EP0831880A1 - Anticorps et fragments d'anticorps inhibant la croissance des tumeurs - Google Patents

Anticorps et fragments d'anticorps inhibant la croissance des tumeurs

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Publication number
EP0831880A1
EP0831880A1 EP96921457A EP96921457A EP0831880A1 EP 0831880 A1 EP0831880 A1 EP 0831880A1 EP 96921457 A EP96921457 A EP 96921457A EP 96921457 A EP96921457 A EP 96921457A EP 0831880 A1 EP0831880 A1 EP 0831880A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
amino acid
variable region
acid sequence
chain variable
molecule
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Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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EP96921457A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP0831880A4 (fr
Inventor
Neil I. Goldstein
Nicholas A. Giorgio
Steven Tarran Jones
Jose William Saldanha
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ImClone LLC
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ImClone Systems Inc
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Publication of EP0831880A1 publication Critical patent/EP0831880A1/fr
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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/2863—Immunoglobulins [IG], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants against receptors for growth factors, growth regulators
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/20—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin
    • C07K2317/24—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by taxonomic origin containing regions, domains or residues from different species, e.g. chimeric, humanized or veneered
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide

Definitions

  • the present invention is directed to antibodies and antibody fragments useful in inhibiting the growth of certain tumor cells.
  • Recent research has uncovered the important role of growth factor receptor tyrosine kinases in the etiology and progression of human malignancies. These biological receptors are anchored by means of a transmembrane domain in the membranes of cells that express them. An extracellular domain binds to a growth factor. The binding of the growth factor to the extracellular domain results in a signal being transmitted to the intracellular kinase domain. The transduction of this signal contributes to the events that are responsible for the proliferation and differentiation of the cells.
  • EGF epidermal growth factor
  • TGF-alpha transforming growth factor alpha
  • EGF receptor tyrosine kinases are found in unusually high numbers on human tumors. For example, many tumors of epithelial origin express increased levels of EGF receptor on their cell membranes. Examples of tumors that express EGF receptors include glioblastomas, as well as cancers of the lung, breast, head and neck, and bladder. The amplification and or overexpression of the EGF receptors on the membranes of tumor cells is associated with a poor prognosis.
  • Antibodies especially monoclonal antibodies, raised against tumor antigens have been investigated as potential anti-tumor agents. Such antibodies may inhibit the growth of tumors through a number of mechanisms. For example, antibodies may inhibit the growth of tumors immunologically through antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC).
  • ADCC antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity
  • CDC complement-dependent cytotoxicity
  • antibodies may compete with growth factors in binding to their receptors. Such competition inhibits the growth of tumors that express the receptor.
  • toxins are conjugated to antibodies raised against tumor antigens.
  • the antibody portion directs the conjugate to the tumor, which is killed by the toxin portion.
  • U.S. Patent No. 4,943,533 describes a murine monoclonal antibody called 225 that binds to the EGF receptor.
  • the patent is assigned to the University of California and licensed exclusively to ImClone Systems Incorporated.
  • the 225 antibody is able to inhibit the growth of cultured EGFR-expressing tumor lines as well as the growth of these tumors in vivo when grown as xenografts in nude mice.
  • no clinical response was observed when up to 300 mg of murine 225 antibodies was administered to humans. See Divgi et al., J. Natl. Cancer Inst. £1, 97-104 (1991). See Masui et al, Cancer Res. 44, 5592-5598 (1986).
  • a disadvantage of using murine monoclonal antibodies in human therapy is the possibility of a human anti-mouse antibody (HAMA) response due to the presence of mouse Ig sequences.
  • HAMA human anti-mouse antibody
  • This disadvantage can be minimized by replacing the entire constant region of a murine (or other non-human mammalian) antibody with that of a human constant region. Replacement of the constant regions of a murine antibody with human sequences is usually referred to as chimerization.
  • the chimerization process can be made more effective by also replacing the variable regions - other than the hypervariable regions or the complementarity- determining regions (CDRs), of a murine antibody with the corresponding human sequences.
  • the variable regions other than the CDRs are also known as the variable framework regions (FRs).
  • the replacement of the constant regions and non-CDR variable regions with human sequences is usually referred to as humanization.
  • the humanized antibody is less immunogenic (i.e. elicits less of a HAMA response) as more murine sequences are replaced by human sequences.
  • both the cost and effort increase as more regions of a murine antibodies are replaced by human sequences.
  • Another approach to reducing the immunogenicity of antibodies is the use of antibody fragments.
  • an article by Aboud-Pirak et al, Journal of the National Cancer Institute £0, 1605-1611 (1988) compares the anti-tumor effect of an anti-EGF receptor antibody called 108.4 with fragments of the antibody.
  • the tumor model was based on KB cells as xenografts in nude mice. KB cells are derived from human oral epidermoid carcinomas, and express elevated levels of EGF receptors.
  • Aboud-Pirak et al. found that both the antibody and the bivalent F(ab') 2 fragment retarded tumor growth in vivo, although the F(ab') 2 fragment was less efficient.
  • An object of the present invention is the discovery of such new anti-tumor agents that combine the advantageous features of monoclonal antibodies, antibody fragments and single chain antibodies.
  • polypeptide lacking the constant region and the variable light chain of an antibody, the polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence N Y G V H (SEQ IDNO: 1),GVIWSGGNTDYNTPFTSR (SEQ ID NO: 2), or V I W S G G N T D Y N T P F T S (SEQ ID NO: 3).
  • the polypeptide may be conjugated to an effector molecule, such as a molecule that inhibits tumor growth.
  • the invention further is directed to DNA encoding such polypeptides.
  • the invention also includes polypeptides consisting of the amino acid sequence N
  • the invention also includes a molecule having the constant region of a human antibody and the variable region of monoclonal antibody 225 conjugated to a cytoxic agent such as doxorubicin, taxol, or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin).
  • a cytoxic agent such as doxorubicin, taxol, or cis-diamminedichloroplatinum (cisplatin).
  • the invention further includes a method for significantly inhibiting the growth of tumor cells in a human comprising administering to the human an effective amount of a polypeptide lacking the constant region of the variable light chain of an antibody, the polypeptide comprising the amino acid sequence NYGVH, GVIWSGGNTD YNTPFTSR,orVIWSGGNTDYNTPFTS.
  • Another aspect of the invention is a method for significantly inhibiting the growth of tumor cells in a human comprising administering to the human an effective amount of a polypeptide consisting of the amino acid sequence NYGVH, GVIWSGGNTDYNTPF TSR,orVIWSGGNTDYNTPFTS.
  • the invention further includes a method for significantly inhibiting the growth of tumor cells that express the EGF receptor in a human.
  • the method comprises administering to the human an effective amount of a molecule having the constant region of a human antibody and the variable region of monoclonal antibody 225, both in the prescence of and, in particular, in the absence of, cytotoxic molecules, such as chemotherapeutic agents.
  • Figure 1 Effect of 225 on the growth of established A431 tumor xenografts in nude mice. Animals were injected with 10 7 cells in the flank. Treatments, consisting of PBS or 1 mg/animal of 225 twice weekly for 5 weeks, were begun when tumors reached an average volume of 2-300 mm 3 . Volumes and Remission Index (RI) were determined as described in the "Examples" section.
  • FIG. 1 Effect of 225 and chimerized 225 (C225) on the growth of established A431 tumor xenografts in nude mice. Animals were treated with lmg/mouse of PBS twice weekly for 5 weeks. A: Average tumor volumes; B: Remission Index. The apparent tumor regression in the PBS control group at day 37 was due to the death of 3 out of the 10 animals within the group at this time and the concommitant decrease in overall tumor volume.
  • C225 chimerized 225
  • FIG. 3 Effect of C225 on the growth of established A431 xenografts in nude mice. Animals were treated with lmg of C225 or PBS twice weekly for 5 weeks. The average tumor volume of the C225 group showed statistically significant biological effects compared to control (see text) A: Average tumor volumes (asterisks show statistical significance with respect to control); B: Remission Index.
  • FIG. 4 Dose response of C225 on the growth of established A431 xenografts in nude mice. Animals were treated with PBS, 1, 0.5, or 0.25 mg/animal twice weekly for 5 weeks as described in Materials Methods. Animals treated with 1 mg/dose of C225 showed statistically significant biological effects compared to control (see text). A: Average tumor volumes (asterisks define statistical signifiance with respect to control); B: Remission Index. The drop in RI for the 250 ug dose group on day 47 resulted from the re-appearance of a tumor in an apparent tumor-free animal. (In this instance, the effect of C225 was transient.)
  • FIG. 7 FACS analysis of EGFR expression on human prostatic carcinoma cell lines.
  • LNCaP human prostatic carcinoma, androgen-dependent
  • DU 145 and PC-3 human prostatic carcinoma, androgen-independent
  • A431 human epidermoid carcinoma
  • FIG. 8 Inhibition of EGF-induced phosphorylation of the EGFR by C225.
  • LNCaP, DU 145, and PC-3 monolayers were stimulated with EGF in the presence or absence of C225.
  • Cells were lysed, subjected to SDS PAGE, blotted, and screened with a mouse monoclonal antibody to PTyr (UBI, Lake Placid).
  • Lane A no additions (basal level of EGFR phosphorylation);
  • Lane B stimulation of EGFR with 10 ng/ml EGF for 15 minutes at room temperature in the absence of C225;
  • Lane C stimulation of EGFR with EGF in the presence of 10 ug/ml of C225.
  • Figure 9 Growth inhibition of established DU 145 xenografts by C225.
  • One million DU 145 cells in matrigel were innoculated into nude mice (males, nu nu). After tumors reached an average volume of approximately 100 mm 3 (day 20), animals were randomized (10 animals per group) and treated with either PBS (control) or C225 (0.5 mg/dose, lOx). Animal were treated for 35 days and followed for an additional 3 weeks. Mice that were tumor-free or carrying small tumors were maintained for an additional 3 months. Significance (shown by astericks in Figure 3A) was determined by a Student's T-test and a p value ⁇ 0.5 was considered significant.
  • B growth characteristics for tumors in the PBS group
  • C growth characteristics for tumors in the C225-treated groups.
  • Figure 10 Effects of C225 on tumor elimination and surviva .
  • the complete elimination of tumors during the course of the study was defined by a Remission Index (RI). Animal mortality during the study was considered a treatment failure and included in the analysis.
  • B Survival curve.
  • the empty and filled circles in Figure 10 have the same meanings as in Figure 9.
  • Figure 11. Schematic representation of the pKNIOO mammalian expression vector used for the expression of the kapp light chains of the chimeric C225 and reshaped human H225 antibody.
  • Figure 12 Schematic representation of the pGlD105 mammalian expression vector used for the expression of the heavy chains of the chimeric C225 and reshaped human H225 antibody.
  • Figure 15 DNA (SEQ ID NO: 10) and peptide (SEQ ID NO: 11) sequences of the kappa light chain variable region of theC225 antibody.
  • Figure 17 DNA (SEQ ID NO: 14) and peptide (SEQ ID NO: 15) sequences of the kappa light chain variable region of the C225 antibody with the modified leader sequence from the kappa light chain of L7'CL antibody (28).
  • Figure 18 Typical example of the results of a cell ELISA to measure the binding affinty of chimeric C225 and reshaped human H225 (225RK A /225RH A ) antibodies to epidermal growth factor receptor expressed on the surface of A431 cells.
  • Figure 20 DNA (SEQ ID NO: 18) and peptide (SEQ ID NO: 19) sequences of the first version (225RH A ) of the heavy chain variable region of the reshaped human H225 antibody.
  • Figure 21 Amino acid sequences of the two versions (225RK A and 225RK B ) of the kappa light chain variable region of the reshaped human H225 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 20), (SEQ ID NO: 21), (SEQ ID NO: 22), (SEQ ID NO: 23). Residues are numbered according to Kabat et al (20). Mouse framework residues conserved in the reshaped human frameworks are highlighted in bold.
  • 225RH C , 225RH D , 225RH E of the heavy chain variable region of the reshaped human H225 antibody (SEQ ID NO: 24), (SEQ ID NO: 25), (SEQ ID NO: 26), (SEQ ID NO: 27), (SEQ ID NO: 28), (SEQ ID NO: 29), (SEQ ID NO: 30).
  • Residues are numbered according to Kabat et al. (20). Mouse framework residues conserved in the reshaped human frameworks are highlighted in bold.
  • a polypeptide lacking the constant region and the variable light chain of an antibody comprises the first and second heavy chain complementarity determining regions of monoclonal antibody 225. These regions have the following amino acid sequences:
  • the peptide comprising the first and second complementarity determining regions mentioned above may be obtained by methods well known in the art.
  • the polypeptides may be expressed in a suitable host by DNA that encodes the polypeptides and isolated.
  • the DNA may be synthesized chemically from the four nucleotides in whole or in part by methods known in the art. Such methods include those described by Caruthers in Science 230, 281-285 (1985).
  • the DNA may also be obtained from murine monoclonal antibody 225, which was described by Mendelsohn, et al U.S. Patent No. 4,943,533. This antibody was deposited in the American Type Culture Collection, Bethesda, Maryland on June 7, 1995. (Accession number 11935).
  • Methods for obtaining the variable heavy chain region of antibodies are known in the art. Such methods include, for example, those described in U.S. patents by Boss (Celltech) and by Cabilly (Genentech). See U.S. Patent Nos. 4,816,397 and 4,816,567, respectively.
  • the DNA encoding the protein of the invention may be replicated and used to express recombinant protein following insertion into a wide variety of host cells in a wide variety of cloning and expression vectors.
  • the host may be prokaryotic or eukaryotic.
  • the polypeptide may contain either NYGVH, GVIWSGGNTDYNTPF TSR, orVIWSGGNTDYNTPFTS.
  • the polypeptide may contain the sequence N Y G V H, and either of the sequences GVIWSGGNTD YNTPFTSR, orVIWSGGNTDYNTPFTS.
  • the polypeptide may also be conjugated to an effector molecule.
  • the effector molecule performs various useful functions such as, for example, inhibiting tumor growth, permitting the polypeptide to enter a cell such as a tumor cell, and directing the polypeptide to the appropriate location within a cell.
  • the effector molecule may be a cytotoxic molecule.
  • the cytotoxic molecule may be a protein, or a non-protein organic chemotherapeutic agent.
  • suitable chemotherapeutic agents include, for example, doxorubicin, taxol, and cisplatin.
  • effector molecules suitable for conjugation to the polypeptides of the invention include signal transduction inhibitors, ras inhibitors, and cell cycle inhibitors.
  • signal transduction inhibitors include protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors, such as quercetin (Grazieri et al , Biochim. Biophs. Acta 714.415 (1981)); lavendustin A (Onoda et al, J. Nat. Prod.52, 1252 (1989)); and herbimycin A (Ushara et al, Biochem. Int., 41, 831 (1988)).
  • Ras inhibitors include inhibitors of ras farnesylation, such as the benzodiazepine peptidomimetics described by James et al in Science 2601937 (1993), which have the formula shown below:
  • R is H or CH 3 ; and X is Methione, Serine, Leucine, or an ester or amide derivative thereof.
  • Proteins and non-protein chemotherapeutic agents may be conjugated to the polypeptides by methods that are known in the art. Such methods include, for example, that described by Greenfield et al , Cancer Research £0, 6600-6607 (1990) for the conjugation of doxorubicin and those described by Arnon et al, Adv. Exp. Med. Biol. 201 79-90 (1991) and by Kiseleva et al, Mol. Biol. (USSR) 25, 508-514 (1991) for the conjugation of platinum compounds.
  • the invention further includes a modified antibody having the constant region of a human antibody, and the hypervariable region of monoclonal antibody 225.
  • modified antibodies are optionally conjugated to an effector molecule, such as a cytotoxic agent.
  • the variable region other than the hypervariable region may also be derived from the variable region of a human antibody. Such an antibody is said to be humanized. Methods for making humanized antibodies are known in the art. Methods are described, for example, in Winter, U.S. Patent No. 5,225,539.
  • the most thorough method for humanization of the 225 antibodies is CDR- grafting.
  • the regions of the mouse antibody that are directly involved in binding to antigen are grafted into human variable regions to create "reshaped human" variable regions.
  • These fully humanized variable regions are then joined to human constant regions to create complete "fully humanized” antibodies.
  • the human variable regions into which the 225 antibodies CDRs will be grafted must be carefully selected, and it is usually necessary to make a few amino acid changes at critical positions within the framework regions (FRs) of the human variable regions.
  • FRs framework regions
  • the reshaped human H225 variable regions include up to a single amino acid change in the FRs of the selected human kappa light chain variable region and as many as twelve amino acid changes in the FRs of the selected human heavy chain variable region.
  • the DNA sequences coding for these reshaped human H225 heavy and kappa light chain variable region genes are joined to DNA sequences coding for the human ⁇ l and human K constant region genes, respectively.
  • the reshaped human H225 antibody is then expressed in mammalian cells and tested, in comparison with mouse M225 antibody, and chimeric C225 antibody for binding to human EGF receptor expressed on the surface of A431 cells.
  • variable region of the antibody outside of the hypervariable region may also be derived from monoclonal antibody 225.
  • the entire variable region is derived from murine monoclonal antibody 225, and the antibody is said to be chimerized, i.e., C225.
  • Methods for making chimerized antibodies are known in the art. Such methods include, for example, those described in U.S. patents by Boss (Celltech) and by Cabilly (Genentech). See U.S. Patent Nos. 4,816,397 and 4,816,567, respectively.
  • the constant region of the modified antibodies may be of any human class, i.e., IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, and IgE. Any subclass of the above classes is also suitable, e.g., IgGl, IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4, in which IgGl is preferred.
  • any of the effector molecules mentioned above in connection with conjugation to a polypeptide can also be conjugated to chimeric or humanized antibodies of the invention.
  • Doxorubicin, taxol, and cisplatin are prefened.
  • the polypeptides and antibodies of the invention significantly inhibit the growth of tumor cells when administered to a human in an effective amount.
  • the optimal dose can be determined by physicians based on a number of parameters including, for example, age, sex, weight, severity of the condition being treated, the active ingredient being administered, and the route of administration.
  • a serum concentration of polypeptides and antibodies that permits saturation of EGF receptors is desirable.
  • a concentration in excess of approximately 0.1 nM is normally sufficient.
  • a dose of 100 mg/m 2 of C225 provides a serum concentration of approximately 20 nM for approximately eight days.
  • doses of antibodies may be given weekly in amounts of 10- 300 mg/m 2 .
  • Equivalent doses of antibody fragments should be used at more frequent intervals in order to maintain a serum level in excess of the concentration that permits saturation of EGF receptors.
  • Some suitable routes of administration include intravenous, subcutaneous, and intramuscle administration. Intravenous administration is preferred.
  • the peptides and antibodies of the invention may be administered along with additional pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients.
  • additional pharmaceutically acceptable ingredients include, for example, immune system stimulators and chemotherapeutic agents, such as those mentioned above.
  • the chimeric and humanized antibodies significantly inhibit tumor growth in humans, even in the absence of other anti-tumor agents, including other chemotherapeutic agents, such as cisplatin, doxorubicin, taxol, and their derivatives.
  • Significant inhibition may mean the shrinkage of tumors by at least 20%, preferably 30%, and more preferably 50%. In optimal cases, 90% and even 100% shrinkage of tumors is achieved.
  • significant inhibition may mean an RI greater than 0.3, preferably greater than 0.4, and more preferably greater than 0.5.
  • the significant inhibition of tumor growth and or increase in RI manifests itself in numerous ways. For example, there is an increase in life expectency and/or a stabilization of previously aggresive tumor growth.
  • C225 may be substituted for the chemotherapeutic agents, and achieve comparable results.
  • Example III-l the results shown in Example III-l indicate that, while the in vitro inhibitory properties of 225 and C225 are comparable, the in vivo effects of the antibodies differ considerably.
  • Antibody isotype does not play a significant role in the differences seen between 225 and C225 (e.g., mouse IgGl vs. human IgGl).
  • a recent report indicates that neither 225 nor C225 induced complement mediated lysis to any degree and the ADCC reactivity of these antibodies appeared to be species specific. Naramura et al, Immunol. Immunother. 22, 343-349 (1993). Therefore, if inhibition of A431 xenografts was mediated through immune responses, 225 should be the more potent antibody because of its ability to activate the murine effector cells involved in ADCC. The opposite is, in fact, the case.
  • Example III-2 describes the biological effects of C225 on the activation of the
  • the EGFR expressed by A431 cells can be stimulated by exogenously added ligand (EGF) and C225 can abrogate activation of the receptor.
  • Figure 8 shows the results of similar studies with the prostatic lines. The addition of EGF to LNCaP, PC-3, and DU 145 induced phosphorylation of the EGFR that was blocked by C225 with high efficiency. These data indicate that C225 effectively inhibits ligand-activated EGFR signalling pathways, and has anti-tumor activity when EGFR activation is required for growth in vivo.
  • C225 The ability of C225 to inhibit tumor growth in vivo was tested against established DU 145 xenografts in athymic nude mice. DU 145 cells were innoculated at 10 6 cells per animals in combination with matrigel. Tumors developed in 100% of the animals within 20 days. Preliminary experiments had shown that a dose level of 1 mg (lOx) induced significant tumor inhibition. For these studies, C225 was injected at a 0.5 mg (lOx) dose level.
  • Example III-2 clearly shows that C225 was capable of inhibiting the growth of established, EGFR-positive DU 145 xenografts and could induce long-lived tumor remissions in a high percentage of treated animals. These results could not be predicted from the in vitro data.
  • KB cells human epidermoid carcinoma
  • KB xenografts did not respond to a treatment regimen including a 1 mg dose (xlO) of C225, a level able to induce complete remissions in 100% of animals carrying established A431 tumors.
  • xlO 1 mg dose
  • Example III-2 treatment of mice innoculated with DU 145 tumor cells with C225 alone at a 0.5 mg dose (xlO) led to significant tumor regressions in all treated animals. Sixty percent of the mice were in complete remission following termination of the treatment.
  • Blockage of receptor activaton by C225 also has clinical implications for the treatment of metastatic prostatic carcinoma in humans, especially during the late stages of the disease.
  • Example 1-1 Cell Lines and Media
  • A431 cells were routinely grown in a 1:1 mixture of Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium and Ham's F-12 supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum, 2mM L- glutamine, and antibiotics.
  • the androgen-independent and dependent human prostatic carcinoma cell lines (DU 145, PC-3 and LNaP) were obtained from the ATCC (Rockville MD) and routinely maintained in RPMI 1640 medium (Sigma, St. Louis, MO) supplemented with 10% fetal bovine serum (Intergen, Purchase NY) and 2 mM L-gluatmine (Sigma). Cells were checked regularly for the presence of mycoplasma.
  • the 225 antibody was grown as ascites in pristane primed Balb/c mice. Ascites fluid was purified by HPLC (ABX and Protein G) and determined to be >95% pure by SDS PAGE.
  • C225 doxorubicin conjugates (C225-DOX) were prepared using a modification of the method described by Greenfield et al. , Cancer Research 50, 6600-6607 (1990). Briefly, Doxorubicin was reacted with the crosslinking agent PDPH (3-[2- pyridyldithio]propionyl hydrazide) (Pierce Chemical Co.) to form the acyl hydrazone derivative doxorubicin 13-[3-(2-pyridyldithiol) propionyl] hydrazone hydrochloride.
  • PDPH 3-[2- pyridyldithio]propionyl hydrazide
  • C225 was thiolated with the reagent N-succinimydyl 3-(pyridyldithio) propionate and reacted with doxorubicin hydrazone to form a conjugate containing a hydrazide as well as a disulfide bond.
  • the complex was purified by gel filtration at neutral pH.
  • the C225-doxorubicin conjugate was stable at neutral to alkaline pH (pH 7-8) and was stored at 4C. The conjugate was readily hydrolyzed at pH 6, releasing active Doxorubicin.
  • the media containing the 225 mouse hybridoma cell line was expanded to one liter in tissue culture flasks.
  • Total cell RNA was prepared by lysing washed cells in guanidine isothiocyanate containing 2-mercaptoethanol, shearing the solution in a dounce homogenizer to degrade cell DNA and layering the preparation on a 10 ml cesium chloride cushion. After centrifugation at 24,000 rpm for 16 hr. the pellet was resuspended in Tris-EDTA (TE) buffer and precipitated with ethanol. The poly A(+) mRNA fraction was isolated by binding to and elution from oligo dT cellulose.
  • a cDNA library was prepared using the poly A (+) mRNA as template and oligo dT as the primer.
  • the second strand was synthesized by nick translation using RNase H and DNA polymerase I.
  • the double-stranded DNA was passed through a 2 ml Sepharose G75 column to remove oligo dT and small entities.
  • the purified DNA was then ligated into a polylinker with the sequence:
  • Isolates with the longest cDNA inserts were subcloned in a plasmid vector (Eco RI-Bam HI fragments for heavy (H) chain V regions and Eco RI-Hpa I fragments for light (L) chain variable (V) regions) and DNA sequenced.
  • the subcloned fragments contained the complete V region and a small portion of associated mouse constant (C) region.
  • C mouse constant
  • a total of eight L chain cDNAs were sequenced and represent four different mRNAs.
  • Three full-length H chain cDNAs were sequenced encoding the same V region and a portion of the correct gamma 1 C region.
  • Three other isolates containing gamma 2a sequence were also identified but were not studied further.
  • L chain cDNA To identify the correct L chain cDNA, a sample of mouse 225 antibody was sequenced by automated Edman degradation after first separating the H and L chains by SDS reducing gel electrophoresis and blotting to membranes. The sequence obtained for the L chain matched one of the cDNAs. This isolate was rearranged to J5 and was found to be 91% homologous with Vk T2. The H chain V region was found to be 96% homologous with VH 101 subgroup VII- 1.
  • Example I-4B Adaption of cDNAs and Construction of Expression Vectors
  • V regions were adapted for expression by ligating the body of each to a synthetic DNA duplex encoding the sequence between the closest unique restriction site to the V/C junction and the exact boundary of the V region. To this was ligated a second, short intron sequence which, when joined, restores a functional splice donor site to the V region.
  • a Bam HI site At the end of the intron for the L chain is a Bam HI site and at the end of the H chain intron is a Hind III site.
  • the adapted L Chain V region was then isolated as a Xba I-Bam HI fragment (the Xba I site was in the original linker used for cDNA cloning) while the adapted H chain V region was isolated as a Xho I- Hind III fragment.
  • the final vector was identified by restriction mapping and identified as pdHL2-ch225.
  • Example I-4C Expression of Chimeric 225 in Transfected Hybridoma Cells
  • the pdHL2-ch225 plasmid was introduced into hybridoma Sp2/0 Agl4 cells by protoplast fusion.
  • the bacteria harboring the plasmid were grown to an optical density of 0.5 at 600 nm at which time chloramphenicol was added to arrest growth and amplify the plasmid copy number.
  • the following day the bacteria were treated with lysozyme to remove the cell wall and the resulting protoplasts were fused to the hybridoma cells with polyethylene glycol 1500. After fusion, the cells were grown in antibodies to kill any surviving bacteria and were plated in 96-well plates.
  • the selection medium (containing methotrexate (MTX) at 0.1 ⁇ M) was added after 24-48 hours to allow only the transfected cells to grow, by virtue of their expression of the marker gene (dehydrofolate reductase) present on the expression plasmid.
  • MTX methotrexate
  • the productivity of the subclones was tested by seeding cells at 2 X 10 5 cells per ml in growth medium and measuring the accumulated antibody on day 7.
  • the two highest producers from the first subcloning were lines SdER6.25 and SdER14.10. These were subcloned a second time and the final three candidate lines were designated SdER6.25.8, SdER6.25.49, and SdER14.10.1. Clone SdER6.25.8 was selected based on expression of antibody.
  • the antibodies were found to inhibit the proliferation of cultured A431 cells to the same extent (Table 2).
  • 225 and C225 were able to block EGF-induced phosphorylation of the EGFR in A431 cells.
  • the relative binding affinity of the antibodies was determined using an ELISA protocol previously described by Lokker et al J. Immunol. 146, 893-898 (1991). Briefly, A431 cells (10 4 or 10 5 per well) were grown in 96 well microtiter plates overnight at 37°C. Cells were fixed with 3.7% neutral buffered formalin for 10 minutes at room temperature. After washing three times with PBS, wells were blocked with 1% bovine serum albumin in Hank's balanced salt solution for two hours at room temperature. C225 or 225 were added to the wells at various concentrations (serial dilutions starting at 50 nM).
  • the apparent binding affinities of M225 and C225 were also determined using the InAcoreTM (Pharmacia Biosensor, Piscataway NJ; manufacturer's application note 301 and O'Shannessy et al, Anal. Biochem. 212, 457-468 (1993). Briefly, soluble recombinant EGFR was immobilized on sensor chips via amino groups as described by the manufacturer. Real time binding parameters of 225 and C225 to EGFR was established at various antibody concentrations and the apparent Kd was calculated from the binding rate constants obtained via non linear fitting using BiaevaluationTM 2.0 Software.
  • Example II-3 In vitro Inhibition of Cell Growth with 225 and C225
  • the in vitro inhibitory activity of 225 and C225 was determined by plating A431 cells (300-500 per well) in 96 microtiter plates in complete growth medium. After adding C225 or 225 in various concentrations (4 replicates per concentration), plates were incubated for 48 hours at 37°C followed by a 24 hour pulse with 3H-thymidine. Cells were harvested, collected on filter mats and counted in a Wallace Microbeta scintillation counter to determine percent inhibition. Percent inhibition compares the decrease in 3H thymidine incorporation of antibody-treated cells with cells grown in the absence of antibody.
  • Athymic nude mice (nu/nu; 6-8 weeks old females) were obtained from Charles River Laboratories. Animals (10 mice per treatment group) were innoculated in the right flank with 10 7 A431 cells in 0.5 ml of Hank's balanced salt solution. Mice were observed until tumors were visible (about 7-12 days) and had reached an average volume of 150-300 mm 3 . At that time, antibody therapy was begun. The therapy included twice weekly intraperitoneal injections (varying concentrations in 0.5 ml of PBS) over 5 weeks. U 1 animals received injections of PBS. Tumors were measured two times per week and volumes calculated using the following formula: ⁇ /6 x larger diameter x (smaller diameter) 2 .
  • RI Remission Index
  • Example III-l The Capacity of the Antibodies to Inhibit the Growth of A431 Xenografts in Nude Mice
  • mice were innoculated in the flanks with A431 cells. Tumors of 150-300 mm 3 appeared by day 7-10. Refering to Experiments 1-4 in Table 3, animals were then randomized and injected with PBS or 225 (Exp 1), PBS, 225, or C225 (Exp 2); and PBS or C225 (Exp 3 and 4). In Experiments 1-3, animals received injections of 1 mg of antibody (in 0.5 ml PBS) twice weekly over 5 weeks for a total dose of 10 mg of antibody per animal. In Exp 4, animals received one of three possible doses: 1, 0.5, and 0.25 mg/injection for total doses of 10, 5, and 2.5 mg, respectively. Tumors were measured twice weekly over the course of treatment. Tumor-free animals and animals with small tumors continued to be monitored for 2-3 months following the sacrificing of animals with large tumors.
  • Figure 1 shows the effect of 225 on the growth of A431 tumors in nude mice
  • Figure 4 shows the results of the dose reponse experiment (Exp 4). All animals receiving 1 mg/injection underwent complete remission and remained tumor free for over 100 days following termination of the antibody injections ( Figure 4A and B; Table 3). These results are highly significant with p values varying from p ⁇ 0.006 on day 33 to p ⁇ 0.0139 on day 59. In Experiments 2 and 3, about 40% of the animals receiving the 1 mg dose of C225 underwent complete remission although C225 showed significant tumor regression in Exp 3 ( Figure 3).
  • the overall inhibition of tumor growth was not statistically significant because of the large variations in tumor volume among animals of both the PBS and the 0.5 mg groups.
  • the 0.5 mg dose group in Exp 4 had a higher RI than the 1 mg dose group in Exp 3. This result may be attributed to the effects of tumor burden.
  • the average starting volume for tumors in the 0.5 mg dose group was 160 mm 3 , there was great variability in tumor size among individual animals. A number of animals carried smaller tumors ( ⁇ 100 mm 3 ) that are most susceptible to the biological effect of C225.
  • Percent inhibition is defined as the decrease in 3-H thymidine incorporation of antibody-treated samples (4 replicates/concentration) versus cells growing in the absence of antibody.
  • Table 3 represents a comparison of complete tumor remissions in athymic nude mice carrying established A431 tumors following treatment with PBS, 225, or C225 twice weekly for 5 weeks. Animals were treated with 1 mg of antibody in 0.5 ml of PBS by the intraperitoneal route except for study 4, which is a dose response experiment in which mice were given 1, 0.5, or 0.25 mg/injection. Tumor measurements were done as described above. This chart describes the RI at the time when the animals (PBS control and test) carrying large tumors were euthanized. All animals showing complete remissions or small tumors were followed for an additional 2-3 months. The differences in total number of animals results from death of mice within these treatment groups during the course of the experiments. Table 3. REMISSION INDICES FOR ANIMALS INNOCULATED WITH A431 CELLS AND TREATED WITH 225 OR C225
  • RI The Remission Index
  • RI is defined as the fraction of mice that were tumor free on the day when the PBS control mice and test animals with large tumors were euthanized. A complete remission at the 0.25 mg dose level showed a subsequent recurrance of tumor (day 47).
  • Example IH-2 Inhibition of Growth of Established Human Prostatic Carcinoma Xenografts in Nude Mice
  • Example III-2A FACS Analysis of C225 Binding to DU 145. PC-3 and LNCaP
  • EGF receptor on DU 145, PC-3 and LNCaP cells was determined by FACS analysis.
  • Cells were grown to near confluency in complete medium, removed from the flasks with non-enzymatic dissociation buffer (Sigma), and resuspended at 5-10 x 10 5 per tube in 100 ul of cold H-BSA (Hanks balanced salt solution containing 1% BSA).
  • H-BSA Hypothalamic Base
  • Ten micrograms C225 or an irrelevant myeloma- derived human IgGl were added to the tubes and incubated on ice for 60 minutes.
  • MFI Mean Fluroescence Intensity
  • Example III-2B Phosphorylation Assays on PC-3. DU 145. and LNCaP Cells
  • Phosphorylation assays were performed on PC-3, DU 145, and LNCaP cells to determine if the EGF receptors expressed by these cells were functional and inhibited by C225. Assays and Western blot analysis were performed as previously described by Gill et al, Nature 293, 305-307 (1981). Briefly, DU 145, PC-3, and LNCaP cells were grown to 90% confluency in complete medium and then starved in DMEM-0.5% calf serum 24 hours prior to experimentation. Cells were stimulated with EGF in the presence or absence of C225 for 15 minutes at room temperature. Monolayers were then washed with the ice cold PBS containing 1 mM sodium orthovanadate.
  • Athymic nude mice (nu/nu; 6-8 weeks old males; Charles River Labs, Wilmington MA) were innoculated subcutaneously in the right flank with 10 6 DU 145 in 0.2 ml of Hank's balanced salt solution mixed with 0.2 ml of matrigel. Mice were observed until tumors were visible (about 14-20 days post challenge) and had reached an average volume of about 100 mm 3 . Animals were weighed and randomly divided into treatment groups (10 animals per group). Antibody therapy, which included twice weekly intraperitoneal injections of 0.5 mg of C225 over 5 weeks, was begun. Control animals received injections of PBS.
  • Example IH-3 Biological Activity of Peptides Containing CDR Regions of 225
  • peptides were dissolved in PBS at a concentration of 1 mg/ml.
  • A431 cells were plated at 1000 cells per well in 96 well plates. Peptides were added at various concentrations. The chimeric C225 antibody and an irrelevant, isotype- matched immunoglobulin were used as a positive and negative U Is, respectively. Plates were incubated for 72 hours at 37 °C and pulsed overnight with 3 H-thymidine. Cells were harvested and counted in a liquid scintillation counter. Percent inhibition is defined as the decrease in 3-H thymidine incorporation of antibody or peptide treated cells compared to cells grown in the absence of antibody or peptide.
  • A431 cells are inhibited by C225 and by heavy chain CDR-1 and heavy chain CDR-2 of monoclonal antibody 225.
  • isotype- matched irrelevant antibody and U 1 peptide did not inhibit A431 cells.
  • C225-DOX The biological activity of C225-DOX was evaluated in vitro using EGFR expressing cell lines A431 , KB and MDA-468 as well as EGFR non-expressing cell lines Molt-4 and SK-MEL-28. EGF receptor expression was verified by FACS analysis using C225 and C225-DOX conjugate. Assays were conducted over a 72h incubation period using 3 [H] -thymidine and WST-1 as a read out. In all assays with EGFRc expressing cell lines, i.e., A431, KB and MDA-468 cells, C225-DOX exhibited high inhibition of cell proliferation when compared to no treatment or hlgGl U Is.
  • DMEM Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium
  • FCS Foetal Calf Serum
  • RNA ribonuceic acid
  • mRNA messenger RNA
  • DNA deoxyribonucleic acid
  • ds-DNA double-stranded DNA
  • PCR polymerase chain reaction
  • ELISA enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay
  • Materials Dulbecco's Modified Eagles Medium (DMEM); Foetal Calf Serum (FCS); rib
  • RNA isolation kit is obtained from Stratgene (USA) while the 1 st strand cDNA synthesis kit is purchased from Pharmacia (UK). All the constituents and equipment for the PCR-reactions, including AmpliTaq®DNA polymerase, are purchased from Perkin Elmer (USA).
  • the TA Cloning® kit is obtained from Invitrogen (USA) and the Sequenase® DNA sequencing kit is purchased from Amersham International (UK). Agarose (UltraPureTM) is obtained from Life Technologies (UK).
  • the WizardTM PCR Preps DNA Purification Kit, the MagicTM DNA Clean-up System and XL 1 Blue competent cells are purchased from Promega Corporation (USA). All other molecular biological products are purchased from New England Biolabs (USA). Nunc-Immuno Plate MaxiSorpTM immunoplates are obtained from Life Technologies (UK). Both the goat anti-human IgG, Fc ⁇ fragment specific, antibody and the goat anti-human IgG (H+L) / horseradish peroxidase conjugate are purchased from Jackson
  • TMB substrate A and substrate B are obtained from Kirkegaard-Pery (USA). All other products for both ELISAs are obtained from Sigma (UK).
  • Microplate Manager® data analysis software package is purchased from Bio-Rad (UK).
  • the molecular modelling package QUANTA is obtained from the Polygen Corporation (USA) and the IRIS 4D workstation is purchased from Silicon Graphics (USA).
  • Example IV-3 PCR cloning and sequencing of the mouse variable region genes
  • the mouse M225 hybridoma cell line is grown, in suspension, using DMEM supplemented with 10% (v/v) FCS, 50 Units/ml penicillin / 50 ⁇ g/ml streptomycin and 580 ⁇ g/ml L-glutamine. Approximately 10 8 viable cells are harvested, while the supernatent from the hybridoma cells is assayed by ELISA to confirm that they are producing a mouse antibody. From the 10 8 cells total RNA is isolated using a RNA Isolation kit according to the manufacturers instructions. The kit uses a guanidinium thiocyanate phenol-chloroform single step extraction procedure as described by Chomczynski and Sacchi (6).
  • a 1 st Strand cDNA Synthesis kit is employed to produce a single-stranded DNA copy of the M225 hybridoma mRNA using the NotI-(dT) lg primer supplied in the kit. Approximately 5 ⁇ g of total RNA is used in a 33 ⁇ l final reaction volume. The completed reaction mix is then heated to 90 °C for 5 min, to denature the RNA-cDNA duplex and inactivate the reverse transcriptase, before being chilled on ice.
  • PCR- reaction tubes are loaded into a Perkin Elmer 480 DNA thermal cycler and cycled (after an initial melt at 94 °C for 1.5 min) at 94 °C for 1 min, 50 °C for 1 min and 72 °C for 1 min over 25 cycles.
  • a final extension step at 72 °C for 10 min is carried out before the reactions are cooled to 4 °C. Except for between the annealing (50 °C) and extension (72 °C) steps, when an extended ramp time of 2.5 min is used, a 30 sec ramp time between each step of the cycle is employed.
  • Colonies containing the plasmid, with a correctly sized insert are identified by PCR-screening the colonies using the pCRTMII Forward and pCRTMII Reverse oligonucleotide primers described in Table 6 according to the method of G ⁇ ssow and Clackson (8).
  • the putative positive clones identified are finally double-stranded plasmid DNA sequenced using the Sequenase®DNA Sequencing kit according to the method of Redston and Kern (9).
  • Example IV-4 Construction of chimeric genes
  • the cloned mouse leader- variable region genes are both modified at the 5'- and 3'- ends using PCR-primers to create restriction enzyme sites for convenient insertion into the expression vectors, a Kozak sequence for efficient eukaryotic translation of the mRNA encoding the respective immunoglobulin chains (10) and a splice-donor site for the correct RNA splicing of the variable and constant region genes.
  • a Hndlll site is added to the 5 '-end of both mouse variable region genes, however, different restriction sites attached to the 3 '-end of the mouse variable region genes i.e. a BamHl site at the 3'-end of the V ⁇ gene and aXbal site at the 3'-end of the V ⁇ gene.
  • PCR-reactions are prepared according to the method for the construction of chimeric genes in Kettleborough et al. (11), using the primers C225V H 5' and
  • the PCR-products are column purified using a WizardTMPCR Preps DNA Purification kit according to the manufacturers instructions, digested with the appropriate restriction enzymes, as is plasmid pUC19, and separated on a 1% agarose / TBE buffer (pH8.8) gel.
  • the heavy and kappa light chain variable region genes are excised from the agarose gel and purified using a Wizard' PCR Preps DNA Purification kit.
  • the pUC19 is also excised from the agarose gel and purified using the MagicTMDNA Clean-up System as per the manufacturers instructions.
  • the heavy and kappa light chain variable region genes are then separately ligated into the purified pUC19 to produce plasmids pUC-C225V H and pUC-C225V ⁇ , respectively, and transformed into XL 1 Blue competent cells. Putative positive colonies containing the appropriate plasmid are then identified by PCR- screening, using oligonucleotide primers RSP and UP (Table 6) and finally ds-DNA sequenced both to confirm the introduction of the sequence modifications and also to prove that no unwanted changes to the DNA sequence have occured as a consequence of the PCR-reactions.
  • PCR-mutagenesis is used, according to the protocol described by Kettleborough et al (11).
  • PCR-primers C225V ⁇ 5'sp and C225V ⁇ 3'sp (Table 7) are used on pUC-C225V ⁇ template DNA to create the modified gene (C225V ⁇ sp) using the modified two step PCR amplification protocol.
  • the PCR-product is then column purified before digesting both the purified PCR-product and pUC-C225V ⁇ with Hind ⁇ ll and Pstl.
  • PCR-fragment and the plasmid DNA are then agarose gel- purified, ligated together and cloned to create plasmid pUC-C225V ⁇ sp.
  • putative positive transformants are identified via a PCR-screen (using the RSP and UP primers) and then ds-DNA sequenced to confirm both the presence of the modified signal peptide and the absence of PCR-errors.
  • the adapted mouse kappa light and heavy chain leader- variable region genes are then directly inserted, as a H dIII-5 ⁇ wHI fragment in the case of the mouse V H and as a Hin ⁇ lll-Xbal fragment in the case of the mouse V ⁇ , into vectors designed to express chimeric light and heavy chains in mammalian cells.
  • These vectors contain the ⁇ CMV enhancer and promoter to drive the transcription of the immunoglobulin chain, a MCS for the insertion of the immunoglobulin variable region gene, a cDNA clone of the appropriate human kappa light or heavy chain constant region, a synthetic poly(A) + sequence to polyadenylate the immunoglobulin chain mRNA, an artificial sequence designed to terminate the transcription of the immunoglobulin chain, a gene such as dhfr or neo for selection of transformed stable cell lines, and an SV40 origin of replication for transient DNA replication in COS cells.
  • the human kappa light chain mammalian expression vector is called pKN 100 ( Figure 11) and the human ⁇ 1 heavy chain mammalian expression vector is called pGlD105 ( Figure 12).
  • Putative positive colonies are both PCR-screened, using primers ⁇ CMVi and New. ⁇ u ⁇ for the chimeric kappa light chain vector and primers ⁇ CMVi and ⁇ uC ⁇ l for the chimeric heavy chain vector (Table 6), and undergo restriction analysis to confirm the presence of the correct insert in the expression vector constructs.
  • the new constructs containing the mouse variable region genes of the M225 antibody are called pK 100-C225V ⁇ (or pKN100-C225V ⁇ sp ) and pGlD105-C225V ⁇ , respectively.
  • Example IV-5 Molecular modelling of mouse M225 antibody variable regions
  • a molecular model of the variable regions of the mouse M225 antibody is built. Modelling the structures of well-characterized protein families like immunoglobulins is achieved using the established method of modelling by homology. This is done using an IRIS 4D workstation running under the UNIX operating system, the molecular modelling package QUANTA and the Brookhaven crystallographic database of solved protein structures (12). The FRs of the M225 variable regions are modelled on FRs from similar, structurally- solved immunoglobulin variable regions. While identical amino acid side chains are kept in their original orientation, mismatched side chains are substituted using the maximum overlap procedure to maintain chi angles as in the original mouse M225 antibody.
  • CDRs of the M225 variable regions are modelled based on the canonical structures for hypervariable loops which correspond to CDRs at the structural level (13-16).
  • the CDR loop is modelled based on a similar loop structure present in any structurally-solved protein.
  • the model is subjected to energy minimization using the CHARMm potential (17) as implemented in QUANTA.
  • the FRs from the light chain variable region of M225 antibody are modelled on the FRs from the Fab fragment of mouse monoclonal antibody HyHel-10 (18).
  • the FRs from the heavy chain variable region are modelled on the FRs from the Fab fragment of mouse monoclonal antibody D 1.3 (19).
  • Those amino acid side chains which differ between the mouse M225 antibody and the variable regions upon which the model is based are first substituted.
  • the light chain of Fab HyHel-10 antibody is then superimposed onto the light chain of D1.3 by matching residues 35-39, 43-47, 84-88 and 98-102, as defined by Kabat et al, (20).
  • the purpose of this is to place the two heterologous variable regions, i.e. the HyHel-10-based kappa light chain variable region and the D1.3-based heavy variable region, in the correct orientation with respect to each other.
  • CDR1 (LI) of the light chain variable region of mAb M225 fits into the LI canonical group 2, as proposed by Chothia et al. (14), except for the presence of an isoleucine, instead of the more usual leucine, at canonical residue position 33.
  • this substitution is considered too conservative to merit significant concern in assigning a canonical loop structure to this hypervariable loop.
  • the LI loop of mouse Fab HyHel-10 is identical in amino acid length and matches the same canonical group - with a leucine at position 33 - as the LI loop of M225 mAb. Consequently this hypervariable loop is used to model the LI loop of M225 kappa light chain variable region.
  • CDR2 (L2) and CDR3 (L3) of the M225 mAb both match their respective canonical group 1 loop structures.
  • the corresponding hypervariable loop structures of the HyHel-10 Fab fragment are also both group 1. Accordingly, the L2 and L3 loops of the M225 kappa light chain variable region are modelled on L2 and L3 of Fab HyHel-10.
  • CDRl (HI) and CDR 2 (H2) hypervariable loops of the heavy chain variable region of mAb M225 both fit their respective canonical group 1 loop structures as defined by Chothia et al. (14).
  • the corresponding HI and H2 hypervariable loops of mouse D1.3 Fab fragment also match their respective canonical group 1 loop structures. Consequently, as with the light chain, these hypervariable loops are modelled on the HI and H2 loops of the heavy variable region upon which the model is based.
  • the Brookhaven database is searched for a loop of identical length and similar amino acid sequence.
  • Example IV-6 Design of the reshaped human H225 antibody variants.
  • the first step in designing the CDR-grafted variable regions of the H225 antibody is the selection of the human light and heavy chain variable regions that will serve as the basis of the humanized variable regions.
  • the M225 antibody light and heavy chain variable regions are initially compared to the consensus sequences of the four subgroups of human kappa light chain variable regions and the three subgroups of human heavy chain variable regions as defined by Kabat et al. (20).
  • the mouse M225 light chain variable region is most similar to the consensus sequences of both human kappa light chain subgroup I, with a 61.68% identity overall and a 65.00% identity with the FRs only, and subgroup III, with a 61.68%) identity overall and a 68.75% identity with the FRs only.
  • the mouse M225 heavy chain variable region is most similar to the consensus sequence for human heavy chain subgroup II with a 52.10% identity overall and a 57.47% identity between the FRs alone. This analysis is used to indicate which subgroups of human variable regions are likely to serve as good sources for human variable regions to serve as templates for CDR-grafting, however, this is not always the case due to the diversity of individual sequences seen within some of these artificially constructed subgroups.
  • mouse M225 variable regions are also compared to all the recorded examples of individual sequences of human variable regions publically available.
  • the mouse M225 light chain variable region is most similar to the sequence for the human kappa light chain variable region from human antibody LS7'CL (22) - which is not related to the mouse L7'CL sequence.
  • the kappa light chain variable region of human LS7'CL is a member of subgroup III of human kappa light chain variable regions.
  • the overall sequence identity between the mouse M225 and human LS7'CL light chain variable regions is calculated to be 64.42% overall and 71.25% with respect to the FRs alone.
  • the mouse M225 heavy chain variable region is most similar to the sequence for the human heavy chain variable region from human antibody 38P1'CL (23). Surprisingly, the heavy chain variable region of human 38P1'CL is a member of subgroup III and not subgroup II of the human heavy chain variable regions. The overall sequence identity between the mouse M225 and human 38P1'CL heavy chain variable regions is calculated to be 48.74% while the identity between the FRs alone is 58.62%. Based on these comparisons, human LS7'CL light chain variable region is selected as the human FR donor template for the design of reshaped human M225 light chain variable region and human 38P1'CL heavy chain variable region is selected as the human FR donor template for the design of reshaped human M225 heavy chain variable region.
  • the human light and heavy chain variable regions that are selected for the humanization of the M225 antibody are derived from two different human antibodies. Such a selection process allows the use of human variable regions which display the highest possible degree of similarity to the M225 variable regions.
  • CDR-grafted antibodies based on variable regions derived from two different human antibodies.
  • One of the best studied examples is reshaped human CAMPATH-1 antibody (24). Nevertheless, such a strategy also requires a careful analysis of the interdomain packing residues between the kapp light chain and heavy chain variable regions. Any mis-packing in this region can have a dramatic affect upon antigen binding, irrespective of the conformation of the CDR loop structures of the reshaped human antibody.
  • the second step in the design process is to insert the M225 CDRs, as defined by Kabat et al. (20), into the selected human light and heavy chain variable region FRs to create a simple CDR-graft. It is usual that a mouse antibody that is humanized by a simple CDR-graft in this way, will show little or no binding to antigen. Consequently, it is important to study the amino acid sequences of the human FRs to determine if any of these amino acid residues are likely to adversely influence binding to antigen, either directly through interactions with antigen, or indirectly by altering the positioning of the CDR loops.
  • Table 8 describes how the first version (225RK A ) of the reshaped human H225 kappa light chain variable regions is designed.
  • the tyrosine found in human LS7'CL kappa light chain variable region is changed to a lysine, as found in mouse M225 kappa light chain variable region. From the model it appears that the lysine in M225 is located close to CDR3 (H3) of the heavy chain variable region and may be interacting with it.
  • the residue is also positioned adjacent to CDR2 (L2) of the kappa light chain variable region and is rarely seen at this location amonst the members of mouse kappa light chain subgroup V, as defined by Kabat et al. (20), to which the M225 kappa light chain variable region belongs. For these reasons it is felt prudent to conserve the mouse lysine residue in 225RK A .
  • a second version is also made of the reshaped human kappa light chain (225RK B ) which reverses the FR2 modification made in 225RK A , by replacing the lysine at position
  • Table 9 shows the first version (225RH A ).
  • the amino acid present in the human 38P1'CL FRs to the amino acids present in the original mouse M225 FRs (i.e. A24V, T28S, F29L, S30T, V48L, S49G, F67L and R71K).
  • the amino acid residues as present in the mouse sequence are retained in the reshaped human H225 heavy chain variable region because they represent some of the canonical residues important for the HI hypervariable loop structure (14).
  • residue positions 24-30 are considered part of the HI hypervariable loop itself and so are even more critical to the correct conformation and orientation of this loop and justifying their conservation even more strongly.
  • residue position 71 in FR3 is another position in the heavy chain variable region which has been identified by Chothia et al. (14) as one of the locations important for the correct orientation and structure of the H2 hypervariable loop and, as such, is one of the canonical amino acids of CDR2. Consequently, the lysine in the mouse will replace the arginine in the human at this residue position.
  • Version B of the reshaped human H225 heavy chain variable region incorporates all the substitutions made in 225RH A and, in addition, contains a further mouse residue.
  • the human threonine residue is replaced by proline which is invariably seen at this position in the mouse subgroup IB and is also very commonly seen in human subgroup III.
  • threonine is not usually seen at this location in the human subgroup III (only ' V 87 times) and from the model it is appears that the residue is located on a turn located on the surface of the M225 V H region. What effect this may have on hypervariable loop structures is unclear, however, this version of the reshaped human H225 heavy chain variable region should clarify this.
  • Version C of the reshaped human H225 heavy chain variable region incorporates all the substitutions made in 225RH A and, in addition, contains a further two mouse residues located at position 68 and 70 in FR3. From the model of the mouse M225 variable region, both the serine at position 68 and the asparagine at position 70 appear to be on the surface and at the edge of the antigen binding site. Since there is a possibility that either or both amnio acids could directly interact with EGFR, both the threonine at position 68 and the seine at position 70 in the human FRs are replaced with the corresponding mouse residues in 225RH C .
  • Version D of the reshaped human H225 heavy chain variable region simply incorporates all the mouse FR substitutions made in 225RH A , 225RH B and 225RH C to determine the combined effect of these changes.
  • Version E of the reshaped human H225 heavy chain variable region (225RH E ) incoiporates all the substitutions made in 225RH A and, in addition, incorporates another residue change at position 78 in FR3. From the model there is some evidence to suggest that the mouse amino acid (valine) at position 78 could influence the conformation of the HI hypervariable loops from its location buried underneath CDR1. Consequently, the human residue (leucine) is replaced by the mouse amino acid in 225RH E .
  • the construction of the first version of the reshaped human H225 V ⁇ region (225RK A ) is carried out essentially as described by Sato et al. (26). In essence, this involves annealing PCR-primers encoding FR modifcations (Table TO) onto a DNA template of the chimeric C225V K gene using the two step PCR-amplification protocol to synthesize the reshaped human variable region gene. As a consequence, the FR DNA sequence of the chimeric C225V K is modified by the primers to that of the reshaped human kappa light chain variable region gene 225RK A .
  • the newly synthesized reshaped variable region gene following column purification, is digested with Hr ⁇ dlll and Xbal, agarose gel-purified and subcloned into pUC19 (digested and agarose gel-purified in an identical manner).
  • the new plasmid construct, pUC-225RK A is then transformed into XL 1 Blue competent cells. Putative positive clones are identified by PCR-screening (using primers RSP and UP) and then finally ds-DNA sequenced, both to confirm their integrity and discount the presence of PCR-errors.
  • Version B of the reshaped human ⁇ 225 V ⁇ (225RK B ) is constructed using oligonucleotide primers 225RK B .K49Y and APCR40 (Table 11).
  • a 100 ⁇ l PCR-reaction mix comprising 65.5 ⁇ l of sterile distilled/deionized water, 5 ⁇ l of 2 ng/ ⁇ l plasmid pUC-
  • 225RK A template DNA, 10 ⁇ l of 10 X PCR buffer II, 6 ⁇ l of 25 mM MgCl 2 , 2 ⁇ l each of the 10 mM stock solutions of dNTPs, 2.5 ⁇ l aliquots (each of 10 ⁇ M) of primers 225RK B .K49Y and APCR40 and 0.5 ⁇ l of AmpliTaq®DNA polymerase is overlayed with 50 ⁇ l of mineral oil and loaded into a DNA thermal cycler. The PCR-reaction is PCR-amplified, using the two step protocol over 25 cycles, and the PCR-product column purified before it is cut with Msc ⁇ .
  • Plasmid pUC-225RK A is also cut with Mscl and both the digested PCR product and the plasmid fragment are agarose gel-purified. The PCR- product is then cloned into pUC-225RK A , to create pUC-225RK B , before being transformed into XL 1 Blue competent cells. Putative positive transformant are first identified, using primers 225RK B .K49Y and UP in a PCR-screening assay, and then confirmed via ds-DNA sequencing.
  • a selected individual clone is finally sublconed into pKNIOO to produce the plasmid pKN100-225RK B , whose correct construction is confirmed both by using primers HCMVi and New.Hu ⁇ (Table 6) in a PCR-screening assay and restriction analysis.
  • the construction of the first version of the reshaped human H225 V H region (225RH A ) is also carried out essentially as described by Sato et al. (26).
  • the two step PCR-amplification protocol is used and the reshaped variable region gene created is cloned into pUC19 vector, as an agarose gel-purified Hindlll-Bam ⁇ l fragment, to create plasmid pUC-225RH A .
  • Putative positive clones identified by PCR- screening (using primers RSP and UP) are finally ds-DNA sequenced both to confirm the DNA sequence and prove the absence of PCR-errors. From the confirmed positive clones an individual clone is selected and directly inserted, as a Hindffl-BamHI fragment, into the human ⁇ l heavy chain mammalian expression vector pGlD105 to create plasmid pGlD105-225RH A .
  • This plasmid is then confirmed both by using primers HCMVi and ⁇ AS (Table 6) in a PCR-screening assay and restriction analysis. Versions B of the reshaped human H225 V H (225RH B ) is synthesized in a two step PCR-mutagenesis procedure in the following manner.
  • Two separate 100 ⁇ l PCR- reaction mixes are first prepared by combining 65.5 ⁇ l of sterile distilled/deionized water, 5 ⁇ l of 2 ng/ ⁇ l plasmid pUC-225RH A template DNA, 10 ⁇ l of 10 X PCR buffer II, 6 ⁇ l of 25 mM MgCl 2 , 2 ⁇ l each of the 10 mM stock solutions of dNTPs, 2.5 ⁇ l aliquots (each of 10 ⁇ M) of primers APCR10 and 225RH B .T41P-AS in the first PCR- reaction, and primers APCR40 and 225RH B .T41P-S in the second PCR-reaction (Table 13), and finally 0.5 ⁇ l of AmpliTaq®DNA polymerase.
  • Each of the two PCR- reaction mixes are overlayed with 50 ⁇ l of mineral oil, loaded into a DNA thermal cycler and PCR-amplified using the two step protocol over 25 cycles.
  • the two PCR- products are then agarose gel-purified, to separate them from any template DNA remaining in the PCR-reaction, before being resuspended in 50 ⁇ l of distilled/deionized water and their concentration determined.
  • This PCR-reaction is overlayed with mineral oil and PCR-amplified using the two step protocol over 7 cycles only.
  • a third PCR-reaction is then prepared comprising 1 ⁇ l of the product of the second PCR-reaction 69.5 ⁇ l of sterile distilled/deionized water, 10 ⁇ l of 10 X PCR buffer II, 6 ⁇ l of 25 mM MgCl 2 , 2 ⁇ l each of the 10 mM stock solutions of dNTPs, 2.5 ⁇ l aliquots (each of 10 ⁇ M) of the nested primers RSP and UP and 0.5 ⁇ l of AmpliTaq®DNA polymerase.
  • PCR-reaction is overlayed with mineral oil and amplified using the two step protocol for a final 25 cycles.
  • This PCR-product is then column purified, isolated as an agarose gel purified HmdIII-itomHI fragment, subcloned into HindlU-BamHl digested and agarose gel -purified plasmid pUC19, and finally transformed into XL 1 Blue competent cells. Putative positive transformants are first identified and then confirmed as described previously.
  • a selected individual clone is then sublconed into pGlD105 to produce the plasmid pGlD105-225RH B - which is confirmed using primers HCMVi and ⁇ AS (Table 6) in a PCR-screening assay and by restriction analysis.
  • Version C of the reshaped human H225 V H (225RH B ) is synthesized in a similar manner to 225RKc.
  • a 100 ⁇ l PCR-reaction mix containing 65.5 ⁇ l of sterile distilled/deionized water, 5 ⁇ l of 2 ng/ ⁇ l plasmid pUC-225RH A template DNA, 10 ⁇ l of 10 X PCR buffer II, 6 ⁇ l of 25 mM MgCl 2 , 2 ⁇ l each of the 10 mM stock solutions of dNTPs, 2.5 ⁇ l aliquots (each of 10 M) of primers APCR40 and 225RH C .T68S/S70N (Table 13) and 0.5 ⁇ l of AmpliTaq®DNA polymerase.
  • the PCR-reaction is overlayed with mineral oil PCR-amplified, using the two step protocol over 25 cycles, and column purified prior to digestion with Sail and BamHl. Plasmid pUC-225RH A is also cut with with Sail and BamHl and both the digested PCR product and the plasmid are agarose gel-purified. The PCR-product is then cloned into pUC-225RH A , to create pUC-225RH c , before being transformed into XL 1 Blue competent cells. Putative positive transformant are first identified, using primers RSP and UP in a PCR-screennig assay, and later confirmed via ds-DNA sequencing.
  • a selected individual clone is then sublconed into pGlD105 to produce the plasmid pGlD105-225RH c .
  • the correct construction of this vector finally proven both by using primers HCMVi and ⁇ AS (Table 6) in a PCR-screening assay and restriction analysis.
  • Version D of the reshaped human H225 V H is a product of the changes incorporated into versions B and C of the reshaped human heavy chain of H225 antibody. Fortuitously, it is possible to amalgamate the changes made to these heavy chain variable region genes by digesting both pUC-225RH B and pUC-225RH c with Sa l and BamHl. The 2.95 kb vector fragment from pUC-225RH B and the approximately 180 bp insert fragment from pUC-225RH c are then agarose gel- purified before being ligated together and transformed into XL 1 Blue competent cells.
  • Version E of the reshaped human H225 V H (225RH E ) is a derivative of 225RH A and is synthesized in an identical manner to 225RH C using primers APCR40 and 225RH E .L78V (Table 13).
  • a selected 225RH E clone from plasmid pUC-225RH E is then sublconed into pGlD105 to produce the vector pGlD105-225RH E - the correct construction of which is proven in the usual manner.
  • Kettleborough et al. (11) The method of Kettleborough et al. (11) is followed to transfect the mammalian expression vectors into COS cells.
  • Example IV-9 Protein A purification of recombinant 225 antibodies
  • Both the chimeric C225 antibody and the various reshaped human H225 antibody constructs are protein A purified according to the protocol described in Kolbinger et al. (27).
  • Each well of a 96-well Nunc-Immuno Plate MaxiSorpTM immunoplate is first coated with 100 ⁇ l aliquots of 0.5 ng/ ⁇ l goat anti-mouse IgG ( ⁇ -chain specific) antibody, diluted in coating buffer (0.05 M Carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.6), and incubated overnight at 4 °C.
  • the wells are blocked with 200 ⁇ l/well of mouse blocking buffer (2.5% (w/v) I _ in PBS) for 1 hr at 37 °C before being washed with 200 ⁇ l/well aliquots of wash buffer (PBS / 0.05% (v/v) tween-20) three times.
  • sample-enzyme conjugate buffer 0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.0), 0.1 M NaCl, 0.02% (v/v) tween-20 and 0.2% (w/v) BSA
  • sample-enzyme conjugate buffer 0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.0), 0.1 M NaCl, 0.02% (v/v) tween-20 and 0.2% (w/v) BSA
  • a purified mouse IgG standard serially diluted 1 :2 from a starting concentration of 1000 ng/ml, is also loaded onto the immunoplate.
  • the immunoplate is incubated at 37 °C for 1 hr and washed three times with 200 ⁇ l/well of wash buffer.
  • 100 ⁇ l aliquots of TMB peroxiodase substrate A:peroxidase substrate B ( 1 : 1 ) are now added to each well and incubated for 10 min at RT in the dark.
  • the reaction is halted by dispensing 50 ⁇ l of 1 N H 2 SO 4 into each well.
  • the optical density at 450 nm is finally determined using a Bio-Rad 3550 microplate reader in conjunction with Microplate ManagerTM.
  • Example IV- 11 Quantification of whole human ⁇ l/ ⁇ antibody via ELISA
  • Each well of a 96-well Nunc-Immuno Plate MaxiSorpTM immunoplate is first coated with 100 ⁇ l aliquots of 0.4 ng/ ⁇ l goat anti-human IgG (Fc ⁇ fragment specific) antibody, diluted in coating buffer (0.05 M Carbonate-bicarbonate buffer, pH 9.6), and incubated overnight at 4 °C.
  • the wells are then each blocked with 200 ⁇ l of human blocking buffer (2% (w/v) BSA in PBS) for 2 hr at RT before being washed with 200 ⁇ l/well aliquots of wash buffer (PBS / 0.05% (v/v) tween-20) three times. 100 ⁇ l/well aliquots of the experimental samples (i.e.
  • sample-enzyme conjugate buffer 0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.0), 0.1 M NaCl, 0.02% (v/v) tween-20 and 0.2% (w/v) BSA
  • sample-enzyme conjugate buffer 0.1 M Tris-HCl (pH 7.0), 0.1 M NaCl, 0.02% (v/v) tween-20 and 0.2% (w/v) BSA
  • a purified human ⁇ l/ ⁇ antibody which is used as a standard and serially diluted 1 :2, is also loaded onto the immunoplate.
  • the immunoplate is incubated at 37 °C for 1 hr before being washed with 200 ⁇ l well of wash buffer three times.
  • Example IV- 12. A4 1 Cell ELISA for the detection of EGFR antigen binding
  • the procedure is based upon the one provided by ImClone Systems Inc. to determine the relative binding affinity of the recombinant 225 antibody constructs, to EGFR expressed on the surface of A431 cells.
  • the A431 cells are plated onto a 96- well flat bottomed tissue culture plate and incubated overnight in DMEM media with 10% (v/v) FBS at 37 °C and 5% CO 2 . The following day the media is removed, the cells are washed once in PBS and then fixed with 100 ⁇ l/well of 0.25% (v/v) gluteraldehyde in PBS.
  • mice antibody in the media from the M225 hybridoma cells at the point of harvesting the cells for RNA purification was proven using the mouse antibody ELISA.
  • the single stranded cDNA template was PCR-amplified with two series of degenerate primers, one series specific for the kappa light chain signal peptide/variable region genes (Table 4) and the second series specific for the heavy chain signal peptide/variable region genes (Table 5).
  • Table 4 the primerst strand synthesis the single stranded cDNA template was PCR-amplified with two series of degenerate primers, one series specific for the kappa light chain signal peptide/variable region genes (Table 4) and the second series specific for the heavy chain signal peptide/variable region genes (Table 5).
  • Table 4 the primers both the V ⁇ gene and the V H gene of the M225 antibody were successfully PCR-cloned from the M225 hybridoma cell line.
  • the M225 kappa light chain variable region gene was PCR-cloned, as an approximately 416bp fragment, using primers MKV4 (which annealed to the 5' end of the DNA sequence of the kappa light chain signal peptide) and MKC (designed to anneal to the 5 'end of the mouse kappa constant region gene).
  • MKV4 which annealed to the 5' end of the DNA sequence of the kappa light chain signal peptide
  • MKC designed to anneal to the 5 'end of the mouse kappa constant region gene.
  • the M225 heavy chain variable region gene was PCR-cloned, as an approximately 446bp fragment, using the MHV6 (which annealed to the 5' end of the DNA sequence of the heavy chain signal peptide) and MHCG1 (designed to anneal to the 5' end of the CH] domain of the mouse ⁇ l heavy chain gene) primers.
  • the mouse M225 antibody V ⁇ and V H genes were determined as shown in Figures 13 and 14, respectively.
  • the amino acid sequences of the M225 V ⁇ and V H regions were compared with other mouse variable regions and also the consensus sequences of the subgroups that the variable regions were subdivided into in the Kabat database (20).
  • the M225 V ⁇ region was found to most closely match the consensus sequence of mouse kappa subgroup V, with an identity of 62.62% and a similarity of 76.64% to the subgroup.
  • the kappa light chain variable region also displayed a close match to mouse kappa subgroup III with a 61.68% identity and a 76.64% similarity to its consensus sequence.
  • Example IV- 14 Construction and expression of chimeric C225 antibody
  • the PCR-products from the two PCR-reactions prepared to construct the C225 V ⁇ and V H genes were separately subcloned into pUC19 as Hind ⁇ ll-BamHl fragments and then PCR-screened to identify putative positive transformants. Those transformants so identified were then ds-DNA sequenced, to confirm their synthesis, and then subcloned into their respective mammalian expression vectors.
  • the DNA and amino acid sequences of the chimeric C225 kappa light chain and heavy chain variable regions are shown in Figures 15 and 16, respectively.
  • the amino acid sequence of the L7'CL kappa light chain signal peptide (i.e. MVSTPQFLVFLLFWIPASRG (SEQ ID NO: 36)) displays all the characteristics thought important in a such a signal sequence - such as a hydrophobic core - and so it was decided to replace the signal peptide of the PCR- cloned 225V K with this new sequence.
  • Another point of interest was that the differences between the M225V K and the L7'CL signal peptides nearly all occured at its 5 '-end where the MKV4 primer annealed (i.e.
  • PCR-mtuagenesis of the C225V K template produced an approximately 390bp product.
  • the HmdIII-.P-.tI digested and purified fragment was then subcloned into identically digested and agarose gel-purified plasmid pUC-C225V ⁇ and transformed into XLlBlue competent cells. Putative positive transformants were identified and then ds-DNA sequenced.
  • the C225V ⁇ sp gene ( Figure 17) was subcloned into pKNIOO and the resulting expression vector (pKN100-C225V ⁇ sp) PCR-screened and restriction digested to confirm the presence of the correct insert.
  • This vector was finally co-transfected into COS cells with pGlD105-C225V H and after 72 hr incubation, the medium was collected, spun to remove cell debri and analysed by ELISA for antibody production and binding to EGFR. This time chimeric C225 antibody was detected in the supernatent of the COS cell co-transfections at an approximate concentration of 150 ng/ml and this antibody bound to EGFR in the cell ELISA.
  • Figure 18 shows a typical example of one such experiment.
  • Example IV-15 Construction and expression of the reshaped H225 antibody (225RK ⁇ /225RH ⁇ )
  • the construction of the first version of the reshaped human H225 kappa light chain variable region produced an approximately 416bp product that was then subcloned into pUC19 as a Hindll-BamHl fragment. Putative positive transformants were identified using the PCR-screening assay and then ds-DNA sequenced.
  • the 225RK A gene ( Figure 19) was subcloned into pKNIOO and the resulting expression vector (pKN100-225RK A ) PCR-screened and restriction digested to confirm the presence of the correct insert.
  • the construction of the first version of the reshaped human H225 heavy chain variable region produced an approximately 446bp product which was then subcloned into pUC 19 as a Hindll- BamHl fragment. Putative positive transformants were again identified in the PCR- screen and then ds-DNA sequenced.
  • the 225RH A gene ( Figure 20) was subcloned into pGlD105 and the resulting expression vector (pGlD105-225RH A ) PCR-screened and restriction digested to confirm the presence of the correct insert.
  • MKV1 (30mer) ATGAAGTTGCCTGTTAGGCTGTTGGTGCTG MKV2 (30mer) ATGGAGACAGACACACTCCTGCTATGGGTG T T
  • MKV8 (31mer) ATGTGGGGACCTTTTTTCCCTTTTTCAATTG T G C AA
  • a MKV indicates primers that hybridize to leader sequences of mouse kappa light chain variable region genes.
  • b MKC indicates the primer that hybridizes to the mouse kappa constant region gene. Table 5. Degenerate and specific PCR-primers used in the cloning of the M225 heavy chain variable region genes.
  • MHV5 (30mer) ATGGACTCCAGGCTCAATTTAGTTTTCCTT MHV6 (27mer) ATGGCTGTCCTAGGGCTACTCTTCTGC T G C G MHV7 (26mer) ATGGGATGGAGCGGGATCTTTCTCTT A T G A
  • a MHV indicates primers that hybridize to leader sequences of mouse heavy chain variable region genes.
  • b MHCG indicates primers that hybridize to mouse constant region genes. Table 6. Primers for PCR screening transformed colonies
  • invariant residues as defined either by the Kabat consensus sequences i.e. 95% or greater occurrence within Kabat subgroup (Kabat et al, 19 1) (in the case of columns 5 and 6) or as part of the canonical structure for the CDR loops (in the case of column 8) as defined by Chothia et al, (1989); (BOLD) positions in Frs and CDRs where the human amino acid residue was replaced by the corresponding mouse residue (UNDERLINE) positions in Frs where the human residue differs from the analogous mouse residue number; ( ⁇ ) numbering of changes in the human Frs; (mouse C225) amino acid sequence of the V H region from chimeric C225 antibody; (mouse IB) consensus sequence of mouse V H regions from subgroup IB (Kabat et al, 1991); (human III) consensus sequence of human V H regions from subgroup III (Kabat et al, 1991); (Human Donors: 38P1) amino acid sequence from human antibody 38P1'

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Abstract

Versions chimérisées et humanisées de l'anticorps 225 anti-récepteur de facteur de croissance épidermique et fragments de cet anticorps servant au traitement de tumeurs.
EP96921457A 1995-06-07 1996-06-07 Anticorps et fragments d'anticorps inhibant la croissance des tumeurs Withdrawn EP0831880A4 (fr)

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