TW201726590A - 含經氟取代之烯烴之組合物 - Google Patents

含經氟取代之烯烴之組合物 Download PDF

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TW201726590A
TW201726590A TW106100315A TW106100315A TW201726590A TW 201726590 A TW201726590 A TW 201726590A TW 106100315 A TW106100315 A TW 106100315A TW 106100315 A TW106100315 A TW 106100315A TW 201726590 A TW201726590 A TW 201726590A
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composition
compositions
hfo
present
refrigerant
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TWI655174B (zh
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拉傑Ｒ 辛吉
漢格Ｔ 法姆
大衛Ｐ 威爾森
雷蒙Ｈ 湯瑪斯
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哈尼威爾國際公司
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Abstract

本發明揭示四氟丙烯類(尤其係(HFO-1234))在包括致冷設備之各種應用中之用途。此等材料通常適用作加熱及冷卻之致冷劑、發泡劑、氣溶膠噴霧劑、溶劑組合物及滅火劑與火災抑制劑。

Description

含經氟取代之烯烴之組合物
本發明係關於在特定言之包括致冷系統之多種應用中具有效用之組合物，並係關於使用該等組合物之方法與系統。在較佳態樣中，本發明係關於包含本發明之至少一種多氟烯烴之致冷劑組合物。
基於碳氟化合物之流體已在多種商業及工業應用中發現廣泛用途。舉例而言，基於碳氟化合物之流體經常作為工作流體用於諸如空氣調節、熱泵及致冷應用之系統中。蒸氣壓縮循環係在致冷系統中完成冷卻或加熱之最常用類型方法之一。蒸氣壓縮循環通常包括：在相對低壓下藉由熱吸收將致冷劑自液相相變為蒸氣相；及接著在相對低壓及低溫下藉由熱移除使其自蒸氣相相變為液相；將蒸氣壓縮至相對高壓；在該相對高壓及高溫下藉由熱移除將蒸氣冷凝至液相；及接著降低壓力以再次開始循環。
當致冷之首要目的係在相對低溫下自一物體或其它流體中進行熱移除時，熱泵之首要目的係在相對於環境之較高溫度下添加熱。
在多種應用中，特定碳氟化合物多年來已成為多種熱交換流體(諸如致冷劑)中之較佳組份。舉例而言，諸如氯氟甲烷及氯氟乙烷衍生物之氟代烷已因其化學及物理特性之獨特組合而在包括空氣調節與熱泵應用之應用中作為致冷劑獲得廣泛使用。常用於蒸氣壓縮系統中之多 種致冷劑係單一組份流體或共沸混合物。
近年來，吾人已增加對地球大氣與氣候之潛在損壞的關注，且已識別出特定氯基化合物在此方面尤其存在問題。含氯組合物(諸如氯氟碳化物(CFC)、氫氯氟碳化物(HCFC)及其類似物)在空氣調節與致冷系統中作為致冷劑之用途已由於與多種該等化合物相關之臭氧消耗特性而變得不受推崇。因此，愈加需要新穎碳氟與氫氟碳化合物及組合物來為致冷與熱泵應用提供替代物。舉例而言，已需要藉由用不會消耗臭氧層之不含氯致冷劑化合物(諸如氫氟碳化物(HFC))替代含氯致冷劑來改進含氯致冷系統。
然而，通常認為重要的是，任何可能之替代致冷劑必須亦具有存在於多種最廣泛使用流體中之彼等特性，諸如優良熱傳遞特性、化學穩定性、低毒性或無毒性、不可燃性及潤滑劑相容性。
申請者已瞭解，潤滑劑相容性在多種應用中尤具重要性。更特定言之，極其需要用於最致冷系統中之致冷流體與用於壓縮機單元中之潤滑劑相容。不幸的是，包括HFC之多種不含氯致冷流體相對地不溶於及/或不可混溶於通常以CFC及HFC使用之潤滑劑類型，舉例而言，該等類型包括礦物油、烷基苯或聚(α-烯烴)。為了使致冷流體-潤滑劑組合在壓縮致冷、空氣調節及/或熱泵系統中以所要水平有效工作，該潤滑劑應在各種操作溫度下充分溶於致冷液體中。該溶解性會降低潤滑劑之黏度並使其更易於流過該系統。在不具有該溶解性之情況下，潤滑劑易於嵌在致冷、空氣調節或熱泵系統之蒸發器旋管及該系統之其它配件中，且因此降低系統效率。
關於使用效率，值得注意的是，致冷劑熱力學效能或能效之損耗可因為由電能需求增加所引起之化石燃料使用增加而具有第二次環境衝擊。
此外，通常認為需要CFC致冷劑替代物有效，而非需要主要工程 變成目前以CFC致冷劑使用之習知蒸氣壓縮技術。
就多種應用而言，可燃性為另一重要特性。意即，吾人認為在多種應用中(特定言之，包括在熱傳遞應用中)使用不可燃組合物係重要的或必要的。因此，在該等組合物中使用不可燃化合物常常係有利的。如本文所用，術語"不可燃"係指化合物或組合物，如根據日期注明為2002年之ASTM標準E-681(其係以引用的方式併入本文中)所測定，其係經測定為不可燃化合物或組合物。不幸的是，致冷劑組合物中亦可需要使用之多種HFC並非不可燃。舉例而言，氟代烷二氟乙烷(HFC-152a)及氟烯烴1,1,1-三氟丙烯(HFO-1243zf)各自均可燃且因此，將其用於多種應用中並不可行。
已建議將高碳氟烯烴(意即，具有至少五個碳原子之經氟取代烯烴)用作致冷劑。美國專利第4,788,352號-Smutny係關於至少具有一些不飽和度之氟代C5至C8化合物之產生。該Smutny專利將該等高碳烯烴識別為已知具有作為致冷劑、殺蟲劑、介電流體、熱傳遞流體、溶劑及各種化學反應中之中間體之效用。(參看第1欄，第11至22行)。
當Smutny中所述之氟代烯烴可在熱傳遞應用中具有一些有效度時，咸信該等化合物亦可具有特定缺點。舉例而言，一些此等化合物可易於侵蝕基板，尤其係諸如丙烯酸系樹脂及ABS樹脂之通用塑膠。此外，Smutny中所述之高碳烯系化合物亦可因該等化合物之潛在毒性程度(其可因Smutny中所說明之殺蟲劑活性而出現)而不為特定應用所需。該等化合物亦可具有無法使其在特定應用中適用作致冷劑之過高沸點。
溴氟甲烷及溴氯氟甲烷衍生物類，尤其溴三氟甲烷(鹵化物(Halon)1301)及溴氯二氟甲烷(鹵化物1211)，已在諸如飛機機艙與電腦室之密封區域中作為滅火劑而獲得廣泛使用。然而，各種鹵化物正因其高臭氧消耗而逐漸停止使用。此外，因為鹵化物常常用於人類存在 之區域，所以合適之替代物亦必須在抑制火災或滅火所需之濃度下對人類安全。
因此，申請者已開始瞭解，需要組合物且詳言之需要熱傳遞組合物、滅火/火災抑制組合物、發泡劑、溶劑組合物及相容劑，該等組合物潛在地適用於包括蒸氣壓縮加熱與冷卻系統及方法之多種應用中，同時避免一或多種上述缺點。
申請者已發現上述需要及其它需要可藉由包含一或多種C3或C4氟烯烴之組合物來滿足，較佳可藉由具有下式I之化合物來滿足：XCFzR3-z (I)
其中X為C2或C3不飽和、經取代或未經取代之烷基，各R獨立為Cl、F、Br、I或H且z為1至3。極佳之式I化合物為1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234ze)之順異構體與反異構體。
本發明亦提供使用本發明組合物之方法及系統，其包括用於熱傳遞、發泡、溶劑化、提取及/或傳送香料與芳香劑及產生氣溶膠之方法及系統。
圖1展示實例5所用之一容器。
本發明係關於包含至少一種氟烯烴之組合物，該氟烯烴含有3至4個碳原子(較佳為3個碳原子)及至少一個碳-碳雙鍵。若本發明之氟烯烴化合物含有至少一個氫，則本文有時為了方便將其稱作氫氟烯烴或"HFO"。儘管預期本發明之HFO可含有兩個碳-碳雙鍵，目前並不認為該等化合物為較佳。
如上所述，本發明組合物包含一或多種根據式I之化合物。在較佳實施例中，該等組合物包括下式II之化合物：
其中各R獨立為Cl、F、Br、I或H，R'為(CR2)nY，Y為CRF2，且n為0或1。
在極佳實施例中，Y為CF3，n為0且剩餘R中之至少一者為F。
一般而言，申請者咸信上文所識別之式I與II之化合物通常有效且在本發明之致冷劑組合物、發泡劑組合物、相容劑、氣溶膠、噴霧劑、芳香劑、香料調配物及溶劑組合物中顯示效用。然而，申請者已驚訝且出乎意料地發現具有根據上述各式之結構之特定化合物與其它該等化合物相比顯示出極其需要之低毒性含量。不難瞭解，不僅對於致冷劑組合物之調配而言，且對於亦將含有滿足上述各式的相對毒性化合物之任何及所有組合物之調配而言，此發現均潛在地具有巨大優勢及益處。更特定言之，申請者咸信相對低毒性含量與式II化合物相關，較佳地其中Y為CF3，其中在不飽和末端碳上之至少一個R為H，且剩餘R中之至少一者為F。申請者亦咸信該等化合物之所有結構、幾何及立體異構體均有效並具有有益之低毒性。
在極佳實施例中，尤其在包含上述低毒性化合物之實施例中，n為零。在特定極佳實施例中，本發明之組合物包含一或多種四氟丙烯。本文所使用之術語"HFO-1234"係指所有四氟丙烯。在該等四氟丙烯中，順與反-1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯(HFO-1234ze)均尤其較佳。本文通常所使用之術語HFO-1234ze係指1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯，而不考慮其為順式或反式。本文分別使用術語"順HFO-1234ze"及"反HFO-1234ze"來說明順式 與反式1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯。因此，術語"HFO-1234ze"在其範疇內包括順HFO-1234ze、反HFO-1234ze及此等物質之所有組合與混合物。
雖然順HFO-1234ze與反HFO-1234ze之特性至少在某些方面不同，但預期此等化合物中之每一者均可適於單獨或與其它化合物(包括其立體異構體)一起用於本文所述之應用、方法及系統中之每一者中。舉例而言，當反HFO-1234ze可因其相對較低之沸點(-19℃)而較佳地用於特定致冷系統中時，亦預期具有+9℃沸點之順HFO-1234ze亦在本發明之特定致冷系統中具有效用。因此，應瞭解術語"HFO-1234ze"與1,3,3,3-四氟丙烯均係指立體異構體，且使用該術語係用以指示每一順式與反式均應用於及/或適用於指定目的(除非另外說明)。
HFO-1234化合物係已知材料並在Chemical Abstracts資料庫中列出。藉由各種含鹵素之飽和與不飽和C3化合物的催化蒸氣相氟化作用來產生諸如CF3CH=CH2之氟化丙烯係描述於美國專利第2,889,379、4,798,818及4,465,786號中，該等專利案中之每一者均係以引用的方式併入本文中。EP 974,571亦係以引用的方式併入本文中，其揭示了藉由在高溫下將處於蒸氣相之1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFC-245fa)與鉻基催化劑接觸或將處於液相之HFC-245fa與KOH、NaOH、Ca(OH)2或Mg(OH)2之醇溶液接觸來製備1,1,1,3-四氟丙烯。另外，根據本發明之化合物之產生方法通常連同標有代理人案號(H0003789(26267))之標題為"Process for Producing Fluoropropenes"之申請中美國專利申請案一起來加以描述，該案亦係以引用的方式併入本文中。
咸信本發明組合物(尤其係包含HFO-1234ze之彼等組合物)具有有利於多種重要原因之特性。舉例而言，至少部分地根據數學模型，申請者咸信本發明之氟烯烴將不會對大氣化學產生實質性負面影響，與一些其它鹵代物質相比，該等氟烯烴係可忽略之臭氧消耗貢獻者。因此，本發明之較佳組合物具有大體上無助於臭氧消耗之優勢。與目前 使用之多種氫氟烷相比，該等較佳組合物大體上亦無助於全球暖化。
在特定較佳形式中，本發明之組合物所具有之全球暖化潛勢(GWP)不大於約1000，更佳地不大於約500，且甚至更佳地不大於約150。在特定實施例中，本發明組合物之GWP不大於約100且甚至更佳地不大於約75。如本文所用，"GWP"之量測係歷經100年時間範圍來量測二氧化碳，如以引用的方式併入本文中之"The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion,2002,a report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project"所定義。
在特定較佳形式中，本發明組合物亦較佳地具有不大於0.05、更佳地不大於0.02且甚至更佳約為零之臭氧耗竭潛勢(ODP)。如本文所用，"ODP"係如以引用的方式併入本文中之"The Scientific Assessment of Ozone Depletion,2002,A report of the World Meteorological Association's Global Ozone Research and Monitoring Project"所定義。
式I化合物(尤其HFO-1234)在本發明組合物中之含量可根據特定應用而廣泛變化，且含有多於痕量並少於100%之該化合物之組合物係在本發明廣泛範疇內。此外，本發明之組合物可為共沸、似共沸或非共沸組合物。在較佳實施例中，本發明組合物包含HFO-1234(較佳為HFO-1234ze)，其量為約5重量%至約99重量%且甚至更佳為約5%至約95%。在本發明組合物中可包括多種額外化合物，且所有該等化合物均存在於本發明之廣泛範疇內。在特定較佳實施例中，本發明組合物除包括HFO-1234ze之外，亦包括下列各物中之一或多者：二氟甲烷(HFC-32)；五氟乙烷(HFC-125)；1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134)；1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134a)；二氟乙烷(HFC-152a)； 1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷(HFC-227ea)；1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷(HFC-236fa)；1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFC-245fa)；1,1,1,3,3-五氟丁烷(HFC-365mfc)；水；CO2。
根據該組合物之特定應用，任何上述組份及任何可包括於本發明組合物中之額外組份之相對量均可在本發明之一般廣泛範疇內廣泛變化，且吾人認為所有該等相對量均在此範疇內。
熱傳遞組合物
雖然預期本發明組合物可包括廣泛變化量之本發明化合物，但本發明之致冷劑組合物通常最好包含根據式I(更佳地，根據式II)之(多種)化合物，且甚至更佳地包含HFO-1234ze，其量為該組合物之至少約50重量%且甚至更佳為至少約70重量%。在多個實施例中，本發明之熱傳遞組合物最好包含反HFO-1234ze。在特定較佳實施例中，本發明之熱傳遞組合物包含順HFO-1234ze與反HFO-1234ze之組合，其順：反重量比為約1：99至約10：99，更佳為約1：99至約5：95且甚至更佳為約1：99至約3：97。
為了增強或提供該組合物之特定功能，或為了在某些情形下減少該組合物之成本，本發明之組合物可包括其它組份。舉例而言，根據本發明之致冷劑組合物(尤其係用於蒸氣壓縮系統中之彼等組合物)包括潤滑劑，其量通常為該組合物之約30重量%至約50重量%。此外，為了輔助潤滑劑之相容性及/或溶解性，本發明組合物亦可包括諸如丙烷之相容劑。該等相容劑(包括丙烷、丁烷及戊烷)之存在量較佳為該組合物之約0.5重量%至約5重量%。如美國專利第6,516,837號所揭示，亦可將界面活性劑與增溶劑之組合添加至本發明組合物中以輔助油溶解 性，該專利案之揭示內容係以引用的方式併入本文中。常用致冷潤滑劑(諸如與氫氟碳化物(HFC)致冷劑併用於致冷機械中之多元醇酯類(POE)與聚伸烷二醇類(PAG)、矽油、礦物油、烷基苯類(AB)及聚(α-烯烴)(PAO))可與本發明之致冷劑組合物併用。
目前，多種現有致冷系統通常適於現有致冷劑之使用，且咸信本發明之組合物適用於多種該等系統(存在或不存在系統修飾)中。本發明之組合物在多種應用中均可提供作為系統替代物之優勢，該等系統目前係基於具有相對較高容量之致冷劑。此外，在(例如)因成本而需要使用本發明之較低容量致冷劑組合物來替代高容量致冷劑之實施例中，本發明組合物之該等實施例提供潛在之優勢。因此，在特定實施例中最好將本發明組合物用作現有致冷劑(例如HFC-134a)之替代物，該等組合物尤其包含實質比例之反HFO-1234ze且在一些實施例中大體上由反HFO-1234ze組成。在特定應用中，本發明之致冷劑潛在地允許有益的使用大容積壓縮機，藉此導致比諸如HFC-134a之其它致冷劑更佳之能效。因此，本發明之致冷劑組合物(尤其係包含反HFO-1234ze之組合物)在致冷劑替代物應用中基於能量而提供達成競爭優勢之可能性。
預期本發明之組合物(尤其包括彼等包含HFO-1234ze之組合物)在通常用於相關商業空氣調節系統之冷卻器中亦具有優勢(在原始系統中或當用作諸如R-12與R-500之致冷劑之替代物時)。在該等特定實施例中，本發明HFO-1234ze組合物最好包括約0.5至約5%之可燃性抑制劑，諸如CF3I。
因此，本發明方法、系統及組合物可適用於汽車空氣調節系統與裝置、商業致冷系統與裝置、冷卻器、家用冰箱與冷凍機、普通空氣調節系統、熱泵及其類似物中。
發泡劑、發泡體及可發泡組合物
發泡劑亦可包含或包括一或多種本發明組合物。如上所述，本發明之組合物可包括廣泛變化量之本發明化合物。然而，根據本發明之用作發泡劑之較佳組合物、根據式I且甚至更佳地根據式II之(多種)化合物之存在量通常較佳為該組合物之至少約5重量%且甚至更佳為至少約15重量%。在特定較佳實施例中，本發明之發泡劑組合物除包括HFO-1234(較佳為HFO-1234ze)之外，亦包括用作共發泡劑、填補劑、蒸氣壓力調節劑或用於任何其它目的之下列組份中之一或多種：二氟甲烷(HFC-32)；五氟乙烷(HFC-125)；1,1,2,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134)；1,1,1,2-四氟乙烷(HFC-134a)；二氟乙烷(HFC-152a)；1,1,1,2,3,3,3-七氟丙烷(HFC-227ea)；1,1,1,3,3,3-六氟丙烷(HFC-236fa)；1,1,1,3,3-五氟丙烷(HFC-245fa)；1,1,1,3,3-五氟丁烷(HFC-365mfc)；水；CO2。
預期本發明之發泡劑組合物可包含順HFO-1234ze、反HFO-1234ze或其組合。在特定較佳實施例中，本發明之發泡劑組合物包含其順HFO-1234ze與反HFO-1234ze之組合，其順：反重量比為約1：99至約10：99且甚至更佳為約1：99至約5：95。
在其它實施例中，本發明提供使用本發明組合物所製備之可發泡組合物，且該等組合物較佳為聚胺基甲酸酯、聚異三聚氰酸酯及經擠壓之熱塑性發泡體組合物。如此項技術中所熟知，在該等發泡體實施例中，本發明組合物中之一或多種係作為發泡劑或其部分而包括在可 發泡組合物中，該可發泡組合物較佳包括一或多種能在適當條件下反應及/或發泡以形成發泡體或蜂巢狀結構之額外組份。本發明亦係關於發泡體，且較佳係關於閉室發泡體，其係由含有包含本發明組合物之發泡劑之聚合物發泡體調配物製備。在其它實施例中，本發明所提供之可發泡組合物包含熱塑性或聚烯烴發泡體，諸如聚苯乙烯(PS)、聚乙烯(PE)、聚丙烯(PP)及聚對苯二甲酸乙二酯(PET)發泡體，較佳為低密度發泡體。
在特定較佳實施例中，亦可將分散劑、細胞穩定劑、界面活性劑及其它添加劑併入本發明之發泡劑組合物中。可視情況添加(然而，較佳應添加)界面活性劑以充當細胞穩定劑。一些代表性材料係以DC-193、B-8404及L-5340之名稱來出售，其通常為聚矽氧烷聚環氧烷嵌段共聚物，諸如美國專利第2,834,748、2,917,480及2,846,458號所揭示之彼等共聚物，該等專利案中之每一者均係以引用的方式併入本文中。用於發泡劑混合物之其它選擇性添加劑可包括阻燃劑，諸如三(2-氯乙基)磷酸鹽、三(2-氯丙基)磷酸鹽、三(2,3-二溴丙基)磷酸鹽、三(1,3-二氯丙基)磷酸鹽、磷酸二銨、各種鹵代芳族化合物、氧化銻、三水合鋁、聚氯乙烯及其類似物。
噴霧劑及氣溶膠組合物
在另一態樣中，本發明提供包含本發明組合物或大體上由本發明組合物組成之噴霧劑組合物，該噴霧劑組合物較佳為可噴霧組合物。本發明之噴霧劑組合物較佳包含待噴霧之材料及噴霧劑，該噴霧劑包含根據本發明之組合物、大體上由其組成或由其組成。惰性成份、溶劑及其它材料亦可存在於該可噴霧混合物中。該可噴霧組合物較佳為氣溶膠。合適之待噴霧材料包含(但不限於)：化妝品材料，諸如除臭劑、香水、發膠、清潔劑及拋光劑；及藥用材料，諸如防哮喘組份、防口臭組份及任何其它醫藥品或其類似物，該等材料較佳地包括任何 其它需要吸入之藥劑或製劑。該藥劑或其它治療劑較佳係以治療量存在於該組合物中，其餘組合物之實質部分包含本發明之式I化合物，較佳包含HFO-1234，且甚至更佳包含HFO-1234ze。
工業、消費者或醫學使用之氣溶膠產品通常含有一或多種噴霧劑及一或多種活性成份、惰性成份或溶劑。該噴霧劑提供噴出霧化形狀產品之力。當一些氣溶膠產品係以經壓縮氣體(類似二氧化碳、氮氣、氧化亞氮及甚至空氣)噴霧時，大多數商業氣溶膠使用液化氣體噴霧劑。最常用之液化氣體噴霧劑為烴類，諸如丁烷、異丁烷及丙烷。二甲醚及HFC-152a(1,1-二氟乙烷)亦單獨使用或與烴噴霧劑摻合使用。不幸的是，所有此等液化氣體噴霧劑均極具可燃性且將其併入氣溶膠調配物中將會經常導致可燃氣溶膠產品。
申請者應瞭解，繼續需要用以調配氣溶膠產品之不可燃、液化氣體噴霧劑。本發明提供本發明之組合物，特定言之且較佳為包含HFO-1234且甚至更佳地包含HFO-1234ze之組合物，該等組合物係用於特定工業氣溶膠產品(舉例而言，其包括噴霧清潔劑、潤滑劑及其類似物)及藥用氣溶膠，例如包括將醫藥品傳送至肺或黏膜。此組合物之實例包括定劑量吸入器(MDI)，其係用於治療哮喘與其它慢性障礙性肺病及用於將藥劑傳送至易接近之黏膜或鼻內。因此，本發明包括用於治療生物體(諸如人類或動物)之小病、疾病及類似的健康相關問題之方法，其包含將含有藥劑或其它治療組份之本發明組合物應用於需要治療之生物體。在特定較佳實施例中，本發明組合物之應用步驟包含提供含有本發明組合物之MDI(例如將該組合物引入該MDI中)及接著自MDI中排出本發明組合物。
本發明之組合物(尤其係包含HFO-1234ze或大體上由其組成之組合物)能提供大體上無助於全球暖化之不可燃、液化氣體噴霧劑及氣溶膠。本發明組合物可用於調配各種工業氣溶膠或其它可噴霧組合物(諸 如接觸清潔劑、撒粉劑、潤滑劑噴霧劑及其類似物)以及消費型氣溶膠(諸如個人護理產品、家務產品及汽車產品)。在諸如定劑量吸入器之藥用氣溶膠中，HFO-1234ze尤其較佳係用作噴霧劑組合物之重要組份。在多種應用中，本發明之藥用氣溶膠及/或噴霧劑及/或可噴霧組合物除包括式(I)或(II)化合物(較佳為HFO-1234ze)以外，亦包括諸如β-激動劑、皮質類固醇或其它藥劑之藥劑，並視情況包括其它成份，諸如界面活性劑、溶劑、其它噴霧劑、食用香料及其它賦形劑。與以前用於此等應用中之多種組合物不同，本發明之組合物具有良好之環境特性且並未被認作全球暖化潛勢貢獻者。因此，在特定較佳實施例中，本發明組合物大體上提供具有極低全球暖化潛勢之不可燃、液化氣體噴霧劑。
食用香料及芳香劑
在將本發明組合物用作香料調配物與芳香劑調配物之一部分且詳言之用作其載體時，該等組合物亦提供優勢。為達成此目的，本發明組合物之適用性係由測試程序來證明，其中將0.39公克之茉莉酮(Jasmone)放入一厚壁玻璃管中。將1.73公克之R-1234ze添加至該玻璃管中。接著將該管冷凍並密封。在使該管解凍之後，隨即發現該混合物具有一液相。該溶液含有20重量%之茉莉酮及80重量%之R-1234ze，因此，在氣溶膠及其它調配物中證實其作為香料調配物的載體或傳送系統中之一部分之良好用途。亦證實其作為芳香劑提取劑(包括自植物物質中提取)之可能性。
方法及系統
本發明組合物適用於多種方法及系統，其應用包括在熱傳遞之方法及系統中用作熱傳遞流體，諸如作用用於致冷、空氣調節及熱泵系統中之致冷劑。本發明組合物亦有利於供產生氣溶膠之系統及方法使用，其較佳地包含該等系統及方法中之氣溶膠噴霧劑或由其組成。形 成發泡體之方法及滅火與抑制火災之方法亦包括在本發明之特定態樣中。在特定態樣中，本發明亦提供自物品中移除殘餘物之方法，其中本發明組合物係用作該等方法及系統中之溶劑組合物。
熱傳遞方法
較佳之熱傳遞方法通常包含提供本發明組合物及將熱傳遞至該組合物或自該組合物傳遞熱以改變該組合物之相。舉例而言，本發明方法係藉由自流體或物品中吸熱而提供冷卻，較佳地藉由在待冷卻之物體或流體附近蒸發該致冷劑組合物以產生包含本發明組合物之蒸氣，藉此來提供冷卻。該等方法較佳地包括壓縮該致冷劑蒸氣之另一步驟，其通常係用一壓縮機或類似設備來壓縮以在相對高壓下產生本發明組合物之蒸氣。一般而言，蒸氣之壓縮步驟會導致蒸氣中之熱添加，因而引起相對高壓蒸氣之溫度增加。較佳地，本發明方法包括自此相對高溫、高壓蒸氣中移除由蒸發及壓縮步驟所添加之熱之至少一部分。該熱移除步驟較佳地包括冷凝該高溫、高壓蒸氣(當該蒸氣在相對高壓條件下時)以產生包含本發明組合物之相對高壓液體。接著，較佳使該相對高壓液體經受標的等焓之壓力降低以產生相對低溫、低壓之液體。在該等實施例中，此溫度降低之致冷劑液體係藉由自待冷卻之物體或流體中傳遞熱而得以蒸發。
在本發明之另一方法實施例中，本發明之組合物可用於一種用於產生加熱過程之方法，該方法包含在待加熱之液體或物體附近冷凝包含該等組合物之致冷劑。如上所述，該等方法經常成為上述致冷循環之相反循環。
發泡方法
本發明之一實施例係關於發泡體之形成方法，且較佳係關於聚胺基甲酸酯及聚異三聚氰酸酯發泡體之形成方法。如此項技術中所熟知，該等方法通常包含：提供本發明之發泡劑組合物；將該發泡劑組 合物(直接或間接地)添加至可發泡組合物中；及在有效形成發泡體或蜂巢狀結構之條件下使該可發泡組合物發生反應。此項技術中所熟知之任一方法均可根據本發明之發泡體實施例來使用或適於根據該等實施例來使用，諸如"Polyurethanes Chemistry and Technology"，卷I與II,Saunders and Frisch,1962,John Wiley and Sons,New York,NY中所述之彼等方法，該文獻係以引用的方式併入本文中。一般而言，該等較佳方法包含藉由組合異氰酸酯、多元醇或多元醇混合物、包含一或多種本發明組合物之發泡劑或發泡劑混合物及其它材料(諸如催化劑、界面活性劑及視情況之阻燃劑、著色劑或其它添加劑)來製備聚胺基甲酸酯或聚異三聚氰酸酯發泡體。
在多種應用中，便於在預摻合之調配物中提供聚胺基甲酸酯或聚異三聚氰酸酯發泡體之組份。最通常地，在該發泡體調配物中預摻合兩種組份。異氰酸酯及視情況之特定界面活性劑與發泡劑包含一般稱作"A"組份之第一組份。多元醇或多元醇混合物、界面活性劑、催化劑、發泡劑、阻燃劑及其它異氰酸酯反應性組份包含一般稱作"B"組份之第二組份。因此，手動將A方與B方組份混合在一起以製備小製劑且較佳地藉由機器混合技術使其混合在一起以形成嵌板、厚板、層壓板、就地澆注之面板及其它物品、噴霧塗覆之發泡體、泡沫及其類似物，藉此不難製備聚胺基甲酸酯或聚異三聚氰酸酯發泡體。可視情況將諸如阻燃劑、著色劑、輔助發泡劑及甚至其它多元醇類之其它成份作為第三物流添加至混合物頂部或反應位點。然而，最佳地將其全部併入如上所述之一B-組份中。
亦有可能使用本發明之組合物來產生熱塑性發泡體。舉例而言，可以習知方式將習知聚苯乙烯及聚乙烯調配物與該等組合物組合以產生剛性發泡體。
清潔方法
本發明亦提供藉由將本發明組合物塗覆至一產品、配件、組件、基板或任何其它物品或其部分上而自該物品中移除污染物之方法。為了方便起見，本文所用之術語"物品"係指所有該等產品、配件、組件、基板及其類似物且進一步用以指其任何表面或部分。另外，術語"污染物"係用以指存在於該物品上之任何不需要的材料或物質，即使該物質係故意置於該物品上。舉例而言，在半導體裝置之製造中，一般將光阻材料沉積在一基板上以形成用於蝕刻操作之遮罩，並隨後自該基板上移除該光阻材料。如本文所用之術語"污染物"係用以覆蓋並包圍該光阻材料。
本發明之較佳方法包含將本發明組合物塗覆至物品上。雖然預期多種及各種清潔技術可使用本發明之組合物以達到良好效果，但亦認為將本發明組合物用於相關超臨界清潔技術係尤其有利的。超臨界清潔係揭示於美國專利第6,589,355號，該專利係指派於本發明之受讓人並以引用的方式併入本文中。對於超臨界清潔應用而言，在特定實施例中，本發明清潔組合物除包括HFO-1234(較佳為HFO-1234ze)以外，最好亦包括一或多種額外組份，諸如已知用於相關超臨界清潔應用之CO2及其它額外組份。在特定實施例中，亦有可能及有需要將本發明清潔組合物用於相關之特定蒸氣脫脂及溶劑清潔方法中。
可燃性降低方法
根據其它特定較佳實施例，本發明提供用於降低流體可燃性之方法，該等方法包含將本發明之化合物或組合物添加至該流體中。根據本發明，可降低與各種其它可燃性流體中之任何流體相關之可燃性。舉例而言，根據本發明可降低與諸如環氧乙烷、可燃性氫氟碳化物及烴之流體相關之可燃性，該等流體包括：HFC-152a、1,1,1-三氟乙烷(HFC-143a)、二氟甲烷(HFC-32)、丙烷、己烷、辛烷及其類似物。為達成本發明之目的，可燃性流體可為任何在空氣中顯示如經由任何標 準習知測試方法(諸如ASTM E-681)及其類似方法所量測之可燃性範圍之流體。
根據本發明，可添加任何適合量之本發明化合物或組合物以降低流體可燃性。熟習此項技術者應瞭解，所添加之量將(至少部分地)取決於該流體可燃之程度及需要其可燃性降低之程度。在特定較佳實施例中，添加至可燃性流體中之化合物或組合物之量有效地使所得流體大體上不可燃。
火焰抑制方法
本發明進一步提供抑制火焰之方法，該等方法包含將火焰與包含本發明化合物或組合物之流體接觸。可使用任何適於將火焰與本發明組合物接觸之方法。舉例而言，可將本發明之組合物噴霧、傾倒至火焰上及以類似方法使其到達火焰上，或可將火焰之至少一部分浸沒於該組合物中。根據本文之教示，熟習此項技術者將能夠易於適應用於本發明之多種習知裝置及火焰抑制方法。
滅菌方法
多種物品、裝置或材料(尤其係用於醫學領域者)必須在根據健康及安全原因(諸如患者及醫院職員之健康及安全)使用之前滅菌。本發明提供滅菌之方法，其包含將待滅菌之物品、裝置或材料與本發明之化合物或組合物接觸，該化合物或組合物包含與一或多種滅菌劑組合之式I化合物，較佳地包含HFO-1234且甚至更佳地包含HFO-1234ze。當多種滅菌劑在此項技術中已為吾人所知且據認為適於根據本發明使用時，在特定較佳實施例中之滅菌劑包含環氧乙烷、甲醛、過氧化氫、二氧化氯、臭氧及該等物質之組合。在特定實施例中，環氧乙烷為較佳之滅菌劑。根據本文所含之教示，熟習此項技術者將能夠易於測定滅菌劑與將與該等滅菌組合物及方法一起使用之該(該等)化合物的相對比例，且所有該等範圍均在其廣泛範疇之內。熟習此項技術者應瞭 解，諸如環氧乙烷之特定滅菌劑係相對可燃之組份，且根據本發明之該(該等)化合物係以有效量與存在於本發明組合物中之其它組份包括在該組合物中以將滅菌組合物之可燃性降至可接受水平。
本發明之滅菌方法可為本發明之高溫或低溫滅菌，其包括在約250℉至約270℉之溫度下，較佳在大體上密封之腔室中使用本發明之化合物或組合物。該方法通常可在少於約2小時內完成。然而，諸如塑膠物品及電組件之一些物品不能經受住該等高溫而需要低溫滅菌。在低溫滅菌方法中，在約室溫至約200℉之溫度下，更佳在約室溫至約100℉之溫度下，將待滅菌之物品曝露在包含本發明組合物之流體中。
本發明之低溫滅菌較佳為在大體上密封(較佳為空氣密封)之腔室中執行之至少兩步驟方法。在第一步驟(滅菌步驟)中，將已清潔並包在可透氣包裹中之物品置於該腔室中。接著，藉由拉伸一真空器且可能藉由以蒸汽替代空氣而自該腔室中抽出空氣。在特定實施例中，較佳將蒸汽注入該腔室中以達成較佳自約30%變化至約70%之相對濕度。該等濕度可使滅菌劑之滅菌功效最大化，該滅菌劑係在達成所需相對濕度之後引入腔室中。在一段足以使滅菌劑滲透包裹並到達物品空隙之時間後，自腔室中抽出該滅菌劑與蒸汽。
在該方法之較佳的第二步驟(通氣步驟)中，將物品通氣以移除滅菌劑殘餘物。在有毒滅菌劑之情形下移除該等殘餘物尤具重要性，儘管在彼等情形下可選擇使用本發明之大體上無毒化合物。典型之通氣方法包括空氣洗滌、連續通氣及兩種方法之組合。空氣洗滌係分批法且通常包含對腔室抽氣相對較短之時期(例如12分鐘)及接著將大氣壓或高壓空氣引入腔室中。將該循環重複多次，直至達成所要之滅菌劑移除。連續通氣通常包括經由腔室一側之入口來引入空氣及接著經由腔室另一側之出口藉由向該出口施加低真空而將其抽出。常常將兩種方法組合。舉例而言，一般方法包括執行空氣洗滌及接著執行通氣循 環。
實例
為了達到說明本發明之目的而提供下列實例，但該等實例並不限於本發明範疇。
實例1
效能(COP)係數係致冷劑效能之普遍接受的量測標準，其尤其適用於在包括蒸發或冷凝該致冷劑之特定加熱或冷卻循環中表示致冷劑之相對熱力學效率。在致冷工程中，此術語表示有效致冷與壓縮機在壓縮蒸氣時所施加之能量的比率。致冷劑之容量表示其提供之冷卻或加熱之量，並提供壓縮機容量之一些量測標準以抽取大量用於致冷劑之給定體積流速之熱量。換言之，假設使用特定壓縮機，具有較高容量之致冷劑將傳送更大冷卻或加熱能力。一種用於在特定操作條件下估計致冷劑COP之方法係根據致冷劑之熱力學特性來使用標準致冷循環分析技術(例如參看，R.C.Downing,FLUOROCARBON REFRIGERANTS HANDBOOK，第三章，Prentice-Hall,1988)。
在壓縮機入口溫度約為50℉之標的等熵壓縮下，提供致冷或空氣調節循環系統，其中冷凝器溫度為約150℉且蒸發器溫度為約-35℉。根據具有1.00之COP值、1.00之容量值及175℉流出溫度之HFC-134a，在一系列冷凝器與蒸發器溫度下測定數種本發明組合物之COP並將其報導於下表I中。
此實例展示了供本發明組合物使用之特定較佳化合物各自具有 比HFC-134a更佳之能效(與1.00相比為1.02、1.04及1.13)且使用該等致冷劑組合物之壓縮機將產生流出溫度(與175相比為158、165及155)，因為該結果將有可能導致維護問題減少，所以該溫度係有利的。
實例2
測試HFO-1225ye及HFO-1234ze與各種致冷潤滑劑之可混溶性。經測試之潤滑劑係礦物油(C3)、烷基苯(Zerol 150)、酯油(Mobil EAL 22 cc及Solest 120)、聚伸烷二醇(PAG)油(134a系統之Goodwrench致冷油)及聚(α-烯烴)油(CP-6005-100)。對於各致冷劑/油組合而言，測試三種組合物，即5、20及50重量百分比之潤滑劑，每一組合物之其餘 部分係經測試之本發明化合物。
將潤滑劑組合物置於厚壁玻璃管中。對該等玻璃管抽氣，添加根據本發明之致冷劑化合物，且接著密封該等玻璃管。接著將該等玻璃管放入一空氣浴環境腔室中，該腔室之溫度自約-50℃變化至70℃。在大約10℃間隔下，對一或多種液相之存在進行玻璃管內容物之目視觀測。在觀測到多於一個液相之情況下，報導該混合物不可混溶。在僅觀測到一個液相之情況下，報導該混合物可混溶。在觀測到兩個液相(但該等液相中之一者僅佔極小之容積)之彼等情況下，報導該混合物部分地可混溶。
判定聚伸烷二醇與酯油潤滑劑在所有測試比例下於整個溫度範圍中均可混溶，除了具有聚伸烷二醇之HFO-1225ye混合物之外，發現致冷劑混合物在-50℃至-30℃之溫度範圍內不可混溶且在-20至50℃之溫度範圍內部分地可混溶。在致冷劑中之PAG濃度為50重量%時及在60℃下，致冷劑/PAG混合物可混溶。在70℃下，5重量%之潤滑劑在致冷劑中至50重量%之潤滑劑在致冷劑中均可混溶。
實例3
在350℃下測試本發明之致冷劑化合物及組合物與同時與用於致 冷及空氣調節系統中之金屬接觸之PAG潤滑油的相容性，其表示條件比在多種致冷及空氣調節系統應用中發現之條件更加嚴格。
將鋁、銅及鋼試樣添加至厚壁玻璃管中。將兩公克油添加至該等管中。接著將該等管抽氣並添加一公克致冷劑。將該等管放入350℉之烘箱中，歷經一週並進行目視觀測。在曝露時期結束時，移除該等玻璃管。
以本發明之油與化合物的下列組合來執行此程序：a)HFO-1234ze及GM Goodwrench PAG油；b)HFO-1243zf及GM Goodwrench油PAG油；c)HFO-1234ze及MOPAR-56 PAG油；d)HFO-1243zf及MOPAR-56 PAG油；e)HFO-1225ye及MOPAR-56 PAG油。
在所有情形下，該管內容物之外觀均存在微小改變。此表明本發明之致冷劑化合物與組合物在與致冷及空氣調節系統中發現之鋁、鋼及銅接觸時穩定，且在與有可能包括在此等系統類型中之該等組合物中或與該等組合物一起使用之潤滑油接觸時亦穩定。
比較實例
如同在實例3中，將鋁、銅及鋼試樣與礦物油及CFC-12一起添加至厚壁玻璃管中，並在350℃下加熱一週。在曝露時期結束時，移除該管並進行目視觀測。觀測到液體內容物變黑，此表明該管之內容物存在嚴重分解。
CFC-12與礦物油迄今已成為多種致冷劑系統及方法中選擇之組合。因此，對於多種常用潤滑油而言，本發明之致冷劑化合物與組合物具有比廣泛使用之先前技術致冷劑-潤滑油組合顯著更佳之穩定性。
實例4-多元醇發泡體
此實例說明根據本發明之較佳實例之一來使用發泡劑(即使用 HFO-1234ze)及根據本發明來產生多元醇發泡體。根據下表來製備多元醇發泡體調配物之組份：
異氰酸酯
M-20S 123.8指數1.10
*Voranol 490係基於蔗糖之多元醇且Voranol 391係介於甲苯二胺之多元醇，且各自均係購自Dow Chemical。B-8462係可購自Degussa-Goldschmidt之界面活性劑。Polycat催化劑係基於三級胺且可購自Air Products。異氰酸酯M-20S係Bayer LLC之產品。
首先混合發泡體之組份，但不添加發泡劑，藉此來製備該發泡體。將兩個Fisher-Porter管各自填充約52.6公克之多元醇混合物(不含發泡劑)，且將其密封並置於冰箱中以冷卻並形成低真空。使用氣體滴定管，將約17.4公克之HFO-1234ze添加至各管中，且接著將該等管置於溫水中之超音浴中並使其擱置30分鐘。所產生之溶液係渾濁的，在室溫下進行之蒸氣壓力量測顯示約70psig之蒸氣壓力，其表明發泡劑並非溶液。接著將該等管置於27℉之冷凍機中，歷經2小時。再次量測蒸氣壓力且發現其為14-psig。將約87.9公克之異氰酸酯混合物置於一金屬容器中，並將其置於冰箱中且使其冷卻至約50℉。接著打開該等多 元醇管並於一金屬混合容器中稱重(使用約100公克之多元醇摻合物)。接著，將經冷卻之金屬容器中之異氰酸酯立即傾入多元醇中，並用雙槳式空氣混合器以3000RPM使其混合10秒鐘。立即藉由攪動來使該摻合物發泡，並接著將其傾入8×8×4英吋盒子中且使其發泡。由於泡沫而無法量測乳稠時間。該發泡體具有4分鐘凝膠時間及5分鐘不黏手時間。接著使該發泡體在室溫下固化兩天。
接著將該發泡體切成適於量測物理特性之樣品且發現其具有2.14pcf之密度。量測K因子並發現結果如下：
實例5-聚苯乙烯發泡體
此實例說明根據本發明之兩個較佳實施例來使用發泡劑，即使用HFO-1234ze與HFO-1234-yf，並說明聚苯乙烯發泡體之產生。已建立一測試裝置及協定來輔助測定特定發泡劑及聚合物是否能夠產生發泡體及該發泡體之品質。將經研磨聚合物(Dow聚苯乙烯685D)與大體上由HFO-1234ze組成之發泡劑組合在一容器中。下文說明該容器之略圖。容器容量為200cm3且其係由兩個管狀凸緣及一段直徑為2英吋長4英吋之schedule 40不銹鋼管製成(見圖1)。將該容器置於烘箱中，將溫度設定為約190℉至約285℉，聚苯乙烯之設定溫度較佳為265℉，且維持不變直至達到溫度平衡。
接著釋放容器中之壓力，很快產生發泡之聚合物。該發泡劑塑化該聚合物，如同其溶解於其中。表1中給出因使用該方法而產生之兩種發泡體的所得密度，並於圖1中將其繪製為使用反-HFO-1234ze與HFO-1234yf所產生之發泡體的密度。該資料展示根據本發明可獲得發 泡體聚苯乙烯。R1234ze與聚苯乙烯之沖模溫度為約250℉。

Claims (10)

  1. 一種熱傳遞組合物，其包含：(a)至少一種式I之氟烯烴：XCFzR3-z (I)其中X為C2或C3不飽和、經取代或未經取代之烷基，R獨立為Cl、F、Br、I或H且z為1至3，該組合物具有不大於約1000之全球暖化潛勢(GWP)。
  2. 如請求項1之熱傳遞組合物，其中該至少一種氟烯烴為式II之化合物： 其中各R獨立為Cl、F、Br、I或H；R'為(CR2)nY；Y為CRF2；且n為0或1。
  3. 如請求項1之熱傳遞組合物，其中該至少一種氟烯烴包含至少一種四氟丙烯(HFO-1234)。
  4. 如請求項3之熱傳遞組合物，其中該至少一種HFO-1234包含HFO-1234yf。
  5. 如請求項3之熱傳遞組合物，其中該至少一種HFO-1234包含HFO-1234ze。
  6. 一種將熱傳遞至流體或物體或自該流體或物體傳遞熱之方法，其包含將該流體或物體與包括式I之氟烯烴之組合物接觸：XCFzR3-z (I)其中X為C2或C3不飽和、經取代或未經取代之烷基，各R獨立為 Cl、F、Br、I或H且z為1至3，該組合物具有不大於約1000之全球暖化潛勢(GWP)。
  7. 一種可發泡組合物，其包含可發泡聚合物或預聚物，及包含至少一種式I氟烯烴之發泡劑：XCFzR3-z (I)其中X為C2或C3不飽和、經取代或未經取代之烷基，R獨立為Cl、F、Br、I或H且z為1至3，該發泡劑具有不大於約1000之全球暖化潛勢(GWP)。
  8. 一種發泡體預混合組合物，其包含聚合物或預聚物，及包含至少一種式I氟烯烴之發泡劑：XCFzR3-z (I)其中X為C2或C3不飽和、經取代或未經取代之烷基，各R獨立為Cl、F、Br、I或H且z為1至3，該發泡體預混合組合物具有不大於約1000之全球暖化潛勢(GWP)。
  9. 一種噴霧劑組合物，其包含至少一種式I之氟烯烴：XCFzR3-z (I)其中X為C2或C3不飽和、經取代或未經取代之烷基，R獨立為Cl、F、Br、I或H且z為1至3，該組合物具有不大於約1000之全球暖化潛勢(GWP)。
  10. 一種發泡劑，其包含至少一種式I之氟烯烴：XCFzR3-z (I)其中X為C2或C3不飽和、經取代或未經取代之烷基，R獨立為Cl、F、Br、I或H且z為1至3，且該發泡劑具有不大於約1000之全球暖化潛勢(GWP)。
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