ATE523479T1 - Verfahren zur herstellung von cyclohexylbenzen - Google Patents

Verfahren zur herstellung von cyclohexylbenzen

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Publication number
ATE523479T1
ATE523479T1 AT08785025T AT08785025T ATE523479T1 AT E523479 T1 ATE523479 T1 AT E523479T1 AT 08785025 T AT08785025 T AT 08785025T AT 08785025 T AT08785025 T AT 08785025T AT E523479 T1 ATE523479 T1 AT E523479T1
Authority
AT
Austria
Prior art keywords
cyclohexylbenzene
molecular sieve
inorganic oxide
producing cyclohexylbenzene
hydrogenation metal
Prior art date
Application number
AT08785025T
Other languages
English (en)
Inventor
Tan-Jen Chen
John Buchanan
Jane Cheng
Terry HELTON
Original Assignee
Exxonmobil Chem Patents Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Exxonmobil Chem Patents Inc filed Critical Exxonmobil Chem Patents Inc
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of ATE523479T1 publication Critical patent/ATE523479T1/de

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C6/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions
    • C07C6/08—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond
    • C07C6/12—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond of exclusively hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C6/126—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a different number of carbon atoms by redistribution reactions by conversion at a saturated carbon-to-carbon bond of exclusively hydrocarbons containing a six-membered aromatic ring of more than one hydrocarbon
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J23/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00
    • B01J23/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals
    • B01J23/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group B01J21/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • B01J23/44—Palladium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/064—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J29/068—Noble metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/08—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
    • B01J29/082—X-type faujasite
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/08—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the faujasite type, e.g. type X or Y
    • B01J29/084—Y-type faujasite
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/18—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of the mordenite type
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
    • B01J29/72—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J29/74—Noble metals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
    • B01J29/72—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J29/74—Noble metals
    • B01J29/7415—Zeolite Beta
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J29/00—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves
    • B01J29/04—Catalysts comprising molecular sieves having base-exchange properties, e.g. crystalline zeolites
    • B01J29/06—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof
    • B01J29/70—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65
    • B01J29/72—Crystalline aluminosilicate zeolites; Isomorphous compounds thereof of types characterised by their specific structure not provided for in groups B01J29/08 - B01J29/65 containing iron group metals, noble metals or copper
    • B01J29/74—Noble metals
    • B01J29/7476—MWW-type, e.g. MCM-22, ERB-1, ITQ-1, PSH-3 or SSZ-25
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/0009—Use of binding agents; Moulding; Pressing; Powdering; Granulating; Addition of materials ameliorating the mechanical properties of the product catalyst
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
    • B01J37/00—Processes, in general, for preparing catalysts; Processes, in general, for activation of catalysts
    • B01J37/04—Mixing
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C13/00—Cyclic hydrocarbons containing rings other than, or in addition to, six-membered aromatic rings
    • C07C13/28—Polycyclic hydrocarbons or acyclic hydrocarbon derivatives thereof
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2/00—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms
    • C07C2/74—Preparation of hydrocarbons from hydrocarbons containing a smaller number of carbon atoms by addition with simultaneous hydrogenation
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C37/06—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by conversion of non-aromatic six-membered rings or of such rings formed in situ into aromatic six-membered rings, e.g. by dehydrogenation
    • C07C37/07—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by conversion of non-aromatic six-membered rings or of such rings formed in situ into aromatic six-membered rings, e.g. by dehydrogenation with simultaneous reduction of C=O group in that ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C37/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C07C37/08—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring by decomposition of hydroperoxides, e.g. cumene hydroperoxide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C407/00—Preparation of peroxy compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C409/00—Peroxy compounds
    • C07C409/02—Peroxy compounds the —O—O— group being bound between a carbon atom, not further substituted by oxygen atoms, and hydrogen, i.e. hydroperoxides
    • C07C409/14—Peroxy compounds the —O—O— group being bound between a carbon atom, not further substituted by oxygen atoms, and hydrogen, i.e. hydroperoxides the carbon atom belonging to a ring other than a six-membered aromatic ring
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C45/00—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds
    • C07C45/51—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by pyrolysis, rearrangement or decomposition
    • C07C45/53—Preparation of compounds having >C = O groups bound only to carbon or hydrogen atoms; Preparation of chelates of such compounds by pyrolysis, rearrangement or decomposition of hydroperoxides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
    • C07C2521/02—Boron or aluminium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
    • C07C2521/04—Alumina
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2521/00—Catalysts comprising the elements, oxides or hydroxides of magnesium, boron, aluminium, carbon, silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium
    • C07C2521/06—Silicon, titanium, zirconium or hafnium; Oxides or hydroxides thereof
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    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/06—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of zinc, cadmium or mercury
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    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
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    • C07C2523/14—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of germanium, tin or lead
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
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    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
    • C07C2523/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • C07C2523/44—Palladium
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2523/00—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00
    • C07C2523/38—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals
    • C07C2523/40—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of noble metals of the platinum group metals
    • C07C2523/46—Ruthenium, rhodium, osmium or iridium
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    • C07C2523/70—Catalysts comprising metals or metal oxides or hydroxides, not provided for in group C07C2521/00 of the iron group metals or copper
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    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C2601/00—Systems containing only non-condensed rings
    • C07C2601/12—Systems containing only non-condensed rings with a six-membered ring
    • C07C2601/14—The ring being saturated
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
    • Y02P20/00—Technologies relating to chemical industry
    • Y02P20/50—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals
    • Y02P20/52—Improvements relating to the production of bulk chemicals using catalysts, e.g. selective catalysts

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Organic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
  • Organic Low-Molecular-Weight Compounds And Preparation Thereof (AREA)
  • Catalysts (AREA)
  • Low-Molecular Organic Synthesis Reactions Using Catalysts (AREA)
AT08785025T 2007-08-25 2008-07-11 Verfahren zur herstellung von cyclohexylbenzen ATE523479T1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
US96487407P 2007-08-25 2007-08-25
PCT/EP2008/006072 WO2009021604A1 (en) 2007-08-15 2008-07-11 Process for producing cyclohexylbenzene

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
ATE523479T1 true ATE523479T1 (de) 2011-09-15

Family

ID=38983550

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
AT08785025T ATE523479T1 (de) 2007-08-25 2008-07-11 Verfahren zur herstellung von cyclohexylbenzen

Country Status (9)

Country Link
US (1) US7910778B2 (de)
EP (1) EP2176200B1 (de)
JP (1) JP5529737B2 (de)
KR (1) KR101574809B1 (de)
CN (1) CN101796000B (de)
AT (1) ATE523479T1 (de)
ES (1) ES2373189T3 (de)
TW (1) TWI455910B (de)
WO (1) WO2009021604A1 (de)

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WO2009134516A1 (en) 2008-05-01 2009-11-05 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Process for producing cyclohexylbenzene
WO2010014401A1 (en) * 2008-07-28 2010-02-04 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Hydroalkylation of aromatic compounds using emm-13
CN103754892A (zh) * 2008-07-28 2014-04-30 埃克森美孚化学专利公司 分子筛emm-12及其制备
WO2010024975A1 (en) * 2008-08-29 2010-03-04 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Process for producing phenol
SG173047A1 (en) 2009-02-26 2011-08-29 Exxonmobil Chem Patents Inc Process for producing cyclohexylbenzene
WO2010138248A2 (en) 2009-05-26 2010-12-02 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Transalkylation of polycyclohexylbenzenes
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US8853482B2 (en) 2010-03-19 2014-10-07 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Dealkylation process
CN102892733B (zh) * 2010-05-20 2016-01-06 埃克森美孚化学专利公司 加氢烷基化方法
US9169175B2 (en) * 2010-09-14 2015-10-27 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Cyclohexylbenzene compositions
EP2616422A1 (de) * 2010-09-14 2013-07-24 ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. Verfahren zur herstellung von phenol
US9545622B2 (en) 2010-10-11 2017-01-17 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Activation and use of hydroalkylation catalysts
JP6014943B2 (ja) * 2010-12-17 2016-10-26 エクソンモービル ケミカル パテンツ インコーポレイテッド 脱水素触媒及び方法
US9233887B2 (en) * 2010-12-21 2016-01-12 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Process for producing a monocycloalkyl-substituted aromatic compound
JP5711393B2 (ja) * 2011-02-18 2015-04-30 エクソンモービル ケミカル パテンツ インコーポレイテッド シクロヘキシルベンゼンを生成するための方法
US9017641B2 (en) * 2011-02-21 2015-04-28 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Hydrogen purification process
US9108893B2 (en) 2011-10-17 2015-08-18 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Process for producing cyclohexylbenzene
WO2013130151A1 (en) * 2012-02-29 2013-09-06 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Process for producing phenol comprising a step of hydroalkylation of benzene to cyclohexylbenzene
WO2014018251A1 (en) 2012-07-24 2014-01-30 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Activation and use of hydroalkylation catalysts
US9233888B2 (en) 2012-08-14 2016-01-12 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Process for producing cyclohexylbenzene
EP2906346A1 (de) 2012-10-12 2015-08-19 ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. Aktivierung und verwendung von hydroalkylierungskatalysatoren zur herstellung von cycloalkylaromatischer verbindungen, phenol und cyclohexanon
WO2014158978A1 (en) * 2013-03-25 2014-10-02 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Process for making alkylated aromatic compound
EP2978526A1 (de) 2013-03-25 2016-02-03 ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. Verfahren zur herstellung einer alkylierten aromatischen verbindung
CN105636692A (zh) * 2013-10-18 2016-06-01 埃克森美孚化学专利公司 包括加氢烷基化催化剂的活化的加氢烷基化方法和苯酚与环己酮的制备方法
WO2015094530A2 (en) 2013-12-20 2015-06-25 Exxonmobil Chemical Patents Inc. Process for making phenol and/or cyclohexanone
EP3083530A1 (de) 2013-12-20 2016-10-26 ExxonMobil Chemical Patents Inc. Cyclohexylbenzolzusammensetzung
CN105439802B (zh) * 2014-08-27 2018-01-09 中国石油化工股份有限公司 加氢烷基化制备环己基苯的方法
CN105582990B (zh) * 2014-10-24 2018-06-08 中国石油化工股份有限公司 环己基苯生产用催化剂
CN108993577A (zh) * 2018-06-13 2018-12-14 厦门大学 一种苯加氢制环己基苯的催化剂及其制备方法和应用
CN111250148B (zh) * 2020-03-25 2021-01-29 厦门大学 一种用于苯加氢烷基化制环己基苯的催化剂及其制备方法和应用
WO2023072041A1 (zh) * 2021-10-26 2023-05-04 中国石油化工股份有限公司 加氢-酸催化双功能催化剂及其制备方法和应用
CN113926485A (zh) * 2021-11-15 2022-01-14 北京化工大学 一种钌锌复合双功能催化剂及其制备方法和应用
CN117339625A (zh) * 2022-06-28 2024-01-05 中国石油化工股份有限公司 加氢烷基化催化剂及其制备方法和应用和环己基苯合成的方法

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EP2176200A1 (de) 2010-04-21
KR101574809B1 (ko) 2015-12-04
TW200922908A (en) 2009-06-01
EP2176200B1 (de) 2011-09-07
US20100191017A1 (en) 2010-07-29
US7910778B2 (en) 2011-03-22
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TWI455910B (zh) 2014-10-11
ES2373189T3 (es) 2012-02-01

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