TR201902847T4 - Florin sübstitüe edilmiş olefinler içeren bileşimler. - Google Patents

Florin sübstitüe edilmiş olefinler içeren bileşimler. Download PDF

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Publication number
TR201902847T4
TR201902847T4 TR2019/02847T TR201902847T TR201902847T4 TR 201902847 T4 TR201902847 T4 TR 201902847T4 TR 2019/02847 T TR2019/02847 T TR 2019/02847T TR 201902847 T TR201902847 T TR 201902847T TR 201902847 T4 TR201902847 T4 TR 201902847T4
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refrigerant
compounds
compositions
systems
refrigerants
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TR2019/02847T
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English (en)
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T Pham Hang
R Singh Rajiv
Robert Shankland Ian
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Honeywell Int Inc
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Application filed by Honeywell Int Inc filed Critical Honeywell Int Inc
Publication of TR201902847T4 publication Critical patent/TR201902847T4/tr

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C09K5/02—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used
    • C09K5/04—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa
    • C09K5/041—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems
    • C09K5/044—Materials undergoing a change of physical state when used the change of state being from liquid to vapour or vice versa for compression-type refrigeration systems comprising halogenated compounds
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N29/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing halogenated hydrocarbons
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    • A23L27/00—Spices; Flavouring agents or condiments; Artificial sweetening agents; Table salts; Dietetic salt substitutes; Preparation or treatment thereof
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    • A23L27/202—Aliphatic compounds
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    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K47/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by the non-active ingredients used, e.g. carriers or inert additives; Targeting or modifying agents chemically bound to the active ingredient
    • A61K47/06—Organic compounds, e.g. natural or synthetic hydrocarbons, polyolefins, mineral oil, petrolatum or ozokerite
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
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Abstract

X'in doymamış, sübstitüe edilmiş veya sübstitüe edilmemiş bir C 2 veya C 3, alkil radikal olduğu; her bir R'nin bağımsız olarak Cl, F, Br, I veya H ve z'nin 1-3 olduğu, Formülün (I): XCF z R 3-z (I) en az bir floroalken içeren bir bileşimin, HFC-134a ile kullanılabilir bir soğutucu sisteminde soğutucu olarak kullanımıdır.

Description

TARIFNAME FLORIN SÜBSTITÜE EDILMIS OLEFINLER IÇEREN BILESIMLER BULUSUN ALT YAPISI Florokarbon bazli akiskanlar bazi ticari ve endüstriyel uygulamalarda yaygin bir sekilde kullanilmaktadir. Örnegin, florokarbon bazli akiskanlar siklikla, havalandirma, isi pompasi ve sogutma uygulamalari gibi sistemlerde bir çalisma akiskani olarak kullanilir. Buhar sikistirma döngüsü bir sogutma sisteminde sogutma veya isitmayi gerçeklestirmek üzere en yaygin kullanilan tipteki yöntemlerden biridir. Buhar sikistirma döngüsü genellikle sogutucunun, nispeten düsük bir basinçta isi emilimi yoluyla sividan buhar fazina ve sonra nispeten düsük bir basinçta ve sicaklikta isi çekisi yoluyla buhardan sivi faza degistiren fazi, buhari nispeten yüksek basinçta sikistirarak, nispeten yüksek basinçta ve sicaklikta isi çekisi yoluyla buhari sivi faza yogunlastirarak ve sonra döngüyü tekrar baslatacak sekilde basinci düsürmeyi içerir. Sogutmanin birincil amaci nispeten düsük bir sicaklikta bir nesneden veya diger akiskandan isi atmak olmasina ragmen, bir isi pompasinin birincil amaci ortama göre daha yüksek bir sicaklikta isi eklemektir. Bazi florokarbonlar birçok uygulamada birçok yildir, sogutucular gibi birçok isi degisim akiskaninda tercih edilen bir bilesen olmustur. Örnegin, kloroflorometan ve klorofloroetan türevleri gibi floroalkanlar, kimyasal ve fiziksel özelliklerinin benzersiz kombinasyonu sayesinde havalandirma ve isi pompasi uygulamalarini içeren uygulamalarda sogutucular olarak yaygin bir sekilde kullanilmaktadir. Buhar sikistirmali sistemlerde yaygin bir sekilde kullanimi elde edilen sogutucularin birçogu tek bilesenli akiskanlar veya azeotropik karisimlardir. Dünyanin atmosferine ve iklimine potansiyel zarar hakkindaki Ilgi son yillarda aitmistir ve bazi klor-bazli bilesikler bu bakimdan özellikle sorunlu olarak belirlenmistir. Klor içeren bilesimlerin (kloroflorokarbonlar (CFC'Ier), hidrokloroflorokarbonlar (HCFC'Ier) ve benzerleri gibi) sogutucular olarak havalandirma ve sogutma sistemlerinde kullanimi, bu tip bilesiklerin birçogu ile iliskili ozonu delme özellikleri dolayisi ile tercih edilmez hale gelmistir. Bu yüzden sogutma ve isi pompasi uygulamalarina iliskin alternatifler sunan yeni florokarbon ve hidrokarbon bilesiklerine ve bilesimlerine yönelik artan bir ihtiyaç bulunmaktadir. Örnegin, hidroflorokarbonlar (HFC'Ier) gibi ozon tabakasini delmeyecek klor-içermeyen sogutucu bilesikler ile klor-içeren sogutucularin degistirilmesi yoluyla klor içeren sogutma sistemlerini güçlendirmek istenir hale gelmistir. Bu durum genel olarak önemli olarak düsünülür ancak, bu herhangi bir olasi sübstitüe sogutucunun ayrica, digerleri arasinda kusursuz isi aktarim özellikleri, kimyasal stabilite, düsük veya sifir toksisite, yanmama ve yaglayici uyumlulugu gibi en yaygin olarak kullanilan birçok akiskanda mevcut bu özelliklere sahip olmasi gerekir. Basvuru sahipleri yaglayici uyumlulugunun birçok uygulamada özel öneme sahip oldugunu anlamistir. Daha özellikle, sogutma akiskanlarinin, birçok sogutma sisteminde kullanilan, kompresör ünitesinde kullanilan yaglayici ile uyumlu olmasi çok istenir. Maalesef, HFC'Ier dahil olmak üzere birçok klor ihtiva etmeyen sogutma akiskanlari; örnegin madeni yaglar, aIkiIbenzenler veya poli(alfa-olefinler) dahil olmak üzere geleneksel olarak CFC'Ier ve HFC'Ier ile kullanilan yaglayici türleri içinde nispeten çözünmez ve/veya karismazdir. Bir sogutma akiskani yaglayici kombinasyonunun bir sikistirmali sogutma, havalandirma ve/veya isi pompasi sistemi içinde istenen bir verimlilik seviyesinde çalismasini saglamak amaciyla, yaglayici genis bir araliktaki çalisma sicakliklarinda sogutma sivisinin içinde yeteri kadar çözünür olmalidir. Bu tip çözünürlük, yaglayicinin viskozitesini düsürür ve onun sistemin içerisinde daha kolaylikla akmasina izin verir. Bu tip çözünürlügün bulunmamasi durumunda, yaglayicilar sogutma, havalandirma veya isi pompasi sisteminin evaporatörünün serpantinlerinde ve bunlarin yani sira sistemin diger kisimlarinda yerlesip kalma egilimi gösterirler ve bundan dolayi sistemin verimliligini düsürür. Kullanimda verimlilik bakimindan, sogutucu termodinamik performans veya enerji verimliligindeki bir kaybin, elektrik enerjisine yönelik artan bir talepten dogan artan fosil yakit kullanimi araciligiyla ikincil çevresel etkilere sahip olabildigini belirtmek önemlidir. Ayrica, genel olarak CFC sogutucu sübstitüelerinin, CFC sogutuculari ile mevcut durumda kullanilan klasik buhar sikistirma teknolojisine ana mühendislik degisimleri olmaksizin etkili olmasinin istendigi düsünülür. Yanabilirlik, birçok uygulama açisindan bir diger önemli özelliktir. Diger bir deyisle, yanici olmayan bilesimleri kullanmak üzere özellikle isi aktarim uygulamalari dahil olmak üzere birçok uygulamada önemli veya esas olarak düsünülür. Dolayisiyla, bu tür bilesimlerde, yanici olmayan bilesikleri kullanmak siklikla faydalidir. Burada kullanildigi üzere "yanici olmayan" terimi, 2002 tarihli, ASTM standardi E-681 ile uyumlu olarak belirlendigi üzere yanici olmayan olarak belirlenen bilesiklere veya bilesimlere refere eder. Maalesef. sogutucu bilesimlerinde baska açilardan kullanilmalari arzu edilebilen birçok HFC, yanici olmayan degildir. Örnegin, floroalkan difloroetan (HFC-152a) ve floroalken her biri, yanicidir ve bu nedenle birçok uygulamada kullanilmaya yönelik uygun degildir. YükSek floroalkenler, yani en az bes karbon atomu olan florin-sübstitüe edilmis alkenlerin sogutucular olarak kullanilmasi önerilmistir. U.S. Patent No. 4,788,352- Smutny en az biraz doymamislik derecesine sahip olan florlanmis 05 ila C8 bilesiklerin üretimi ile ilgilidir. Smutny patenti, bu tip yüksek olefinleri sogutucular, böcek ilaçlari, dielektrik akiskanlari, isi transferi akiskanlari, solventler ve çesitli kimyasal reaksiyonlarda ara ürünler olarak kullanima sahip olarak bilindigini belirler. (Bakiniz sütun 1, satir 11 - 22). Smutny'de tarif edilen florlanmis olefinlerin isi transferi uygulamalarinda bir miktar etkinlik seviyesi olmakla birlikte, bu tip bilesiklerin ayrica belirli dezavantajlari olabilecegine de inanilmaktadir. Örnegin, bu bilesiklerden bazilari, alt katmanlara özellikle de akrilik reçineleri ve ABS reçineleri gibi genel amaçli plastiklere saldirma egilimindedir. Bununla beraber, Smutny'de açiklanan yüksek olefinik bilesikler ayrica, Smutny'de belirtilen böcek ilaci aktivitesinin bir sonucu olarak bu tip bilesiklerin ortaya çikarabilecegi potansiyel toksiklik seviyesi nedeni ile belirli uygulamalarda istenmeyebilir. Ayrica, bu tip bilesikler belirli uygulamalarda bunlari bir sogutucu olarak kullanisli yapmak için çok yüksek olan bir kaynama noktasina sahip olabilir. Bromoflorometan ve bromokloroflorometan türevleri, özellikle bromotriflorometan (Halon 1301) ve bromoklorodiflorometan (Halon 1211) uçak kabinleri ve bilgisayar odalari gibi kapali alanlarda yangin söndürme ajanlari olarak yaygin bir sekilde kullanim elde etmistir. Ancak, ozonu yüksek delme etkileri nedeniyle çesitli halonlarin kullanimi asama asama durdurulmaktadir. Bunun yani sira, halonlar insanlarin bulundugu alanlarda siklikla kullanildigindan, uygun degisiklikler, yangini bastirmak veya söndürmek üzere gerekli konsantrasyonlarda insanlar için ayrica güvenli olmalidir. moleküler formülü ile ifade edilebilen bir organik bilesigi ve moleküler yapisinda bir çift bagi içeren bir isi transfer ortami ile ilgilidir. Basvuru sahipleri bu nedenle yukarida sözü edilen dezavantajlardan bir veya daha fazlasindan kaçinirken, buhar sikistirmali isitma ve sogutma sistemleri ve yöntemleri dahil olmak üzere çesitli uygulamalarda potansiyel olarak yararli olan bilesimlere yönelik bir ihtiyaç bulundugunu anlamislardir. KISA AÇIKLAMA Mevcut bulus, bir sogutucuda, HFC-134a'ya yönelik bir yedek sogutucu olarak temelde trans- olusan bir bilesimin kullanimini Mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik bilesimler temelde trans-1,1,1,3-tetrafl0r0pr0penden HFO-1234ze terimi burada, cis- veya trans- formu olmasindan bagimsiz sekilde jenerik olarak 1, 3, 3, 3-tetrafl0ropropene refere etmek üzere kullanilir. "cisHFO-1234ze" ve formlarini açiklamak üzere kullanilir. "HFO-1234ze" terimi bu nedenle, cisHFO-1234ze, transHFO-1234ze ve bunlarin tüm kombinasyonlarini ve karisimlarini kapsami dahilinde içerir. cisHFO-1234ze ve transHFO-1234ze'nin özellikleri en azindan bazi açilardan farklilik göstermesine ragmen, bu bilesiklerin her birinin, stereoizomeri dahil olmak üzere tek basina veya diger bilesikler ile birlikte, burada açiklanan uygulamalarin, yöntemlerin ve sistemlerin her biri ile baglantili bir sekilde kullanima yönelik olarak adapte edilebilmesi tasarlanir. Örnegin, transHFO-1234ze nispeten düsük kaynama noktasi (-19° C) nedeniyle bazi sogutma sistemlerinde kullanima yönelik tercih edilebilir, ancak +9° C'lik bir kaynama noktasina sahip cisHFO-1234ze'nin bazi sogutma sistemlerinde yararli oldugu ayrica tasarlanir. Dolayisiyla, "HFO-1234ze" ve 1, 3, 3, 3-tetrafloropropen terimlerinin her ikisinin de stereo izomerlere refere ettigi ve bu terimin kullanilmasinin cis- ve trans- formlarinin her birinin aksi belirtilmedigi takdirde belirtilen amaca yönelik kullanildigini ve/veya yararli oldugunu Ifade etmeyi amaçladigi anlasilacaktir. HFO-1234 bilesikleri bilinen materyallerdir ve Kimyasal Özetler veritabanlarinda listelenir. Çesitli doymus ve doymamis halojen-içeren CS bilesiklerinin katalitik buhar fazi florinasyonu ile CF3CH=CH2 gibi floropropenlerin üretimi, U.S. Patent No. EP yüksek sicaklikta bir krom bazli katalizör ile veya sivi fazda KOH, NaOH, Ca(OH)2 veya Mg(OH)2 alkollü solüsyonu ile temas ettirerek 1,1,1,3-tetrafl0ropr0penin hazirlanmasini açiklar. Ayrica, mevcut bulus ile uyumlu olarak bilesikler üretmeye yönelik yöntemler genel olarak, vekil esas numarasini (HOOO3789 (26267)) içeren "Process for Producing Fluoropropenes" baslikli bekleyen Birlesik Devletler Patent Basvurusu ile baglantili olarak açiklanir. Mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik temelde trans-HFO-1234ze'den olusan bilesimlerin bir dizi önemli nedenden dolayi avantajli oldugu özelliklere sahip olduklarina inanilir. Örnegin, basvuru sahipleri en azindan kismen matematiksel modellemeye bagli olarak trans-HFO-1234ze'nin atmosferik kimya üzerinde önemli bir negatif etkiye sahip olmayacagina, bazi diger halojenlesmis türler ile karsilastirildiginda ozonun delinmesine çok az bir etkisinin olduguna inanir. Bu nedenle, mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik bilesimlerin ozonun delinmesine önemli ölçüde etkisi olmama avantajina sahiptir. Mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik bilesimler ayrica mevcut olarak kullanimda olan hidrofloroalkanlarin birçogu ile karsilastirildiginda küresel isinmaya önemli ölçüde etki etmez. Bazi tercih edilen formlarda, mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik bilesimler yaklasik 1000"den daha büyük olmayan, daha çok tercih edildigi üzere yaklasik 500'den büyük olmayan ve hatta daha çok tercih edildigi üzere yaklasik 150'den daha büyük olmayan bir Küresel Isinma Potansiyeli'ne (GWP) sahiptir. Mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik bazi bilesimlerde, bilesimlerin GWP'si yaklasik 100`den daha büyük degildir ve hatta daha çok tercih edildigi üzere yaklasik 75'ten daha büyük degildir. Burada kullanildigi üzere "GWP", "The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, a report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project" içinde açiklandigi üzere karbon dioksite ve 100 yillik bir zaman degerlendirme tarihine göre ölçülür. Mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik bilesimler ayrica, tercihen 0.05"ten daha büyük olmayan, daha çok tercih edildigi üzere 0.02`den daha büyük olmayan ve hatta daha çok tercih edildigi üzere yaklasik sifir olan bir Ozon Delme Potansiyeli'ne (ODP) sahiptir. Burada kullanildigi üzere "ODP", "The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion, 2002, A report of the World Meteorological Association`s Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project" içinde tanimlandigi gibidir. Mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik bilesimler azeotropik, azeotrop-benzeri veya azeotropik olmayan olabilir. Mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik bilesimler temelde trans- HFO-1234ze'den olusur. Mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik sogutucu bilesimler temelde trans-HFO-1234ze"den Mevcut bulusun kullanima yönelik bilesimleri, bilesimin belirli islevini arttirma veya saglama amacina yönelik veya bazi durumlarda bilesimin maliyetini azaltmak üzere diger bilesenleri içerebilir. Örnegin, burada açiklanan sogutucu bilesimleri, özellikle buhar sikistirmali sistemlerde kullanilanlar, genellikle bilesimin agirliginca yaklasik yüzde 30 ila yaklasik 50 arasindaki miktarlarda bir yaglayici içerebilir. Ayrica burada açiklanan bilesimler ayrica, yaglayicinin uyumlulugu ve/veya çözünürlügüne yardimci olmak amaciyla propan gibi bir uyumlastirici içerebilir. Propan, bütanlar ve pentanlar dahil olmak üzere bu tür uyumlastiricilar tercihen, bilesimin agirlikça yaklasik yüzde 0.5 ila yaklasik 5`i arasinda olan miktarlarda mevcuttur. Yüzey aktif maddelerin ve çözücü ajanlarin kombinasyonlari ayrica, U.S. Patent No. 6,516,837'de açiklandigi üzere yag çözünebilirligine yardimci olmak üzere mevcut bilesimlere eklenebilir. Sogutma makinerlerinde hidroflorokarbon (HFC) sogutucular ile kullanilan, Poliol Esterler (POEiler) ve Poll Alkilen Glikollar (PAG'Ier), silikon yagi, madeni yag, alkil benzenler (ABller) ve poli(alfa-olefin) (PAO) gibi yaygin olarak kullanilan sogutma yaglayicilari, burada açiklanan bilesimler ile kullanilabilir. Birçok mevcut sogutma sistemi halen, mevcut sogutucular ile baglantili kullanima yönelik adapte edilir ve burada açiklanan bilesimlerin sistem modifikasyonu ile veya bu olmadan, bu tip sistemlerin birçogunda kullanima yönelik adapte edilebildigine inanilir. Birçok uygulamada, burada açiklanan bilesimler, mevcut olarak nispeten yüksek bir kapasiteye sahip sogutuculara dayanan sistemlerde, bir yedek olarak avantaj saglayabilir. Ayrica, örnegin daha yüksek kapasiteli bir sogutucuyu degistirmek üzere, maliyet nedenlerinden dolayi daha düsük kapasiteli bir sogutucu bilesimi kullanilmasinin istendigi durumlarda, burada açiklanan bilesim bir potansiyel avantaj saglayabilir. Bu yüzden, mevcut bulus, mevcut sogutucuya (HFC-134a) yönelik bir yedek olarak, temelde transHFO-1234ze'den olusan bilesimler ile ilgilidir. Bazi uygulamalarda, mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik sogutucular, potansiyel olarak daha büyük yedek kompresörlerin yararli kullanimini olanakli kilar, böylece HFC-134a'dan daha iyi enerji verimliligi ile sonuçlanir. Dolayisiyla mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik sogutucu bilesimleri, baska bir deyisle temelde trans-HFO-1234ze'den olusan bilesimler, sogutucu degistirme uygulamalarina iliskin bir enerji temelinde rekabetçi bir avantaj elde etme olasiligi saglar. Mevcut bulusta kullanima yönelik bilesimlerin ayrica, tipik olarak ticari havalandirma sistemleri ile baglantili olarak kullanilan sogutucularda, avantaja (orijinal sistemlerde veya sogutuculara bir yedek olarak kullanildiginda) sahip oldugu tasarlanir. Bu tip bazi düzenlemelerde, CF3I gibi, bir yanabilir durdurucunun yaklasik %05 ila yaklasik 5 arasinda, mevcut trans-HFO-1234ze bilesimlerde yer almasi tercih edilir. Mevcut bilesimlerde kullanima yönelik bilesimler bu yüzden sogutucular ile baglantili kullanima yönelik adapte edilebilir. YÖNTEMLER VE SISTEMLER Burada açiklanan bilesimler, sogutma, havalandirma ve isi pompasi sistemlerinde kullanilan sogutucular gibi, isi aktarmaya yönelik yöntemlerde ve sistemlerde isi aktarimi akiskanlarini içeren birçok yöntem ve sistem ile baglantili olarak yararlidir. Tercih edilen isi aktarim yöntemleri genellikle burada açiklanan bir bilesimin saglanmasini içerir ve isinin, bilesimin fazini degistiren bilesime veya bundan aktarilmasina neden olur. Örnegin, burada açiklanan yöntemler, burada açiklanan mevcut bilesimi içeren buhari üretmek üzere tercihen sogutulacak cisim yakininda veya akiskaninda burada açiklanan sogutucu bilesimi buharlastirarak, bir akiskan veya üründen isi emilimi ile sogutma saglar. Tercihen, yöntemler, nispeten yüksek bir basinçta burada açiklanan bilesimin buharini üretmek üzere genellikle bir kompresör veya benzer ekipman ile ayrica sogutucu buharini sikistirma adimini içerir. Genellikle, buharin sikistirilmasi adimi, böylelikle nispeten yüksek basinçli buharin sicakliginda bir artisa neden olarak buhara, isinin eklenmesi ile sonuçlanir. Tercihen, yöntemler bu nispeten yüksek sicakliktan, buharlastirma ve sikistirma adimlari araciligiyla eklenen isinin en az bir oraninda yüksek basinçli buharin uzaklastirilmasini içerir. Isi çekisi adimi tercihen, buharin burada açiklandigi gibi bir bilesim içeren nispeten bir yüksek basinçli sivi üretmek üzere nispeten yüksek-basinçli bir durumda olmasi halinde, yüksek sicaklikli, yüksek basinçli buharin yogunlastirilmasini içerir. Bu nispeten yüksek basinçli sivi tercihen akabinde, nispeten düsük sicaklikli, düsük basinçli bir sivi üretmek üzere nominal olarak basinçta izoentalpik bir azaltma geçirir. Bu, sonra sogutulacak cisim veya akiskandan aktarilan isi ile buharlastirilan azaltilmis sicaklikta sogutucu sividir. Burada açiklanan bilesimler, isitilacak bir sivinin veya cismin yakininda burada açiklanan bir sogutucunun yogunlastirilmasini içeren isitmayi üretmeye yönelik bir yöntemde kullanilabilir. Bu tür yöntemler, burada daha önce bahsedildigi üzere, çogunlukla yukarida açiklanan sogutma döngüsüne ters döngülerdir. ÖRNEKLER REFERANS ÖRNEK 1 Performans katsayisi (COP), özellikle sogutucunun buharlastirilmasi veya yogunlastirilmasinda yer alan spesifik bir isitma veya sogutma döngüsünde bir sogutucunun nispi termodinamik verimliligini temsil etmede kullanisli olan sogutucu performansinin evrensel olarak kabul edilen bir ölçümüdür. Sogutma mühendisliginde bu terim, buhari sikistirmada kompresör tarafindan uygulanan enerjiye yararli sogutmanin oranini ifade eder. Bir sogutucunun kapasitesi, sagladigi sogutma veya isitma miktarini temsil eder ve sogutucunun belirtilen hacimsel bir akis hizina yönelik isi miktarlarini pompalamak üzere bir kompresörün kapasitesinin bir ölçüsünü saglar. Diger bir deyisle spesifik bir kompresör göz önünde bulunduruldugunda, daha yüksek bir kapasiteye sahip bir sogutucu, daha fazla sogutma veya isitma gücü dagitacaktir. Spesifik çalisma kosullarinda bir sogutucunun COP'sini tahmin etmeye yönelik bir araç, standart sogutma döngü analiz teknikleri kullanilarak sogutucunun termodinamik özelliklerinden gelir (bakiniz örnegin R.C. Downing, FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOOK, Chapter 3, Prentice-Hall, 1988). Yaklasik 50°Fllik (10°C) bir kompresör giris sicakligi ile nominal olarak izentropik sikistirma altinda kondenser sicakliginin yaklasik 150°F'Iik (66°C) ve evaporatör sicakliginin yaklasik -35°F'Iik (-37°C) oldugu bir sogutma /havalandirma döngü sistemi saglanir. Mevcut bulusun birçok bilesimi için bir kondenser ve evaporatör sicakliklari araligindaki COP tespit edilir ve COP degeri 1.00, bir kapasite degeri 1.00 ve bir desarj sicakligi olan HFC-134a bazinda asagidaki Tablo l'de belirtilir. TABLO i SOGUTUCU Nispi Nispi DESARJ SICAKLIGI BILESIM cop KAPASITE (°F) HFO 1225ye & w 158 (70°C) HFO trans-1234ze & M 165 (74°C) HFO cis-1234ze m @ 155 (68°C) Bu örnek, bulusun bilesimleri ile kullanim için belirli tercih edilen bilesiklerin her birisinin oldugunu ve bu tip sonuç muhtemelen azalan bakim sorunlarina yol açacagindan avantajli olan mevcut sogutucu bilesimlerini kullanan kompresörün (175ie (79°C) REFERANS ÖRNEK 2 HFO-1225ye ve HFO-1234ze'nin çesitli sogutma yaglayicilar ile karisabilirligi test edilir. Test edilen yaglayicilar; madeni yag (C3), alkil benzen (Zerol 150). ester yagi (Mobil EAL 22 cc ve Solest yagi (134a sistemleri için Goodwrench Sogutma Yagi) ve bir poli(alfa-olefin) yagidir (CP-6005400). Her bir sogutucu/yag kombinasyonu için, üç bilesim yani yaglayicinin agirlikça yüzde 5, 20 ve 50'si test edilir, bununla beraber her birinin kalan miktari test edilen mevcut bulusun bilesigi olur. Yaglayici bilesimler, kalin cidarli cam tüplere yerlestirilir. Tüplerin havasi bosaltilir, mevcut bulus ile uyumlu olarak sogutucu bilesigi eklenir ve tüpler daha sonra sizdirmaz hale getirilir. Tüpler daha sonra sicakligi yaklasik -50°C ila 70°C araliginda degistirilen bir hava banyosu çevre odasinin içine konulurlar. Kabaca 10°C'Iik araliklarda, bir veya daha fazla sayida sivi fazinin var olup olmadigini tespit etmek için tüpün içerigi görsel olarak gözlenir. Bir taneden daha fazla sivi fazinin gözlendigi bir durumda karisim, karistirilamaz olarak belirtilir. Sadece bir tane sivi fazinin gözlendigi bir durumda, karisim karistirilabilir olarak belirtir. Iki tane sivi fazinin gözlendigi fakat sivi fazlarindan bir tanesinin sadece çok küçük bir hacim isgal ettigi durumlarda ise karisim, kismen karistirilabilir olarak belirtilir. Polialkilen glikol ve ester yagi yaglayicilarin, test edilen tüm oranlarda sicaklik araliginin tamami boyunca HFO-1225ye'nin polialkilen glikol ile karisimlari disinda, karistirilabilir olduklari belirlenmistir, sogutucu karisimi -50°C ila -30°C araligindaki sicaklikta karistirilamaz olarak bulunmustur ve -20 ila 50°C araliginda ise kismen karistirilabilir olarak bulunmustur. Sogutucunun içinde PAGiin agirlikça yüzde 50'lik konsantrasyonunda ve 60°'de, sogutucu/PAG karisimi karistirilabilirdir. 70°C'de, sogutucunun içindeki agirlikça yüzde 5 yaglayici ila sogutucunun içindeki agirlikça yüzde 50 yaglayici araliginda karistirilabilirdir. REFERANS ÖRNEK 3 Mevcut bulusun sogutucu bilesiklerinin ve bilesimlerinin PAG yaglama yaglari ile sogutma ve havalandirma sistemlerinde kullanilan metaller ile temasi halinde uyumlulugu, 350°C`de test edilerek, birçok sogutma ve havalandirma uygulamasinda bulunanlardan çok daha siddetli kosullari temsil etmistir. Alüminyum, bakir ve çelik kaliplari kalin cidarli cam tüplere eklenir. Tüplere iki gram yag eklenir. Daha sonra tüpler bosaltilir ve bir gram sogutucu eklenir. Tüpler 350°F7lik bir firinda bir hafta boyunca tutulurlar ve görsel gözlemler yapilir. Maruz kalma süresinin sonunda tüpler çikartilir. Bu prosedür asagidaki yag ve mevcut bulusun bilesigi kombinasyonlari için yapilmistir: a) HFO-1234ze ve GM Goodwrench PAG yagi b) HFO1243 zf ve GM Goodwrench yagi PAG yagi 0) HFO-1234ze ve MOPAR-56 PAG yagi d) HFO-1243 zf ve MOPAR-56 PAG yagi e) HFO-1225 ye ve MOPAR-56 PAG yagi. Her durumda, tüp içeriginin görünümünde minimal degisiklik vardir. Bu, mevcut bulusun sogutucu bilesiklerinin ve bilesimlerinin sogutma ve havalandirma sistemlerinde bulunan alüminyum, çelik ve bakir ile ve bu tip bilesimlere katilmasi veya bu tip sistemlerde bu tip bilesimler ile kullanilmasi muhtemel olan yaglama yagi tipleri ile temas halinde stabil olduklarini göstermektedir. KARSILASTIRMALI ÖRNEK Alüminyum, bakir ve çelik kaliplari, içinde madeni yag ve CFC-12 olan kalin cidarli bir cam tüpe takilir ve Örnek 3'te oldugu gibi bir hafta 350°C`de isitilir. Maruz kalma süresinden sonra tüp çikartilir ve görsel gözlemler yapilir. Sivi içerigin siyaha döndügü görülür, bu tüp içeriginde siddetli bir bozunma oldugunu gösterir. CFC-12 ve madeni yag, bugüne kadar birçok sogutma sistemi ve yönteminin seçim kombinasyonu olmustur. Bu yüzden, mevcut bulusun sogutucu bilesikleri ve bilesimleri, yaygin bir sekilde kullanilan birçok yaglama yagi ile genis bir sekilde kullanilan önceki teknige ait sogutucu - yaglama yagi kombinasyonlarindan önemli derecede daha iyi stabiliteye sahiptir. TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR TR

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