Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07D—HETEROCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07D405/00—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom
  • C07D405/02—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings
  • C07D405/12—Heterocyclic compounds containing both one or more hetero rings having oxygen atoms as the only ring hetero atoms, and one or more rings having nitrogen as the only ring hetero atom containing two hetero rings linked by a chain containing hetero atoms as chain links
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
  • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
  • A01N43/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds
  • A01N43/34—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom
  • A01N43/40—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing heterocyclic compounds having rings with one nitrogen atom as the only ring hetero atom six-membered rings
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
  • A61P33/10—Anthelmintics
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
  • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
  • A61P33/00—Antiparasitic agents
  • A61P33/14—Ectoparasiticides, e.g. scabicides

Definitions

• the present application relates to novel substituted enaminocarbonyl compounds, to processes for their preparation and to their use for controlling animal pests, especially arthropods, in particular insects.
• Substituted enaminocarbonyl compounds are already known as insecticidally active compounds (cf. EP 0 539 588 A1, DE 102004047922 A1).
• novel compounds of the formula (I) have strongly pronounced biological properties and are suitable especially for controlling animal pests, in particular insects, arachnids and nematodes encountered in agriculture, in forests, in the protection of stored products and in the protection of materials, and also in the hygiene sector.
• the compounds of the formula (I) may be present as geometrical and/or as optically active isomers or corresponding isomer mixtures of varying composition.
• the invention relates both to the pure isomers and the isomer mixtures.
• the formula (I) provides a general definition of the compounds according to the invention.
• A represents 2-methylpyrimidin-5-yl
• A represents 2-chloropyrimidin-5-yl
• A represents 3-methylisoxazol-5-yl
• A represents 3-bromoisoxazol-5-yl
• A represents 5-fluoro-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
• A represents 5,6-dichloropyrid-3-yl
• A represents 5-fluoro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
• A represents 5-fluoro-6-iodopyrid-3-yl
• A represents 5-chloro-6-iodopyrid-3-yl
• R 3 represents hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 2-chloropyrimidin-5-yl,
• R 3 represents hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-fluoro-6-chloropyrid-3-yl,
• R 3 represents hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5,6-dichloropyrid-3-yl
• R 3 represents hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-bromo-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
• R 3 represents hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-methyl-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
• R 3 represents hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-fluoro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
• R 3 represents hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-chloro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
• R 3 represents hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-chloro-6-iodopyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 2-chloropyrimidin-5-yl,
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-fluoro-6-chloropyrid-3-yl,
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5,6-dichloropyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-bromo-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-methyl-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-fluoro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-chloro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents oxygen and A represents 5-chloro-6-iodopyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents methylene and A represents 2-chloropyrimidin-5-yl,
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents methylene and A represents 5-fluoro-6-chloropyrid-3-yl,
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents methylene and A represents 5,6-dichloropyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents methylene and A represents 5-bromo-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents methylene and A represents 5-methyl-6-chloropyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents methylene and A represents 5-fluoro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents methylene and A represents 5-chloro-6-bromopyrid-3-yl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen, B represents methylene and A represents 5-chloro-6-iodo-pyrid-3-yl
• R 1 represents difluoromethyl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen
• B represents oxygen
• R 1 represents 2-fluoroethyl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen and B represents oxygen.
• R 1 represents 2,2-difluoroethyl
• R 2 an R 3 represent hydrogen
• B represents oxygen
• R 1 represents difluoromethyl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen
• B represents methylene
• R 1 represents 2-fluoroethyl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen
• B represents methylene
• R 1 represents 2,2-difluoroethyl
• R 2 and R 3 represent hydrogen and B represents methylene.
• radical definitions or illustrations given above apply both to the end products and, correspondingly, to precursors and intermediates. These radical definitions can be combined with one another as desired, i.e. including combinations between the respective preferred ranges.
• the compound of the formula (II) is, for example, tetronic acid and the compound of the formula (III) is, for example, N-[(6-chloro-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-2,2-difluoroethane-1-amine
• preparation process 1 can be represented by the reaction scheme I below:
• the formula (II) provides a general definition of the compounds required as starting materials for carrying out the process 1 according to the invention.
• B, R 2 and R 3 preferably represent those radicals which have already been mentioned in connection with the description of the compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention as preferred substituents.
• Some of the compounds of the formula (II) can be obtained commercially or by methods known form the literature (cf., for example, compounds of the general formula (II) in which B represents oxygen:tetronic acids (Said, A. Speciality Chemicals Magazine (1984), 4(4), 7-8; Rao, Y. S. Chem. Rev. (1976), 76, 625-694; Tejedor, D.; Garcia-Tellado, F. Org. Preparations and Procedures International (2004), 36, 35-59; Reviews); compounds of the general formula (II) in which B represents sulphur:thiotetronic acids (Thomas, E. J. Special Publication—Royal Society of Chemistry (1988), 65 (Top. Med.
• the formula (III) provides a general definition of the compounds furthermore to be used as starting materials for carrying out the process 1 according to the invention.
• a and R 1 have the meanings already mentioned in connection with the description of the compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention.
• Methyl-substituted compounds can be converted by oxidation into corresponding carboxylic acids (A-COOH, for example 5-fluoro-6-bromonicotinic acid: F. L. Setliff, G. O. Rankin, J. Chem. Eng. Data (1972), 17, 515-516; 5-chloro-6-bromonicotinic acid and 5,6-dibromonicotinic acid: F. L. Setliff et al., J. Chem. Eng. Data (1981), 26, 332-333; 5-iodo-6-bromonicotinic acid: F. L. Setliff et al., J. Chem. Eng.
• the latter can also be obtained from corresponding compounds which contain a methyl group (A-CH 3 ) using suitable halogenating agents known from the literature.
• 6-halo-substituted 5-nitro- ⁇ -picolines for example, gives 6-halo-substituted 5-amino- ⁇ -picolines (A-2, for example 5-amino-6-chloro- ⁇ -picoline and 5-amino-6-bromo- ⁇ -picoline: Setliff, F. L. Org. Preparations and Preparations Int. (1971), 3, 217-222; Kagabu, S. et al. J. Pestic. Sci. (2005), 30, 409-413). Subsequent diazotisation and Sandmeyer reaction (C. F. H. Allen, J. R. Thirtle, Org. Synth., Coll. Vol.
• A-4 for example 5-fluoro-6-chloronicotinic acid and 5-fluoro-6-bromonicotinic acid: Setliff F. L., Rankin G. O. J. Chem. Engineering Data (1972), 17, 515-516; 5-bromo-6-fluoronicotinic acid, 5-bromo-6-chloronicotinic acid and 5-bromo-6-bromonicotinic acid: F. L. Setliff J. Chem.
• 6-chloro-5-nitronicotinic acid (A-4, X ⁇ Cl, Y ⁇ NO 2 ; Boyer, J. H.; Schoen, W., J. Am. Chem. Soc. (1956), 78, 423-425)
• 6-chloro-3-hydroxymethyl-5-nitro-pyridine (A-5, X ⁇ Cl, Y ⁇ NO 2 ; Kagabu, S. et al., J. Med. Chem. (2000), 43, 5003-5009)
• 6-chloro-3-hydroxymethyl-5-aminopyridine (A-5, X ⁇ Cl, Y ⁇ NH 2 ; Kagabu, S. et al., J. Med. Chem.
• 6-chloro-3-hydroxymethyl-5-azidopyridine A-5, X ⁇ CI, Y ⁇ N 3 ; Kagabu, S. et al., J. Med. Chem. (2000), 43, 5003-5009).
• Subsequent halogenation with thionyl chloride gives 6-chloro-3-chloromethyl-5-azidopyridine (VII, X ⁇ Cl, Y ⁇ N 3 , E ⁇ Cl; Kagabu, S. et al., J. Med. Chem. (2000), 43, 5003-5009).
• halogenation of the methyl group in the 3-position of (A-3) gives compounds of the formula (VII) in which E represents halogen (for example: 3-bromomethyl-6-chloro-5-fluoropyridine, 3-bromomethyl-6-chloro-5-iodopyridine: Kagabu, S. et al. J. Pestic. Sci. (2005), 30, 409-413).
• E represents halogen
• 3-bromomethyl-6-chloro-5-fluoropyridine 3-bromomethyl-6-chloro-5-iodopyridine: Kagabu, S. et al. J. Pestic. Sci. (2005), 30, 409-413
• 6-halo-substituted 5-nitro- ⁇ -picolines (A-3; Y ⁇ NO 2 ) there may be initial halogenation of the methyl group in the 3-position (for example 3-bromomethyl-6-chloro-5-nitro-pyridine: Kagabu, S. et al., J.
• halogen atoms in the vicinity of the pyridine nitrogen by other halogen atoms or halogenated groups such as, for example, trifluoromethyl (transhalogenation, for example: chlorine for bromine or iodine; bromine for iodine or fluorine; iodine for fluorine or trifluoromethyl).
• a further alternative synthesis route entails exchange of the halogen atom (for example X ⁇ Cl) in the 6-position of the pyrid-5-yl radical (for example in A-4 where X, Y ⁇ Cl; 5,6-dichloronicotinic acid: Setliff, F. L.; Lane, J. E. J. Chem.
• halogen atom for example iodine or fluorine (for example: A-4 where X ⁇ I; 5-bromo-6-iodonicotinic acid and A-4 where X ⁇ F; 5-bromo-6-fluoronicotinic acid: Setliff, F. L.; Price, D. W. J. Chem. Engineering Data (1973), 18, 449-450).
• this transhalogenation may also, if appropriate, be carried out later in suitable compounds of the formula (I), as illustrated in reaction scheme X and by the working examples further below.
• diluents are advantageously employed in such an amount that the reaction mixture remains readily stirrable during the entire process.
• Suitable diluents for carrying out the process 1 according to the invention are all inert organic solvents.
• halogenated hydrocarbons in particular chlorinated hydrocarbons, such as tetrachloroethylene, tetrachloroethane, dichloropropane, methylene chloride, dichlorobutane, chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, trichloroethane, trichloroethylene, pentachloroethane, difluorobenzene, 1,2-dichloroethane, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, dichlorobenzene, chlorotoluene, trichlorobenzene; alcohols, such as methanol, ethanol, isopropanol, butanol; ethers, such as ethyl propyl ether, methyl tert-butyl ether, n-butyl ether, anisole, phenetole, cyclohexyl methyl ether, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, di
• cymene petroleum fractions having a boiling point interval of from 70° C. to 190° C., cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane, petroleum ether, ligroin, octane, benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, nitrobenzene, xylene; esters, such as methyl acetate, ethyl acetate, butyl acetate, isobutyl acetate, and also dimethyl carbonate, dibutyl carbonate, ethylene carbonate; amides, such as hexamethylenephosphoric triamide, formamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dipropylformamide, N,N-dibutylformamide, N-methylpyrrolidine, N-methylcaprolactam, 1,3-dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-
• preferred diluents for carrying out the process according to the invention are aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, nitrobenzene or xylene, in particular benzene and toluene.
• the preparation of compounds of the formula (I) according to preparation process 1 is generally carried out by reacting compounds of the formula (II) with compounds of the formula (III) in the presence of an acidic auxiliary in a diluent.
• the reaction time is generally from 10 minutes to 48 hours.
• the reaction is carried out at temperatures between ⁇ 10° C. and +200° C., preferably between +10° C. and 180° C., particularly preferably between 20° C. and 140° C.
• the reaction is preferably carried out under reaction conditions which allow water to be separated off or to be removed, for example with the aid of a water separator or by adding suitable molecular sieves, which also allow water to be removed.
• the reaction can be carried out under atmospheric pressure.
• the reaction is preferably carried out under atmospheric pressure or under pressures of up to 15 bar and, if appropriate, under an atmosphere of protective gas (nitrogen, helium or argon).
• protective gas nitrogen, helium or argon
• Suitable acidic auxiliaries are, for example, p-toluenesulphonic acid or acetic acid.
• the compound of the formula (Ia) is, for example, 4-[[(6-bromo-5-chloropyridin-3-yl)methyl]amino]furan-2(5H)-one and the compound of the formula (IV) is 1-bromo-1,1-dichloroprop-1-ene
• preparation process 2 can be represented by reaction scheme VI below:
• the formula (Ia) provides a general definition of the compounds required as starting materials for carrying out the process 2 according to the invention.
• A, B, R 2 and R 3 preferably represent those radicals which have already been mentioned in connection with the description of the compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention as preferred substituents.
• the compounds of the formula (Ia) can be obtained by preparation process 1, described further above, for example by reacting compounds of the formula (II) with compounds of the formula (III) in which R 1 represents hydrogen.
• the formula (IV) provides a general definition of the compounds further to be used as starting materials for carrying out the process 2 according to the invention.
• E and R 1 have the meanings already mentioned in connection with the description of the compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention.
• Diluents are advantageously employed in such an amount that the reaction mixture remains readily stirrable during the entire process.
• Suitable diluents for carrying out the process 2 according to the invention are all inert organic solvents.
• Preferred diluents for carrying out the process 2 according to the invention are ethers, such as methyl tert-butyl ether, n-butyl ether, anisole, phenetole, cyclohexyl methyl ether, diisopropyl ether, diisobutyl ether, diisoamyl ether, ethylene glycol dimethyl ether, tetrahydrofuran, dioxane, dichlorodiethyl ether and polyethers of ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxid; amides, such as hexamethylenephosphoric triamide, formamide, N-methylformamide, N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-dipropylformamide, N,N-dibutylformamide; aromatic hydrocarbons, such as N-methylbenzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, nitrobenzene, xylene; ketones, such as ace
• preferred diluents for carrying out the process 2 according to the invention are ethers, such as methyl tert-butyl ether or cyclic ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran and dioxane, amides, such as N,N-dimethylformamide, aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene or toluene; ketones, such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone or methyl butyl ketone.
• Suitable for use as basic reaction auxiliaries for carrying out the process 2 according to the invention are all suitable acid binders, such as amines, in particular tertiary amines, and also alkali metal and alkaline earth metal compounds.
• hydroxides, hydrides, oxides and carbonates of lithium, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium and barium furthermore other basic compounds, such as amidine bases or guanidine bases, such as 7-methyl-1,5,7-triazabicyclo[4.4.0]dec-5-ene (MTBD); diazabicyclo[4.3.0]nonene (DBN), diazabicyclo[2.2.2]octane (DABCO), 1,8-diazabicyclo[5.4.0]undecene (DBU), cyclohexyltetrabutylguanidine (CyTBG), cyclohexyltetramethylguanidine (CyTMG), N,N,N,N-tetramethyl-1,8-naphthalenediamine, pentamethylpiperidine, tertiary amines, such as triethylamine, trimethylamine, tribenzylamine, triisopropylamine, tributylamine
• the reaction time is generally from 10 minutes to 48 hours.
• the reaction is carried out at temperatures between ⁇ 10° C. and +200° C., preferably between +10° C. and 180° C., particularly preferably between 60° C. and 140° C.
• the reaction can be carried out under atmospheric pressure.
• the reaction is preferably carried out under atmospheric pressure or under pressures of up to 15 bar and, if appropriate, under an atmosphere of protective gas (nitrogen, helium or argon).
• the preparation process 3 in a first reaction step, the compound of the formula (II) used is, for example, tetronic acid and the compound of the formula (V) is 2-fluoroethylamine hydrochloride, and, in a second reaction step, the resulting compound of the general formula (VI) is 4-[(2-fluoroethyl)amino)furan-2(5H)-one, which is N-alkylated with compounds of the formula (VII), for example 3-bromomethyl-5,6-dichloropyridine, the preparation process 3 can be represented by reaction scheme VII below:
• the formula (V) provides a general definition of the compounds further to be used as starting materials for carrying out the process 3 according to the invention.
• R 1 has the meaning already mentioned in connection with the description of the compounds of the general formula (I) according to the invention.
• the amino compounds of the formula (V) are defined in a general manner, and in many cases some of them are commercially available, or they can be obtained in a manner known per se by the Leuckart-Wallach reaction (for example 2-fluoroethylamine: U.S. Pat. No. 4,030,994 (1977); compounds of the general formula V in which R 1 represents alkyl, primary amines: cf., for example, Houben-Weyl, Methoden der Organischen Chemie, Vol. XI/1, 4. Ed. 1957, G. Thieme Verlag, Stuttgart, p. 648; M. L. Moore in “The Leuckart Reaction” in: Organic Reactions, vol. 5, 2. Ed. 1952, New York, John Wiley & Sons, Inc. London).
• diluents are advantageously employed in such an amount that the reaction mixture remains readily stirrable during the entire process.
• Suitable diluents for carrying out the process 3 according to the invention are all inert organic solvents.
• Preferred diluents for carrying out the process 3 according to the invention are aromatic hydrocarbons, such as benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, nitrobenzene or xylene, in particular benzene and toluene.
• the compounds of the formula (VI) are N-alkylated with compounds of the formula (VII).
• Diluents are advantageously employed in such an amount that the reaction mixture remains readily stirrable during the entire process.
• Suitable diluents for carrying out the process 3 according to the invention are all inert organic solvents.
• Suitable diluents for the second reaction step are, for example, ethers, such as tetrahydrofuran or dioxane.
• Suitable basic reaction auxiliaries for the second reaction step are strong bases, such as, for example, sodium hydride.
• the reaction time is generally from 10 minutes to 48 hours.
• the reaction is carried out at temperatures between ⁇ 10° C. and +200° C., preferably between +10° C. and 180° C., particularly preferably between 60° C. and 140° C.
• the reaction is preferably carried out under reaction conditions which allow water to be separated off or to be removed, for example with the aid of a water separator.
• the compounds of the formula (I) can be present in different polymorphic forms or as a mixture of different polymorphic forms. Both the pure polymorphs and the polymorph mixtures are provided by the invention and can be used according to the invention.
• the active compounds according to the invention in combination with good plant tolerance and favourable toxicity to warm-blooded animals and being tolerated well by the environment, are suitable for protecting plants and plant organs, for increasing the harvest yields, for improving the quality of the harvested material and for controlling animal pests, in particular insects, arachnids, helminths, nematodes and molluscs, which are encountered in agriculture, in horticulture, in animal husbandry, in forests, in gardens and leisure facilities, in the protection of stored products and of materials, and in the hygiene sector. They may be preferably employed as plant protection agents. They are active against normally sensitive and resistant species and against all or some stages of development.
• the abovementioned pests include:
• Anoplura for example, Damalinia spp., Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Trichodectes spp.
• Acarus siro Aceria sheldoni, Aculops spp., Aculus spp., Amblyomma spp., Argas spp., Boophilus spp., Brevipalpus spp., Bryobia praetiosa, Chorioptes spp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Eotetranychus spp., Epitrimerus pyri, Eutetranychus spp., Eriophyes spp., Hemitarsonemus spp., Hyalomma spp., Ixodes spp., Latrodectus mactans, Metatetranychus spp., Oligonychus spp., Ornithodoros spp., Panonychus spp., Phyllocoptruta oleivora, Polyphagotarsonemus lat
• Gastropoda From the class of the Gastropoda, for example, Anion spp., Biomphalaria spp., Bulinus spp., Deroceras spp., Galba spp., Lymaea spp., Oncomelania spp., Succinea spp.
• helminths from the class of the helminths, for example, Ancylostoma duodenale, Ancylostoma ceylanicum, Acylostoma braziliensis, Ancylostoma spp., Ascaris lubricoides, Ascaris spp., Brugia malayi, Brugia timori, Bunostomum spp., Chabertia spp., Clonorchis spp., Cooperia spp., Dicrocoelium spp, Dictyocaulus filaria, Diphyllobothrium latum, Dracunculus medinensis, Echinococcus granulosus, Echinococcus multilocularis, Enterobius vermicularis, Faciola spp., Haemonchus spp., Heterakis spp., Hymenolepis nana, Hyostrongulus spp., Lo
• From the order of the Homoptera for example, Acyrthosipon spp., Aeneolamia spp., Agonoscena spp., Aleurodes spp., Aleurolobus barodensis, Aleurothrixus spp., Amrasca spp., Anuraphis cardui, Aonidiella spp., Aphanostigma piri, Aphis spp., Arboridia apicalis, Aspidiella spp., Aspidiotus spp., Atanus spp., Aulacorthum solani, Bemisia spp., Brachycaudus helichrysii, Brachycolus spp., Brevicoryne brassicae, Calligypona marginata, Carneocephala fulgida, Ceratovacuna lanigera, Cercopidae, Ceroplastes s
• Hymenoptera From the order of the Hymenoptera , for example, Diprion spp., Hoplocampa spp., Lasius spp., Monomorium pharaonis, Vespa spp.
• Isopoda for example, Armadillidium vulgare, Oniscus asellus, Porcellio scaber.
• Lepidoptera From the order of the Lepidoptera , for example, Acronicta major, Aedia leucomelas, Agrotis spp., Alabama argillacea, Anticarsia spp., Barathra brassicae, Bucculatrix thurberiella, Bupalus piniarius, Cacoecia podana, Capua reticulana, Carpocapsa pomonella, Chematobia brumata, Chilo spp., Choristoneura fumiferana, Clysia ambiguella, Cnaphalocerus spp., Earias insulana, Ephestia kuehniella, Euproctis chrysorrhoea, Euxoa spp., Feltia spp., Galleria mellonella, Helicoverpa spp., Heliothis spp., Hofmannophila pseudospretella, Homon
• Orthoptera for example, Acheta domesticus, Blatta orientalis, Blattella germanica, Gryllotalpa spp., Leucophaea maderae, Locusta spp., Melanoplus spp., Periplaneta americana, Schistocerca gregaria.
• Siphonaptera for example, Ceratophyllus spp., Xenopsylla cheopis.
• Symphyla for example, Scutigerella immaculata.
• Thysanoptera From the order of the Thysanoptera, for example, Basothrips biformis, Enneothrips flavens, Frankliniella spp., Heliothrips spp., Hercinothrips femoralis, Kakothrips spp., Rhipiphorothrips cruentatus, Scirtothrips spp., Taeniothrips cardamoni, Thrips spp.
• Thysanura for example, Lepisma saccharina.
• the phytoparasitic nematodes include, for example, Anguina spp., Aphelenchoides spp., Belonoaimus spp., Bursaphelenchus spp., Ditylenchus dipsaci, Globodera spp., Heliocotylenchus spp., Heterodera spp., Longidorus spp., Meloidogyne spp., Pratylenchus spp., Radopholus similis, Rotylenchus spp., Trichodorus spp., Tylenchorhynchus spp., Tylenchulus spp., Tylenchulus semipenetrans, Xiphinema spp.
• the compounds according to the invention can, at certain concentrations or application rates, also be used as herbicides, safeners, growth regulators or agents to improve plant properties, or as microbicides, for example as fungicides, antimycotics, bactericides, viricides (including agents against viroids) or as agents against MLO (mycoplasma-like organisms) and RLO (rickettsia-like organisms). If appropriate, they can also be employed as intermediates or precursors for the synthesis of other active compounds.
• the active compounds can be converted to the customary formulations, such as solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, water- and oil-based suspensions, powders, dusts, pastes, soluble powders, soluble granules, granules for broadcasting, suspension-emulsion concentrates, natural materials impregnated with active compound, synthetic materials impregnated with active compound, fertilizers and microencapsulations in polymeric substances.
• customary formulations such as solutions, emulsions, wettable powders, water- and oil-based suspensions, powders, dusts, pastes, soluble powders, soluble granules, granules for broadcasting, suspension-emulsion concentrates, natural materials impregnated with active compound, synthetic materials impregnated with active compound, fertilizers and microencapsulations in polymeric substances.
• formulations are produced in a known manner, for example by mixing the active compounds with extenders, that is liquid solvents and/or solid carriers, optionally with the use of surfactants, that is emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foam-formers.
• extenders that is liquid solvents and/or solid carriers
• surfactants that is emulsifiers and/or dispersants and/or foam-formers.
• the formulations are prepared either in suitable plants or else before or during the application.
• auxiliaries are substances which are suitable for imparting to the composition itself and/or to preparations derived therefrom (for example spray liquors, seed dressings) particular properties such as certain technical properties and/or also particular biological properties.
• suitable auxiliaries are: extenders, solvents and carriers.
• Suitable extenders are, for example, water, polar and nonpolar organic chemical liquids, for example from the classes of the aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons (such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes), the alcohols and polyols (which, if appropriate, may also be substituted, etherified and/or esterified), the ketones (such as acetone, cyclohexanone), esters (including fats and oils) and (poly)ethers, the unsubstituted and substituted amines, amides, lactams (such as N-alkylpyrrolidones) and lactones, the sulphones and sulphoxides (such as dimethyl sulphoxide).
• aromatic and non-aromatic hydrocarbons such as paraffins, alkylbenzenes, alkylnaphthalenes, chlorobenzenes
• the alcohols and polyols
• suitable liquid solvents are: aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes, chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride, aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclohexane or paraffins, for example petroleum fractions, mineral and vegetable oils, alcohols such as butanol or glycol and also their ethers and esters, ketones such as acetone, methyl ethyl ketone, methyl isobutyl ketone or cyclohexanone, strongly polar solvents such as dimethyl sulphoxide, and also water.
• aromatics such as xylene, toluene or alkylnaphthalenes
• chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons such as chlorobenzenes, chloroethylenes or methylene chloride
• aliphatic hydrocarbons such as cyclo
• Suitable solid carriers are:
• suitable solid carriers for granules are: for example, crushed and fractionated natural rocks such as calcite, marble, pumice, sepiolite and dolomite, and also synthetic granules of inorganic and organic meals, and granules of organic material such as paper, sawdust, coconut shells, maize cobs and tobacco stalks;
• suitable emulsifiers and/or foam-formers are: for example, nonionic and anionic emulsifiers, such as polyoxyethylene fatty acid esters, polyoxyethylene fatty alcohol ethers, for example alkylaryl polyglycol ethers, alkylsulphonates, alkyl sulphates, arylsulphonates and also protein hydroly
• oligo- or polymers for example those derived from vinylic monomers, from acrylic acid, from EO and/or PO alone or in combination with, for example, (poly)alcohols or (poly)amines. It is also possible to employ lignin and its sulphonic acid derivatives, unmodified and modified celluloses, aromatic and/or aliphatic sulphonic acids and their adducts with formaldehyde.
• Tackifiers such as carboxymethylcellulose natural and synthetic polymers in the form of powders, granules or latices, such as gum arabic, polyvinyl alcohol and polyvinyl acetate, as well as natural phospholipids such as cephalins and lecithins, and synthetic phospholipids, can be used in the formulations.
• colorants such as inorganic pigments, for example iron oxide, titanium oxide and Prussian Blue, and organic dyestuffs, such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs and metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs, and trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• organic dyestuffs such as alizarin dyestuffs, azo dyestuffs and metal phthalocyanine dyestuffs
• trace nutrients such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• perfumes mineral or vegetable, optionally modified oils, waxes and nutrients (including trace nutrients), such as salts of iron, manganese, boron, copper, cobalt, molybdenum and zinc.
• Stabilizers such as low-temperature stabilizers, preservatives, antioxidants, light stabilizers or other agents which improve chemical and/or physical stability may also be present.
• the formulations generally comprise between 0.01 and 98% by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.5 and 90%.
• the active compound according to the invention can be used in its commercially available formulations and in the use forms, prepared from these formulations, as a mixture with other active compounds, such as insecticides, attractants, sterilizing agents, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth-regulating substances, herbicides, safeners, fertilizers or semiochemicals.
• active compounds such as insecticides, attractants, sterilizing agents, bactericides, acaricides, nematicides, fungicides, growth-regulating substances, herbicides, safeners, fertilizers or semiochemicals.
• bronopol dichlorophen, nitrapyrin, nickel dimethyldithiocarbamate, kasugamycin, octhilinone, furancarboxylic acid, oxytetracycline, probenazole, streptomycin, tecloftalam, copper sulphate and other copper preparations.
• Acetylcholine receptor modulators are Acetylcholine receptor modulators
• Oxidative Phosphorylation Decouplers Acting by Interrupting the H-Proton Gradient
• a mixture with other known active compounds, such as herbicides, fertilizers, growth regulators, safeners, semiochemicals, or else with agents for improving the plant properties, is also possible.
• the active compounds according to the invention can furthermore be present in their commercially available formulations and in the use forms, prepared from these formulations, as a mixture with synergists.
• Synergists are compounds which increase the action of the active compounds, without it being necessary for the synergistic agent added to be active itself.
• the active compounds according to the invention can furthermore be present in their commercially available formulations and in the use forms, prepared from these formulations, as mixtures with inhibitors which reduce degradation of the active compound after use in the environment of the plant, on the surface of parts of plants or in plant tissues.
• the active compound content of the use forms prepared from the commercially available formulations can vary within wide limits.
• the active compound concentration of the use forms can be from 0.00000001 to 95% by weight of active compound, preferably between 0.00001 and 1% by weight.
• Plants are to be understood as meaning in the present context all plants and plant populations such as desired and undesired wild plants or crop plants (including naturally occurring crop plants).
• Crop plants can be plants which can be obtained by conventional plant breeding and optimization methods or by biotechnological and genetic engineering methods or by combinations of these methods, including the transgenic plants and including the plant cultivars protectable or not protectable by plant breeders' rights.
• Plant parts are to be understood as meaning all parts and organs of plants above and below the ground, such as shoot, leaf, flower and root, examples which may be mentioned being leaves, needles, stalks, stems, flowers, fruit bodies, fruits, seeds, roots, tubers and rhizomes.
• the plant parts also include harvested material, and vegetative and generative propagation material, for example cuttings, tubers, rhizomes, offshoots and seeds.
• Treatment according to the invention of the plants and plant parts with the active compound combinations is carried out directly or by allowing the compounds to act on the surroundings, habitat or storage space by the customary treatment methods, for example by immersion, spraying, evaporation, fogging, scattering, painting on and, in the case of propagation material, in particular in the case of seeds, also by applying one or more coats.
• the mixtures according to the invention are particularly suitable for treating seed.
• the combinations according to the invention mentioned above as preferred or particularly preferred may be mentioned as being preferred.
• This phase is particularly critical since the roots and shoots of the growing plant are particularly sensitive and even minor damage can lead to the death of the whole plant. Protecting the seed and the germinating plant by the use of suitable compositions is therefore of particularly great interest.
• the present invention therefore in particular also relates to a method for the protection of seed and germinating plants from attack by pests, by treating the seed with a composition according to the invention.
• the invention likewise relates to the use of the compositions according to the invention for the treatment of seed for protecting the seed and the resulting plant from pests.
• the invention relates to seed which has been treated with a composition according to the invention so as to afford protection from pests.
• compositions according to the invention mean that treatment of the seed with these compositions not only protects the seed itself, but also the resulting plants after emergence, from pests. In this manner, the immediate treatment of the crop at the time of sowing or shortly thereafter can be dispensed with.
• a further advantage is the synergistically increased insecticidal activity of the compositions according to the invention in comparison with the insecticidal individual active compound, which exceeds the activity to be expected of the two active compounds when applied individually. Also advantageous is the synergistically increased fungicidal activity of the compositions according to the invention in comparison with the fungicidal individual active compound, which exceeds the activity to be expected of the active compound when applied individually. This makes possible an optimization of the amount of active compound employed.
• the mixtures according to the invention can also be employed in particular in transgenic seed, the plants arising from this seed being capable of expressing a protein directed against pests.
• certain pests can be controlled merely by the expression of the, for example, insecticidal protein, and additionally be protected by the compositions according to the invention against damage.
• compositions according to the invention are suitable for protecting seed of any plant variety as already mentioned above which is employed in agriculture, in the greenhouse, in forests or in horticulture.
• this takes the form of seed of maize, peanut, canola, oilseed rape, poppy, soya beans, cotton, beet (for example sugar beet and fodder beet), rice, sorghum and millet, wheat, barley, oats, rye, sunflower, tobacco, potatoes or vegetables (for example tomatoes, cabbage plants).
• the compositions according to the invention are likewise suitable for treating the seed of fruit plants and vegetables as already mentioned above. The treatment of the seed of maize, soya beans, cotton, wheat and canola or oilseed rape is of particular importance.
• transgenic seed is also of particular importance.
• the heterologous genes in transgenic seed may be derived from microorganisms such as Bacillus, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas, Serratia, Trichoderma, Clavibacter, Glomus or Gliocladium .
• the present invention is particularly suitable for the treatment of transgenic seed which comprises at least one heterologous gene originating from Bacillus sp. and whose gene product shows activity against the European corn borer and/or the corn root worm. It is particularly preferably a heterologous gene derived from Bacillus thuringiensis.
• the composition according to the invention is applied to the seed either alone or in a suitable formulation.
• the seed is treated in a state which is stable enough to avoid damage during treatment.
• the seed may be treated at any point in time between harvest and sowing.
• the seed usually used has been separated from the plant and freed from cobs, shells, stalks, coats, hairs or the flesh of the fruits.
• the amount of the composition according to the invention applied to the seed and/or the amount of further additives is chosen in such a way that the germination of the seed is not adversely affected, or that the resulting plant is not damaged. This must be borne in mind in particular in the case of active compounds which may have phytotoxic effects at certain application rates.
• plants and their parts it is possible to treat all plants and their parts according to the invention.
• wild plant species and plant cultivars, or those obtained by conventional biological breeding methods, such as crossing or protoplast fusion, and parts thereof, are treated.
• transgenic plants and plant cultivars obtained by genetic engineering methods, if appropriate in combination with conventional methods (Genetically Modified Organisms), and parts thereof are treated.
• the terms “parts”, “parts of plants” and “plant parts” have been explained above.
• plants of the plant cultivars which are in each case commercially available or in use are treated according to the invention.
• Plant cultivars are to be understood as meaning plants having novel properties (“traits”) which have been obtained by conventional breeding, by mutagenesis or by recombinant DNA techniques. These can be cultivars, bio- or genotypes.
• transgenic plants or plant cultivars which are preferably to be treated according to the invention include all plants which, by virtue of the genetic modification, received genetic material which imparts particularly advantageous, useful traits to these plants. Examples of such traits are better plant growth, increased tolerance to high or low temperatures, increased tolerance to drought or to water or soil salt content, increased flowering performance, easier harvesting, accelerated maturation, higher harvest yields, higher quality and/or a higher nutritional value of the harvested products, better storage stability and/or processability of the harvested products.
• transgenic plants which may be mentioned are the important crop plants, such as cereals (wheat, rice), maize, soya beans, potatoes, sugar beet, tomatoes, peas and other vegetable varieties, cotton, tobacco, oilseed rape and also fruit plants (with the fruits apples, pears, citrus fruits and grapes), and particular emphasis is given to maize, soya beans, potatoes, cotton, tobacco and oilseed rape.
• Traits that are emphasized in particular are increased defence of the plants against insects, arachnids, nematodes and slugs and snails by virtue of toxins formed in the plants, in particular those formed in the plants by the genetic material from Bacillus thuringiensis (for example by the genes CryIA(a), CryIA(b), CryIA(c), CryIIA, CryIIIA, CryIIIB2, Cry9c, Cry2Ab, Cry3Bb and CryIF and also combinations thereof) (referred to hereinbelow as “Bt plants”).
• Bacillus thuringiensis for example by the genes CryIA(a), CryIA(b), CryIA(c), CryIIA, CryIIIA, CryIIIB2, Cry9c, Cry2Ab, Cry3Bb and CryIF and also combinations thereof
• Traits that are also particularly emphasized are the increased defence of the plants against fungi, bacteria and viruses by systemic acquired resistance (SAR), systemin, phytoalexins, elicitors and resistance genes and correspondingly expressed proteins and toxins. Traits that are furthermore particularly emphasized are the increased tolerance of the plants to certain herbicidally active compounds, for example imidazolinones, sulphonylureas, glyphosate or phosphinotricin (for example the “PAT” gene).
• the genes which impart the desired traits in question can also be present in combination with one another in the transgenic plants.
• Bt plants are maize varieties, cotton varieties, soya bean varieties and potato varieties which are sold under the trade names YIELD GARD® (for example maize, cotton, soya beans), KnockOut® (for example maize), StarLink® (for example maize), Bollgard® (cotton), Nucotn® (cotton) and NewLeaf® (potato).
• YIELD GARD® for example maize, cotton, soya beans
• KnockOut® for example maize
• StarLink® for example maize
• Bollgard® cotton
• Nucotn® cotton
• NewLeaf® potato
• herbicide-tolerant plants examples include maize varieties, cotton varieties and soya bean varieties which are sold under the trade names Roundup Ready® (tolerance to glyphosate, for example maize, cotton, soya beans), Liberty Link® (tolerance to phosphinotricin, for example oilseed rape), IMI® (tolerance to imidazolinones) and STS® (tolerance to sulphonylureas, for example maize).
• Herbicide-resistant plants plants bred in a conventional manner for herbicide tolerance
• Clearfield® for example maize.
• the plants listed can be treated according to the invention in a particularly advantageous manner with the compounds of the general formula I and/or the active compound mixtures according to the invention.
• the preferred ranges stated above for the active compounds or mixtures also apply to the treatment of these plants. Particular emphasis is given to the treatment of plants with the compounds or mixtures specifically mentioned in the present text.
• the active compounds according to the invention act not only against plant, hygiene and stored product pests, but also in the veterinary medicine sector against animal parasites (ecto- and endoparasites), such as hard ticks, soft ticks, mange mites, leaf mites, flies (biting and licking), parasitic fly larvae, lice, hair lice, feather lice and fleas.
• animal parasites ecto- and endoparasites
• ecto- and endoparasites such as hard ticks, soft ticks, mange mites, leaf mites, flies (biting and licking), parasitic fly larvae, lice, hair lice, feather lice and fleas.
• parasites include:
• Anoplurida for example, Haematopinus spp., Linognathus spp., Pediculus spp., Phtirus spp., Solenopotes spp.
• Nematocerina and Brachycerina for example, Aedes spp., Anopheles spp., Culex spp., Simulium spp., Eusimulium spp., Phlebotomus spp., Lutzomyia spp., Culicoides spp., Chrysops spp., Hybomitra spp., Atylotus spp., Tabanus spp., Haematopota spp., Philipomyia spp., Braula spp., Musca spp., Hydrotaea spp., Stomoxys spp., Haematobia spp., Morellia spp., Fannia spp., Glossina spp., Calliphora spp., Glossina spp., Chrysomyia s
• Actinedida Prostigmata
• Acaridida Acaridida
• Acarapis spp. Cheyletiella spp., Ornitrocheyletia spp., Myobia spp., Psorergates spp., Demodex spp., Trombicula spp., Listrophorus spp., Acarus spp., Tyrophagus spp., Caloglyphus spp., Hypodectes spp., Pterolichus spp., Psoroptes spp., Chorioptes spp., Otodectes spp., Sarcoptes spp., Notoedres spp., Knemidocoptes spp., Cytodites spp., Laminosioptes spp.
• the active compounds of the formula (I) according to the invention are also suitable for controlling arthropods which infest agricultural productive livestock, such as, for example, cattle, sheep, goats, horses, pigs, donkeys, camels, buffalo, rabbits, chickens, turkeys, ducks, geese and bees, other pets, such as, for example, dogs, cats, caged birds and aquarium fish, and also so-called test animals, such as, for example, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats and mice.
• arthropods By controlling these arthropods, cases of death and reduction in productivity (for meat, milk, wool, hides, eggs, honey etc.) should be diminished, so that more economic and easier animal husbandry is possible by use of the active compounds according to the invention.
• the active compounds according to the invention are used in the veterinary sector and in animal husbandry in a known manner by enteral administration in the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, potions, drenches, granules, pastes, boluses, the feed-through process and suppositories, by parenteral administration, such as, for example, by injections (intramuscular, subcutaneous, intravenous, intraperitoneal and the like), implants, by nasal application, by dermal use in the form, for example, of dipping or bathing, spraying, pouring on and spotting on, washing and powdering, and also with the aid of moulded articles containing the active compound, such as collars, ear marks, tail marks, limb bands, halters, marking devices and the like.
• enteral administration in the form of, for example, tablets, capsules, potions, drenches, granules, pastes, boluses, the feed-through process and suppositories
• parenteral administration such
• the active compounds of the formula (I) can be used as formulations (for example powders, emulsions, free-flowing compositions), which comprise the active compounds in an amount of from 1 to 80% by weight, directly or after 100 to 10 000-fold dilution, or they can be used as a chemical bath.
• the compounds according to the invention also have a strong insecticidal action against insects which destroy industrial materials.
• insects may be mentioned as examples and as preferred—but without any limitation:
• Hymenopterons such as Sirex juvencus, Urocerus gigas, Urocerus gigas taignus, Urocerus augur;
• Termites such as Kalotermes flavicollis, Cryptotermes brevis, Heterotermes indicola, Reticulitermes flavipes, Reticulitermes santonensis, Reticulitermes lucifugus, Mastotermes darwiniensis, Zootermopsis nevadensis, Coptotermes formosanus;
• Bristletails such as Lepisma saccharina.
• Industrial materials in the present connection are to be understood as meaning non-living materials, such as, preferably, plastics, adhesives, sizes, papers and cardboards, leather, wood and processed wood products and coating compositions.
• the ready-to-use compositions may, if appropriate, comprise further insecticides and, if appropriate, one or more fungicides.
• the compounds according to the invention can likewise be employed for protecting objects which come into contact with saltwater or brackish water, in particular hulls, screens, nets, buildings, moorings and signalling systems, against fouling.
• the compounds according to the invention may be employed as antifouling agents.
• the active compounds are also suitable for controlling animal pests, in particular insects, arachnids and mites, which are found in enclosed spaces such as, for example, dwellings, factory halls, offices, vehicle cabins and the like. They can be employed alone or in combination with other active compounds and auxiliaries in domestic insecticide products for controlling these pests. They are active against sensitive and resistant species and against all developmental stages. These pests include:
• Acarina for example, Argas persicus, Argas reflexus, Bryobia ssp., Dermanyssus gallinae, Glyciphagus domesticus, Ornithodorus moubat, Rhipicephalus sanguineus, Trombicula alfreddugesi, Neutrombicula autumnalis, Dermatophagoides pteronissimus, Dermatophagoides forinae.
• Opiliones From the order of the Opiliones, for example, Pseudoscorpiones chelifer, Pseudoscorpiones cheiridium, Opiliones phalangium.
• Saltatoria for example, Acheta domesticus.
• Anthrenus spp. From the order of the Coleoptera, for example, Anthrenus spp., Attagenus spp., Dermestes spp., Latheticus oryzae, Necrobia spp., Ptinus spp., Rhizopertha dominica, Sitophilus granarius, Sitophilus oryzae, Sitophilus zeamais, Stegobium paniceum.
• Aedes aegypti Aedes albopictus, Aedes taeniorhynchus, Anopheles spp., Calliphora erythrocephala, Chrysozona pluvialis, Culex quinquefasciatus, Culex pipiens, Culex tarsalis, Drosophila spp., Fannia canicularis, Musca domestica, Phlebotomus spp., Sarcophaga carnaria, Simulium spp., Stomoxys calcitrans, Tipula paludosa.
• Lepidoptera From the order of the Lepidoptera , for example, Achroia grisella, Galleria mellonella, Plodia interpunctella, Tinea cloacella, Tinea pellionella, Tineola bisselliella.
• Ctenocephalides canis Ctenocephalides felis, Pulex irritans, Tunga penetrans, Xenopsylla cheopis.
• Hymenoptera From the order of the Hymenoptera , for example, Camponotus herculeanus, Lasius fuliginosus, Lasius niger, Lasius umbratus, Monomorium pharaonis, Paravespula spp., Tetramorium caespitum.
• Pediculus humanus capitis for example, Pediculus humanus capitis, Pediculus humanus corporis, Pemphigus spp., Phylloera vastatrix, Phthirus pubis.
• aqueous phase is made alkaline using 2.5 N aqueous sodium hydroxide solution and extracted repeatedly with ethyl acetate.
• the combined organic phase is dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure, giving 370 mg (57% of theory) of N-[(6-chloro-5-fluoropyridin-3-yl)methyl]-2,2-difluoroethylamine.
• reaction mixture is washed with saturated aqueous sodium sulphite solution and sodium bicarbonate solution and then dried over sodium sulphate and concentrated under reduced pressure.
• Column chromatography of the residue on silica gel (silica gel 60-Merck, particle size: 0.04 to 0.063 mm) using the mobile phase mixture ethyl acetate:cyclohexane (1:20) gives 0.65 g (53% of theory) 6-chloro-3-chloromethyl-5-fluoropyridine.
• active compound 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier, and the concentrate is diluted with emulsifier-containing water to the desired concentration.
• Discs of Chinese cabbage leaves Brassica pekinensis ) which are infested by all stages of the green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae ) are sprayed with a preparation of active compound of the desired concentration.
• the effect in % is determined 100% means that all aphids have been killed; 0% means that none of the aphids have been killed.
• Nilanarvata lugens Test (NILALU Hydrononic Treatment)
• active compound 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier, and the concentrate is diluted with emulsifier-containing water to the desired concentration.
• the preparation of active compound is pipetted into water.
• the water is then infected with the brown planthopper ( Nilaparvata lugens ).
• the effect in % is determined. 100% means that all planthoppers have been killed; 0% means that none of the planthoppers have been killed.
• active compound 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier, and the concentrate is diluted with emulsifier-containing water to the desired concentration.
• Discs of cotton leaves Gossypium hirsutum ) which are infested by larvae of the whitefly ( Bemisia tabaci ) are sprayed with a preparation of active compound of the desired concentration.
• the effect in % is determined 100% means that all whiteflies have been killed; 0% means that none of the whiteflies have been killed.
• active compound 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier, and the concentrate is diluted with water to the desired concentration.
• Containers are filled with sand, active compound solution, Meloidogyne incognita egg/larvae suspension and lettuce seeds.
• the lettuce seeds germinate and the plants develop. On the roots, galls are formed.
• the nematicidal activity is determined by the formation of galls in %. 100% means that no galls were found; 0% means that the number of galls on the treated plants corresponds to that of the untreated controls.
• active compound 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier, and the concentrate is diluted with water to the desired concentration.
• the preparation of active compound is mixed with water.
• the treated water is filled into containers housing a pea plant ( Pisum sativum ) which is then infected with the green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae ).
• the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all aphids have been killed; 0% means that none of the aphids have been killed.
• active compound 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier, and the concentrate is diluted with emulsifier-containing water to the desired concentration.
• Cotton leaves which are heavily infested by the cotton aphid ( Aphis gossypii ) are treated by being dipped into the preparation of active compound of the desired concentration.
• the kill in % is determined 100% means that all aphids have been killed; 0% means that none of the aphids have been killed.
• active compound 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier, and the concentrate is diluted with water to the desired concentration.
• Cabbage plants Brassica oleracea ) which are heavily infested by the green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae ) are watered with a preparation of active compound of the desired concentration.
• the kill in % is determined 100% means that all aphids have been killed; 0% means that none of the aphids have been killed.
• active compound 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier, and the concentrate is diluted with water to the desired concentration.
• Cotton plants which are heavily infested by the cotton aphid ( Aphis gossypii ) are watered with a preparation of active compound of the desired concentration.
• the kill in % is determined. 100% means that all aphids have been killed; 0% means that none of the aphids have been killed.
• active compound 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amounts of solvent and emulsifier, and the concentrate is diluted with water to the desired concentration.
• the preparation of active compound is mixed with soil.
• the treated soil is filled into pots and planted with a bell pepper plant ( Capsicum annuum ). After one week, the plant is infected with the green peach aphid ( Myzus persicae ).
• the kill in % is determined 100% means that all aphids have been killed; 0% means that none of the aphids have been killed.
• CTECFE Ctenocephalides felis ; Oral (CTECFE)
• active compound 1 part by weight of active compound is mixed with the stated amount of solvent. Part of the concentrate is diluted with citrated cattle blood, and the desired concentration is prepared.
• the kill in % 100% means that all fleas have been killed; 0% means that none of the fleas have been killed.
• Containers containing horse meat treated with the preparation of active compound of the desired concentration are populated with Lucilia cuprina larvae.
• the kill in % 100% means that all larvae have been killed; 0% means that none of the larvae have been killed.
• Boophilus microplus Test (BOOPMI Injection)
• the solution of active compound is injected into the abdomen ( Boophilus microplus ), and the animals are transferred into dishes and kept in a temperature-controlled room.
• the effect in % is determined. 100% means that no tick has laid any fertile eggs.

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