ES2146568T3 - Aparato generador de codigo de secuencia para un modem cdma. - Google Patents
Aparato generador de codigo de secuencia para un modem cdma.Info
- Publication number
- ES2146568T3 ES2146568T3 ES99122091T ES99122091T ES2146568T3 ES 2146568 T3 ES2146568 T3 ES 2146568T3 ES 99122091 T ES99122091 T ES 99122091T ES 99122091 T ES99122091 T ES 99122091T ES 2146568 T3 ES2146568 T3 ES 2146568T3
- Authority
- ES
- Spain
- Prior art keywords
- code
- codes
- sequence
- expansion
- signal
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired - Lifetime
Links
Classifications
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- H04B7/24—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts
- H04B7/26—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile
- H04B7/2628—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile using code-division multiple access [CDMA] or spread spectrum multiple access [SSMA]
- H04B7/2637—Radio transmission systems, i.e. using radiation field for communication between two or more posts at least one of which is mobile using code-division multiple access [CDMA] or spread spectrum multiple access [SSMA] for logical channel control
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- G06—COMPUTING OR CALCULATING; COUNTING
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- G06F13/14—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer
- G06F13/36—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to common bus or bus system
- G06F13/368—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to common bus or bus system with decentralised access control
- G06F13/374—Handling requests for interconnection or transfer for access to common bus or bus system with decentralised access control using a self-select method with individual priority code comparator
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Abstract
Un aparato generador de secuencias de códigos que genera una pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de propagación, incluyendo una secuencia maestra de códigos de propagación, teniendo la pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de propagación una correlación transversal mutua dentro de un intervalo predeterminado, y teniendo una relación de fase de código mutua predeterminada, comprendiendo dicho generador de secuencias de códigos: medios generadores de reloj para generar una señal de reloj; un registro de corredera de realimentación lineal (LFSR), sensible a la señal de reloj y que tiene una pluralidad de etapas que incluyen una primera etapa y una última etapa, definiendo cada etapa una toma respectiva, produciendo cada toma una señal de toma; donde un grupo predeterminado de las señales de toma que incluyen la señal de toma de la última etapa son aplicadas a circuitería lógica que combina las señales de toma para producir una señal de código de propagación de realimentación, siendo aplicada dicha señal de código de propagación de realimentación como una señal de entrada para la primera etapa del LFSR; primeros medios de memoria para almacenar una pluralidad de valores de arranque de código de propagación, comprendiendo cada valor de arranque del código de propagación un conjunto de valores binarios de secuencias de códigos de propagación, y estando conectada dicha primera memoria al LFSR y siendo sensible a una señal de carga para transferir cada uno de un conjunto predeterminado de valores binarios de secuencias de códigos de propagación de un valor seleccionado de la pluralidad de valores de arranque de códigos de propagación en una de las etapas respectivas del registro de desviación del LSFR; medios controladores del generador de códigos para seleccionar uno de la pluralidad de valores de arranque de códigos de propagación para determinar la pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de propagación y para proporcionar la señal de carga que indica dicho valor de arranque del código de propagación; donde dicho LSFR es sensible a la señal de reloj para transferir secuencialmente cada señal de toma respectiva desde una etapa a la siguiente etapa, desde la primera etapa hasta la última etapa y para transferir el valor del código de propagación de realimentación a la primera etapa, y cada uno de los sucesivos valores de toma de la última etapa definen la secuencia maestra de códigos de propagación; siendo sensibles los segundos medios de memoria a la señal de reloj para proporcionar una secuencia par de códigos repetitivos, teniendo dicha secuencia par de códigos una correlación transversal con la secuencia maestra de propagación que está dentro del intervalo predeterminado y que tiene un número par de valores de propagación de chip; una pluralidad de medios de alimentación delantera conectados en cascada, acoplados para recibir la secuencia maestra de códigos de propagación para proporcionar una pluralidad de secuencias de códigos, siendo cada secuencia de códigos una secuencia de códigos de propagación distinta de dicha pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de propagación, siendo sensible cada uno de dichos medios de alimentación delantera a la señal de reloj, para proporcionar una secuencia respectiva de la pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de propagación; y una pluralidad de medios de combinación de secuencia de códigos, con medios de combinación de las secuencias de códigos para combinar la secuencia respectiva de códigos de propagación con dicha secuencia par de códigos para producir una pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de propagación relativamente largas, teniendo cada una de las secuencias de códigos de propagación largas un número de elementos mayor que cualquiera de la pluralidad de secuencias de código de propagación.
Description
Aparato generador de código de secuencia para un
módem CDMA.
Proporcionar servicios de telecomunicaciones de
calidad a grupos de usuarios que están clasificados como remotos,
tales como sistemas de telefonía rural y sistemas de telefonía en
países subdesarrollados, ha demostrado ser un reto en los últimos
años. Las necesidades pasadas creadas por estos servicios han sido
satisfechas parcialmente por los servicios inalámbricos de radio,
tales como los sistemas fijos o móviles de multiplexado por
división de frecuencias (FDM = Frequency Division Multiplex), de
acceso múltiple por división de frecuencias (FDMA = Frequency
Division Multiple Access), de multiplexado por división en el
tiempo (TDM = Time Division Multiplex), de acceso múltiple por
división en el tiempo (TDMA = Time Division Multiple Access),
sistemas de combinación de división de frecuencias y división en el
tiempo (FD/TDMA), y otros sistemas de radio móvil con base en
tierra. A menudo, estos servicios remotos se enfrentan con más
usuarios potenciales de los que pueden ser soportados
simultáneamente por su capacidad de anchura de banda de frecuencias
o espectral.
Reconociendo estas limitaciones, los recientes
avances en comunicaciones inalámbricas han usado técnicas de
modulación de espectro ensanchado para proporcionar comunicaciones
simultáneas para múltiples usuarios. La modulación de espectro
ensanchado se refiere a modular una señal de información con una
señal de código de expansión, siendo generada la señal de código de
expansión por un generador de códigos donde el periodo Tc del
código de expansión es sustancialmente menor que el periodo de los
bits de datos de información o señal de símbolo. El código puede
modular la frecuencia portadora sobre la cual se ha enviado la
información, denominada expansión de frecuencia montada
(frequency-hopped spreading), o puede modular
directamente la señal multiplicando el código de expansión con la
señal de datos de información, denominada expansión de secuencia
directa (DS = Direct-sequence Spreading). La
modulación de espectro ensanchado produce una señal con anchura de
banda sustancialmente mayor que la requerida para transmitir la
señal de información, y la recepción y la supresión de ensanche
síncronas de la señal en el demodulador del receptor recupera la
información original. El demodulador síncrono usa una señal de
referencia para sincronizar los circuitos de supresión de ensanche
con la señal de entrada modulada con espectro ensanchado, a fin de
recuperar las señales de la portadora y de la información. La señal
de referencia puede ser un código de expansión que no esté modulado
por una señal de información.
La modulación de espectro ensanchado en redes
inalámbricas ofrece muchas ventajas porque múltiples usuarios pueden
usar la misma banda de frecuencias con interferencias mínimas en
cada receptor de usuario. La modulación de espectro ensanchado
reduce también los efectos de otras fuentes de interferencia.
Además, las técnicas de modulación y demodulación síncronas de
espectro ensanchado se pueden ampliar proporcionando múltiples
canales de mensajes para un usuario, cada uno ensanchado con un
código de expansión diferente, aunque transmitiendo solamente una
única señal de referencia al usuario.
Un área en la que se usan las técnicas de
espectro ensanchado es en el campo de las comunicaciones celulares
móviles para proporcionar servicios de comunicaciones personales
(PCS = Personal Communication Service). Tales sistemas soportan
deseablemente grandes números de usuarios, controlan el
desplazamiento Doppler y el debilitamiento, y proporcionan señales
de datos digitales de alta velocidad con bajas tasas de errores
binarios. Estos sistemas emplean una familia de códigos de
expansión ortogonales o cuasi ortogonales con una secuencia de
códigos de expansión pilotos sincronizada con la familia de
códigos. A cada usuario está asignado uno de los códigos de
expansión como una función de expansión. Problemas relacionados con
tal sistema son: soportar un gran número de usuarios con los
códigos ortogonales, manejar poca potencia disponible para unidades
remotas, y tratar efectos de debilitamiento en caminos múltiples.
Las soluciones a tales problemas incluyen usar sistemas de antenas
en fase para generar múltiples haces orientables, usar secuencias
de códigos ortogonales o cuasi ortogonales muy largos que se vuelven
a usar por desplazamiento cíclico del código sincronizado con una
referencia central, y combinar diversamente señales multipaso.
El documento JP 7-86982 describe
un circuito generador de secuencias de códigos de ruido
seudoaleatorio (Pseudo-Noise = PN) asíncronos que
genera una pluralidad de secuencias de códigos PN. Un generador de
códigos PN de tipo de realimentación genera una secuencia maestra de
códigos PN, y convertidores de códigos para cada uno de los N
canales convierten la secuencia maestra PN a una secuencia de
códigos PN según una configuración de máscara. Las configuraciones
de máscara para cada canal se almacenan en la correspondiente
memoria de máscaras.
La presente invención proporciona un aparato
generador de secuencias de códigos según la reivindicación 1. Se
proporcionan otros aspectos preferidos según las reivindicaciones
dependientes.
Según la presente invención, un aparato generador
de secuencias de códigos genera una pluralidad de secuencias de
códigos de expansión que incluye una secuencia maestra de códigos
de expansión. Teniendo las secuencias de códigos de expansión una
correlación mutua cruzada dentro de un margen, y una relación mutua
de fase de código. Un registro de desplazamiento de realimentación
lineal (LFSR = Linear Feedback Shift Register) proporciona señales
de tomas intermedias a circuitos lógicos que, a su vez, producen
una señal de realimentación de código de expansión, aplicada a una
primera etapa del LFSR. El LFSR responde a una secuencia de valores
de bits de secuencias de códigos de expansión. El LFSR transfiere
secuencialmente cada una de una pluralidad de señales de tomas
intermedias desde una etapa a la siguiente etapa y transfiere hacia
delante el valor de realimentación del código de expansión a la
primera etapa, y cada valor sucesivo de los valores de tomas
intermedias de la última etapa define la secuencia maestra de
códigos de expansión. Una segunda memoria responde a una señal de
reloj para proporcionar una secuencia repetitiva de códigos pares,
que tiene una correlación cruzada con la secuencia maestra de
expansión que está dentro de un margen predeterminado, y tiene un
número par de valores de expansión de chips. Una pluralidad de
circuitos de alimentación hacia delante conectados en cascada
recibe la secuencia maestra de códigos de expansión y proporciona
una pluralidad de secuencias de códigos distintas. Una pluralidad
de combinadores de secuencias de códigos combina la respectiva
secuencia de códigos de expansión con dicha secuencia de códigos
pares a fin de producir una pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de
expansión relativamente largos, teniendo cada secuencia de códigos
de expansión largos un número de elementos mayor que una cualquiera
de la pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de expansión.
Para generar grandes familias de códigos casi
mutuamente ortogonales usados por los módems CDMA (Code Division
Multiple Access = Acceso Múltiple por División de Código), el módem
ejemplar incluye un generador de secuencias de códigos. Las
secuencias de códigos están asignadas a un respectivo canal lógico
del sistema de comunicaciones de espectro ensanchado, que incluye
transmisión En-fase (I) y en Cuadratura (Q) sobre
canales de comunicaciones por RF. Un grupo de secuencias se usa
como secuencias pilotos que son transmitidas sin ser moduladas por
una señal de datos. El circuito generador de secuencias de códigos
incluye un generador de secuencias de códigos largos que incluye un
registro de desplazamiento de realimentación lineal (LFSR = Linear
Feedback Shift Register), una memoria que proporciona una secuencia
de códigos cortos pares, y una pluralidad de secciones de
alimentación hacia delante de desplazamiento cíclico, cada una de
las cuales proporciona una respectiva secuencia de códigos de la
familia de secuencias de códigos. El generador de secuencias de
códigos incluye, también, un grupo de combinadores de secuencias de
códigos para combinar cada secuencia de códigos generada, con la
secuencia de códigos cortos pares, para producir un grupo, o
familia, de secuencias de códigos largos que tienen correlación
mutua relativamente baja.
La Figura 1 es un diagrama de bloques de un
sistema de comunicaciones de acceso múltiple por división de código,
según la presente invención.
La Figura 2a es un diagrama de bloques de un
registro de desplazamiento lineal de 36 etapas, adecuado para ser
usado con código de expansión largo del generador de códigos de la
presente invención.
La Figura 2b es un diagrama de bloques de
circuitos, que ilustra la operación de alimentación hacia delante
del generador de códigos.
La Figura 2c es un diagrama de bloques de un
generador de códigos ejemplar de la presente invención, que incluye
el circuito para generar secuencias de códigos de expansión de los
códigos de expansión largos y los códigos de expansión cortos.
La Figura 2d es una realización alternativa del
circuito generador de códigos, que incluye retardos para compensar
los retardos de los circuitos eléctricos.
La Figura 3a es un gráfico de los puntos de
constelación de la señal QPSK de código de expansión piloto.
La Figura 3b es un gráfico de los puntos de
constelación de la señal QPSK de canal de mensajes.
La Figura 3c es un diagrama de bloques de un
circuito ejemplar que lleva a la práctica el método de rastreo de la
fase del código de expansión recibido, de la presente
invención.
Un sistema ejemplar que incluye un módem según la
presente invención proporciona un servicio telefónico de bucle
local que usa enlaces de radio entre una o más estaciones base y
múltiples unidades remotas de abonados. En la realización ejemplar,
se describe el enlace de radio para una estación base que comunica
con una unidad fija de abonado (FSU = Fixed Subscriber Unit), pero
el sistema es igualmente aplicable a sistemas que incluyen
múltiples estaciones base con enlaces de radio, tanto a FSU como a
unidades móviles de abonados (MSU = Mobile Subscriber Unit). Por
consiguiente, las unidades remotas de abonados son denominadas aquí
como unidades de abonado
(SU = Subscriber Unit). Con referencia a la Figura 1, en el sistema ejemplar, la estación base (Base Station) BS 101 proporciona conexiones de llamadas a la central local (Local Exchange) LE 103 u otra interfaz de conmutación de red telefónica, e incluye la Estación de Portadora de Radio (Radio Carrier Station ) RCS (104). Una o más RCS 104, 105, 110 están conectadas a la Unidad de Distribución de Radio (Radio Distribution Unit) RDU 102 a través de los enlaces 131, 132, 137, 138, 139, y la RDU 102, a su vez, se conecta con la LE 103 transmitiendo y recibiendo señales de establecimiento de llamadas, de control y de información a través de enlaces telco 141, 142, 150. Las unidades de abonado (Subscriber Unit) SU 116, 119 se comunican con la estación de portadora de radio RCS 104 a través de los enlaces de radio 161, 162, 163, 164, 165. Tanto la RCS como las SU incluyen módems CDMA que establecen y mantienen los enlaces de radio. Alternativamente, otra realización de la invención puede incluir varias SU y una SU "maestra" (MSU = Master Subscriber Unit) que funciona de manera muy parecida a la RCS para permitir la comunicación entre las SU. Dicha realización puede tener o no tener conexión con una red telefónica local.
(SU = Subscriber Unit). Con referencia a la Figura 1, en el sistema ejemplar, la estación base (Base Station) BS 101 proporciona conexiones de llamadas a la central local (Local Exchange) LE 103 u otra interfaz de conmutación de red telefónica, e incluye la Estación de Portadora de Radio (Radio Carrier Station ) RCS (104). Una o más RCS 104, 105, 110 están conectadas a la Unidad de Distribución de Radio (Radio Distribution Unit) RDU 102 a través de los enlaces 131, 132, 137, 138, 139, y la RDU 102, a su vez, se conecta con la LE 103 transmitiendo y recibiendo señales de establecimiento de llamadas, de control y de información a través de enlaces telco 141, 142, 150. Las unidades de abonado (Subscriber Unit) SU 116, 119 se comunican con la estación de portadora de radio RCS 104 a través de los enlaces de radio 161, 162, 163, 164, 165. Tanto la RCS como las SU incluyen módems CDMA que establecen y mantienen los enlaces de radio. Alternativamente, otra realización de la invención puede incluir varias SU y una SU "maestra" (MSU = Master Subscriber Unit) que funciona de manera muy parecida a la RCS para permitir la comunicación entre las SU. Dicha realización puede tener o no tener conexión con una red telefónica local.
Aunque la realización descrita usa diferentes
anchuras de banda de espectro ensanchado centradas alrededor de una
portadora, para los canales de transmisión y recepción de espectro
ensanchado, el presente método se extiende fácilmente a sistemas
que usan múltiples anchuras de banda de espectro ensanchado para los
canales de transmisión, y múltiples anchuras de banda de espectro
ensanchado para los canales de recepción. Alternativamente, como
los sistemas de comunicaciones de espectro ensanchado tienen la
característica inherente de que una transmisión de usuario aparece
como ruido para otro receptor de usuario de supresión de ensanche,
una realización puede emplear el mismo canal de espectro
ensanchado, tanto para los canales del camino de transmisión como
para los canales del camino de recepción. En otras palabras, las
transmisiones de Enlaces Ascendentes y Enlaces Descendentes pueden
ocupar la misma banda de frecuencias.
En la presente realización, la información
binaria de símbolos ensanchada es transmitida sobre enlaces de radio
161 a 165 usando modulación por manipulación desplazamiento de fase
en cuadratura (QPSK = Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) con
Conformación de Impulsos Nyquist, aunque se pueden usar otras
técnicas de modulación, incluyendo, pero no limitadas a, modulación
por manipulación de desplazamiento de fase en cuadratura con
desviación (Offset QPSK = OQPSK) y modulación por manipulación de
desplazamiento mínimo (MSK = Minimum Shift Keying).
Cada una de las estaciones de portadora de radio
(RCS) y unidades de abonado (SU) contienen módems CDMA según la
presente invención para transmisión y recepción de señales de
telecomunicaciones que incluyen señales de información y señales de
control de conexión. Un módem CDMA que incluye una realización de la
presente invención contiene un módem transmisor que tiene: un
generador de códigos que proporciona una señal asociada de código
piloto y que genera una pluralidad de señales de códigos de
mensajes; un circuito de expansión que combina cada una de las
señales de información con una respectiva de las señales de códigos
de mensajes para generar una señal de mensaje procesada en espectro
ensanchado; y un generador de código piloto global que proporciona
una señal de código piloto global con la cual están sincronizadas
las señales de códigos de mensajes.
El módem CDMA ejemplar incluye también un módem
receptor que tiene una lógica asociada de adquisición y rastreo de
código piloto. La lógica asociada de adquisición de código piloto
incluye un generador asociado de códigos piloto y un grupo de
correladores asociados de códigos piloto para correlacionar
versiones de códigos retrasadas en fase de la señal piloto asociada
con una señal multiplexada por división en el tiempo (CDM = Code
Division Multiplex) recibida, para producir una señal piloto
asociada de ensanche suprimido. La fase de código de la señal
piloto asociada es cambiada en respuesta a un valor de señal de
adquisición hasta que un detector indique la presencia de la señal
asociada de código piloto de ensanche suprimido cambiando el valor
de la señal de adquisición. La señal asociada de código piloto está
sincronizada con la señal piloto global. La lógica asociada de
rastreo de código piloto ajusta la señal asociada de código piloto
en fase, en respuesta a la señal de adquisición, de modo que se
maximice el nivel de potencia de señal, de la señal asociada de
código piloto de ensanche suprimido. Finalmente, el receptor del
módem CDMA incluye un grupo de circuitos de adquisición de señales
de mensajes. Cada circuito de adquisición de señales de mensajes
incluye una pluralidad de correladores de señales de mensajes
recibidas que correlacionan la señal local de código de mensaje
recibida, con la señal CDM, para producir una respectiva señal de
mensaje recibida, de ensanche suprimido.
Con referencia a la Figura 1, los enlaces de
radio 161 a 165 incorporan el Acceso Múltiple por División de
Código de Banda Ancha (B-CDMA™ = Broadband CDMA)
como modo de transmisión, tanto en la dirección de Enlace Ascendente
como en la dirección de Enlace Descendente. Las técnicas de
comunicaciones CDMA (conocidas también como de Espectro Ensanchado)
usadas en sistemas de acceso múltiple son bien conocidas. El
sistema ejemplar descrito usa la técnica de ensanche de Secuencia
Directa (DS = Direct Sequence). En cada módem, uno o más moduladores
CDMA efectúan la generación de secuencias de códigos de expansión
de espectro ensanchado. Además, los módems generan, por ejemplo,
una secuencia de expansión de ruido seudoaleatorio (PN =
PseudoNoise); y efectúa modulación DS compleja para producir
señales de modulación por manipulación de desplazamiento de fase en
cuadratura (QPSK =
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) para los canales "En fase" (I) y "En cuadratura" (Q). Se generan señales piloto y se transmiten con las señales moduladas. Las señales piloto de la presente realización son códigos de expansión que no están modulados por datos. Las señales piloto se usan para sincronización del sistema, recuperación de fase de portadora, y para estimar la respuesta de impulso del canal de radio. Cada unidad de abonado (SU) incluye un solo generador piloto y, por lo menos, un modulador y demodulador CDMA, denominado módem CDMA. Cada estación de portadora de radio (RCS) 104, 105, 110 tiene un solo generador piloto más suficientes moduladores y demoduladores CDMA para todos los canales lógicos usados por todas las unidades de abonado (SU).
Quadrature Phase Shift Keying) para los canales "En fase" (I) y "En cuadratura" (Q). Se generan señales piloto y se transmiten con las señales moduladas. Las señales piloto de la presente realización son códigos de expansión que no están modulados por datos. Las señales piloto se usan para sincronización del sistema, recuperación de fase de portadora, y para estimar la respuesta de impulso del canal de radio. Cada unidad de abonado (SU) incluye un solo generador piloto y, por lo menos, un modulador y demodulador CDMA, denominado módem CDMA. Cada estación de portadora de radio (RCS) 104, 105, 110 tiene un solo generador piloto más suficientes moduladores y demoduladores CDMA para todos los canales lógicos usados por todas las unidades de abonado (SU).
El demodulador CDMA suprime el ensanche de la
señal con un proceso apropiado para combatir o explotar efectos de
propagación multipaso. Se usan parámetros concernientes al nivel de
potencia recibida para generar la información del Control
Automático de Potencia (APC = Automatic Power Control) que, a su
vez, es transmitida al otro extremo (es decir, desde la SU a la
RCS, o desde la RCS a la SU). La información APC se usa para
controlar la potencia transmitida de los enlaces de control
automático de potencia hacia delante (AFPC = Automatic Forward Power
Control) y de control automático de potencia hacia detrás (ARPC =
Automatic Reverse Power Control). Además, cada RCS 104, 105 y 110
puede efectuar un Control de Potencia de Mantenimiento (MPC =
Maintenance Power Control) de una manera similar al APC, para
ajustar la potencia de transmisión inicial de cada unidad de abonado
SU 111, 112. 115, 117 y 118.
No es necesaria la combinación de diversidad en
las antenas de radio de las RCS 104, 105 y 110 porque el CDMA tiene
inherente diversidad de frecuencias debido a la anchura de banda
ensanchada. Sin embargo, los receptores pueden incluir Filtros
Adaptativos Adaptados (AMF = Adaptive Matched Filter) (no mostrados
en la Figura 1), que combinan las señales multipaso. En la
realización ejemplar, los AMF efectúan la combinación de relación
máxima (MRC = Maximal Ratio Combining).
Un "canal" de la técnica anterior es
considerado usualmente como un camino de comunicaciones que es parte
de una interfaz, y que se puede distinguir de otros caminos de esa
interfaz sin considerar su contenido. Sin embargo, en el caso del
CDMA, los caminos de comunicaciones separados se distinguen
solamente por su contenido. El término "canal lógico" se usa
para distinguir las corrientes de datos separadas, que son
lógicamente equivalentes a canales en el sentido convencional.
Todos los canales y subcanales lógicos de la presente invención son
correlacionados con una corriente QPSK común de 64 kilosímbolos por
segundo (ksimb/s). Algunos canales están sincronizados con códigos
piloto asociados que son generados de la misma manera y efectúan en
gran manera la misma función que el Código Piloto Global del
sistema (GLPT = Global Pilot = Piloto Global). Sin embargo, las
señales piloto del sistema no son consideradas canales lógicos.
Se usan varios canales lógicos de comunicaciones
sobre el enlace de comunicación de RF entre la RCS y las SU. Cada
canal lógico de comunicaciones tiene, ya sea un código de expansión
fijo predeterminado, o bien un código de expansión asignado
dinámicamente. Tanto para los códigos predeterminados como para los
códigos asignados, la fase del código está sincronizada con el
Código Piloto. Los canales lógicos de comunicaciones se dividen en
dos grupos: el grupo de Canales Globales (GC = Global Channels)
incluye aquellos canales que son transmitidos ya sea desde la RCS
de la estación base a todas las SU remotas, o bien desde cualquier
SU a la RCS de la estación base, independientemente de la identidad
de la SU. Estos canales contienen todos los usuarios e incluyen los
canales usados por las SU para tener acceso a canales de
comunicaciones de mensajes. Los canales del Grupo de Canales
Asignados (AC = Assigned Channels) son aquellos canales que están
dedicados a comunicaciones entre la RCS y una SU
particular.
particular.
El grupo de Canales Globales (GC) proporciona: 1)
canales lógicos de Difusión, que proporcionan servicios de punto a
multipunto para mensajes de difusión para todas las SU, y mensajes
de búsqueda para las SU; y 2) canales lógicos de Control de Acceso
que proporcionan servicios punto a punto en canales globales para
que las SU accedan al sistema y obtengan canales asignados.
Un grupo de Canales Asignados (AC) contiene los
canales lógicos que controlan una sola conexión de telecomunicación
entre la RCS y una SU. Las funciones desarrolladas cuando se forma
un grupo AC constan de un par de canales lógicos de mensajes de
control de potencia para cada una de las conexiones de Enlace
Ascendente y Enlace Descendente y, dependiendo del tipo de conexión,
uno o más pares de canales de tráfico. La función de Control de
Portador efectúa las necesarias funciones de control de errores
hacia delante, modificación de velocidad de portador, y cifrado.
Los canales lógicos que constituyen los grupos GC y AC se resumen
en la Tabla 1.
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Los datos APC se envían a 64 kbit/s. El canal
lógico APC no está codificado con FEC (Forward Error Correction
=
Corrección de Errores Hacia Delante) para evitar retardos, y se transmite a un bajo nivel de potencia para minimizar la capacidad usada para el APC. Alternativamente, los datos de APC e hilo de órdenes (OW = Order Wire) se pueden modular separadamente usando secuencias complejas de códigos de expansión, o pueden ser multiplexados por división en el tiempo con un canal de tráfico (TRCH = Traffic Channel) de 16 kbit/s.
Corrección de Errores Hacia Delante) para evitar retardos, y se transmite a un bajo nivel de potencia para minimizar la capacidad usada para el APC. Alternativamente, los datos de APC e hilo de órdenes (OW = Order Wire) se pueden modular separadamente usando secuencias complejas de códigos de expansión, o pueden ser multiplexados por división en el tiempo con un canal de tráfico (TRCH = Traffic Channel) de 16 kbit/s.
Los generadores de códigos CDMA usados para
codificar los canales lógicos, de la presente invención, emplean
Registros de Desplazamiento Lineal (LSR = Linear Shift Register)
con lógica de realimentación que es un método bien conocido en la
técnica. Los generadores de códigos de la presente realización de la
invención generan 64 secuencias síncronas únicas. Cada canal de
comunicaciones de RF usa un par de estas secuencias para ensanche
complejo (en fase y cuadratura) de los canales lógicos, de modo que
el generador proporciona 32 secuencias de expansión complejas. Las
secuencias son generadas por una sola "semilla" que es cargada
inicialmente en un circuito de registro de desplazamiento.
El periodo de los códigos de expansión de la
presente invención está definido como un múltiplo entero de la
duración de símbolo, y el comienzo del periodo del código es
también el comienzo del símbolo. La relación entre anchuras de banda
y las longitudes de símbolos escogida para la realización ejemplar
de la presente invención es:
| Anchura de Banda (MHz) | L (chips/símbolos) | |
| 7 | 91 | |
| 10 | 130 | |
| 10,5 | 133 | |
| 14 | 182 | |
| 15 | 195 |
La longitud del código de expansión también es un
múltiplo de 64 y 96 para soporte de trama RDSI (Red Digital de
Servicios Integrados). El código de expansión es una secuencia de
símbolos, denominada chips o valores de chips. Los métodos
generales de generación de secuencias seudoaleatorias usando
matemáticas Galois Field es conocido por los expertos en la
técnica; sin embargo, el inventor ha desarrollado un único grupo, o
familia, de secuencias de códigos para la presente invención.
Primeramente se escoge la longitud del registro de desplazamiento
de realimentación lineal para generar una secuencia de códigos, y
el valor inicial del registro se denomina una "semilla". En
segundo lugar se impone la obligación de que ninguna secuencia de
códigos generada por una semilla de código pueda ser un
desplazamiento cíclico de otra secuencia de códigos generada por la
misma semilla de código. Finalmente, ninguna secuencia de códigos
generada a partir de una semilla puede ser un desplazamiento
cíclico de una secuencia de códigos generada por otra semilla.
El inventor ha determinado que la longitud del
código de expansión de valores de chips de la presente invención
es:
(1)128 x 233415
=
29877120
Los códigos de expansión son generados combinando
una secuencia lineal de periodo 233415 y una secuencia no lineal de
periodo 128.
La secuencia no lineal de longitud 128 es llevada
a la práctica como una secuencia fija cargada en un registro de
desplazamiento con una conexión de realimentación. La secuencia fija
puede ser generada por una secuencia-m de longitud
127 completada con un valor lógico adicional 0, 1, o valor
aleatorio, como es bien conocido en la técnica.
La secuencia lineal de longitud L = 233415 es
generada usando un circuito de registro de desplazamiento de
realimentación lineal (LFSR = Linear Feedback Shift Register) con
36 etapas. Las conexiones de realimentación corresponden a un
polinomio irreducible h(n) de grado 36. El polinomio
h(x) escogido por el inventor, para la realización ejemplar
de la presente invención, es:
\dotable{\tabskip\tabcolsep#\hfil\+#\hfil\+#\hfil\+#\hfil\tabskip0ptplus1fil\dddarstrut\cr}{
\hskip2cm \+ h (x) = \+ x ^{36} + x ^{35} +
x ^{30} + x ^{28} + x ^{26} + x ^{25} + x ^{22} + x ^{20} +
x ^{19} + x ^{17} +\+\cr \+ \+ x ^{16} + x ^{15} + x ^{14} +
x ^{12} + x ^{11} + x ^{9} + x ^{8} + x ^{4} + x ^{3} +
x ^{2} + x ^{1} \+
\hskip4cm (2)\cr}
Se determina un grupo de valores "semilla"
para un LFSR, que representa el polinomio h(x) de la ecuación
(2), que genera secuencias de códigos que son casi ortogonales entre
sí. El primer requisito de los valores semilla es que los valores
semilla no generen dos secuencias de códigos que sean simplemente
desplazamientos cíclicos una de otra.
La presente invención incluye un método para
aumentar el número de semillas disponibles para usar en un sistema
de comunicaciones CDMA, reconociendo que se pueden usar
simultáneamente ciertos desplazamientos cíclicos de las secuencias
de códigos determinadas previamente. El retardo de ida y vuelta para
los tamaños de células y anchuras de banda de la presente invención
es menor de 3000 chips. En una realización de la presente
invención, se puede usar desplazamientos cíclicos de una secuencia,
suficientemente separados, dentro de la misma célula, sin originar
ambigüedad para un receptor que intente determinar la secuencia de
códigos. Este método agranda el grupo de secuencias disponibles para
el uso.
Efectuando las pruebas descritas anteriormente,
un total de 3879 semillas primarias fueron determinadas por el
inventor mediante cálculos numéricos. Estas semillas vienen dadas
matemáticamente como
(3)d^{n}
módulo
h(x)
donde se presentan 3879 valores de
n en el apéndice, con d = (00, ...
00111).
Cuando se conocen todas las semillas primarias,
todas las semillas secundarias de la presente invención se derivan
de las semillas primarias desplazándolas múltiplos del módulo
h(x) de 4095 chips. Una vez que se ha determinado una
familia de valores de semilla, estos valores se almacenan en memoria
y se asignan a canales lógicos cuando sea necesario. Una vez
asignados, el valor inicial de semilla es cargado simplemente en el
LFSR para producir la necesaria secuencia de códigos de expansión
asociada con el valor de semilla.
Los códigos de expansión largos complejos usados
para el sistema de la presente invención tienen un número de chips
después de los cuales se repite el código. El periodo de repetición
de la secuencia de expansión se denomina una época. Para
correlacionar los canales lógicos a códigos de expansión CDMA, la
presente invención usa una estructura de Épocas y Sub-Épocas. El
periodo de código para el código de expansión CDMA, para modular
canales lógicos, es 29877120 chips/periodos de código, que es el
mismo número de chips para todas las anchuras de banda. El periodo
de código es la época de la presente invención, y la Tabla 2 define
la duración de la época para las velocidades de chips soportadas.
Además, se definen dos sub-épocas sobre la época del código de
expansión, y tienen una longitud de 233415 chips y 128 chips.
La sub-época de 233415 chips se denomina
sub-época larga, y se usa para sincronizar eventos en la interfaz de
comunicación de RF tal como conmutación de clave de cifrado y
cambio de códigos globales a asignados. La época corta de 128 chips
se define para usar como una referencia adicional de tiempos. La
mayor velocidad de símbolos usada con un solo código CDMA es 64
ksimb/s. Siempre hay un número entero de chips en una duración de
símbolo para las velocidades de símbolos soportadas de 64, 32, 16 y
8 ksimb/s.
\vskip1.000000\baselineskip
Se generan secuencias cíclicas de la técnica
anterior usando circuitos de registros de desplazamiento de
realimentación lineal (LFSR). Sin embargo, este método no genera
secuencias de longitud par. En la Figura 2a, la Figura 2b y la
Figura 2c se muestra una realización del generador de secuencias de
códigos de expansión que usa las semillas de códigos generadas
previamente. El sistema ejemplar usa un LFSR 201 de 36 etapas para
generar una secuencia de periodo.
N' = 233415 = 3^{3}x 5 x 7 x 13 x 19, que es
C_{0} en la Figura 2a. En las Figuras 2a, 2b y 2c, el símbolo
\varoplus representa una suma binaria
(O-EXCLUSIVO). Un generador de secuencias diseñado
como antes genera las partes en-fase y en
cuadratura de un grupo de secuencias complejas. Las conexiones de
tomas intermedias y el estado inicial del LFSR de 36 etapas
determinan la secuencia generada por este circuito. Los
coeficientes de tomas intermedias del LFSR de 36 etapas se
determinan de tal manera que las secuencias resultantes tengan el
periodo 233415. Obsérvese que las conexiones de tomas intermedias
mostradas en la Figura 2a corresponden al polinomio dado en la
ecuación (2). Cada secuencia resultante es cubierta después por
suma binaria con la secuencia C* de longitud 128 para obtener el
periodo de época 29877120.
La Figura 2b muestra un circuito de Alimentación
Hacia Delante (FF = Feed Forward) 202 que se usa en el generador de
códigos. La señal X[n-1] sale del retardo
211 de chip, y la entrada del retardo 211 de chip es X[n]. El
chip de código C[n] es formado por el sumador lógico 212 a
partir de la entrada X[n] y X[n-1].
La Figura 2c muestra el generador completo de códigos de expansión.
Como se muestra, las señales de salida del LFSR 201 pasan a través
de una cadena de hasta 63 FF 203 de una sola etapa, conectados en
cascada. La salida de cada FF es cubierta con la secuencia C* de
códigos pares cortos que tiene un periodo de 128 = 2^{7}. La
secuencia C* de códigos cortos se almacena en la memoria 222 de
códigos y presenta características espectrales de una secuencia
seudoaleatoria para obtener la época N = 29877120 cuando se combina
con las secuencias proporcionadas por los FF 203. Esta secuencia de
128 se determina usando una secuencia-m (secuencia
PN) de longitud 127 = 2^{7} - 1 y sumando a la secuencia un valor
de bit, tal como un 0 lógico, para aumentar la longitud a 128
chips. La secuencia C* de códigos pares es aplicada al registro de
desplazamiento 221 de códigos pares (ECSR = Even Code Shift Register
= Registro de Desplazamiento de Códigos Pares), que es un registro
cíclico que da salida continuamente a la secuencia. La secuencia
corta es combinada después con la secuencia larga usando una
operación de O-EXCLUSIVO 213, 214, 220.
Como se muestra en la Figura 2c, se generan hasta
63 secuencias de códigos de expansión, C_{0} a C_{63}, por tomas
intermedias de las señales de salida de los FF 203 y sumando
lógicamente la secuencia corta C* en sumadores binarios 213, 214 y
220, por ejemplo. Una persona experta en la técnica se daría cuenta
de que la realización práctica del FF 203 crea un efecto de retardo
acumulativo para las secuencias de códigos producidas en cada etapa
FF de la cadena. Este retardo es debido al retardo de
no-cero eléctrico en los componentes electrónicos
de la realización práctica. Los problemas de tiempos asociados con
el retardo se pueden mitigar insertando elementos de retardo
adicionales en la cadena de FF. En la Figura 2d se muestra una
cadena ejemplar de FF con elementos de retardo
adicionales.
adicionales.
Los generadores de códigos del sistema ejemplar
están configurados para generar o códigos globales o códigos
asignados. Los códigos globales son códigos CDMA que pueden ser
recibidos o transmitidos por todos los usuarios del sistema. Los
códigos asignados son códigos CDMA que están asignados para una
conexión particular. Cuando una familia de secuencias es generada
desde el mismo generador, como se describió, sólo se especifica la
semilla del LFSR de 36 etapas. Las secuencias para todos los
códigos globales se generan usando el mismo circuito LFSR. Por lo
tanto, una vez que una SU se ha sincronizado a la señal piloto
Global de una RCS, y conoce la semilla para el circuito LFSR, para
los códigos de Canales Globales, puede generar, no sólo la secuencia
piloto, sino también todos los demás códigos globales usados por la
RCS.
La señal que se convierte a RF se genera como
sigue. Las secuencias de expansión producidas por los anteriores
circuitos de registros de desplazamiento son convertidas a una
secuencia antípoda (0 se correlaciona a +1, 1 se correlaciona a
-1). Los canales Lógicos son convertidos inicialmente a señales
QPSK, que son correlacionadas como puntos de constelación como es
bien conocido en la técnica. Los canales En-fase y
en Cuadratura de cada señal QPSK forman las partes reales e
imaginarias del valor complejo de los datos. Análogamente, se usan
dos códigos de expansión para formar valores complejos de chips de
expansión. Los datos complejos y los códigos de expansión complejos
se multiplican para producir una señal de datos de espectro
ensanchado. Análogamente, para suprimir el ensanche, los datos
complejos recibidos son correlacionados con el conjugado del código
de expansión complejo para recuperar la señal de datos.
Los códigos cortos se usan para el proceso de
ascensión inicial cuando una SU accede a una RCS. El periodo de los
códigos cortos es igual a la duración del símbolo, y el comienzo de
cada periodo está alineado con un límite de símbolo. Tanto las SU
como la RCS derivan las partes reales e imaginarias de los códigos
cortos a partir de las ocho últimas secciones de alimentación hacia
delante del generador de secuencias, para producir los códigos
globales para esa célula.
Las señales representadas por estos códigos
cortos son conocidas como Pilotos Cortos de Canal de Acceso
(SAX
PT = Short Access Channel Pilot).
PT = Short Access Channel Pilot).
La relación exacta entre las secuencias de
códigos de expansión y los canales lógicos CDMA y las señales piloto
está documentada en la Tabla 3a y la Tabla 3b. Los nombres de
señales que terminan en "-CH" corresponden a canales lógicos.
Los nombres de señales que terminan en "-PT" corresponden a
señales piloto, los cuales se describen detalladamente más
adelante.
Como se describió anteriormente, las señales
piloto se usan para sincronización del sistema, recuperación de fase
de portadora, y para estimar la respuesta de impulso del canal de
radio. La RCS 104 transmite una referencia de portadora piloto de
enlace de ida como una secuencia de código piloto complejo, para
proporcionar una referencia de tiempo y fase para todas las SU 111,
112, 115, 117 y 118 de su área de servicio. El nivel de potencia de
la señal Piloto Global (GLPT) se establece para proporcionar una
cobertura adecuada sobre la totalidad del área de servicio de la
RCS, cuya área depende del tamaño de célula. Con una sola señal
piloto en el enlace de ida, la reducción de la capacidad del sistema
debida a la energía piloto es despreciable.
Cada una de las SU 111, 112, 115, 117 y 118
transmite una referencia de portadora piloto como una secuencia de
códigos se expansión pilotos modulados en cuadratura (valuada en
números complejos) para proporcionar una referencia de tiempo y
fase para las RCS, para el enlace de retorno. La señal piloto
transmitida por la SU de una realización de la invención es 6 dB
menor que la potencia del canal de tráfico POTS (Plain Old
Telephone Service = Servicio Telefónico Tradicional) de 32 kbit/s.
El canal piloto de retorno está sometido a control automático de
potencia (APC). El piloto de enlace de retorno asociado con una
conexión particular se denomina Piloto Asignado (ASPT = Assigned
Pilot). Además, hay señales piloto asociadas con canales de acceso,
y éstas se denominan Pilotos Largos de Canales de Acceso (Long
Access Channel Pilot = LAXPT). Pilotos cortos de canales de acceso
(SAXPT) también están aso-
ciados con los canales de acceso, y se usan para adquisición de códigos de expansión y subida inicial de potencia.
ciados con los canales de acceso, y se usan para adquisición de códigos de expansión y subida inicial de potencia.
Todas las señales piloto están formadas de
códigos complejos, como se define a continuación:
GLPT (de ida) =
{(C_{2}\varoplusC*) + j.(C_{3}\varoplusC*)} . {(\pm1) +
j.(0)} {Código Complejo} .
{Portadora}
La expansión de las señales piloto complejas se
suprime por multiplicación con los códigos de expansión conjugados:
{(C_{2}\varoplusC*) - j.(C_{3}\varoplusC*)}. Por el
contrario, los canales de tráfico son de la forma:
TRCH_{n}(ida/retorno) =
{(C_{k}\varoplusC*) + j.(C_{l}\varoplusC*)} . {(\pm1) +
j.(\pm1)}{Códigos Complejos} . {Símbolo de Dato}
que forman, por tanto, un grupo de constelaciones
a \pi/4 radianes con respecto a las constelaciones de las señales
piloto.
La constelación GLPT se muestra en la Figura 3a,
y la constelación del canal de tráfico TRCH_{n} se muestra en la
Figura 3b.
El canal de difusión rápida (FBCH = Fast
Broadcast Channel) es un canal global de enlace de ida usado para
difundir información dinámica acerca de la disponibilidad de
servicios y canales de acceso (AXCH). Los mensajes se envían
continuamente, y cada mensaje dura aproximadamente 1 ms. El mensaje
de FBCH es de 16 bit de largo, repetido continuamente y alineado
con época. El FBCH está formado como se define en la Tabla 4.
Para el FBCH se transmite primero el bit 0. Un
semáforo corresponde a un Canal de Acceso (AXCH) e indica si el
canal de acceso particular está actualmente en uso (rojo) o no está
en uso (verde). Un "1" lógico indica que el semáforo está en
verde, y un "0" lógico indica que el semáforo está en rojo. Los
valores de los bits de semáforo pueden cambiar de octeto a octeto,
y cada mensaje de 16 bits contiene distintos bits indicadores de
servicio que describen qué tipos de servicio están disponibles para
los AXCH.
Una realización de la presente invención usa los
siguientes bits indicadores de servicio para indicar la
disponibilidad de servicios o AXCH. Los bits indicadores de
servicio {4, 5, 6, 7, 12, 13, 14, 15} son interpretados como
números binarios sin signatura con el bit 4 como el bit más
significativo (MSB = Most Significant Bit) y el bit 15 como el bit
menos significativo (LSB = Least Significant Bit). Cada incremento
de tipo de servicio tiene una medida nominal asociada de la
capacidad requerida, y el FBCH transmite continuamente la capacidad
disponible. Esto se gradúa para tener un valor máximo equivalente al
mayor incremento posible de un solo servicio. Cuando una SU
requiere un nuevo servicio o un aumento en el número de portadores,
compara la capacidad requerida con la indicada por el FBCH y,
después, ella misma se considera bloqueada si la capacidad no está
disponible. El FBCH y los canales de tráfico están alineados con la
época.
Las tramas de Información de Difusión Lenta
contienen información del sistema u otra información general que
está disponible para todas las SU, y las tramas de Información de
Mensajes de Búsqueda contienen información acerca de peticiones de
llamada para SU particulares. Las tramas de Información de Difusión
Lenta y las tramas de Información de Mensajes de Búsqueda se
multiplexan entre sí en un solo canal lógico que forma el Canal de
Difusión Lenta (SBCH = Slow Broadcast Channel). Como se definió
anteriormente, la época del código es una secuencia de 29877120
chips que tienen una duración de época que es función de la
velocidad de chips definida en la siguiente Tabla 5. Para facilitar
el ahorro de energía, el canal se divide en N Ciclos de
"Descanso", y cada Ciclo se subdivide en M Cuotas que duran 19
ms, excepto para la anchura de banda de 10,5 MHz, que tiene Cuotas
de 18 ms.
La Cuota de Ciclo de Descanso número 1 se usa
siempre para información de difusión lenta. Las cuotas número 2 y
número M-1 se usan para grupos de mensajes de
búsqueda a menos que se inserte información de difusión lenta
extendida. La configuración de ciclos y cuotas en una realización de
la presente invención se ejecuta continuamente a 16 kbit/s.
Dentro de cada Ciclo de Descanso la SU puede
poner en marcha el receptor y readquirir el código piloto para
lograr el bloqueo de portadora con una precisión suficiente para
una demodulación y decodificación Viterbi satisfactorias. Este
tiempo de ajuste puede tener una duración de hasta 3 Cuotas. Por
ejemplo, una SU asignada a la Cuota número 7 puede poner en marcha
el receptor al principio de la Cuota número 4. Después de haber
supervisado su Cuota, la SU, o bien reconoce su Dirección de
Mensajes de Búsqueda e inicia una petición de acceso, u omite
reconocer su Dirección de Mensajes de Búsqueda, en cuyo caso,
vuelve al modo de Descanso.
Se describen tres métodos de rastreo de códigos
de expansión CDMA en entornos de debilitamiento de caminos
múltiples, que rastrean la fase del código de una señal recibida de
espectro ensanchado de caminos múltiples. El primer método usa el
circuito de rastreo de la técnica anterior que rastrea simplemente
la fase del código de expansión del detector que tiene el mayor
valor de señal de salida; el segundo método usa un circuito de
rastreo que rastrea el valor mediano de la fase del código del
grupo de señales de caminos múltiples, y el tercer método de la
presente invención es el circuito de rastreo de centroide que
rastrea la fase del código de una optimizada media ponderada de los
mínimos cuadrados medios de los componentes de las señales de
caminos múltiples. Lo siguiente describe los algoritmos por los
cuales es rastreada la fase del código de expansión de la señal
CDMA recibida.
Un circuito de rastreo tiene características de
funcionamiento que revelan la relación entre el error de tiempo y el
voltaje de control que gobierna un oscilador controlado por voltaje
(VCO = Voltage Controlled Oscillator) de un circuito de rastreo de
fase del código de expansión. Cuando hay un error de tiempo
positivo, el circuito ejemplar de rastreo genera un voltaje de
control negativo para desfasar el error de tiempo. Cuando hay un
error de tiempo negativo, el circuito ejemplar de rastreo genera un
voltaje de control positivo para desfasar el error de tiempo. Cuando
el circuito de rastreo genera un valor cero, este valor corresponde
a la alineación perfecta de tiempos denominada "punto de
bloqueo". La Figura 3c muestra el circuito básico de rastreo. La
señal recibida r(t) se aplica al filtro adaptado 301, que
correlaciona r(t) con una secuencia de códigos locales
c(t) generada por el generador 303 de códigos. La señal de
salida x(t) del filtro adaptado se somete a muestreo en el
circuito de muestreo 302 para producir muestras x[nT] y
x[nT+T/2]. Las muestras x[nT] y x[nT+T/2] son
usadas por un circuito de rastreo 304 para determinar si es
correcta la fase del código de expansión c(t) del generador
303 de códigos. El circuito de rastreo 304 produce una señal de
error e(t) como una entrada para el generador 303 de códigos.
El generador 303 de códigos usa esta señal e(t) como una
señal de entrada para ajustar la fase del código que genera.
En un sistema CDMA, la señal transmitida por el
usuario de referencia se escribe en representación paso bajo
como:
(4)s(t)
= \sum\limits^{\infty}_{\cdot} c_{k} P_{Tc}
(t-kT_{c})
donde c_{k} representa los
coeficientes del código de expansión, P_{Tc}(t) representa
la forma de onda del chip de código de expansión, y T_{c} es la
duración del chip. Suponiendo que el usuario de referencia no está
transmitiendo datos, solamente el código de expansión modula la
portadora. Con referencia a la Figura 3, la señal recibida
es:
(5)r(t)
= \sum\limits^{M}_{i=1} a_{i}s
(t-\tau_{i})
Aquí, a_{i} es debida al efecto de
debilitamiento del canal de caminos múltiples en el camino de orden
i, y \tau_{i} es el retardo de tiempo aleatorio asociado con el
mismo camino. El receptor pasa la señal recibida a través de un
filtro adaptado que está realizado prácticamente como un receptor
de correlación y se describe más adelante. Esta operación se efectúa
en dos etapas: primero, la señal es pasada a través de un filtro
adaptado al chip y sometida a muestreo para recuperar los valores
de los chips de códigos de expansión, después, esta secuencia de
chips es correlacionada con la secuencia de códigos generada
localmente.
La Figura 3c muestra el filtro 301 adaptado al
chip, adaptado a la forma de onda P_{Tc}(t) del chip, y el
circuito de muestreo 302. La señal x(t) en el terminal de
salida del filtro adaptado al chip es:
(6)x(t)
= \sum\limits^{M}_{i=k} \sum\limits^{\infty}_{k=-\infty}
a_{i}c_{k}g (t-\tau_{i} -
kT_{c}
donde
(7)g(t)
=
P_{Tc}(t)*h_{R}(t)
Aquí, h_{R}(t) es la respuesta de
impulsos del filtro adaptado al chip, y "*" denota
convolución. El orden de las sumas se puede volver a escribir
como:
(8)x(t)
= \sum\limits^{\infty}_{k=-\infty}
c_{k}\fint(t-kT_{c})
donde
(9)\fint(t) =
\sum\limits^{M}_{i=1} a_{i}g (t -
\tau_{i})
En el canal de caminos múltiples descrito
anteriormente, el circuito de muestreo toma muestras de la señal de
salida del filtro adaptado para producir x(nT) en los puntos
de nivel de potencia máxima de g(t). Sin embargo, en la
práctica, la forma de onda g(t) está a menudo severamente
distorsionada debido al efecto de la recepción de señales de
caminos múltiples, y no se puede obtener un perfecto alineamiento
de las señales en el tiempo.
Cuando los caminos múltiples en el canal son
despreciables y se puede disponer de una estimación perfecta de los
tiempos, es decir, a_{1}=1, \tau_{1}=0, y a_{i}=0, i=2,
..., M, la señal recibida es r(t) = s(t). Entonces,
con este modelo ideal de canal, la salida del filtro adaptado al
chip resulta:
(10)x(t)
= \sum\limits^{\infty}_{k=-\infty} c_{k}g (t -
kT_{c})
Sin embargo, cuando hay debilitamiento de caminos
múltiples, la forma de onda recibida del valor del chip del código
de ensanche está distorsionada, y tiene un número de máximos
locales que puede cambiar de un intervalo de muestreo a otro
dependiendo de las características del canal.
Para canales de debilitamiento de caminos
múltiples con características de canales que cambian rápidamente, no
es práctico tratar de situar el máximo de la forma de onda
f(t) en cada intervalo de periodo de chip. En cambio, se
puede obtener una referencia de tiempos de las características de
f(t) que no pueden cambiar tan rápidamente. Se describen
tres métodos de rastreo basados en diferentes características de
f(t). (7.563 R)
Claims (4)
1. Un aparato (303) generador de secuencias de
códigos para generar una pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de
expansión que incluye una secuencia maestra de códigos de
expansión, teniendo la pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de
expansión una correlación mutua cruzada dentro de un margen
predeterminado, y teniendo una predeterminada relación mutua de
fase de código, que comprende:
medios generadores de reloj para generar una
señal de reloj;
un registro de desplazamiento de realimentación
lineal LFSR (Linear Feedback Shift Register) (201) sensible a la
señal de reloj y que tiene una pluralidad de etapas que incluye una
primera etapa y una última etapa, definiendo cada etapa una
respectiva toma intermedia, generando cada toma intermedia una señal
de toma intermedia para unos circuitos lógicos, de tal modo que un
grupo predeterminado de señales de tomas intermedias que incluye la
señal de toma intermedia de la última etapa esté aplicado a los
circuitos lógicos, y estando adaptados los circuitos lógicos para
combinar las señales de tomas intermedias a fin de generar una
señal de realimentación de código de expansión, siendo aplicada
dicha señal de realimentación de código de expansión como señal de
entrada para la primera etapa del LFSR (201);
primeros medios de memoria (223) para almacenar
una pluralidad de semillas de códigos de expansión, comprendiendo
cada semilla de código de expansión un conjunto de valores de bits
de secuencias de códigos de expansión, y estando conectada dicha
primera memoria al LFSR (201) y siendo sensible a una señal de
carga para transferir cada uno de un conjunto predeterminado de los
valores de bits de secuencias de códigos de expansión, de una
semilla seleccionada de la pluralidad de semillas de códigos de
expansión, a una respectiva etapa de las etapas de registro de
desplazamiento del LFSR; y
medios controladores del generador de códigos
para seleccionar una de la pluralidad de semillas de códigos de
expansión a fin de determinar la pluralidad de secuencias de
códigos de expansión, y para proporcionar la señal de carga que
indica dicha una semilla de código de expansión;
en el que dicho LFSR (201) es sensible a la señal
de reloj para transferir secuencialmente cada respectiva señal de
toma intermedia desde una etapa a la siguiente etapa, desde la
primera etapa a la última etapa, y para transferir el valor de
realimentación de código de expansión a la primera etapa, y cada
valor sucesivo de los valores de tomas intermedias de la última
etapa define la secuencia maestra de códigos de expansión;
caracterizado porque el generador de secuencias de códigos
comprende, también:
segundos medios de memoria (222) que son
sensibles a la señal de reloj para proporcionar una secuencia
repetitiva de códigos pares, teniendo dicha secuencia de códigos
pares una correlación cruzada con la secuencia maestra de expansión,
que está dentro del margen predeterminado y que tiene un número par
de valores de expansión de
chips;
chips;
una pluralidad de medios (203) de alimentación
hacia delante, conectados en cascada, acoplados para recibir la
secuencia maestra de códigos de expansión, a fin de proporcionar
una pluralidad de secuencias de códigos, siendo cada secuencia de
códigos una secuencia distinta de códigos de expansión de dicha
pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de expansión, siendo sensible a
la señal de reloj cada uno de dichos medios (203) de alimentación
hacia delante, para proporcionar una secuencia respectiva de la
pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de expansión; y
una pluralidad de medios de combinación de
secuencias de códigos, siendo cada medio de combinación de
secuencias de códigos para combinar cada respectiva secuencia de
códigos de expansión con dicha secuencia de códigos pares a fin de
producir una pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de expansión
relativamente largos, teniendo cada secuencia de códigos de
expansión largos un número de elementos mayor que una cualquiera de
la pluralidad de secuencias de códigos de expansión.
2. El aparato generador de secuencias de códigos
de la reivindicación 1, en el que la pluralidad de medios (203) de
alimentación hacia delante conectados en cascada incluye:
medios receptores para recibir la secuencia
maestra de expansión;
un circuito (202) de alimentación hacia delante
que tiene una pluralidad de secciones lógicas de alimentación hacia
delante conectadas en cascada, definiendo cada sección lógica una
toma intermedia que proporciona una de la pluralidad de secuencias
de códigos de expansión, que incluye una primera sección lógica de
alimentación hacia delante y una última sección lógica de
alimentación hacia delante y conectada secuencialmente desde la
primera sección lógica de alimentación hacia delante hasta la
última sección lógica de alimentación hacia delante, comprendiendo
cada sección lógica de alimentación hacia delante un solo elemento
de retardo (201) que tiene un terminal de entrada que recibe una
señal de entrada, y un terminal de salida que proporciona una señal
de salida, y medios lógicos de combinación (220) para combinar
lógicamente la señal de entrada con la señal de salida a fin de
producir la respectiva secuencia de códigos de expansión.
3. El aparato generador de secuencias de códigos
de la reivindicación 2, en el que los medios de combinación de
secuencias de códigos comprenden un circuito lógico
O-EXCLUSIVO.
4. El aparato generador de secuencias de códigos
de la reivindicación 2, en el que los medios lógicos de combinación
comprenden un circuito lógico O-EXCLUSIVO para
efectuar adiciones de módulo-2.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| US77595P | 1995-06-30 | 1995-06-30 | |
| US775P | 1995-06-30 |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| ES2146568T1 ES2146568T1 (es) | 2000-08-16 |
| ES2146568T3 true ES2146568T3 (es) | 2005-07-01 |
Family
ID=21692981
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| ES02005244T Expired - Lifetime ES2234939T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Gestion de capacidad en un sistema cdma. |
| ES96923525T Expired - Lifetime ES2167584T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Modem cdma. |
| ES99126232T Pending ES2147547T1 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Sistema de control de potencia automatico para un sistema de comunicaciones (cdma) de acceso multiple de division por codigo. |
| ES96922615T Expired - Lifetime ES2184878T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Sistema automatico de control de potencia para un sistema de comunicaciones de acceso multiple por division de codigo (cdma). |
| ES01113684T Expired - Lifetime ES2225353T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Metodo para transmitir a unidades de abonado informacion sobre la disponibilidad de canales en un sistema cdma. |
| ES01118805T Expired - Lifetime ES2173053T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Sistema de comuniacion (cdma) de acceso multiple de division de codigo. |
| ES02005246T Expired - Lifetime ES2366343T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Adquisición de código en un sistema de comunicación cdma. |
| ES99122097T Expired - Lifetime ES2146569T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Aparato correlador de un vector piloto para un modem cdma. |
| ES99122098T Expired - Lifetime ES2146570T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Modem(cdma) de acceso multiple por division de codigos. |
| ES96923527T Expired - Lifetime ES2144384T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Sistema de comunicaciones de acceso multiple por division de codigo. |
| ES99122088T Expired - Lifetime ES2146567T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Filtro adaptativo adaptado. |
| ES99126233T Pending ES2147548T1 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Control automatico de potencia para un sistema de comunicaciones cdma. |
| ES02005247T Expired - Lifetime ES2234940T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Sistema de comunicacion de acceso multiple por division de codigo. |
| ES02005245T Expired - Lifetime ES2201948T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Metodo para incrementar la capacidad en un sistema de cdma. |
| ES99122091T Expired - Lifetime ES2146568T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Aparato generador de codigo de secuencia para un modem cdma. |
| ES10182350T Expired - Lifetime ES2398375T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Transmisor por AMDC |
| ES09015385.9T Expired - Lifetime ES2437178T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Control de potencia automático para un sistema de comunicación de acceso múltiple por division de código (CDMA) |
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| ES96923525T Expired - Lifetime ES2167584T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Modem cdma. |
| ES99126232T Pending ES2147547T1 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Sistema de control de potencia automatico para un sistema de comunicaciones (cdma) de acceso multiple de division por codigo. |
| ES96922615T Expired - Lifetime ES2184878T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Sistema automatico de control de potencia para un sistema de comunicaciones de acceso multiple por division de codigo (cdma). |
| ES01113684T Expired - Lifetime ES2225353T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Metodo para transmitir a unidades de abonado informacion sobre la disponibilidad de canales en un sistema cdma. |
| ES01118805T Expired - Lifetime ES2173053T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Sistema de comuniacion (cdma) de acceso multiple de division de codigo. |
| ES02005246T Expired - Lifetime ES2366343T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Adquisición de código en un sistema de comunicación cdma. |
| ES99122097T Expired - Lifetime ES2146569T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Aparato correlador de un vector piloto para un modem cdma. |
| ES99122098T Expired - Lifetime ES2146570T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Modem(cdma) de acceso multiple por division de codigos. |
| ES96923527T Expired - Lifetime ES2144384T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Sistema de comunicaciones de acceso multiple por division de codigo. |
| ES99122088T Expired - Lifetime ES2146567T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Filtro adaptativo adaptado. |
| ES99126233T Pending ES2147548T1 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Control automatico de potencia para un sistema de comunicaciones cdma. |
| ES02005247T Expired - Lifetime ES2234940T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Sistema de comunicacion de acceso multiple por division de codigo. |
| ES02005245T Expired - Lifetime ES2201948T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Metodo para incrementar la capacidad en un sistema de cdma. |
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| ES10182350T Expired - Lifetime ES2398375T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Transmisor por AMDC |
| ES09015385.9T Expired - Lifetime ES2437178T3 (es) | 1995-06-30 | 1996-06-27 | Control de potencia automático para un sistema de comunicación de acceso múltiple por division de código (CDMA) |
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1996
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- 1996-07-01 AP APAP/P/1996/000832A patent/AP681A/en active
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1997
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1998
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1999
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2000
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2001
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2002
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2003
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2004
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2005
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2006
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2007
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2008
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2009
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2010
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2011
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- 2011-05-30 JP JP2011120686A patent/JP5123415B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2012
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- 2012-11-29 JP JP2012261149A patent/JP5887623B2/ja not_active Expired - Lifetime
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2013
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2014
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2015
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- 2015-09-10 JP JP2015178606A patent/JP2016026443A/ja active Pending
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