JP5553404B2 - 塩基性(メタ)アクリルアミドの製造方法 - Google Patents
塩基性(メタ)アクリルアミドの製造方法 Download PDFInfo
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- JP5553404B2 JP5553404B2 JP2009531749A JP2009531749A JP5553404B2 JP 5553404 B2 JP5553404 B2 JP 5553404B2 JP 2009531749 A JP2009531749 A JP 2009531749A JP 2009531749 A JP2009531749 A JP 2009531749A JP 5553404 B2 JP5553404 B2 JP 5553404B2
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- ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylphosphonic acid Chemical compound OP(O)(=O)C=C ZTWTYVWXUKTLCP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N vinylsulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=C NLVXSWCKKBEXTG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000004065 wastewater treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C231/00—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides
- C07C231/02—Preparation of carboxylic acid amides from carboxylic acids or from esters, anhydrides, or halides thereof by reaction with ammonia or amines
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
- B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
- B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
- B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
- B01J19/12—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electromagnetic waves
- B01J19/122—Incoherent waves
- B01J19/126—Microwaves
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
- C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C233/34—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups
- C07C233/35—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom
- C07C233/38—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by an acyclic carbon atom having the carbon atom of the carboxamide group bound to a carbon atom of an acyclic unsaturated carbon skeleton
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- C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07C233/00—Carboxylic acid amides
- C07C233/01—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms
- C07C233/34—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups
- C07C233/42—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
- C07C233/44—Carboxylic acid amides having carbon atoms of carboxamide groups bound to hydrogen atoms or to acyclic carbon atoms having the nitrogen atom of at least one of the carboxamide groups bound to a carbon atom of a hydrocarbon radical substituted by amino groups with the substituted hydrocarbon radical bound to the nitrogen atom of the carboxamide group by a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring having the carbon atom of the carboxamide group bound to a carbon atom of an unsaturated carbon skeleton
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- C07D213/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members
- C07D213/04—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom
- C07D213/60—Heterocyclic compounds containing six-membered rings, not condensed with other rings, with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom and three or more double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having three double bonds between ring members or between ring members and non-ring members having no bond between the ring nitrogen atom and a non-ring member or having only hydrogen or carbon atoms directly attached to the ring nitrogen atom with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D213/72—Nitrogen atoms
- C07D213/75—Amino or imino radicals, acylated by carboxylic or carbonic acids, or by sulfur or nitrogen analogues thereof, e.g. carbamates
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- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
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- C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
- C07D249/08—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
- C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
- C07D249/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms
- C07D249/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing five-membered rings having three nitrogen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms not condensed with other rings
- C07D249/08—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles
- C07D249/10—1,2,4-Triazoles; Hydrogenated 1,2,4-triazoles with hetero atoms or with carbon atoms having three bonds to hetero atoms with at the most one bond to halogen, e.g. ester or nitrile radicals, directly attached to ring carbon atoms
- C07D249/14—Nitrogen atoms
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Description
HNR1−(A)n−Z
(式中、
R1は、水素、C1〜C12アルキル、C5〜C12シクロアルキル、C6〜C12アリール、C7〜C12アラルキル、又は、環員数5〜12の芳香族複素環基を表し、
Aは、炭素数1〜12のアルキレン基、環員数5〜12のシクロアルキレン基、環員数6〜12のアリーレン基、又は環員数5〜12のヘテロアリーレン基を表し、
nは、0又は1を表し、
Zは、式−NR2R3の基を表すか、又は、環員数少なくとも5の窒素含有環状炭化水素基を表し、
R2およびR3は、互いに独立して、C1〜C20炭化水素基を表すか又はポリオキシアルキレン基を表す)
に対応する、エチレン性不飽和C3〜C6カルボン酸の塩基性アミド又はイミドの製造方法、並びに、ハロゲン化物イオンおよびカップリング試薬に由来する副生成物を本質的に含まない、本方法で製造可能なエチレン性不飽和C3〜C6カルボン酸の塩基性アミド又はイミドである。
−(B−O)m−R4、
式中、
Bは、直鎖又は分岐鎖のC2〜C4アルキレン基、とりわけ式−CH2−CH2−および/又は−CH(CH3)CH2−の基を表し、
mは、1〜100、好ましくは1〜20の数を表し、
R4は、水素、炭素数1〜20のアルキル基、環原子数5〜12のシクロアルキル基、環原子数6〜12のアリール基、炭素数7〜30のアラルキル基、環原子数5〜12のヘテロアリール基、又は炭素数6〜12のヘテロアラルキル基を表す。
使用されるエチレン性不飽和カルボン酸は、それぞれ200ppmのヒドロキノンモノメチルエーテルで安定化された。
冷却下、N,N−ジメチルアミノプロピルアミン1gに等モル量のメタクリル酸を加えて混合した。発熱が鎮静した後、このようにして得られた閉鎖キュベット内のアンモニウム塩に、最大能力で冷却下、1分間、100Wのマイクロ波を照射した。IRセンサで測定した温度は150℃に到達し、圧力は10バールに上昇した。その後、反応混合物を2分以内に30℃に冷却した。
冷却下、N,N−ジメチルアミノプロピルアミン2gに等モル量のアクリル酸を加えて混合した。発熱が鎮静した後、このようにして得られた閉鎖キュベット内のアンモニウム塩に、最大能力で冷却下、1分間、25Wのマイクロ波を照射した。IRセンサで測定した温度は80℃に到達し、圧力は約1.3バールであった。照射終了後、反応混合物を2分以内に30℃に冷却した。
冷却下、p−(N,N−ジメチル)フェニレンジアミン1gに2モル当量のメタクリル酸を加えて混合した。発熱が鎮静した後、このようにして得られた閉鎖キュベット内のアンモニウム塩に、最大能力で冷却下、150Wのマイクロ波を照射した。1分以内に185℃に加熱し、キュベットを空気冷却して、この温度を10分間維持し、このとき圧力は徐々に2バールに上昇した。その後、空気冷却により、2分以内に50℃未満に冷却した。
冷却下、3−アミノ−1,2,4−トリアゾール0.5gに等モル量のメタクリル酸を加えて混合した。発熱が鎮静した後、このようにして得られた閉鎖キュベット内のアンモニウム塩を100Wのマイクロ波出力で照射した。1分以内に150℃に加熱し、キュベットを空気冷却してこの温度を2分間維持し、このとき圧力は2バールに上昇した。その後、空気冷却により、2分以内に50℃に冷却した。
冷却下、4−アミノピリジン1gに2モル当量のメタクリル酸を加えて混合した。発熱が鎮静した後、このようにして得られた閉鎖キュベット内のアンモニウム塩を、最大能力で冷却下、2.5分間以内、100Wのマイクロ波出力に付した。そのとき温度は約180℃に上昇し、圧力は徐々に20バールに上昇した。その後、空気冷却により2分以内に50℃未満に冷却した。
冷却下および攪拌下、N,N−ジメチルアミノプロピルアミン100gをキシレン100g中に溶解させ、このアミンを基準にして等モル量のメタクリル酸をゆっくり加えた。発熱が鎮静した後、このようにして得られたアンモニウム塩を底部入口を経て、マイクロ波キャビティ中に嵌め込まれたガラスキュベットに連続的にポンプで輸送した。そのとき、キュベット内での、従って照射ゾーン内での滞留時間が約50秒となるように、ポンプの送出量を調整した。最大能力で冷却下、200Wのマイクロ波で処理し、このとき、IRセンサで測定した温度は150℃に到達した。ガラスキュベットから流出した後、反応混合物を短いリービッヒ冷却器で約30℃に冷却した。
メタクリル酸とジメチルアミノプロピルアミン(200ppmのフェノチアジンで安定化された等モル混合物)から得られるアンモニウム塩の50%トルエン溶液を、マイクロ波キャビティ中に嵌め込まれたガラスキュベットに連続的にポンプで輸送した。そのとき、キュベット内での、従って照射ゾーン内での滞留時間が約5分となるように、ポンプの送出量を調整した。最大能力で冷却下、IRセンサで測定した温度が150〜160℃に維持されるように、マイクロ波出力を25W〜150Wに調整した。ガラスキュベットから流出した後、反応混合物を30℃に冷却した。
メタクリル酸とジメチルアミノプロピルアミン(200ppmのフェノチアジンで安定化された等モル混合物)から得られるアンモニウム塩の50%トルエン溶液を、マイクロ波キャビティ中に嵌め込まれたガラスキュベットに連続的にポンプで輸送した。そのとき、キュベット内での、従って照射ゾーン内での滞留時間が約2分となるように、ポンプの送出量を調整した。最大能力で冷却下、IRセンサで測定した温度が175〜185℃に維持されるように、マイクロ波出力を25W〜200Wに調整した。ガラスキュベットから流出した後、反応混合物を30℃に冷却した。
メタクリル酸とジメチルアミノプロピルアミンの連続的熱反応(比較例)
実施例7および8と同様に、メタクリル酸とジメチルアミノプロピルアミン(200ppmのフェノチアジンで安定化された等モル混合物)から得られるアンモニウム塩の50%トルエン溶液を、300℃の加熱砂床中にある耐圧性ガラスキュベットに連続的にポンプで輸送した。そのとき、キュベット内での、従って加熱ゾーン内での反応体の滞留時間が約2分又は5分となるように、ポンプの送出量を調整した。反応混合物の温度の測定は、キュベットの流出口で行った。このとき観察された最高温度は150又は180℃であった(下表を参照)。ガラスキュベットから流出した後、反応混合物を迅速に室温に冷却した。
N−(3−(N,N−ジメチルアミノ)−プロピル)アクリルアミド(DiMAPAM)とアクリルアミドの共重合
孤立した重合容器内で、表1に記載されている量のモノマーおよびABAH(2,2’−アゾビス−アミジノプロパン二塩酸塩)並びにビス−(2−アミノエチル)−アミン−N,N,N’,N”,N”−五酢酸を記載されている量の水に溶解させた。氷冷下、反応混合物を10℃に冷却し、90分間窒素通気することにより不活性化させた。その後、tert−ブチルヒドロペルオキシド、および更に5分後にピロ亜硫酸塩溶液を添加した。温度上昇は、重合の開始を示した。最高温度を超えた後、ポリマーを約12時間、70℃で完全に反応させた。得られたポリマーゲルを細かく砕き、乾燥させ、粉砕した。
N−(3−(N,N−ジメチルアミノ)プロピル)アクリルアミドのポリマーの凝集助剤としての適性
様々な鉱物を産出する場合、水性懸濁液として得られる原料を脱水しなければならない。そのとき、とりわけ、水中に懸濁した粒子をできるだけ速く沈降させることが望ましい。そのためにポリマーAとポリマーBを凝集試験で比較し、凝集速度、とりわけ鉱物懸濁液の沈降速度を評価した。
Claims (19)
- 少なくとも1つの一級および/又は二級アミノ基および少なくとも1つの三級アミノ基を含有するアミンを、エチレン性不飽和C3〜C6カルボン酸と反応させてアンモニウム塩とした後、このアンモニウム塩にマイクロ波を照射して塩基性アミド又はイミドに転化することによる、エチレン性不飽和C3〜C6カルボン酸の塩基性アミド又はイミドの製造方法であって、ただし、前記一級および/又は二級アミノ基がアルコキシ基を含まない、上記方法。
- 前記アミンが次式に相当し、
HNR1−(A)n−Z
式中、
R1が、水素、C1〜C12アルキル、C5〜C12シクロアルキル、C6〜C12アリール、C7〜C12アラルキル、又は、環員数5〜12の芳香族複素環基を表し、
Aが、炭素数1〜12のアルキレン基、環員数5〜12のシクロアルキレン基、環員数6〜12のアリーレン基、又は環員数5〜12のヘテロアリーレン基を表し、
nが、0又は1を表し、
Zが、式−NR2R3の基を表すか、又は、環員数少なくとも5の窒素含有環状炭化水素基を表し、
R2およびR3が、互いに独立して、C1〜C20炭化水素基を表すか又はポリオキシアルキレン基を表す、請求項1に記載の方法。 - R1が、水素又はメチルを表す、請求項2に記載の方法。
- Aが炭素数1〜12の直鎖又は分岐鎖のアルキレン基を表し、nが1を表す、請求項2又は3に記載の方法。
- R2およびR3が、互いに独立して、炭素数1〜20の脂肪族、芳香族、および/又は芳香脂肪族炭化水素基を表す、請求項2〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- R2およびR3が、互いに独立して炭素数1〜14のアルキル基を表す、請求項5に記載の方法。
- R2および/又はR3が、互いに独立して次式のポリオキシアルキレン基を表し、
−(B−O)m−R4、
式中、
Bが、直鎖又は分岐鎖のC2〜C4アルキレン基を表し、
mが、1〜100の数を表し、
R4が、水素、炭素数1〜20のアルキル基、環原子数5〜12のシクロアルキル基、環原子数6〜12のアリール基、炭素数7〜30のアラルキル基、環原子数5〜12のヘテロアリール基、又は炭素数6〜12のヘテロアラルキル基を表す、
請求項2〜4のいずれか一項に記載の方法。 - 前記アミンが、N,N−ジメチルエチレンジアミン、N,N−ジメチル−1,3−プロパンジアミン、N,N−ジエチル−1,3−プロパンジアミン、およびN,N−ジメチル−2−メチル−1,3−プロパンジアミンから選択される、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- Zが窒素含有環状炭化水素基を表し、但し、その窒素原子はアミドを形成できない、請求項2〜8のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記エチレン性不飽和カルボン酸が、アクリル酸、メタクリル酸、クロトン酸、2,2−ジメチルアクリル酸、マレイン酸、フマル酸、およびイタコン酸から選択される、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロ波照射が、脱水触媒の存在下で実施される、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロ波照射が、溶媒の存在下で実施される、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記溶媒が10未満のε”値を有する、請求項12に記載の方法。
- 前記マイクロ波照射が、300℃未満の温度で実施される、請求項1〜13のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記反応が、0.1〜200バールの圧力で実施される、請求項1〜14のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記反応は、前記アンモニウム塩が貫流する反応管内で、マイクロ波を照射することによって連続的に行われる、請求項1〜15のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
- 前記反応管が、非金属でマイクロ波透過性の材料からなる、請求項16に記載の方法。
- 前記反応管内での反応物の滞留時間が30分未満である、請求項16又は17に記載の方法。
- 前記反応管の長さ対直径の比が少なくとも5である、請求項16〜18のいずれか一項に記載の方法。
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| DE102006047617A DE102006047617B4 (de) | 2006-10-09 | 2006-10-09 | Verfahren zur Herstellung basischer (Meth)acrylamide |
| DE102006047617.4 | 2006-10-09 | ||
| PCT/EP2007/008677 WO2008043492A1 (de) | 2006-10-09 | 2007-10-05 | Verfahren zur herstellung basischer (meth)acrylamide |
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| DE102008017218B4 (de) | 2008-04-04 | 2011-09-22 | Clariant International Ltd. | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Amiden niederer aliphatischer Carbonsäuren |
| DE102008017215B4 (de) | 2008-04-04 | 2012-08-09 | Clariant International Ltd. | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Amiden ethylenisch ungesättigter Carbonsäuren |
| DE102008017214B4 (de) | 2008-04-04 | 2012-02-16 | Clariant International Limited | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Fettsäurealkanolamiden |
| JP5127549B2 (ja) | 2008-04-24 | 2013-01-23 | パナソニック株式会社 | 高分子化合物の改質方法、プラスチック用低収縮材及び高分子化合物の利用方法 |
| DE102009001382A1 (de) | 2009-03-06 | 2010-09-09 | Kuraray Europe Gmbh | Hydrophob modifizierte Polyvinylalkohole und Polyvinylacetale |
| DE102009031054A1 (de) | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-13 | Clariant International Ltd. | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Estern aromatischer Carbonsäuren |
| DE102009031056A1 (de) | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-27 | Clariant International Ltd. | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Acrylierung von Aminogruppen tragenden organischen Säuren |
| DE102009031059A1 (de) | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-05 | Clariant International Ltd. | Vorrichtung zur kontinuierlichen Durchführung chemischer Reaktionen bei hohen Temperaturen |
| DE102009031057A1 (de) | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-05 | Clariant International Ltd. | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Amiden aliphatischer Carbonsäuren |
| DE102009031058A1 (de) | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-27 | Clariant International Ltd. | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Amiden aromatischer Carbonsäuren |
| DE102009031053A1 (de) | 2009-06-30 | 2011-01-13 | Clariant International Ltd. | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Herstellung von Estern aliphatischer Carbonsäuren |
| DE102009042523B4 (de) | 2009-09-22 | 2012-02-16 | Clariant International Ltd. | Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen Durchführung heterogen katalysierter chemischer Reaktionen bei hohen Temperaturen |
| DE102009042522A1 (de) | 2009-09-22 | 2011-04-07 | Clariant International Ltd. | Kontinuierliches Umesterungsverfahren |
| DE102010056564A1 (de) | 2010-12-30 | 2012-07-05 | Clariant International Limited | Hydroxylgruppen und Estergruppen tragende Polymere und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
| DE102010056566A1 (de) | 2010-12-30 | 2012-07-05 | Clariant International Ltd. | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Veresterung Säuregruppen tragender Polymere |
| DE102010056579A1 (de) | 2010-12-30 | 2012-07-05 | Clariant International Limited | Kontinuierliches Verfahren zur Umsetzung Säuregruppen tragender Polymere mit Aminen |
| DE102010056578A1 (de) | 2010-12-30 | 2012-07-05 | Clariant International Ltd. | Hydroxylgruppen und Estergruppen tragende Polymere und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung |
| DE102010056565A1 (de) | 2010-12-30 | 2012-07-05 | Clariant International Ltd. | Verfahren zur Modifizierung Hydroxylgruppen tragender Polymere |
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2006
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2007
- 2007-10-05 BR BRPI0719516-8A2A patent/BRPI0719516A2/pt not_active IP Right Cessation
- 2007-10-05 EP EP07818753A patent/EP2081886A1/de not_active Withdrawn
- 2007-10-05 US US12/444,678 patent/US9039870B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-10-05 KR KR1020097009566A patent/KR20090080074A/ko not_active Ceased
- 2007-10-05 CN CN200780034374.3A patent/CN101516832B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2007-10-05 WO PCT/EP2007/008677 patent/WO2008043492A1/de not_active Ceased
- 2007-10-05 CA CA002666171A patent/CA2666171A1/en not_active Abandoned
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Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| US20100032284A1 (en) | 2010-02-11 |
| DE102006047617B4 (de) | 2008-11-27 |
| BRPI0719516A2 (pt) | 2014-05-27 |
| EP2081886A1 (de) | 2009-07-29 |
| CN101516832A (zh) | 2009-08-26 |
| WO2008043492A1 (de) | 2008-04-17 |
| JP2010505890A (ja) | 2010-02-25 |
| US9039870B2 (en) | 2015-05-26 |
| CA2666171A1 (en) | 2008-04-17 |
| KR20090080074A (ko) | 2009-07-23 |
| DE102006047617A1 (de) | 2008-04-10 |
| CN101516832B (zh) | 2015-09-09 |
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