ES2661999T3 - Compresor que tiene un módulo de control y diagnóstico - Google Patents
Compresor que tiene un módulo de control y diagnóstico Download PDFInfo
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- ES2661999T3 ES2661999T3 ES13841699.5T ES13841699T ES2661999T3 ES 2661999 T3 ES2661999 T3 ES 2661999T3 ES 13841699 T ES13841699 T ES 13841699T ES 2661999 T3 ES2661999 T3 ES 2661999T3
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02P—CONTROL OR REGULATION OF ELECTRIC MOTORS, ELECTRIC GENERATORS OR DYNAMO-ELECTRIC CONVERTERS; CONTROLLING TRANSFORMERS, REACTORS OR CHOKE COILS
- H02P25/00—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of AC motor or by structural details
- H02P25/02—Arrangements or methods for the control of AC motors characterised by the kind of AC motor or by structural details characterised by the kind of motor
- H02P25/04—Single phase motors, e.g. capacitor motors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B35/00—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for
- F04B35/04—Piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids and characterised by the driving means to their working members, or by combination with, or adaptation to, specific driving engines or motors, not otherwise provided for the means being electric
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B49/00—Control, e.g. of pump delivery, or pump pressure of, or safety measures for, machines, pumps, or pumping installations, not otherwise provided for, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B47/00
- F04B49/06—Control using electricity
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B49/00—Control, e.g. of pump delivery, or pump pressure of, or safety measures for, machines, pumps, or pumping installations, not otherwise provided for, or of interest apart from, groups F04B1/00 - F04B47/00
- F04B49/10—Other safety measures
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C18/00—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C18/02—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents
- F04C18/0207—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents both members having co-operating elements in spiral form
- F04C18/0215—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents both members having co-operating elements in spiral form where only one member is moving
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C28/00—Control of, monitoring of, or safety arrangements for, pumps or pumping installations specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C28/28—Safety arrangements; Monitoring
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C29/00—Component parts, details or accessories of pumps or pumping installations, not provided for in groups F04C18/00 - F04C28/00
- F04C29/0042—Driving elements, brakes, couplings, transmissions specially adapted for pumps
- F04C29/0085—Prime movers
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/02—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices for compression type machines, plants or systems
- F25B49/022—Compressor control arrangements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/34—Testing dynamo-electric machines
- G01R31/343—Testing dynamo-electric machines in operation
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
- G01R31/50—Testing of electric apparatus, lines, cables or components for short-circuits, continuity, leakage current or incorrect line connections
- G01R31/64—Testing of capacitors
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B2203/00—Motor parameters
- F04B2203/02—Motor parameters of rotating electric motors
- F04B2203/0201—Current
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04B—POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS
- F04B2203/00—Motor parameters
- F04B2203/02—Motor parameters of rotating electric motors
- F04B2203/0202—Voltage
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C18/00—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids
- F04C18/02—Rotary-piston pumps specially adapted for elastic fluids of arcuate-engagement type, i.e. with circular translatory movement of co-operating members, each member having the same number of teeth or tooth-equivalents
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2240/00—Components
- F04C2240/80—Other components
- F04C2240/808—Electronic circuits (e.g. inverters) installed inside the machine
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2240/00—Components
- F04C2240/80—Other components
- F04C2240/81—Sensor, e.g. electronic sensor for control or monitoring
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2270/00—Control; Monitoring or safety arrangements
- F04C2270/03—Torque
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2270/00—Control; Monitoring or safety arrangements
- F04C2270/07—Electric current
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2270/00—Control; Monitoring or safety arrangements
- F04C2270/19—Temperature
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2270/00—Control; Monitoring or safety arrangements
- F04C2270/22—Temperature difference
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2270/00—Control; Monitoring or safety arrangements
- F04C2270/60—Prime mover parameters
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2270/00—Control; Monitoring or safety arrangements
- F04C2270/80—Diagnostics
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2270/00—Control; Monitoring or safety arrangements
- F04C2270/86—Detection
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F04—POSITIVE - DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; PUMPS FOR LIQUIDS OR ELASTIC FLUIDS
- F04C—ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES FOR LIQUIDS; ROTARY-PISTON, OR OSCILLATING-PISTON, POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT PUMPS
- F04C2270/00—Control; Monitoring or safety arrangements
- F04C2270/90—Remote control, e.g. wireless, via LAN, by radio, or by a wired connection from a central computer
Landscapes
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Power Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- Air Conditioning Control Device (AREA)
- Control Of Positive-Displacement Pumps (AREA)
Abstract
Un sistema (200) que comprende: un sensor de tensión (140) que mide una pluralidad de valores de tensión basándose en una alimentación de corriente alterna que alimenta un compresor (12); un sensor de corriente (144) que mide una pluralidad de valores de corriente basándose en la alimentación de corriente alterna; caracterizado por un controlador (24) que se configura para comunicar con el sensor de tensión (140) y el sensor de corriente (144), determinar un valor del factor de potencia basándose en al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de tensión y al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de corriente, y determinar un defecto en un capacitor (132) del compresor (12) basándose en una disminución en el valor del factor de potencia y un incremento en al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de corriente.
Description
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DESCRIPCION
Compresor que tiene un módulo de control y diagnóstico
La presente divulgación se refiere a compresores y, más particularmente, a sistemas y métodos de control y diagnóstico para un compresor con un capacitor.
Los compresores se usan en una variedad de aplicaciones industriales y residenciales para circular refrigerante dentro de un sistema de refrigeración, bomba de calor, HVAC, o de enfriamiento (genéricamente “sistemas de refrigeración”) para proporcionar el efecto de calentamiento o enfriamiento deseado. Un compresor puede incluir un motor eléctrico para proporcionar el par para accionar el compresor para comprimir el refrigerante vapor. El motor eléctrico puede alimentarse mediante una fuente de alimentación de corriente alterna (CA) o de corriente continua (CC). En el caso de una fuente de alimentación de CA, la CA monofásica o polifásica puede suministrarse a los devanados del motor eléctrico. El documento US 2012/221150 A1 divulga un sistema de supervisión para un sistema de HVAC. El documento US 2.961.606 divulga un dispositivo de ensayo de un capacitor. El documento US 2002/170299 A1 divulga un sistema de diagnóstico de compresor.
Para una fuente de alimentación monofásica, el sistema de refrigeración puede incluir un capacitor de arranque usado para almacenar inicialmente y suministrar alimentación al compresor. El capacitor de arranque, sin embargo, puede volverse defectuoso o bien por degradación de la capacidad o bien por pérdida completa de la capacidad (es decir, una situación de circuito abierto). Por ejemplo, la degradación de la capacidad o pérdida completa de la capacidad puede suceder después de un período de uso debido al envejecimiento o sobrecalentamiento. Un capacitor de arranque con capacidad degradada puede hacer que el compresor rinda por debajo de una capacidad deseada y/o de rendimiento de eficiencia estándar. Un capacitor de arranque con capacidad cero puede hacer que un circuito de arranque del compresor quede abierto, lo que puede dar como resultado, por ejemplo, un disparo por rotor bloqueado de un circuito protector del motor correspondiente inmediatamente después del arranque del motor. En dichos casos, el motor eléctrico no puede proporcionar al compresor suficiente par para girar, dando como resultado la no producción de enfriamiento y una interrupción del funcionamiento y uso del sistema de refrigeración. En consecuencia, se desea un sistema diseñado para predecir un defecto en el capacitor de arranque, tal como la degradación de la capacidad o pérdida completa de la capacidad.
La invención se define en las reivindicaciones.
Se proporciona un sistema que comprende una fuente de alimentación que genera una alimentación de corriente alterna para la alimentación de un compresor con un capacitor, un sensor de tensión que mide una pluralidad de valores de tensión basándose en la alimentación de corriente alterna, un sensor de corriente que mide una pluralidad de valores de corriente basándose en la alimentación de corriente alterna, y un controlador. El controlador comunica con el sensor de tensión y con el sensor de corriente y determina un valor del factor de potencia basándose en al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de tensión y al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de corriente. El controlador determina también un defecto en el capacitor basándose en el factor de potencia y al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de corriente.
Se proporciona un método que comprende la generación, con una fuente de alimentación, de una alimentación de corriente alterna para alimentar un compresor con un capacitor, medir, con un sensor de tensión, una pluralidad de valores de tensión basándose en la alimentación de corriente alterna, y medir, con un sensor de corriente, una pluralidad de valores de corriente basándose en la alimentación de corriente alterna. El método también comprende determinar, con un controlador en comunicación con el sensor de tensión y el sensor de corriente, un valor de factor de potencia basándose en al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de tensión y en al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de corriente, determinar, con el controlador, un defecto en el capacitor basándose en el factor de potencia y en al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de corriente; y comunicar el defecto en el capacitor desde el controlador a al menos uno de entre un usuario, un personal de servicio, un controlador del sistema, un servidor remoto, un termostato, un dispositivo móvil, y una dirección de e-mail.
Serán evidentes áreas adicionales de aplicabilidad a partir de la descripción proporcionada en el presente documento. Debería entenderse que la descripción y ejemplos específicos tienen solamente finalidades de ilustración y no se pretende que limiten el alcance de la presente divulgación.
Los dibujos descritos en el presente documento tienen solo finalidades de ilustración y no se pretende que limiten el alcance de la presente divulgación en ninguna forma.
La Figura 1 es una ilustración esquemática de un sistema de refrigeración.
La Figura 2 es un diagrama de bloques de un sistema de refrigeración.
La Figura 2a es una ilustración esquemática de un motor de compresor.
La Figura 3 es un diagrama de bloques del controlador con un sistema de determinación de defectos en el capacitor de arranque.
La Figura 4 es un gráfico que muestra un evento de defecto del capacitor de arranque.
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La Figura 5 es un diagrama de flujo para un algoritmo de control de acuerdo con la presente divulgación.
Con referencia a la Figura 1, un sistema de refrigeración 10 de ejemplo puede incluir un compresor 12. El compresor 12 puede ser un compresor alternativo, un compresor de tipo scroll, u otro tipo de compresor. El compresor 12 puede estar equipado con un motor eléctrico para comprimir el vapor de refrigerante que se entrega a un condensador 16 en donde el vapor de refrigerante se licúa a alta presión, rechazando de ese modo calor al aire exterior. El condensador 16 puede incluir un ventilador del condensador 17, accionado por un motor eléctrico 18 que circula aire a través de las espirales del condensador 16. El refrigerante líquido que sale del condensador 16 se entrega a un evaporador 20. Cuando el aire caliente se mueve a través del evaporador, el líquido se convierte en gas, eliminando de ese modo calor del aire y enfriando un espacio refrigerado. Este gas a baja presión se entrega al compresor 12 y se comprime de nuevo a un gas a alta presión para iniciar de nuevo el ciclo de refrigeración. Aunque el sistema de refrigeración 10 se muestra con un compresor 12, un condensador 16, y un evaporador 20 en la Figura 1, el sistema de refrigeración 10 puede configurarse con cualquier número de compresores 12, condensadores 18, evaporadores 20 u otros componentes del sistema de refrigeración.
El compresor 12 puede estar equipado con un controlador 24. Tal como se describe en el presente documento, el controlador 24 puede supervisar la alimentación eléctrica entregada al compresor 12 y al motor eléctrico 18 que acciona el ventilador del condensador 17 con uno o más sensores de tensión y uno o más sensores de corriente. Basándose en las mediciones de potencia eléctrica a lo largo del tiempo, tal como la corriente (I) y tensión (V) eléctrica, el controlador 24 puede determinar y supervisar la potencia aparente, potencia real, consumo de potencia, y cálculos de factor de potencia para el motor eléctrico del compresor 12 a lo largo del tiempo.
El controlador 24 puede supervisar y controlar la operación del compresor 12 basándose en las mediciones de corriente (I) y tensión (V) eléctricas y basándose en otros datos del compresor y sistema de refrigeración recibidos desde otros sensores del compresor o del sistema de refrigeración.
El controlador 24 puede activar o desactivar el compresor 12 basándose en los datos recibidos desde uno o más sensores de tensión y uno o más sensores de corriente. Por ejemplo, el controlador 24 puede desactivar el compresor 12 basándose en una situación de corriente o tensión excesivas, una situación de corriente o tensión deficientes, una situación de desequilibrio de corriente o tensión, o una situación de pérdida de fase o retardo de la corriente (si se usa una alimentación eléctrica polifásica).
El controlador 24 puede usarse y configurarse para controlar la operación global del sistema de refrigeración 10. El controlador 24 puede supervisar las condiciones de operación del sistema de refrigeración, tales como temperaturas y presiones del condensador, y temperaturas y presiones del evaporador, así como condiciones medioambientales, tales como temperatura ambiente, para determinar la carga y demanda del sistema de refrigeración. Por ejemplo, el controlador 24 puede recibir un valor de temperatura de descarga del compresor desde un sensor de temperatura 50 de descarga del compresor. Alternativamente, puede usarse un sensor de presión de descarga del compresor. Adicionalmente, el controlador 24 puede recibir un valor de temperatura del condensador desde un sensor de temperatura 51 del condensador situado en el condensador 16. Alternativamente, puede usarse un sensor de presión del condensador. Además, el sistema de refrigeración 10 puede incluir múltiples controladores trabajando juntos para controlar el sistema de refrigeración. Por ejemplo, el controlador 24 puede ser un controlador de unidad exterior localizado en una unidad exterior que incluye el compresor 12, condensador 16, y ventilador del condensador 17 con motor eléctrico 18. En dicho caso, el controlador 24 puede comunicar con, por ejemplo, un controlador de unidad interior y/o un termostato interior, que puede supervisar las condiciones interiores, tales como una temperatura interior, y comunicar órdenes de activación o desactivación, o instrucciones de demanda de capacidad, al controlador 24. El controlador 24 puede recibir las órdenes o instrucciones y controlar apropiadamente los componentes de la unidad exterior, es decir, el compresor 12 y el ventilador del condensador 17 con motor eléctrico 18, basándose en las órdenes o instrucciones recibidas. El controlador 24 puede ajustar los puntos de consigna basándose en las condiciones de operación para maximizar la eficiencia del sistema de refrigeración 10 o puede recibir instrucciones apropiadas desde un controlador de unidad interior o termostato interior para ajustar los puntos de consigna para maximizar la eficiencia. El controlador 24 puede supervisar también una temperatura del aire de suministro y una temperatura del aire de retorno de una unidad interior del sistema de refrigeración 10. Alternativamente, un controlador de la unidad interior o termostato interior puede supervisar la temperatura del aire de suministro y la temperatura del aire de retorno de la unidad interior y puede comunicar dichos datos al controlador 24. El controlador 24 puede evaluar la eficiencia basándose en las mediciones de potencia eléctrica y los cálculos tal como se describen a continuación.
Con referencia a la Figura 2, se muestra un diagrama de bloques del sistema de refrigeración 10 en una aplicación de HVAC. Por ejemplo, el sistema de refrigeración 10 puede instalarse en una aplicación de HVAC en la que una unidad interior 104 incluye un evaporador 20 (Figura 1) y una unidad de manejo del aire y se localiza dentro del edificio, tal como una oficina, tienda u hogar, y en el que una unidad exterior incluye un compresor 12, condensador 16, y ventilador del condensador 17 con motor eléctrico 18. El sistema de refrigeración 10 incluye una fuente de alimentación 120 de corriente alterna (CA) que suministra alimentación eléctrica a un motor eléctrico 148 del compresor 12 y al motor eléctrico 18 para el accionamiento del ventilador del condensador 17. La unidad interior 104 suministra aire acondicionado (aire de suministro) a través de un sistema de conductos. El aire pasa a través del
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sistema de conductos y vuelve (aire de retorno) a la unidad interior 104. La unidad interior 104 incluye un sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro 124 y un sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno 128. El sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro 124 detecta una temperatura del aire de suministro suministrado por la unidad interior 104 y comunica la temperatura del aire de suministro al controlador 24. De modo similar, el sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno 128 supervisa una temperatura del aire de retorno devuelto a la unidad interior 104 y comunica la temperatura del aire de retorno al controlador 24. Como se ha explicado anteriormente, el sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro 124 y el sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno 128 pueden comunicar también los datos de temperatura del aire de suministro y de temperatura del aire de retorno a un controlador de unidad interior y/o termostato interior, que puede, a su vez, comunicar los datos de temperatura del aire de suministro y de temperatura del aire de retorno al controlador 24.
La fuente de alimentación 120 está eléctricamente acoplada al compresor 12 y al ventilador del condensador 17 a través de terminales eléctricos L1 y L2. En esta forma, la fuente de alimentación 120 suministra alimentación al motor eléctrico 148 del compresor 12 y al motor eléctrico 18 del ventilador del condensador 17. El compresor 12 también puede acoplarse eléctricamente a un capacitor de arranque 132 y a un interruptor de contactor 136. El capacitor de arranque 132 se dispone entre la fuente de alimentación 120 y el compresor 12. El capacitor de arranque 132 almacena la alimentación suministrada por la fuente de alimentación 120, cuando se conecta el sistema de refrigeración 10. Cuando el sistema de refrigeración 10 se conecta, el interruptor del contactor 136 está eléctrica o mecánicamente cerrado por el controlador 24 para permitir que la corriente circule al compresor 12. Cuando el interruptor del contactor 136 está cerrado, la alimentación se suministra al ventilador del condensador 17 y al capacitor de arranque 132. El capacitor de arranque 132 almacena la alimentación suministrada por la fuente de alimentación 120. El capacitor de arranque 132 proporciona entonces alimentación inicial al compresor 12 mediante el suministro de la alimentación almacenada al compresor 12.
Con referencia ahora a la Figura 2a, se muestra un esquema del motor del compresor 148. El motor del compresor
148 incluye un estator con una pluralidad de devanados, que incluyen un devanado de arranque 152 y un devanado de marcha 156. El devanado de arranque 152 se conecta entre un punto de arranque (S) 150 y un punto común (C) 149. El devanado de marcha 156 se conecta entre un punto de marcha (R) 151 y el punto común (C) 149. El punto de arranque (S) 150 y el punto de marcha (R) 151 se conectan cada uno al terminal eléctrico L1. El punto común (C)
149 se conecta al terminar eléctrico L2. El compresor del motor 148 puede incluir también un rotor (no mostrado). La corriente a través de los devanados hace que el rotor gire y el motor del compresor 148 marche. Por ejemplo, cuando el sistema de refrigeración 10 se conecta, la corriente a través del devanado de arranque 152 energiza el estator. La energía del estator hace entonces que gire el rotor. El motor del compresor 148 es alimentado por el rotor giratorio. La corriente a través del devanado de marcha 156 mantiene la alimentación al estator a través de un ciclo de alimentación. El capacitor de arranque 132 se acopla eléctricamente en serie con el devanado de arranque 152, por ejemplo, entre el punto de arranque (S) 150 y el terminal eléctrico L1. En esta forma, el capacitor de arranque 132 almacena la alimentación suministrada por la fuente de alimentación 120 y proporciona una corriente inicial al estator a través del devanado de arranque 152.
Con referencia de nuevo a la Figura 2, el sistema de refrigeración 10 incluye también un sensor de tensión 140 y un sensor de corriente 144. El sensor de tensión 140 detecta un valor de tensión de la alimentación que se suministra al compresor 12 y al ventilador del condensador 17 y comunica el valor de tensión al controlador 24. Por ejemplo, el sensor de tensión 140 puede medir la tensión en la línea de alimentación entrante conectada al terminar eléctrico L1 o a través del capacitor de arranque 132. El sensor de corriente 144 detecta un valor de corriente de alimentación de la línea que se suministra al compresor 12 y al motor eléctrico 18 del ventilador del condensador 17 y comunica el valor de corriente al controlador 24. El sensor de corriente 144 puede localizarse también en el capacitor de arranque 132 para detectar la corriente a través del capacitor de arranque 132 en serie con el devanado de arranque 152 (Figura 2).
El controlador 24 recibe mediciones de muestreo de corriente y tensión periódicamente en cada ciclo de la alimentación de CA para determinar múltiples mediciones instantáneas de corriente y tensión. Por ejemplo, el controlador 24 puede recibir mediciones de corriente y tensión veinte veces por ciclo o aproximadamente una vez cada milisegundo en el caso de corriente alterna con una frecuencia de sesenta hercios. A partir de estas mediciones de corriente y tensión reales, el controlador 24 puede calcular datos adicionales relacionados con la potencia tales como potencia verdadera y aparente, consumo de potencia a lo largo del tiempo, y factor de potencia.
Basándose en las mediciones de corriente y tensión reales, el controlador 24 puede determinar un valor de raíz cuadrática media (RMS) para la tensión y corriente. El controlador 24 puede calcular un valor RMS de la tensión mediante el cuadrado de cada medición de tensión muestreada, promediando las mediciones al cuadrado, y calculando la raíz cuadrada de la media. De la misma manera, el controlador 24 puede calcular un valor RMS de la corriente mediante el cuadrado de cada medición de corriente muestreada, promediando las mediciones al cuadrado, y calculando la raíz cuadrada de la media.
Para los cálculos de la tensión RMS y la corriente RMS, el controlador 24 puede calcular la potencia aparente (S) de acuerdo con la siguiente ecuación:
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0) ^ ^RMS X ^ RMS '
en la que Vrms es la RMS calculada de la tensión a lo largo de al menos un ciclo de la CA y en la que Irms es la RMS calculada de la corriente a lo largo de al menos un ciclo de la CA. La potencia aparente puede calcularse en unidades de voltiamperios (VA) o kilovoltiamperios (kVA).
Para alimentación trifásica, el controlador 24 puede calcular la potencia aparente para cada fase de la alimentación de CA. El controlador 24 puede calcular la potencia aparente total (STotal) para un motor eléctrico del compresor 12 basándose en los cálculos de potencia aparente para cada una de las fases, de acuerdo con la siguiente ecuación:
(2)
S - v
L} r„,^i Y ,
Total
RMS (l
x/
ÍMS(l)
*RMS (2) * ^ RMS (2)
X IRMS O)
en la que Vrms(1), Vrms(2), y Vrms(3) son las tensiones RMS a lo largo de un ciclo de la CA para la primera, segunda y tercera fases de la CA, respectivamente, y en la que Irms(1), Irms(2), e Irms(3) son las corrientes RMS calculadas a lo largo de un ciclo de la CA para la primera, segunda, y tercera fases de la CA, respectivamente. La potencia aparente se calcula en unidades de voltiamperios (VA) o kilovoltiamperios (kVA).
La potencia activa (P), en unidades de vatios (W) o kilovatios (kW) puede calcularse como una integral del producto de las corrientes y tensiones instantáneas a lo largo de un ciclo de la CA, de acuerdo con la siguiente ecuación:
en la que v(t) es la tensión instantánea en el tiempo t, en unidades de voltios; en la que i(t) es la corriente instantánea en el tiempo t, en unidades de amperios; y en la que T es el período de la frecuencia del ciclo de línea (por ejemplo, 16,3 milisegundos para alimentación a 60 hercios).
Basándose en las mediciones de corriente y tensión eléctricas instantáneas reales muestreadas a lo largo de un ciclo de la alimentación de CA, el controlador 24 puede calcular (P) como la suma de los productos de las muestras de tensión y corriente instantáneas para cada intervalo de muestreo (por ejemplo, un milisegundo), a lo largo de un ciclo de CA. De ese modo, P puede calcularse por el controlador 24 de acuerdo con la siguiente ecuación:
(4) P = \
* *=i
en la que v(k) es la medición de tensión instantánea para la muestra ka; i(k) es la medición de corriente instantánea para la muestra ka; T es el periodo; y At es el intervalo de muestreo (por ejemplo, 1 milisegundo).
En un sistema polifásico, P puede calcularse para cada fase de la alimentación eléctrica. Por ejemplo, en un sistema trifásico, el controlador 24 puede calcular la potencia activa total (PTotal) mediante la adición de la potencia activa para cada fase, de acuerdo con la siguiente ecuación:
(5) ^Totai = ^(1) +^I2) + ^(3)’
en la que P(1), P(2) y P(3) son la potencia activa para la primera, segunda y tercera fases de la CA, respectivamente.
Basándose en los cálculos de potencia activa, el controlador 24 puede calcular el consumo de energía mediante el cálculo de un promedio de la potencia activa para cada unidad de tiempo e integrando a lo largo de un cierto periodo de tiempo tal como días, meses o años. El consumo de energía puede calcularse por el controlador 24 en unidades de vatios-hora (Wh) o kilovatios-hora (kWh).
Adicionalmente, basándose en el cálculo de la potencia activa y el cálculo de la potencia aparente, el controlador 24 puede calcular el factor de potencia (FP) de acuerdo con la siguiente ecuación:
en la que P es la potencia activa en unidades de vatios (W) o kilovatios (kW); y en la que S es la potencia aparente en unidades de voltiamperios (VA) o kilovoltiamperios (kVA). Generalmente, FP es la relación de la potencia consumida a la potencia extraída. El controlador 24 puede calcular el FP para cada fase de la alimentación eléctrica. El controlador 24 puede calcular también un FP total como la relación de la potencia real total a la potencia aparente total, de acuerdo con la siguiente ecuación:
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en la que Piotai y Sjotai se calculan de acuerdo con las fórmulas 2 y 5 anteriores.
Alternativamente, el controlador 24 puede calcular el factor de potencia mediante la comparación de los cruces por cero de las formas de onda de tensión y corriente. El procesador puede usar la diferencia angular entre los cruces por cero como una estimación del FP. El controlador 24 puede supervisar las mediciones de tensión y corriente para determinar las formas de onda de la tensión y corriente para la alimentación de CA. Basándose en las mediciones, el controlador 24 puede determinar dónde cruza el eje cero cada forma de onda. Mediante la comparación de los dos cruces por cero, el controlador 24 puede determinar una diferencia angular entre la forma de onda de tensión y la forma de onda de corriente. La forma de onda de corriente puede retrasarse respecto a la forma de onda de tensión, y la diferencia angular puede usarse por el controlador 24 como una estimación del FP.
El FP puede usarse como una indicación de la eficiencia del motor eléctrico, o del compresor. Un retraso incrementado entre la forma de onda de corriente y la forma de onda de tensión da como resultado un factor de potencia más bajo. Un factor de potencia cerca de uno, es decir, un factor de potencia unidad, es más deseable que un factor de potencia más bajo. Un motor eléctrico con un factor de potencia más bajo puede requerir más energía para funcionar, dando como resultado de ello un consumo de potencia incrementado. Adicionalmente, los proveedores del servicio pueden imponer una tarifa para la operación de equipos por debajo de un valor de FP predeterminado.
El FP también puede usarse como la indicación de un defecto en un componente del sistema, tal como el capacitor de arranque 132. Por ejemplo, el controlador 24 puede determinar un defecto en el capacitor de arranque 132 basándose en un valor del FP y un valor de corriente. Adicionalmente, el controlador 24 puede confirmar el impacto o resultado del defecto del capacitor mediante la detección de una temperatura estable del circuito en el lado de aire, tal como se describe con detalle adicional a continuación, basándose en la diferencia en la temperatura del aire o separación de temperatura (ST) entre el aire de suministro y el aire de retorno de la unidad interior 104. Alternativa o adicionalmente, el controlador 24 puede confirmar el impacto o resultado del defecto del capacitor mediante la detección de una temperatura estable de la unidad exterior, por ejemplo la temperatura de descarga del compresor, tal como se detecta por el sensor de temperatura de descarga del compresor 50 (Figura 1) o la temperatura del condensador, tal como se detecta por el sensor de temperatura del condensador 51 (Figura 1). Puede existir una situación de temperatura estable de la unidad exterior, por ejemplo, cuando la temperatura de descarga del compresor y/o la temperatura del condensador permanecen relativamente sin cambios, o estables, a pesar de la operación del sistema de refrigeración 10.
Con referencia particular a la Figura 3, se muestra un diagrama de bloques de un ejemplo de sistema de determinación de defectos en el capacitor de arranque 200. El sistema de determinación de defectos en el capacitor de arranque 200 incluye el sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro 124, el sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno 128, y el controlador 24. El controlador 24 incluye un módulo de determinación de la separación de temperatura (ST) 216, un módulo de supervisión de corriente/tensión 220, y un módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224. El módulo de determinación de la ST 216 determina una diferencia en la temperatura entre la temperatura del aire de suministro y la temperatura del aire de retorno. Por ejemplo, tal como se describe en la Figura 2, el sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro 124 supervisa una temperatura del aire de suministro del aire suministrado por la unidad interior 104. El sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro 124 comunica la temperatura del aire de suministro al módulo de determinación de la ST 216. De modo similar, el sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno 128 supervisa la temperatura del aire de retorno del aire devuelto a la unidad interior 104. El sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno 128 comunica la temperatura del aire de retorno al módulo de determinación de la ST 216. El módulo de determinación de la ST 216 determina un valor de cambio en la temperatura del aire mediante la resta del valor de temperatura del aire de retorno del valor de temperatura del aire de suministro. El módulo de determinación de la ST 216 comunica el valor de la diferencia de temperatura del aire al módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224. La funcionalidad del módulo de determinación de la ST 216 puede realizarse también por un controlador de la unidad interior, que puede recibir el valor de temperatura del aire de suministro y el valor de temperatura del aire de retorno desde el sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro 124 y el sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno 128 y puede comunicar la diferencia, o separación de temperatura (ST) al controlador 24 y/o al módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224.
El módulo de supervisión de corriente/tensión 220 recibe las mediciones de corriente y tensión desde el sensor de tensión 140 y el sensor de corriente 144. El módulo de supervisión de corriente/tensión 220 determina cuándo la corriente medida está por encima de un umbral de corriente predeterminado. Por ejemplo, el umbral de corriente predeterminado puede ser un valor de corriente indicativo de un incremento brusco en una demanda de corriente total. Por ejemplo, un incremento en la demanda de corriente desde el compresor 12 o el ventilador del condensador 17 pueden contribuir a un incremento en la demanda total de corriente. El módulo de supervisión de corriente/tensión 220 comunica los valores de corriente por encima del umbral de corriente predeterminado al módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224. El módulo de supervisión de corriente/tensión 220 también calcula
p
r'p _ Total
1 rTotal ~ ,,
^ Total
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un factor de potencia (tal como se ha descrito anteriormente) basándose en las mediciones de corriente y tensión. El módulo de supervisión de corriente/tensión 220 comunica el FP al módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224. El módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 y el módulo de supervisión de corriente/tensión 220 pueden ser módulos separados o, alternativamente, pueden integrarse en un único módulo. Adicionalmente, la funcionalidad y procesamiento realizados por el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 pueden realizarse alternativamente fuera del controlador 24. Por ejemplo, la funcionalidad y procesamiento realizados por el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 pueden realizarse por un controlador de la unidad interior, un termostato interior, o un controlador del sistema de refrigeración. Adicionalmente, la funcionalidad y procesamiento realizados por el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 pueden realizarse por un servidor remoto, por ejemplo un servidor en la nube que recibe y supervisa datos desde el sistema de refrigeración 10. Por ejemplo, la funcionalidad y procesamiento realizados por el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 pueden realizarse por el servidor remoto 228 mostrado en la Figura 3.
El módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 determina un defecto en un capacitor de arranque, por ejemplo el capacitor de arranque 132, basándose en el FP calculado, las mediciones de corriente, y la confirmación del valor de diferencia en la temperatura del aire. Por ejemplo, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 determina si ha sucedido una caída brusca en el FP. El módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 recibe un primer valor de FP y un segundo valor de FP del módulo de supervisión de corriente/tensión 220. El módulo de estado del
capacitor de arranque 224 compara el segundo valor de FP con el primer valor de FP. El módulo de estado del
capacitor de arranque 224 determina una caída brusca en el FP cuando una diferencia entre el primer valor de FP y el segundo valor de FP es mayor que un umbral predeterminado y cuando la caída en el FP ha sucedido dentro de un período de tiempo predeterminado. Por ejemplo solamente, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede determinar que una caída en el FP es una caída brusca en el FP cuando el primer valor del FP es un 10 % mayor que el segundo valor de FP durante un período de tiempo de 15 segundos. Se entiende, sin embargo, que pueden usarse otros porcentajes de caída y otros períodos de tiempo.
El módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 determina entonces si la diferencia entre el valor de temperatura del aire de suministro y el valor de temperatura del aire de retorno es indicativa de una condición estable, es decir, si la ST está estable y no ha caído hacia cero. El módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 recibe el valor de
diferencia en la temperatura del aire desde el módulo de determinación de la ST 216. El módulo de estado del
capacitor de arranque 224 determina que la ST está estable cuando el valor de diferencia de temperatura del aire es menor que un umbral de diferencia de temperatura predeterminado. A la inversa, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 determina que la ST no está estable cuando el valor de diferencia de temperatura del aire está por debajo de un umbral de diferencia de temperatura predeterminado próximo a cero. Como se ha explicado anteriormente, alternativa o adicionalmente, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque puede confirmar el impacto o resultado del defecto del capacitor mediante la detección de una temperatura de la unidad exterior estable, por ejemplo la temperatura de descarga del compresor, tal como se detecta por el sensor de temperatura de descarga del compresor 50 (Figura 1) o la temperatura del condensador, tal como se detecta por el sensor de temperatura del condensador 51 (Figura 1).
El módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 también supervisa los valores de corriente recibidos desde el módulo de supervisión de corriente/tensión 220. El módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 determina un defecto en el capacitor de arranque 132, tal como una caída en la capacidad, cuando hay una caída brusca en el FP, conectada con una condición de ST estable, y un valor de corriente por encima de un umbral de corriente predeterminado. Como se ha explicado anteriormente, una situación de temperatura de unidad exterior estable puede usarse además de, o en lugar de, la condición de ST estable. Cuando suceden estas condiciones, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede determinar que ha sucedido un defecto en el capacitor de arranque o que sucederá en el próximo futuro y puede desactivar el compresor 12 para evitar daños al compresor 12 o a otros componentes del sistema.
En otra realización, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede determinar un defecto en el capacitor de arranque 132 cuando ha habido una caída brusca en el FP unida a un valor de corriente por encima de un umbral de corriente predeterminado. Cuando suceden estas condiciones, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede determinar que ha sucedido un defecto en el capacitor de arranque o que sucederá en el próximo futuro y puede desactivar el compresor 12 para evitar daños al compresor 12 o a otros componentes del sistema.
En otra realización, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede determinar un defecto de capacitor de arranque abierto cuando no hay circulación de corriente a través del capacitor de arranque 132 y el devanado de arranque 152, y cuando la ST está en o cerca de cero. Cuando suceden estas situaciones, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede determinar que ha sucedido un defecto de capacitor de arranque abierto y que el compresor puede experimentar posteriormente un disparo de motor por rotor bloqueado. En dicho caso, el controlador 24 puede desactivar el compresor 12 para evitar daños al compresor 12 o a otros componentes del sistema. Alternativamente, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede determinar un defecto de capacitor de arranque abierto cuando no hay corriente circulando a través del capacitor de arranque 132 y del devanado de arranque 152, y cuando no hay cambio o incremento en la temperatura de la unidad exterior, tal como la temperatura de descarga del compresor, tal como se detecta por el sensor de temperatura de descarga del
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compresor 50 (Figura 1), o la temperatura del condensador, tal como se detecta por el sensor de temperatura del condensador 51 (Figura 1). Por ejemplo, durante la operación normal la temperatura de descarga del compresor y el incremento de temperatura del condensador después del arranque del compresor. Si, por otro lado, no hay incremento en la temperatura de descarga del compresor y/o la temperatura del condensador, en combinación con corriente no circulando a través del capacitor de arranque 132 y del devanado de arranque 152, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede determinar que ha sucedido un defecto de capacitor de arranque abierto. Adicional o alternativamente, puede compararse la temperatura de descarga del compresor y/o la temperatura del condensador con la temperatura ambiente para determinar si la temperatura de descarga del compresor y/o la temperatura del condensador está convergiendo hacia la temperatura ambiente. Si existe una condición de ese tipo en combinación con la no circulación de corriente a través del capacitor de arranque 132 y del devanado de arranque 152, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede determinar que ha sucedido un defecto de capacitor de arranque abierto.
En otra realización, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede determinar que el capacitor de arranque 132 se ha instalado incorrectamente, por ejemplo cuando se ha instalado el tipo incorrecto de capacitor después de la instalación inicial o después de un servicio de sustitución, cuando el FP está por debajo de un valor predeterminado, tal como, por ejemplo el 90 %. Típicamente, el fabricante del compresor optimiza la selección del capacitor de arranque de modo que el FP sea de al menos el 90 %. Cuando suceden estas condiciones, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede determinar que ha sucedido un defecto en el capacitor de arranque y que el compresor puede experimentar posteriormente un disparo de motor por rotor bloqueado. En dicho caso, el controlador 24 puede desactivar el compresor 12 para evitar daños al compresor 12 o a otros componentes del sistema.
El módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede comunicar también una alerta a un servidor remoto 228. Por ejemplo, cuando el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 determina que ha sucedido un defecto en el capacitor de arranque, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede comunicar una alerta indicativa del defecto en el capacitor de arranque al servidor remoto 228. El servidor remoto 228 puede ser un servicio en la nube, una agrupación de servidores, o una aplicación de Internet. El servidor remoto 228 puede comunicar entonces la alerta a un receptor de la alerta 229, tal como un propietario del hogar, un personal de servicio, o ambos. Alternativa o adicionalmente, el servidor remoto 228 pueden comunicar también la alerta a otros receptores de alerta 229, tal como un termostato conectado al sistema de refrigeración 10, a un dispositivo móvil, o a una dirección de e-mail. En otro ejemplo, el módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede comunicar la alerta directamente al receptor de la alerta 229, tal como el termostato, el dispositivo móvil, o la dirección de e-mail. El módulo de estado del capacitor de arranque 224 puede visualizar también la alerta localmente, tal como en una pantalla del controlador 24. Por ejemplo, una pantalla LED del controlador 24 puede comunicar una alerta al contratista usando un código de diagnóstico.
Con referencia a la Figura 4, se muestra una representación gráfica de un evento de defecto del capacitor de arranque 300. El evento de defecto del capacitor de arranque 300 es una representación gráfica de corriente, ST y FP a lo largo de un período de tiempo del evento. El eje vertical del evento de defecto del capacitor de arranque 300 incluye varias escalas diferentes. Cada uno de los valores de corriente, ST y FP se representa sobre una única escala para ilustrar la relación relativa entre corriente, ST y FP. El evento de defecto del capacitor de arranque 300 incluye un gráfico de ST 304, un gráfico de corriente 308, y un gráfico de FP 312. El evento de defecto del capacitor de arranque 300 incluye también una línea de defecto del capacitor 316 (que indica una situación de capacitor abierto) y una línea de predicción de defecto 320 (que indica una condición de capacidad degradada). La línea de ST 304 representa una pluralidad de valores de ST a lo largo del período del evento. Por ejemplo, comenzando a la izquierda del gráfico y prosiguiendo adelante en el tiempo a la derecha del gráfico, el gráfico de ST 304 comienza en un primer valor de ST y permanece estable hasta la línea de defecto del capacitor 316. El gráfico de ST 304 disminuye entonces hasta un valor indicativo de un defecto del capacitor de arranque.
El gráfico de corriente 308 representa mediciones de corriente a lo largo del periodo del evento. Por ejemplo, el gráfico de corriente 308 comienza en un primer valor. El gráfico de corriente 308 se incrementa en la línea de predicción de defecto 320. El gráfico de FP 312 representa los valores de FP calculados a lo largo del periodo del evento. El gráfico de FP 312 comienza en un primer valor de FP. La línea de FP 312 disminuye a un segundo valor de FP en la línea de predicción de defecto 320.
En la línea de predicción de defecto 320, el gráfico de FP 312 es indicativo de una caída brusca en el FP indicativa de una caída brusca significativa en la capacidad, el gráfico de corriente 308 es indicativo de un incremento brusco en la extracción de corriente, y el gráfico de ST 304 es indicativo de una condición de ST relativamente estable. En la línea de predicción de defecto 320, están presentes las condiciones para predecir o pronosticar un defecto futuro o inminente en el capacitor de arranque. En la línea de defecto del capacitor 316, el cambio brusco en la ST a casi cero, tal como se muestra en la línea de ST 304, indica un defecto en el capacitor de arranque (es decir, una capacidad cero / situación de capacitor abierto). El capacitor de arranque abierto 132, por ejemplo, puede crear una situación de devanado de arranque abierto 152 y no provocará que el compresor 12 produzca un disparo de rotor bloqueado en un circuito de protección del motor en el arranque. En dicho caso, el motor eléctrico 148 no será capaz de girar el compresor 12.
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Con referencia a la Figura 5, un método de ejemplo para la predicción de defecto del capacitor de arranque 400 comienza en 404. En 404, el método 400 recibe mediciones de corriente y mediciones de tensión. En 412, el método 400 calcula un valor de FP basándose en las mediciones de corriente y las mediciones de tensión. En 416, el
método 400 determina si ha sucedido una caída brusca en el FP. Si es falso, el método 400 continúa en 408. Si
verdadero, el método 400 continúa en 420. En 420, el método determina si ha sucedido un incremento en la extracción de corriente basándose en la medición de la corriente. Si es falso, el método 400 continúa en 416. Si
verdadero, el método 400 continúa en 424. En 424, el método 400 recibe una temperatura de aire de suministro y
una temperatura de aire de retorno. En 428, el método 400 calcula un valor de ST basándose en la diferencia entre la temperatura del aire de suministro y la temperatura del aire de retorno. En 432, el método 400 determina si la ST es estable basándose en el valor de ST. Si es falso, el método 400 continúa en 408. Si verdadero, el método 400 continúa en 436. En 436, el método 400 desactiva un compresor y/o envía una alerta indicativa de un defecto en el capacitor de arranque a un servidor remoto o a un receptor de alertas. El método 400 finaliza en 440.
La descripción precedente es meramente ilustrativa en su naturaleza y de ninguna manera pretende limitar la divulgación, su aplicación, o usos. Las amplias enseñanzas de la divulgación pueden implementarse en una diversidad de formas. Por lo tanto, aunque la presente divulgación incluye ejemplos particulares, el verdadero alcance de la divulgación no debería limitarse a ello dado que serán evidentes otras modificaciones tras un estudio de los dibujos, la especificación, y las reivindicaciones siguientes. Con finalidades de claridad, se usarán los mismos números de referencia en los dibujos para identificar elementos similares. Tal como se usa en el presente documento, la frase al menos uno de A, B, y C debería interpretarse que significa un (A o B o C) lógico, usando una O lógica no exclusiva. Debería entenderse que pueden ejecutarse una o más etapas dentro de un método en orden diferente (o simultáneamente) sin alterar los principios de la presente divulgación.
Tal como se usa en el presente documento, el término controlador o módulo puede referirse, ser parte de, o incluir un circuito integrado de aplicación específica (ASIC); un circuito electrónico; un circuito lógico convencional; una matriz de puertas programables en campo (FPGA); un procesador (compartido, dedicado, o grupo) que ejecuta código; otros componentes de hardware adecuado que proporcionan la funcionalidad descrita; o una combinación de algunos o todos de los anteriores, tal como en un sistema en chip. El término controlador o módulo puede incluir memoria (compartida, dedicada, o grupo) que almacena código ejecutado por el procesador.
El término código, tal como se ha usado anteriormente, puede incluir software, firmware, y/o microcódigo, y puede referirse a programas, rutinas, funciones, clases y/u objetos. El término compartido, tal como se ha usado anteriormente, significa que algunos o todos los códigos desde múltiples módulos pueden ejecutarse usando un único procesador (compartido). Además, parte o todo el código de múltiples módulos puede almacenarse en una única memoria (compartida). El término grupo, tal como se ha usado anteriormente, significa que algo o todo el código de un único módulo puede ejecutarse usando un grupo de procesadores. Además, algo o todo el código de un único módulo puede almacenarse usando un grupo de memorias.
Los aparatos y métodos descritos en el presente documento pueden implementarse parcial o totalmente mediante uno o más programas informáticos ejecutados por uno o más procesadores. Los programas informáticos incluyen instrucciones ejecutables por procesador que se almacenan en al menos un medio legible por ordenador tangible no transitorio. Los programas de ordenador pueden incluir también y/o basarse en datos almacenados. Ejemplos no limitativos de un medio legible por ordenador tangible no transitorio incluyen memoria no volátil, memoria volátil, almacenamiento magnético, y almacenamiento óptico.
Claims (15)
- 5101520253035404550556065REIVINDICACIONES1. Un sistema (200) que comprende:un sensor de tensión (140) que mide una pluralidad de valores de tensión basándose en una alimentación de corriente alterna que alimenta un compresor (12);un sensor de corriente (144) que mide una pluralidad de valores de corriente basándose en la alimentación de corriente alterna; caracterizado porun controlador (24) que se configura para comunicar con el sensor de tensión (140) y el sensor de corriente (144), determinar un valor del factor de potencia basándose en al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de tensión y al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de corriente, y determinar un defecto en un capacitor (132) del compresor (12) basándose en una disminución en el valor del factor de potencia y un incremento en al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de corriente.
- 2. El sistema de la reivindicación 1, en el que el controlador (24) está configurado para comunicar una alerta a al menos uno de entre un usuario, un personal de servicio, un controlador del sistema, un servidor remoto, un termostato, un dispositivo móvil, y una dirección de e-mail basándose en el defecto determinado en el capacitor.
- 3. El sistema de la reivindicación 1, en el que el controlador (24) se configura para desactivar el compresor en respuesta a la determinación del defecto en el capacitor.
- 4. El sistema de la reivindicación 1, en el que el controlador (24) se configura para:recibir un primer valor de tensión y un primer valor de corriente y determinar un primer valor de factor de potencia;recibir un segundo valor de tensión y un segundo valor de corriente y determinar un segundo valor de factor de potencia; ydeterminar el defecto en el capacitor (132) y desactivar el compresor (12) cuando el segundo valor de factor de potencia es menor que el primer valor de factor de potencia y el segundo valor de corriente es mayor que el primer valor de corriente.
- 5. El sistema de la reivindicación 1, en el que el controlador (24) se configura para:determinar un primer valor de factor de potencia y, posteriormente, un segundo valor de factor de potencia; recibir un primer valor de corriente de la pluralidad de valores de corriente desde el sensor de corriente (144) y, posteriormente, un segundo valor de corriente de la pluralidad de valores de corriente desde el sensor de corriente (144); ydeterminar el defecto en el capacitor (132) basándose en (i) que el segundo valor del factor de potencia es menor que un umbral que se basa en el primer valor de factor de potencia y (ii) que el segundo valor de corriente es mayor que el primer valor de corriente.
- 6. El sistema de la reivindicación 1, que comprende adicionalmente:un sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro (124) que genera un valor de temperatura del aire de suministro;yun sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno (128) que genera un valor de temperatura del aire de retorno; en el que el sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro (124) y el sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno (128) se asocian con un sistema de aire acondicionado asociado con el compresor (12), y en el que el controlador (24) se configura para determinar un cambio de temperatura basándose en el valor de temperatura del aire de suministro y en el valor de temperatura del aire de retorno y confirmar el defecto determinado en el capacitor (132) basándose en el cambio de temperatura determinado.
- 7. El sistema de la reivindicación 1, que comprende adicionalmente:un sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro (124) que genera un valor de temperatura del aire de suministro;yun sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno (128) que genera un valor de temperatura del aire de retorno;en el que el sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro (124) y el sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno(128) se asocian con un sistema de aire acondicionado asociado con el compresor (12), yen el que el controlador (24) se configura para determinar una separación de temperatura basándose en unadiferencia entre el valor de temperatura del aire de suministro y el valor de temperatura del aire de retorno yconfirmar el defecto determinado en el capacitor (132) basándose en una condición estable de la separación detemperatura.5101520253035404550556065
- 8. El sistema de la reivindicación 1, que comprende adicionalmente:un sensor de temperatura de descarga del compresor (50) que genera un valor de temperatura de descarga del compresor,en el que el controlador (24) se configura para comunicar con el sensor de temperatura de descarga del compresor (50) y confirmar el defecto determinado en el capacitor (132) basándose en un estado estable del valor de temperatura de descarga del compresor.
- 9. Un método que comprende:medir, con un sensor de tensión (140), una pluralidad de valores de tensión basándose en una alimentación de corriente alterna que alimenta un compresor;medir, con un sensor de corriente (144), una pluralidad de valores de corriente basándose en la alimentación de corriente alterna; caracterizado pordeterminar, con un controlador (24) en comunicación con el sensor de tensión (140) y el sensor de corriente (144), un valor del factor de potencia basándose en al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de tensión y al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de corriente;determinar, con el controlador (24), un defecto en un capacitor (132) del compresor (12) basándose en una disminución en el valor del factor de potencia y un incremento en al menos uno de la pluralidad de valores de corriente; ycomunicar el defecto del capacitor (132) desde el controlador (24) a al menos uno de entre un usuario, un personal de servicio, un controlador del sistema, un servidor remoto, un termostato, un dispositivo móvil, y una dirección de e-mail.
- 10. El método de la reivindicación 9, que comprende adicionalmente desactivar el compresor (12), usando el controlador (24), en respuesta a la determinación del defecto en el capacitor (132).
- 11. El método de la reivindicación 9, que comprende adicionalmente:recibir un primer valor de tensión con el sensor de tensión (140) y un primer valor de corriente con el sensor de corriente (144);determinar un primer valor de factor de potencia con el controlador (24);recibir un segundo valor de tensión con el sensor de tensión (140) y un segundo valor de corriente con el sensor de corriente (144);determinar un segundo valor de factor de potencia con el controlador (24); ydeterminar, con el controlador (124), el defecto en el capacitor (132) y desactivar, con el controlador (24), el compresor cuando el segundo valor de factor de potencia es menor que el primer valor de factor de potencia y el segundo valor de corriente es mayor que el primer valor de corriente.
- 12. El método de la reivindicación 9, que comprende adicionalmente:determinar, con el controlador (24), un primer valor de factor de potencia y, posteriormente, un segundo valor de factor de potencia;medir, con el sensor de corriente (144), un primer valor de corriente de la pluralidad de valores de corriente y, posteriormente, un segundo valor de corriente de la pluralidad de valores de corriente; ydeterminar, con el controlador (24), el defecto en el capacitor (132) basándose en (i) que el segundo valor de factor de potencia es menor que un umbral que se basa en el primer valor de factor de potencia y (ii) que el segundo valor de corriente es mayor que el primer valor de corriente.
- 13. El método de la reivindicación 9, que comprende adicionalmente:generar un valor de temperatura del aire de suministro con un sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro (124);generar un valor de temperatura del aire de retorno con un sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno (120), en el que el sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro (124) y el sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno (128) se asocian con un sistema de aire acondicionado asociado con el compresor (12);determinar, con el controlador (24), un cambio de temperatura basándose en el valor de temperatura del aire de suministro y el valor de temperatura del aire de retorno; yconfirmar el defecto determinado en el capacitor (132) en base al cambio de temperatura determinado.
- 14. El método de la reivindicación 9, que comprende adicionalmente:generar un valor de temperatura del aire de suministro con un sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro (124);generar un valor de temperatura del aire de retorno con un sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno (128),10en el que el sensor de temperatura del aire de suministro (124) y el sensor de temperatura del aire de retorno (128) se asocian con un sistema de aire acondicionado asociado con el compresor (12);determinar, con el controlador (24), una separación de temperatura basándose en una diferencia entre el valor de temperatura del aire de suministro y el valor de temperatura del aire de retorno; yconfirmar el defecto determinado en el capacitor (132) basándose en una condición estable de la separación de temperatura.
- 15. El método de la reivindicación 9, que comprende adicionalmente:generar un valor de temperatura de descarga del compresor con un sensor de temperatura de descarga del compresor (50); yconfirmar, con el controlador (24), el defecto determinado en el capacitor (132) basándose en un estado estable del valor de temperatura de descarga del compresor.
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| US201314033604 | 2013-09-23 | ||
| PCT/US2013/061389 WO2014052307A1 (en) | 2012-09-25 | 2013-09-24 | Compressor having a control and diagnostic module |
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| US9310439B2 (en) | 2016-04-12 |
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| CN104685212B (zh) | 2016-10-19 |
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| US20160226416A1 (en) | 2016-08-04 |
| AU2013323760B2 (en) | 2016-07-14 |
| EP2917584B1 (en) | 2017-12-20 |
| AU2013323760A1 (en) | 2015-03-26 |
| EP2917584A4 (en) | 2016-08-03 |
| WO2014052307A1 (en) | 2014-04-03 |
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