulación proporciona una pluralidad de grados de libertad a la unidad de puño y a la herramienta quirúrgica, incluyendo el movimiento de viraje y cabeceo del instrumento alrededor de la puño, la rotación alrededor del árbol del puño, el movimiento axial y la articulación del efector final de la herramienta quirúrgica. Además, el ensamblado de manipulación proporciona preferiblemente el movimiento de viraje y cabeceo de la unidad de puño y la herramienta quirúrgica alrededor de los ejes perpendiculares al árbol del puño. Los motores del ensamblado de accionamiento se encuentran próximos al brazo y al componente intermedio, lo que facilita la limpieza, reduce los costes de fabricación del ensamblado y reduce la inercia de los instrumentos quirúrgicos y la unidad de puño. En una configuración preferida, el ensamblado de manipulación incluirá un dispositivo de posicionamiento central remoto, como una articulación en paralelogramo, para restringir el movimiento de la unidad de puño y/o la herramienta quirúrgica alrededor de un centro de rotación fijo y deseado. Este centro de rotación fijo se puede encontrar en el árbol de la unidad de puño, en el puño distal, o en procesos endoscópicos, coincidiendo con la incisión de entrada dentro del cuerpo del paciente.
[0013] En un ejemplo de realización, el manipulador quirúrgico de tres componentes de la presente invención es parte de un sistema telerobótico en el que el cirujano manipula los dispositivos de control de entrada y las vistas de la operación mediante una imagen mostrada en una ubicación alejada del paciente. El sistema incluye un servomecanismo acoplado a uno o más ensamblado de manipulación para controlar las unidades de puño y las herramientas quirúrgicas como respuesta a la manipulación por parte del cirujano de los dispositivos de control de entrada. La posición, la fuerza y los sensores de retorno táctiles (no mostrados) también se pueden utilizar para transmitir la posición, la fuerza y las sensaciones táctiles de los instrumentos quirúrgicos en las manos del cirujano cuando utiliza el sistema telerobótico. Una pantalla está acoplada al microscopio de visualización, de tal modo que se muestra la imagen del sitio quirúrgico al lado de las manos del cirujano. La imagen está orientada preferiblemente de tal modo que el cirujano tiene la sensación que realmente está mirando directamente al sitio quirúrgico. Esta configuración proporciona al cirujano telepresencia, o la percepción que los dispositivos de control de entrada están integrados con las herramientas quirúrgicas.
BREVE DESCRIPCIÓN DE LOS DIBUJOS
[0014]
La figura 1 es una vista esquemática de una sala de operaciones que muestra un sistema y un procedimiento quirúrgico telerobótico según la presente invención.
La figura 2 es una vista aumentada de la sala de operaciones de la figura 1 que muestra un par de articulaciones de montaje acopladas a una mesa de operaciones según la presente invención.
La figura 3A es una vista perspectiva de un manipulador quirúrgico robótico según la presente invención que está cubierto parcialmente por un paño estéril.
La figura 3B es una vista en perspectiva del manipulador quirúrgico robótico sin el paño estéril para ilustrar un brazo con un mayor grado de libertad acoplando un ensamblado de accionamiento con una unidad de puño y una herramienta quirúrgica.
La figura 4 muestra el manipulador quirúrgico robótico de las figuras 3A-3B incorporando una cámara y un endoscopio para visualizar el sitio quirúrgico.
La figura 5 es una vista parcial del manipulador quirúrgico de las figuras 3A-3B que ilustra acoplamientos mecánicos y eléctricos entre el brazo y la unidad de puño.
La figura 6 es una vista seccional cortada de un antebrazo y un carrito del manipulador de las figuras 3a y 3b.
La figura 7 es una vista en perspectiva de la unidad de puño según la presente invención.
La figura 8 es una vista transversal de una porción del manipulador robótico que muestra el brazo y el ensamblado de accionamiento.
DESCRIPCIÓN DE LA REALIZACIÓN PREFERIDA
[0015] Esta invención proporciona un sistema multicomponente y un procedimiento para preparar al sistema para realizar procesos quirúrgicos robotizados en un paciente, incluyendo particularmente procesos de cirugía abierta, procesos neuroquirúrgicos, como esterotaxia, y procesos endoscópicos, como laparoscopia, artroscopia, torascopia y similares. El sistema y procedimiento de la presente invención es particularmente útil como parte de un sistema quirúrgico telerobótico que permite al cirujano manipular los instrumentos quirúrgicos a través de servomecanismos desde una ubicación alejada del paciente. Para tal fin, el aparato de manipulación o esclavo de la presente invención será accionado normalmente por un master equivalente cinemáticamente para formar un sistema de telepresencia con reflexión de fuerza. Una descripción de un sistema esclavo-master adecuado se puede encontrar en la solicitud de patente pendiente de publicación con n.º de serie 08/517.053, presentada el 21 de agosto de 1995 (Attorney Docket No. 287-004810).
[0016] En referencia a los dibujos con más detalle, en los que números iguales indican elementos iguales, se muestra un sistema quirúrgico telerobótico según la presente invención. Como se muestra en la figura 1, un sistema telerobótico 2 incluye generalmente uno o más ensamblados de manipulación quirúrgica montados en o cerca de una mesa de operaciones O, y un ensamblado 6 para permitir al cirujano S ver el sitio quirúrgico y controlar los ensamblados de manipulación 4. El sistema también incluirá uno o más ensamblados de visualización 19 y una pluralidad de ensamblados de instrumentos quirúrgicos 20 adoptados para esta acoplados de forma movible a los ensamblados de manipulación 4 (descrito a continuación más detalladamente). El sistema telerobótico 2 incluye normalmente al menos dos ensamblados de manipulación 4 y preferiblemente tres ensamblados de manipulación 4.
Por tanto, el número exacto de ensamblados de manipulación 4 dependerá del proceso quirúrgico y las restricciones de espacio dentro de la sala de operaciones, entre otros factores. Como se describe más detalladamente a continuación, uno de los ensamblados 4 hará funcionar típicamente un ensamblado de visualización 19 (en procesos endoscópicos) para ver el sitio quirúrgico, mientras que otros ensamblados de manipulación 4 hacen funcionar los instrumentos quirúrgicos 20 para realizar varios procesos en el paciente P.
[0017] El ensamblado de control 6 se puede ubicar en una consola del cirujano C, que normalmente se encuentra en la misma habitación que la mesa de operaciones O, de modo que el cirujano puede hablar a su ayudante (A) y supervisar directamente el proceso quirúrgico. Sin embargo, se debe comprender que el cirujano S puede estar en una habitación diferente o en un edificio completamente diferente al del paciente P. El ensamblado de control 6 incluye generalmente un soporte 8, una pantalla 10 para mostrar una imagen del sitio quirúrgico al cirujano S, y uno
o más controlador(es) 12 para controlar los ensamblados de manipulación 4. Los controladores 12 pueden incluir una variedad de dispositivos de entrada, como palancas de mando, guantes, pistolas, controladores manuales, dispositivos de reconocimiento de voz o similares. Preferiblemente, los controladores 12 estarán provistos del mismo grado de libertad que los ensamblados de instrumentos quirúrgicos asociados 20 para proporcionar al cirujano telepresencia, o la percepción que los controladores 12 están integrados a los instrumentos 20, de modo que el cirujano tiene la sensación de controlar directamente los instrumentos 20. La posición, la fuerza y los sensores de retorno táctiles (no mostrado) también se pueden utilizar para transmitir la posición, la fuerza, y las sensaciones táctiles de los instrumentos quirúrgicos en las manos del cirujano cuando utiliza el sistema telerobótico. Un sistema y procedimiento adecuado para proporcionar telepresencia al controlador se describe en la solicitud de patente pendiente de publicación con n.º de serie 08/517.053, presentada el 21 de agosto de 1995 (Attorney Docket
No. 02875-004810).
[0018] La pantalla 10 está acoplada de forma adecuada al microscopio de visualización 19, de tal modo que se muestra la imagen del sitio quirúrgico al lado de las manos del cirujano en la consola del cirujano 6. Preferiblemente, el monitor 10 mostrará una imagen invertida en una pantalla 18 que está orientada de tal modo que el cirujano siente que realmente está mirando directamente al sitio quirúrgico. Para tal fin, una imagen de los instrumentos quirúrgicos 20 aparece estar localizada substancialmente donde se encuentran las manos del controlador, incluso aunque los puntos de observación (es decir, el endoscopio o cámara de visualización) no provengan del punto de vista de la imagen. Además, la imagen a tiempo real se transforma preferiblemente en una imagen en perspectiva, de tal modo que el controlador puede manipular el efector final y el control manual como si estuviera viendo el lugar de trabajo substancialmente de forma presencial. Por forma presencial se entiende que la presentación de una imagen es una imagen en perspectiva real que simula el punto de vista de un controlador que está manipulando físicamente los instrumentos quirúrgicos 20. Por tanto, un controlador (no mostrado) transforma las coordenadas de los instrumentos quirúrgicos 20 en una posición percibida, de tal modo que la imagen en perspectiva es la imagen que uno vería si la cámara o el endoscopio estuvieran directamente por detrás de los instrumentos quirúrgicos 20. Un sistema de transformación de coordenadas adecuado para proporcionar esta imagen virtual se describe en la solicitud de patente con nº. de serie 08/239.086, presentada el 5 de mayo de 1994, (Attorney Docket n.º
0287S-003300) publicada como US 5.631.973.
[0019] Como se muestra en la figura 1, se proporciona un servomecanismo para transferir el movimiento mecánico de los controladores 12 a los ensamblados de manipulación 4. El servomecanismo 16 puede estar separado o integrado en los ensamblados de manipulación 4. El servomecanismo 16 normalmente proporcionará información de retorno y de fuerza de los instrumentos quirúrgicos 20 a los controladores manuales 12. Además, el servomecanismo 16 incluye un controlador de supervisión de seguridad (no mostrado) que puede congelar o al menos impedir todo el movimiento robotizado como respuesta a condiciones reconocidas (p. ej., realización de fuerza excesiva sobre el paciente, «abandono» de los ensamblados de manipulación 4, etc.). El servomecanismo tiene preferiblemente una banda ancha con 3 dB de frecuencia de corte de al menos 10 hz, de modo que el sistema puede responder de forma rápida y precisa a los rápidos movimientos manuales del cirujano. Para utilizar eficazmente este sistema, los ensamblados de manipulación 4 tiene una inercia relativamente baja y los motores de accionamiento 170 (ver figura 8) tienen engranajes de bajo ratio o acoplamientos de polea. Cualquier servomecanismo adecuado convencional o especializado se puede utilizar en la práctica de la presente invención, siendo dichas incorporaciones de las señales de fuerza y retorno particularmente preferidas para el funcionamiento de la telepresencia del sistema.
[0020] En referencia a la figura 7, cada ensamblado de instrumentos quirúrgicos 20 incluye una unidad de puño 22 y un instrumento quirúrgico 24 acoplados de forma que se pueden retirar a una unidad de puño 22. Como se describe más detalladamente a continuación, cada unidad de puño 22 incluye generalmente un árbol alargado 56 con un tapón proximal 58 y un puño distal 60 acoplado pivotalmente al instrumento quirúrgico 24. Cada unidad de puño 22 es substancialmente la misma, y tendrá acoplados instrumentos quirúrgicos 24 iguales o diferentes, según los requisitos del proceso quirúrgico. Alternativamente, las unidades de puño 22 pueden tener puños especializados 60 diseñados para herramientas quirúrgicas individuales 24, de modo que las unidades de puño 22 se pueden utilizar con herramientas convencionales 24. Como se muestra en la figura 1, los ensamblados de instrumentos 20 se montan normalmente en una mesa T u otro soporte adecuado adyacente a la mesa de operaciones O. Según un procedimiento de la presente invención (descrito a continuación), las unidades de puño 22 y sus herramientas quirúrgicas asociadas 24 se pueden cambiar rápidamente durante el proceso quirúrgico acoplando o retirando árboles de la unidad de puño 56 desde los ensamblados de manipulación 4.
[0021] En referencia a la figura 2, cada ensamblado de manipulación 4 está montado preferiblemente a una mesa de operaciones O mediante una articulación de montaje 30. Las articulaciones de montaje 30 proporcionan cierto grado de libertad (preferiblemente al menos 5) en ensamblados 4, e incluyen un freno (no mostrado) que permite que los ensamblados 4 se puedan fijar en una posición adecuada y orientarse de forma relativa al paciente. Las articulaciones 30 están montadas en un receptáculo 32 para montar articulaciones 30 en la mesa de operaciones O, y para conectar cada ensamblado de manipulación 4 al servomecanismo 16. Además, el receptáculo 32 puede conectar articulaciones 30 a otros sistemas, como una fuente de energía eléctrica RF, un sistema de succiónirrigación, etc. El receptáculo 32 incluye un brazo de montaje 34 que está dispuesto de forma deslizable a lo largo de un carril externo 36 de la mesa de operaciones O. Los ensamblados de manipulación 4 pueden estar colocados encima de la mesa de operaciones O con otros mecanismos. Por ejemplo, el sistema puede incorporar un sistema de soporte (acoplado al techo o a una pared de la sala de operaciones) que mueve y sostiene uno o más ensamblados de manipulación 4 encima del paciente.
[0022] En referencia ahora a las figuras 3-8, se describirá detalladamente el ensamblado de manipulación 4. El ensamblado de manipulación 4 es un aparato de tres componentes que incluye un componente de accionamiento y control no estéril, un elemento o instrumento quirúrgico final esterilizable (es decir, un ensamblado de instrumento quirúrgico 20) y un componente conector intermedio. El conector intermedio incluye elementos mecánicos para acoplar la herramienta quirúrgica 24 con el componente de accionamiento y control, y para transferir movimiento desde el componente de accionamiento a la herramienta quirúrgica 24. Como se muestra en la figura 3B, el componente de accionamiento y control incluye generalmente un ensamblado de accionamiento 40 y un brazo robótico con un amplio grado de libertad 42 acoplado a un soporte de montaje 44, que está adaptado para montarse en articulaciones de montaje 30 (figura 2). Preferiblemente, el ensamblado de accionamiento 40 y el brazo robótico 42 están acoplados pivotalmente a un soporte 44 alrededor de un eje X, que se extiende a través de un centro remoto de rotación esférica 45 (ver la figura 8, descrita más detalladamente a continuación). El ensamblado de manipulación 4 incluye además un ensamblado de antebrazo 46 fijado a un extremo distal 48 de un brazo 42, y un adaptador de unidad de puño 52 acoplado a un ensamblado de antebrazo 46 para montar la unidad de puño 22 y la herramienta quirúrgica 24 en el ensamblado de manipulación 4.
[0023] En procesos endoscópicos, el ensamblado de manipulación 4 incluye adicionalmente una adaptador de cánula 64 acoplado a una porción inferior del antebrazo 46 para montar una cánula 66 en el ensamblado de manipulación 4. Alternativamente, una cánula 66 puede ser una cánula integral (no mostrada) que está construida en un ensamblado de antebrazo 46 (es decir, no desmontable). La cánula 66 puede incluir un elemento detector de fuerza (no mostrado), como un medidor de tensiones o resistor detector de fuerza, montado en un soporte anular dentro de la cánula 66. El soporte detector de la fuerza soporta la herramienta quirúrgica 24 durante la cirugía, permitiendo que la herramienta gire y se mueva axialmente a través del diámetro interior del soporte. Además, el soporte transmite fuerzas laterales ejercidas por la herramienta quirúrgica 24 al elemento detector de la fuerza, que está conectado al servomecanismo 16 para transmitir estas fuerzas a los controladores 12. De este modo, las fuerzas que actúan en las herramientas quirúrgicas 24 se pueden detectar sin interferencias de las fuerzas que actúan en la cánula 66, como el tejido que rodea la incisión quirúrgica, o las fuerzas de gravedad y de inercia que actúan en el ensamblado de manipulación 4. Esto facilita la utilización del ensamblado de manipulación en un sistema robótico porque el cirujano sentirá directamente las fuerzas que actúan en la herramienta quirúrgica 24.
[0024] Como se muestra en la figura 3A, el ensamblado de manipulación 4 incluye además un paño estéril 70 con un tamaño tal que cubre todo el ensamblado de manipulación 4. El paño 70 tiene un par de orificios 72, 74 dispuestos de tal modo que el adaptador de unidad de puño 52 y el adaptador de cánula 64 se puede extender a través de los orificios 72, 74 para montar la unidad de puño 22 y la cánula 66 en el ensamblado de manipulación 4. El paño estéril 70 comprende un material configurado para proteger eficazmente el ensamblado de manipulación 4 del sitio quirúrgico, de modo que la mayoría de los componentes del ensamblado 4 (es decir, el brazo 42, el ensamblado de accionamiento 40 y el ensamblado de antebrazo 46) no tienen que esterilizarse antes o después del proceso quirúrgico.
[0025] Como se muestra en la figura 3A, el adaptador de unidad de puño 52 y el adaptador de cánula 64 se extienden a través de orificios 72, 74 del paño 70, de modo que el ensamblado de antebrazo 46 y el resto del ensamblado de manipulación 4 quedan protegidos del paciente durante el proceso. El adaptador de unidad de puño 52 y el adaptador de cánula 64 están hechos preferiblemente de componentes reutilizables que se esterilizarán, porque estos componentes se extienden en el campo estéril del sitio quirúrgico. La unidad de puño y los adaptadores de cánula 52, 64 se pueden esterilizar con métodos normales, es decir, vapor, calor y presión, productos químicos y similares. En referencia de nuevo a la figura 3B, el adaptador de unidad de puño 52 incluye una abertura 80 para recibir el árbol 56 de la unidad de puño 22. Como se describe detalladamente a continuación, el árbol 56 se puede forzar lateralmente a través de una abertura 80 y se ajusta dentro del adaptador 52, de modo que la porción no expuesta del adaptador de unidad de puño 52 permanece estéril (es decir, permanece en el lado estéril del paño 70 frente al campo estéril). El adaptador de unidad de puño 52 también puede incluir un enganche (no mostrado) para sujetar la unidad de puño 22 en el mismo. De forma similar, el adaptador de cánula 64 incluye una abertura 82 para ajustar la cánula 66 al mismo, de modo que la porción no expuesta del adaptador 64 permanece estéril durante el proceso quirúrgico.
[0026] Como se muestra en la figura 4, el adaptador de unidad de puño 52 también puede estar configurado para recibir un microscopio de visualización 100 para ver el sitio quirúrgico. En procesos endoscópicos, el microscopio de visualización 100 puede ser un endoscopio convencional, que típicamente incluye un tubo rígido y alargado 102 que contiene un sistema de lente (no mostrado) y un soporte de cámara 104 en el extremo proximal del tubo 102.
[0027] Una videocámara pequeña 106 está acoplada preferiblemente al soporte de cámara 104 y conectada al monitor de video 10 para proporcionar una imagen de vídeo del proceso. Preferiblemente, el microscopio de visualización 100 tiene un extremo distal (no mostrado) configurado para permitir una vista lateral o angular relativa al tubo 102. El microscopio de visualización también puede tener una punta orientable que se puede desviar o girar mediante la manipulación de un activador en un extremo proximal del tubo 102. Este tipo de instrumento está disponible en el mercado con la marca Baxter Healthcare Corp. de Deerfield, Illinois, u Origin Medsystems, Inc. de Menlo Park, California.
[0028] Como se muestra en la figura 4, el microscopio de visualización 100 incluye además un adaptador de visualización 110 para acoplar el microscopio de visualización 100 al adaptador de unidad de puño 52. El adaptador de visualización 110 es esterilizable, ETO y se puede esterilizar por autoclave, e incluye una pluralidad de vías de paso (no mostradas) para transferir el movimiento desde el ensamblado de accionamiento 40 al instrumento 100. En la configuración preferida, el movimiento incluye movimiento de viraje y cabeceo, rotación alrededor del eje Z y movimiento a lo largo del eje Z.
[0029] En referencia ahora a las figuras 5 y 6, el ensamblado de antebrazo 46 se describirá más detalladamente. Como se muestra en la figura 5, el ensamblado de antebrazo 46 incluye un alojamiento 120 fijado a un brazo 42 y un carrito móvil 122 acoplado de forma deslizante al alojamiento 120. El carrito 122 monta de forma deslizable el adaptador de unidad de puño 52 en el alojamiento 120 para mover el adaptador de unidad de puño 52 y la unidad de puño 20 en la dirección Z. Además, el carrito 122 define un número de aberturas 123 para transferir movimiento y señales eléctricas desde el ensamblado de antebrazo 46 al adaptador de unidad de puño 52. Como se muestra en la figura 6, una pluralidad de ejes giratorios 124 están montados dentro del alojamiento 120 para transferir movimiento desde el brazo 42 a través de las aberturas 123 al adaptador de unidad de puño 22. Los ejes rotativos 124 proporcionan preferiblemente al menos cuatro grados de libertad a la unidad de puño 22, incluyendo un movimiento de viraje y cabeceo de la herramienta quirúrgica 62 alrededor del puño 60 de la unidad de puño 22, la rotación de la unidad de puño 22 alrededor del eje Z y la activación del instrumento 62. Por tanto, el sistema se puede configurar para proporcionar más o menos grados de libertad, si se desea. La activación del instrumento 62 puede incluir una variedad de movimientos, como abrir y cerrar abrazaderas, pinzas o tijeras, aplicando clips o grapas y similares.
El movimiento de la unidad de puño 22 y el instrumento 62 en la dirección Z está proporcionado por un par de actuadores de cable 126 que se extienden entre poleas giratorias 128, 129 en cada extremo del alojamiento del antebrazo 120. Los actuadores de cable 126 funcionan para mover el carrito 122 y la unidad de puño 22 en la dirección Z relativa al alojamiento del antebrazo 120.
[0030] Como se muestra en la figura 6, el extremo distal 48 del brazo 42 incluye un ensamblado de acoplamiento 130 que tiene una pluralidad de vías de paso de movimiento 132 para transferir movimientos desde el brazo 42 al ensamblado de antebrazo 46. Además, el ensamblado de acoplamiento 130 incluye un número de conectores eléctricos (no mostrado) para transferir señales eléctricas desde el brazo 42 a la unidad de puño 22. De forma similar, el adaptador de unidad de puño 52 incluye una pluralidad de vías de paso de movimiento (no mostradas) y conexiones eléctricas (no mostradas) para transferir movimiento, y para enviar y recibir señales eléctricas hacia y desde la unidad de puño 22 (p. ej., para enviar y recibir señales de fuerza y retorno del sitio quirúrgico a los controladores 12). Los componentes en cada lado del ensamblado de acoplamiento 130 y el adaptador de unidad de puño 52 tienen un ámbito de movimiento finito. Normalmente, este rango de movimiento será al menos de 1 revolución y preferiblemente mayor a 1 revolución. Estos rangos de movimiento están alineados entre sí cuando el ensamblado de antebrazo 46 está mecánicamente acoplado al ensamblado de acoplamiento 130 y cuando el adaptador de unidad de puño 52 está acoplado mecánicamente al antebrazo 46.
[0031] En referencia ahora a la figura 7, se describirá ahora detalladamente la unidad de puño 22. Como se ha mostrado, la unidad de puño 22 incluye un árbol hueco 56 que tiene una tapa 58 acoplada a su extremo proximal y un puño 60 acoplado a su extremo distal. El puño 60 incluye un acoplamiento (no mostrado) para acoplar de forma movible una variedad de herramientas quirúrgicas 62 al árbol 56. El árbol 56 está acoplado de forma giratoria a un tapón 58 para proporcionar la rotación del árbol 56 y una herramienta 62 alrededor el eje longitudinal del árbol 56 (es decir, el eje Z). La cubierta 58 aloja un mecanismo (no mostrado) para transferir movimiento desde el adaptador de unidad de puño 52 a los cables de accionamiento (no mostrados) dentro del árbol 56. Los cables de accionamiento están acoplados de forma adecuada para accionar las poleas dentro del árbol 56 con el fin de hacer girar el instrumentos 62 alrededor de la puño 60, y de activar los elementos finales 140 en el instrumento 62.
El puño 60 también puede ser accionado mediante otros mecanismos, como engranajes diferenciales, bielas, o similares.
[0032] La herramienta está acoplada de forma movible a la puño 60 de la unidad de puño 22. La herramienta 62 incluirá preferiblemente un efector terminal 65 que tiene un sensor matricial (no mostrado) para proporcionar información al cirujano. La herramienta 62 puede incluir una variedad de herramientas articuladas como abrazaderas, tijeras, porta-agujas, micro disectores, aplicadores de grapas, remaches, instrumentos de succiónirrigación, aplicadores de clips, que tienen elementos finales que son accionados por alambres, levas excéntricas, empujadores u otros mecanismos. Además, la herramienta 62 puede comprender un instrumento no articulado, como cuchillas cortantes, sondas, irrigadores, catéteres u orificios de succión. Alternativamente, el instrumento puede comprender un sonda electroquirúrgica para destruir, extirpar, cortar o coagular tejido. En la última realización, la unidad de puño 22 incluirá un elemento conductor, como un conector banana acoplado a un hilo o cable conductor que se extiende por el árbol 56 hasta la herramienta 62.
[0033] En referencia a las figuras 4 y 8, una configuración específica del elemento de accionamiento y control de la presente invención, (es decir, al brazo robótico 42 y el ensamblado de dirección 40) se describirán más detalladamente. Como se ha descrito anteriormente, el brazo 42 y el ensamblado de dirección 40 están acoplados de forma giratoria alrededor de un par de pernos 150 que se extienden desde el soporte de montaje 44. El brazo 42 comprende preferiblemente un cuerpo alargado substancialmente rígido 152 y un extremo distal 48 acoplado al ensamblado de antebrazo 48 y un extremo proximal 154 acoplado de forma pivotante al ensamblado de accionamiento 40 y el soporte 44 para su rotación con movimientos de viraje y cabeceo o alrededor de los ejes X e Y (nótese que el eje Y es perpendicular a la página y se extiende a través del punto 45, véase la figura 8). Por tanto, el brazo 40 puede tener otras configuraciones, como un brazo acodado (similar al brazo humano), un brazo prismático (que se extiende en línea recta) o similares. Un motor de viraje estático 156 está montado en el soporte de montaje 44 para hacer girar el brazo 42 y el ensamblado de accionamiento 40 alrededor del eje X. El ensamblado de accionamiento 40 también incluye un motor de cabeceo 158 para hacer girar el brazo 42 alrededor del eje Y. Un par de elementos de unión substancialmente rígidos 160, 162 se extienden desde el soporte 44 al brazo robótico 42 para acopla de forma pivotante el 42 en el soporte 44 alrededor del eje Y. Uno de los elementos de unión 160 está acoplado de forma pivotante a un brazo 42, y el otro elemento de unión 162 está acoplado de forma pivotante a un tercer elementos de unión 164 que se extiende en paralelo al brazo 42. Preferiblemente, el brazo robótico 42 es un elemento rígido en forma de canal que aloja al menos parcialmente el tercer elemento de unión 164. Los elementos de unión 160, 162 y 164 y el brazo 42 forman una unión de paralelogramo en la que los elementos están conectados entre sí en un paralelogramo para el movimiento relativo solo en el plano formado por los elementos.
[0034] El eje Z de la unidad de puño 22 que se encuentra en el extremo distal 48 del brazo 42 se cruza con el eje x de la unión de paralelogramo descrito anteriormente. La unidad de puño 22 tiene un centro de rotación esférica remoto alrededor de la posición indicada por el número 45 en la figura 8. Por tanto, el extremo distal de la unidad de puño 22 puede girar alrededor de su propio eje o en los ejes X e Y, mientras que el centro de rotación remoto 45 permanece en la misma ubicación. Una descripción más completa de un dispositivo de posicionamiento de centro remoto se puede encontrar en la solicitud pendiente de publicación con n.º de serie 08/504.301, presentada el 20 de julio de 1995 (Representante Work Docket 287-002940), publicada como US5.931.832. Se debe indicar que el brazo 42 y el ensamblado de accionamiento 40 se pueden utilizar con una variedad más amplia de dispositivos de posicionamiento distintos a los descritos anteriormente y mostrados en la figura 8, como un posicionador estereotáxico, un cardán fijo o similares.
[0035] En referencia de nuevo a la figura 8, el ensamblado de dirección 40 incluye también una pluralidad de motores de accionamiento 170 acoplados al brazo 42 para su rotación. Los motores de cabeceo y viraje 156, 158 controlan el movimiento del brazo 42 (y los motores de accionamiento 170) alrededor de los ejes X e Y y los motores de accionamiento 170 controlan el movimiento de la unidad de puño 22 y la herramienta quirúrgica 24. Preferiblemente, al menos cinco motores de accionamiento 170 están acoplados al brazo 42 para proporcionar al menos cinco grados de libertad a la unidad de puño 24. Los motores de accionamiento 170 incluirán preferiblemente codificadores (no mostrados) para responder al servomecanismo 16 y sensores de fuerza (no mostrados) para transmitir información sobre la fuerza y retorno al cirujano. Como se ha descrito anteriormente, los cinco grados de libertad incluyen preferiblemente el movimiento del carrito 122 y la unidad de puño 22 en la dirección Z, la rotación de la unidad de puño 22 alrededor del eje Z, la rotación de cabeceo y viraje de la herramienta quirúrgica 62 alrededor de la puño 60 y la activación del instrumento 62.
[0036] Como se ha mostrado, los cables 172 se extienden desde cada motor 170 alrededor de una polea de accionamiento del motor 174, una polea tensora 176 dentro de un brazo 42 y a lo largo de un cabestrante relativamente grande 178 para minimizar el efecto del acoplo de fricción en los cables 172. Los cables 172 se extienden cada uno alrededor de una polea tensora 180 en el extremo distal 48 del brazo 42, alrededor de una polea de accionamiento 182 y de vuelta al motor 170. Los cables 172 se tensionarán preferiblemente en la polea de accionamiento del motor 174 y se anclarán allí, como la polea de accionamiento del acople 182. Como se muestra en la figura 8, la polea de accionamiento del acoplamiento 182 está conectada a una pluralidad de poleas más pequeñas 184 dentro del ensamblado de acoplamiento 130 a través de una pluralidad de cables 186 para transferir movimiento desde los motores 170 al adaptador de unidad de puño 52.
[0037] Un procedimiento para realizar un proceso quirúrgico en un paciente según la presente invención se describirá ahora en referencia a las figuras 1-9. Como se muestra en la figura 2, la articulación de montaje 30 están acopladas a un receptáculo 32, que está fijado en la mesa de operaciones O gracias a un brazo de montaje deslizante 34 alrededor del carril. Cada ensamblado de manipulación 4 se acopla después a su articulación de montaje respectiva 30 y se articular en la posición y orientación adecuadas relativas al paciente P. Los receptáculos 32 se acoplan después al servomecanismo 16 y a otros sistemas que pueden ser necesarios durante el proceso quirúrgico, como una fuente de energía RF, un sistema de succión/irrigación, etc. Los paños estériles 70 se colocan por encima de los ensamblados de manipulación 4 antes, durante o después de anestesiar al paciente (figura 3A).
Para preparar el proceso quirúrgico, los ensamblados de manipulación 4 pueden o no pueden limpiarse químicamente antes de cubrirlos con paños 70. Los adaptadores de unidad de puño 52, los adaptadores de cánula 64 y los adaptadores de visualización 110 se fijan a los ensamblados de antebrazo 46 de los ensamblados de manipulación 4 (véanse las figuras 3B y 5). El número y las relativas posiciones de los adaptadores de visualización 110 y los adaptadores de unidad de puño 52 dependerá del proceso quirúrgico individual (p. ej., los adaptadores de cánula 63 puede que no sean necesarios en procesos de cirugía abierta).
[0038] Durante el proceso quirúrgico, los ensamblados de instrumentos quirúrgicos 20 se acoplan a sus ensamblados de manipulación respectivos 4 forzando lateralmente cada árbol de unidad de puño 56 a través de la abertura 80 del adaptador de unidad de puño 52. Cada unidad de puño 22 tendrá un medio de identificación adecuado (no mostrado) para indicar de forma rápida y fácil el tipo de herramienta 24 que está conectada a la unidad de puño 22. Cuando el cirujano quiere cambiar las herramientas quirúrgicas 24, manipula los controles 12 para que el carrito 122 se mueva hacia una posición superior o proximal a lo largo del ensamblado de antebrazo 46 (véase la figura 3B). En esta posición, la herramienta quirúrgica 24 está dentro de la cánula 66 o, en procesos abiertos, retirada del sitio quirúrgico. El ayudante A empuja hacia arriba la parte superior del puño 58 para liberar el enganche (no mostrado), permitiendo así que la unidad de puño 22 se deslice más hacia arriba y por fuera de la cánula 66. Los ayudantes A pueden entonces empujar la unidad de puño 22 lateralmente para separarla del adaptador de unidad de puño 52. Entonces la unidad de puño 22 ya no está acoplada al adaptador 52, el mecanismo de control entiende que el sistema está en el «modo cambio de herramienta», y dirige el carrito 122 a la posición proximal, si el cirujano ya no lo ha movido ahí.
[0039] Para acoplar otro ensamblado de instrumento quirúrgico 20 al ensamblado de manipulación 4, el ayudante coge otro ensamblado 20 de la mesa T, fuerza lateralmente el árbol de la unidad de puño 56 dentro de la abertura 80 del adaptador de unidad de puño 52, y después mueve la unidad de puño 22 por debajo de modo que la herramienta quirúrgica 62 se queda dentro de la cánula 66 (véanse las figuras 1 y 3B). Este movimiento hacia abajo de la unidad de muleca 22 se une a los acoplamientos eléctricos y las vías de paso de movimiento (no mostrados) dentro de la cubierta de puño 58 y el adaptador de unidad de puño 52. El sistema puede incluir un mecanismo de control configurado para bloquear la trayectoria del carrito 122 en la posición superior o proximal, p. ej., activando un freno (no mostrado), hasta que los acoplamientos se han unido y la unidad de puño 22 ya no se está moviendo hacia abajo. En este punto, el cirujano S puede continuar con el proceso quirúrgico.
[0040] El sistema y el procedimientos de la presente invención incluye preferiblemente un mecanismos para contar
el número de veces que la unidad de puño 22 se separa y se acopla del adaptador de unidad de puño 52. De este modo, el fabricante puede limitar el número de veces que se puede utilizar la unidad de
puño 22. En una configuración específica, un chip de circuito integrado (no mostrado) está alojado dentro de la cubierta de la puño 58. El chip de circuito cuenta el número de veces que la unidad de puño 22 se acopla al adaptador de unidad de puño 52, p. ej., 20 veces, y muestra una señal de alerta en la consola del cirujano C. El sistema de control reduce el rendimiento del sistema disminuyendo la carga que puede suministrar o aumentado la respuesta aparente.
Claims (40)
- REIVINDICACIONES1. Sistema quirúrgico robotizado para realizar un proceso dentro de un campo estéril, comprendiendo:un instrumento quirúrgico (24);un ensamblado de manipulación (4) que incluye un brazo de manipulación (42) con porciones finales proximales(154) y distales (48);un paño quirúrgico (70) que cubre al menos el brazo de manipulación (42) del ensamblado de manipulación (4) para proteger el brazo de manipulación (42) del entorno estéril; yun adaptador (52) para acoplar la porción final distal (48) del brazo de manipulación (42) con el instrumento quirúrgico (24), extendiéndose por el paño quirúrgico (70), caracterizado por el hecho de que el adaptador (52) está dispuesto para transferir al menos dos grados de movimiento desde el ensamblado de manipulación (4) al instrumento (24) utilizando al menos dos vías de paso de movimiento.
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- 2.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 1, en el que la herramienta quirúrgica (24) es un instrumento.
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- 3.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 1, en el que la herramienta quirúrgica (24) es un endoscopio (100) para visualizar un sitio de tratamiento.
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- 4.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 1, en el que el adaptador (52) es esterilizable, e incluye una porción expuesta en un lado del paño (70) opuesto al brazo de manipulación (42), estando el adaptador (52) acoplado al brazo de manipulación (42) de tal modo que la porción expuesta permanece estéril.
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- 5.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 2, comprendiendo además una unidad de puño (22) que tiene un árbol (56) con una unidad de puño (60) acoplada al instrumento y un extremo final proximal acoplado de forma movible al adaptador (52).
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- 6.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 5, en el que el árbol de la unidad de puño y los instrumentos están acoplados de forma giratoria al adaptador (52) para girar alrededor de un eje longitudinal del árbol relativo al adaptador (52).
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- 7.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 5, en el que una de las vías de paso de movimiento proporciona la rotación del instrumento alrededor del puño distal de la unidad de puño.
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- 8.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 1, en el que la herramienta quirúrgica (24) incluye un efector terminal (140), proporcionando una de las vías de paso de movimiento la articulación del efector terminal.
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- 9.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 1, en el que el adaptador (52) incluye uno o más conectores eléctricos para transferir una señal eléctrica desde el brazo de manipulación (42) a la herramienta quirúrgica (24) y de la herramienta quirúrgica (24) al brazo de manipulación (42).
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- 10.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 1, incluyendo además una cánula (66) que define una luz interna para recibir la herramienta quirúrgica (24) y proporcionar acceso mediante penetración percutánea en el paciente, comprendiendo
además el sistema un adaptador de cánula esterilizable que se extiende por el paño (70) y se acopla a la cánulaen la porción final distal del brazo de manipulación (42). -
- 11.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 1, en el que el ensamblado de manipulación (4) incluye además un ensamblado de accionamiento (40) acoplado a la porción final proximal del brazo de manipulación (42) para proporcionar al menos dos grados de libertad a la herramienta quirúrgica (24), cubriendo el paño quirúrgico tanto el brazo de manipulación(42) como el ensamblado de accionamiento para proteger el brazo y el ensamblado de accionamiento
del entorno estéril. -
- 12.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 5, en el que el brazo de manipulación (42) incluye un posicionador central remoto (160, 162, 164, 42) para restringir el movimiento de la unidad de puño y el instrumento alrededor de un centro esférico fijo de rotación en un punto a lo largo del árbol de la unidad de puño.
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- 13.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 5, comprendiendo además medios para limitar el número de veces que se puede utilizar la unidad de puño en un proceso quirúrgico, en el que los medios de limitación incluyen medios para contar cada vez que la unidad de puño se acopla o se separa del adaptador (52).
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- 14.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 5, comprendiendo además una unidad de transmisión acoplada al brazo de manipulación (42) y cubierta por el paño estéril (70), teniendo la unidad de transmisión un carrito que puede moverse axialmente (122) acoplado al adaptador (52) y a la unidad de puño para corresponder axialmente al adaptador (52), a la unidad de puño y al instrumento.
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- 15.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 14, en el que la unidad de transmisión transmite al menos tres grados de movimientos desde el brazo de manipulación (42), a través del adaptador (52) a la unidad de puño y al instrumento, los grado de movimiento incluyendo la rotación de la unidad de puño y el instrumento relativo al adaptador (52), la rotación del instrumento alrededor del puño distal del árbol de unidad de puño y la activación del efector terminal.
-
- 16.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 1, comprendiendo además:
un controlador (12) ubicado en una posición alejada del ensamblado de manipulación (4); yun servomecanismo (16) que acopla el controlador al brazo de manipulación (42) para el control remoto del brazo de manipulación (42). -
- 17.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 16, comprendiendo además un microscopio de visualización (19) para ver el sitio quirúrgico, y una pantalla de visualización (10) acoplada de forma operativa al microscopio de visualización para producir una imagen del sitio quirúrgico al lado del controlador.
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- 18.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 16, comprendiendo además medios para detectar sensaciones táctiles que provienen del contacto entre la herramienta quirúrgica (24) y el paciente y medios para proporcionar información táctil al controlador correspondientes a las sensaciones táctiles del instrumento quirúrgico (24).
-
- 19.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 18, en el que el adaptador (52) es esterilizable e incluye una o más vías de paso de movimientos para transferir movimiento desde el ensamblado de manipulación (4) al instrumento, incluyendo además el adaptador (52) una porción expuesta en un lado del paño (70) opuesta al brazo de manipulación (42), acoplada al brazo de manipulación (42), estando el adaptador (52) acoplado al brazo de manipulación (42) de tal modo que la porción expuesta permanece estéril.
-
- 20.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 16, comprendiendo además una unidad de puño que tiene un árbol con una unidad de puño distal acoplada al instrumento y un extremo proximal acoplado de forma movible al adaptador (52), en el que el árbol de la unidad de puño y el instrumento están acoplados de forma giratoria al adaptador (52) para girar alrededor de un eje longitudinal del árbol relativo al adaptador (52).
-
- 21.
- Procedimiento para preparar un sistema quirúrgico robotizado con el fin de realizar un proceso quirúrgico dentro de un campo estéril, comprendiendo:
cubrir porciones de un brazo de manipulación (42) con un paño estéril (70) para proteger el brazo del entorno estéril;acoplar un adaptador estéril (52) a una porción de extremo distal del brazo de manipulación (42) a través delpaño estéril (70); yacoplar una herramienta quirúrgica estéril (24) al adaptador (52);transferir al menos dos grados de movimiento desde el ensamblado de manipulación (4) a la herramienta (24) utilizando al menos dos vías de paso de movimiento. -
- 22.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, en el que el adaptador estéril (52) incluye una porción expuesta en un lado del paño (70) opuesto al brazo de manipulación (42), estando el adaptador estéril (52) acoplado al brazo de
manipulación (42) de tal modo que la porción expuesta permanece estéril. -
- 23.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, comprendiendo además el acoplamiento de forma movible de una unidad de puño al adaptador (52) y el acoplamiento de un instrumento quirúrgico a un puño distal de la unidad
de puño. -
- 24.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, comprendiendo además:
acoplar un adaptador de cánula estéril (64) a través el paño estéril (70) a la porción de extremo distal del brazo de manipulación (42);acoplar una cánula al adaptador de cánula (64);mediante el que un instrumento quirúrgico se puede introducir a través de la cánula en una cavidad corporal del paciente. -
- 25.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, comprendiendo además la restricción de movimiento de la herramienta quirúrgica (24) alrededor de un centro esférico fijo de rotación.
-
- 26.
- Sistema según la reivindicación 23, comprendiendo además la limitación del número de veces que se utiliza la unidad de puño en un proceso quirúrgico, incluyendo preferiblemente medios para contar cada vez que la unidad de puño se acopla al adaptador (52).
-
- 27.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, comprendiendo además:
acoplar el adaptador (52) a un carrito móvil en el brazo de manipulación (42), estando el carrito cubiertopor el paño estéril (70); ymover axialmente el carrito para mover axialmente la herramienta quirúrgica (24) de forma relativa al brazo de manipulación (42). -
- 28.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, comprendiendo además la visualización de una imagen del campo de destino en una pantalla de visualización que se encuentra alejada del campo de destino.
-
- 29.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, en el que la herramienta quirúrgica (24) es un instrumento.
-
- 30.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, en el que la herramienta quirúrgica (24) es un endoscopio para ver un sitio de tratamiento.
-
- 31.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 29, comprendiendo además:
girar una unidad de puño distal que tiene un extremo final proximal acoplado de forma movible al adaptador (52), en el que la unidad de puño tiene un árbol con un extremo distal acoplado al instrumento, la rotación comprendiendo la rotación de la unidad de puño alrededor de un eje longitudinal del árbol relativo al adaptador (52). -
- 32.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 31, comprendiendo además la rotación del instrumento alrededor del extremo distal de la unidad de puño utilizando una de las vías de paso de movimiento.
-
- 33.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, en el que la herramienta quirúrgica (24) incluye un efector terminal, comprendiendo además el procedimiento la articulación del efector terminal utilizando una de las vías de paso de movimiento.
-
- 34.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, comprendiendo además la transferencia de una señal eléctrica desde el brazo de manipulación (42) a la herramienta quirúrgica (24), y de la herramienta quirúrgica (24) al brazo de manipulación (42) a través de uno o más de los conectores eléctricos del adaptador (52).
-
- 35.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, comprendiendo además accionar la herramienta quirúrgica (24) en al menos dos grados de libertad utilizando un ensamblado de accionamiento acoplado e la porción final proximal del brazo de manipulación (42), el paño estéril (70) cubriendo tanto el brazo de manipulación 842) como el ensamblado de accionamiento para proteger el brazo y el ensamblado de accionamiento del campo estéril.
-
- 36.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 31, comprendiendo además la limitación del movimiento de la unidad de puño y el instrumento alrededor de un centro esférico fijo de rotación en un punto a lo largo del árbol de la unidad de puño utilizando un posicionador central remoto.
-
- 37.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 31, comprendiendo además medios para contar cada vez que la unidad de puño se acopla o se separa del adaptador (52).
-
- 38.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 31, comprendiendo además corresponder axialmente el adaptador (52), la unidad de puño y el instrumento utilizando una unidad de transmisión acoplada al brazo de manipulación (42) y cubierta por el paño estéril (70), la unidad de transmisión teniendo un carrito movible axialmente acoplado al adaptador (52) y a la unidad de puño.
-
- 39.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 38, comprendiendo además la transmisión de al menos tres grados de movimientos desde el brazo de manipulación (42) a través de la unidad de transmisión y a través del adaptador (52) a la unidad de puño y al instrumento.
-
- 40.
- Procedimiento según la reivindicación 21, comprendiendo además el control del brazo de manipulación (42) utilizando un servomecanismo acoplado a un controlador remoto.
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| ES2371533T3 true ES2371533T3 (es) | 2012-01-04 |
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1999
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2011
- 2011-05-20 JP JP2011114196A patent/JP5301607B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2012
- 2012-02-10 JP JP2012027186A patent/JP5610547B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2013
- 2013-02-13 JP JP2013025412A patent/JP5898105B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2013-11-08 JP JP2013231856A patent/JP5866123B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 2013-11-08 JP JP2013231857A patent/JP2014111081A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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2015
- 2015-09-24 JP JP2015186658A patent/JP2016019766A/ja not_active Withdrawn
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