JP2000504569A - 氷結晶生長阻害剤 - Google Patents
氷結晶生長阻害剤Info
- Publication number
- JP2000504569A JP2000504569A JP9528157A JP52815797A JP2000504569A JP 2000504569 A JP2000504569 A JP 2000504569A JP 9528157 A JP9528157 A JP 9528157A JP 52815797 A JP52815797 A JP 52815797A JP 2000504569 A JP2000504569 A JP 2000504569A
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- crystal growth
- ice
- serum
- ice crystal
- growth inhibitor
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 118
- 239000003966 growth inhibitor Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 36
- 210000002966 serum Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 78
- 241000230485 Zoarces viviparus Species 0.000 claims abstract description 73
- 235000013305 food Nutrition 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 20
- 241000534450 Viviparus Species 0.000 claims abstract description 9
- 210000004369 blood Anatomy 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000008280 blood Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 239000006228 supernatant Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 108010053481 Antifreeze Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 28
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 108090000623 proteins and genes Proteins 0.000 claims description 9
- 102000004169 proteins and genes Human genes 0.000 claims description 9
- 102000004506 Blood Proteins Human genes 0.000 claims description 2
- 108010017384 Blood Proteins Proteins 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000002523 gelfiltration Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 abstract description 12
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 60
- 235000015243 ice cream Nutrition 0.000 description 29
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 26
- 229930006000 Sucrose Natural products 0.000 description 15
- CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N Sucrose Chemical compound O[C@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O[C@@]1(CO)O[C@@H]1[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](CO)O1 CZMRCDWAGMRECN-UGDNZRGBSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 239000005720 sucrose Substances 0.000 description 15
- 241000251468 Actinopterygii Species 0.000 description 13
- 241000276438 Gadus morhua Species 0.000 description 12
- 238000007710 freezing Methods 0.000 description 8
- 230000008014 freezing Effects 0.000 description 8
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 7
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010257 thawing Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000013068 control sample Substances 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000004587 chromatography analysis Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 3
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 description 3
- 230000035939 shock Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000003643 water by type Substances 0.000 description 3
- 102000035195 Peptidases Human genes 0.000 description 2
- 108091005804 Peptidases Proteins 0.000 description 2
- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 2
- 235000011850 desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000007431 microscopic evaluation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000001953 recrystallisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 2
- ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium bicarbonate Chemical compound [NH4+].OC([O-])=O ATRRKUHOCOJYRX-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzene Chemical compound C1=CC=CC=C1 UHOVQNZJYSORNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N Glucose Natural products OC[C@H]1OC(O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](O)[C@@H]1O WQZGKKKJIJFFOK-GASJEMHNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 102000003886 Glycoproteins Human genes 0.000 description 1
- 108090000288 Glycoproteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 241000190687 Gobius Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000461048 Liparis liparis Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000007688 Lycopersicon esculentum Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 241000276468 Pollachius Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000004365 Protease Substances 0.000 description 1
- 240000003768 Solanum lycopersicum Species 0.000 description 1
- 241001214275 Spinachia Species 0.000 description 1
- 241000230482 Zoarces Species 0.000 description 1
- 235000012501 ammonium carbonate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000001099 ammonium carbonate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000013375 chromatographic separation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006071 cream Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002425 crystallisation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008025 crystallization Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003995 emulsifying agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001502 gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011521 glass Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000008103 glucose Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920000669 heparin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- ZFGMDIBRIDKWMY-PASTXAENSA-N heparin Chemical compound CC(O)=N[C@@H]1[C@@H](O)[C@H](O)[C@@H](COS(O)(=O)=O)O[C@@H]1O[C@@H]1[C@@H](C(O)=O)O[C@@H](O[C@H]2[C@@H]([C@@H](OS(O)(=O)=O)[C@@H](O[C@@H]3[C@@H](OC(O)[C@H](OS(O)(=O)=O)[C@H]3O)C(O)=O)O[C@@H]2O)CS(O)(=O)=O)[C@H](O)[C@H]1O ZFGMDIBRIDKWMY-PASTXAENSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004811 liquid chromatography Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229940057995 liquid paraffin Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003208 petroleum Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229920003023 plastic Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004033 plastic Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000002264 polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920001296 polysiloxane Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000019833 protease Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229920002379 silicone rubber Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000004945 silicone rubber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020183 skimmed milk Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021055 solid food Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000010186 staining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001954 sterilising effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004659 sterilization and disinfection Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000006188 syrup Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000020357 syrup Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000005496 tempering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000008371 vanilla flavor Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J3/00—Working-up of proteins for foodstuffs
- A23J3/04—Animal proteins
- A23J3/12—Animal proteins from blood
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
- A23J1/04—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from fish or other sea animals
-
- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
- A23J—PROTEIN COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS; WORKING-UP PROTEINS FOR FOODSTUFFS; PHOSPHATIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR FOODSTUFFS
- A23J1/00—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites
- A23J1/06—Obtaining protein compositions for foodstuffs; Bulk opening of eggs and separation of yolks from whites from blood
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07K—PEPTIDES
- C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
- C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
- C07K14/46—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates
- C07K14/461—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans from vertebrates from fish
Landscapes
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Zoology (AREA)
- Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Biochemistry (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Food Science & Technology (AREA)
- Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
- Gastroenterology & Hepatology (AREA)
- Biophysics (AREA)
- General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
- Genetics & Genomics (AREA)
- Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
- Molecular Biology (AREA)
- Toxicology (AREA)
- Nutrition Science (AREA)
- Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
- Confectionery (AREA)
- Food Preservation Except Freezing, Refrigeration, And Drying (AREA)
- Medicines Containing Plant Substances (AREA)
- Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
- Meat, Egg Or Seafood Products (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analysing Biological Materials (AREA)
- Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)
- Agricultural Chemicals And Associated Chemicals (AREA)
- Transition And Organic Metals Composition Catalysts For Addition Polymerization (AREA)
- Bidet-Like Cleaning Device And Other Flush Toilet Accessories (AREA)
- Vending Machines For Individual Products (AREA)
- Coloring Foods And Improving Nutritive Qualities (AREA)
- Compounds Of Unknown Constitution (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims (1)
- 【特許請求の範囲】 1.Zoarces viviparus血清を集め、血清タン白を単離し、 タン白をゲル濾過により分離し、次いで1°〜1.8℃の熱ヒステリシスを有す るタン白画分を単離する方法により得ることができる、4〜5.5KDaの分子 量を有する氷結晶生長阻害剤。 2.1.3°〜1.5℃の熱ヒステリシスを有する、請求項1記載の氷結晶生 長阻害剤。 3.氷結晶生長阻害剤を含有するZoarces viviparus血清を 調製する、氷結晶生長阻害剤抽出物の製造方法。 4.−Zoarces viviparus血液を抽出し、 −冷却し、 −氷結晶生長阻害剤を含有するZoarces viviparus血清を構 成する上澄を集め、 −次に上澄を冷凍する、 請求項3記載の方法。 5.請求項1または2に記載のZoarces viviparusから抽出 し、または請求項3または4に記載の方法により得た少なくとも1種の氷結晶生 長阻害剤を食品に添加する、氷結晶の大きさの減縮方法。 6.0.01〜10%の氷結晶生長阻害剤を添加する、請求項5記載の方法。 7.少なくとも1種の氷結晶生長阻害剤を添加した食品を冷凍する、請求項5 記載の方法。 8.食品は−15°〜−40℃の温度で冷凍する、請求項7記載の方法。
Applications Claiming Priority (3)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP96200309A EP0788745A1 (fr) | 1996-02-09 | 1996-02-09 | Agents d'inhibition de la croissance des cristaux de la glace |
| EP96200309.1 | 1996-02-09 | ||
| PCT/EP1997/000547 WO1997028698A1 (fr) | 1996-02-09 | 1997-02-05 | Agents d'inhibition de la croissance des cristaux de la glace |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JP2000504569A true JP2000504569A (ja) | 2000-04-18 |
| JP3742110B2 JP3742110B2 (ja) | 2006-02-01 |
Family
ID=8223651
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP52815797A Expired - Fee Related JP3742110B2 (ja) | 1996-02-09 | 1997-02-05 | 氷結晶生長阻害剤 |
Country Status (15)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US6312733B1 (ja) |
| EP (2) | EP0788745A1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JP3742110B2 (ja) |
| CN (1) | CN1059784C (ja) |
| AT (1) | ATE221322T1 (ja) |
| AU (1) | AU725927B2 (ja) |
| BR (1) | BR9707388A (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE69714423T2 (ja) |
| EA (1) | EA000522B1 (ja) |
| ES (1) | ES2180023T3 (ja) |
| IL (1) | IL125539A (ja) |
| NO (1) | NO983600L (ja) |
| NZ (1) | NZ331177A (ja) |
| PL (1) | PL328416A1 (ja) |
| WO (1) | WO1997028698A1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (6)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP2004284983A (ja) * | 2003-03-20 | 2004-10-14 | National Institute Of Advanced Industrial & Technology | 含水物中における物質の凍結濃縮を抑制する方法、生理活性物質の失活を抑制する方法、および成分が均質に拡散した凍結物又は凍結乾燥物を製造する方法 |
| US20080056952A1 (en) * | 2006-08-25 | 2008-03-06 | Angros Lee H | Analytic plates with markable portions and methods of use |
| EP1917865B1 (en) | 2006-10-20 | 2012-03-28 | Nestec S.A. | Ice-structuring peptides of lactic origin |
| WO2009065415A1 (en) | 2007-11-21 | 2009-05-28 | Roskilde Universitet | Polypeptides comprising an ice-binding activity |
| WO2014202089A2 (en) | 2013-06-18 | 2014-12-24 | Roskilde Universitet | Variants of anti-freeze polypeptides |
| CN106404614A (zh) * | 2016-08-25 | 2017-02-15 | 哈尔滨商业大学 | 一种冰结构蛋白的冰晶观察方法 |
Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6127901A (ja) * | 1984-07-16 | 1986-02-07 | Kanegafuchi Chem Ind Co Ltd | 生体を保存する方法 |
| JPH04108341A (ja) * | 1990-08-28 | 1992-04-09 | Tosoh Corp | 血漿の改良方法 |
| JPH05503706A (ja) * | 1990-01-17 | 1993-06-17 | ザ リージェンツ オブ ザ ユニバーシティー オブ カリフォルニア | 極洋の魚類から単離および精製された熱ヒステリシスタンパク質 |
| JPH11509832A (ja) * | 1995-03-30 | 1999-08-31 | オーガン インコーポレイテッド | 新規氷−制御用分子およびその適用 |
Family Cites Families (1)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US5869092A (en) * | 1995-01-05 | 1999-02-09 | The Regents Of The University Of California | Prevention of leakage and phase separation during thermotropic phase transition in liposomes and biological cells |
-
1996
- 1996-02-09 EP EP96200309A patent/EP0788745A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
-
1997
- 1997-02-05 EA EA199800699A patent/EA000522B1/ru not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-02-05 IL IL12553997A patent/IL125539A/xx not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-02-05 PL PL97328416A patent/PL328416A1/xx unknown
- 1997-02-05 AT AT97903229T patent/ATE221322T1/de not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-02-05 NZ NZ331177A patent/NZ331177A/en unknown
- 1997-02-05 CN CN97193431A patent/CN1059784C/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-02-05 BR BR9707388A patent/BR9707388A/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 1997-02-05 ES ES97903229T patent/ES2180023T3/es not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-05 US US09/117,588 patent/US6312733B1/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-02-05 AU AU17671/97A patent/AU725927B2/en not_active Ceased
- 1997-02-05 DE DE69714423T patent/DE69714423T2/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1997-02-05 EP EP97903229A patent/EP0886477B1/fr not_active Expired - Lifetime
- 1997-02-05 WO PCT/EP1997/000547 patent/WO1997028698A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 1997-02-05 JP JP52815797A patent/JP3742110B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
1998
- 1998-08-05 NO NO983600A patent/NO983600L/no not_active Application Discontinuation
Patent Citations (4)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS6127901A (ja) * | 1984-07-16 | 1986-02-07 | Kanegafuchi Chem Ind Co Ltd | 生体を保存する方法 |
| JPH05503706A (ja) * | 1990-01-17 | 1993-06-17 | ザ リージェンツ オブ ザ ユニバーシティー オブ カリフォルニア | 極洋の魚類から単離および精製された熱ヒステリシスタンパク質 |
| JPH04108341A (ja) * | 1990-08-28 | 1992-04-09 | Tosoh Corp | 血漿の改良方法 |
| JPH11509832A (ja) * | 1995-03-30 | 1999-08-31 | オーガン インコーポレイテッド | 新規氷−制御用分子およびその適用 |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| BR9707388A (pt) | 1999-04-13 |
| DE69714423T2 (de) | 2002-11-14 |
| PL328416A1 (en) | 1999-01-18 |
| EA000522B1 (ru) | 1999-10-28 |
| IL125539A (en) | 2000-12-06 |
| CN1059784C (zh) | 2000-12-27 |
| ES2180023T3 (es) | 2003-02-01 |
| JP3742110B2 (ja) | 2006-02-01 |
| EP0788745A1 (fr) | 1997-08-13 |
| CN1214615A (zh) | 1999-04-21 |
| EP0886477B1 (fr) | 2002-07-31 |
| ATE221322T1 (de) | 2002-08-15 |
| NZ331177A (en) | 1999-10-28 |
| US6312733B1 (en) | 2001-11-06 |
| IL125539A0 (en) | 1999-03-12 |
| NO983600D0 (no) | 1998-08-05 |
| NO983600L (no) | 1998-10-08 |
| EA199800699A1 (ru) | 1999-02-25 |
| AU1767197A (en) | 1997-08-28 |
| AU725927B2 (en) | 2000-10-26 |
| WO1997028698A1 (fr) | 1997-08-14 |
| EP0886477A1 (fr) | 1998-12-30 |
| DE69714423D1 (de) | 2002-09-05 |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| US3914441A (en) | Ice cream | |
| Fujikawa et al. | Plasma membrane ultrastructural changes caused by mechanical stress in the formation of extracellular ice as a primary cause of slow freezing injury in fruit-bodies of Basidiomycetes (Lyophyllum ulmarium (Fr.) Kühner) | |
| Tolstoguzov | Some physico-chemical aspects of protein processing into foodstuffs | |
| Gill et al. | Effect of salt concentration and temperature on heat-induced aggregation and gelation of fish myosin | |
| JP2909398B2 (ja) | 氷核剤およびその製造方法 | |
| Love | Studies on protein denaturation in frozen fish. III.—The mechanism and site of denaturation at low temperatures | |
| JP2000504569A (ja) | 氷結晶生長阻害剤 | |
| JPH0458516B2 (ja) | ||
| JPH0686384B2 (ja) | 白血球の安定化 | |
| CA2244811C (en) | Ice crystal growth inhibiting agents | |
| JPH07135927A (ja) | トレハロースを含有するタンパク質冷凍変性防止剤、トレハロースを含有するすり身およびその製造法 | |
| Shimoyamada et al. | Effect of precooling step on formation of soymilk freeze-gel | |
| JP3619891B2 (ja) | 豚肉の熟成方法及び熟成度の測定方法 | |
| JP2000515752A (ja) | 不凍剤ペプチドを有する冷凍食品 | |
| Misima et al. | Influence of contracture on breaking strength in carp muscle | |
| McIntosh et al. | Freezing and thawing plasma | |
| JPH05184331A (ja) | 海藻抽出物の製造方法 | |
| SU1634223A1 (ru) | Способ консервировани мелкой рыбы | |
| JP4537704B2 (ja) | カルシウム流入阻害因子およびその単離方法 | |
| RU2473223C1 (ru) | Способ получения пищевого рыбного фарша | |
| JP2020524516A (ja) | 酸処理済肉エマルジョン由来のタンパク質製品及び方法 | |
| CN120167493A (zh) | 一种降磷增效型水分保持剂及其制备方法和应用 | |
| JP2023103245A (ja) | アルカリ処理肉エマルジョンからのタンパク質生成及び方法 | |
| Goff | Microstructural Analyses to Study Ingredient Functionality, Interactions and Quality in Frozen Foods. | |
| JPH0544260B2 (ja) |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| A131 | Notification of reasons for refusal |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A131 Effective date: 20041124 |
|
| A977 | Report on retrieval |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A971007 Effective date: 20041109 |
|
| A521 | Request for written amendment filed |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A523 Effective date: 20050224 |
|
| TRDD | Decision of grant or rejection written | ||
| A01 | Written decision to grant a patent or to grant a registration (utility model) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A01 Effective date: 20051101 |
|
| A61 | First payment of annual fees (during grant procedure) |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: A61 Effective date: 20051110 |
|
| R150 | Certificate of patent or registration of utility model |
Free format text: JAPANESE INTERMEDIATE CODE: R150 |
|
| LAPS | Cancellation because of no payment of annual fees |