JPH0421818B2 - - Google Patents

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Publication number
JPH0421818B2
JPH0421818B2 JP56122347A JP12234781A JPH0421818B2 JP H0421818 B2 JPH0421818 B2 JP H0421818B2 JP 56122347 A JP56122347 A JP 56122347A JP 12234781 A JP12234781 A JP 12234781A JP H0421818 B2 JPH0421818 B2 JP H0421818B2
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JP
Japan
Prior art keywords
antibody
labeled
antigenic substance
antigen
antibodies
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Expired - Lifetime
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JP56122347A
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English (en)
Other versions
JPS57118159A (en
Inventor
Gary Samuel David
Howard Edward Greene
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HYBRITCEH Inc
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HYBRITCEH Inc
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Application filed by HYBRITCEH Inc filed Critical HYBRITCEH Inc
Publication of JPS57118159A publication Critical patent/JPS57118159A/ja
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/58—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing involving labelled substances
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/576—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor for hepatitis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N33/00—Investigating or analysing materials by specific methods not covered by groups G01N1/00 - G01N31/00
    • G01N33/48—Biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Haemocytometers
    • G01N33/50—Chemical analysis of biological material, e.g. blood, urine; Testing involving biospecific ligand binding methods; Immunological testing
    • G01N33/53—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor
    • G01N33/577—Immunoassay; Biospecific binding assay; Materials therefor involving monoclonal antibodies binding reaction mechanisms characterised by the use of monoclonal antibodies
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
    • G01N2470/00—Immunochemical assays or immunoassays characterised by the reaction format or reaction type
    • G01N2470/04—Sandwich assay format
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02A50/00—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE in human health protection, e.g. against extreme weather
    • Y02A50/30—Against vector-borne diseases, e.g. mosquito-borne, fly-borne, tick-borne or waterborne diseases whose impact is exacerbated by climate change
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC
    • Y10S—TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y10S435/00—Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
    • Y10S435/971—Capture of complex after antigen-antibody reaction

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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Immunology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Urology & Nephrology (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Biotechnology (AREA)
  • Analytical Chemistry (AREA)
  • Cell Biology (AREA)
  • Pathology (AREA)
  • Food Science & Technology (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Microbiology (AREA)
  • Biochemistry (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Communicable Diseases (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Peptides Or Proteins (AREA)

Description

【発明の詳細な説明】 本発明は、血清などの流体中における抗原性物
質を検出および／または該物質の濃度を測定する
方法に関する。他の局面から見ると、本発明は免
疫学的、抑制試験方に係る。更に別の局面から見
ると、本発明は単クローン性抗体に関する。 種々の身体的疾患に伴う、例えば血清もしくは
他の体液中の抗原性物質の存在もしくは濃度の決
定は、近時ますます免疫学的測定法に頼る傾向と
なつてきている。この方法は、検査すべき抗原性
物質と抗体（１または複数）その間における錯体
の形成に基いており、該錯体の１もしくは他の成
分が、例えば 125Iなどの放射性物質により標識
され、それによつて錯化された標識抗原もしくは
抗体と錯化されなかつた標識抗原または抗体とを
分離した後、抗原の検出および／または定量分析
が可能となる。 競合免疫学的測定法においては、存在を試験す
べき流体試料中の抗体物質と既知量の標識抗原と
が限定量の抗体の結合サイトを奪い合う。かくし
て、抗体に結合した標識抗原の量は試料中の抗原
の量に反比例する。これとは対照的に、免疫学的
測定では標識抗体を使用する。かかる検定におい
ては、前記錯体に関与する標識抗体の量は流体試
料中の抗原性物質の量に比例する。 免疫学的検定は、とりわけ多価抗原、即ち同時
に２またはそれ以上の抗体と錯化し得る抗原性物
質の検出に対して適していることがわかつた。こ
のような検定は、典型的には被検流体試料中に不
溶な固体担体に結合した標識されていないある量
の抗体および放射性同位体などの標識を有するあ
る量の可溶性抗体を利用し、該同位体によつて固
相抗体、抗原および標識抗体との間に形成される
三元錯体の検出および／またはその量の定量的見
積りが可能となる。 当業界において公知の免疫学的検定において
は、典型的には“前”検定が利用され、ここでは
固相に結合した抗体を、まず被検試料と接触させ
て、二元固相抗体即ち抗原錯体を形成することに
よつて抗原を試料から抽出する。適当なインキユ
ベーシヨンの後、該固体担体を洗浄して、存在す
るかもしれない未反応抗原を含む流体試料の残渣
を除去し、次いで既知量の標識抗体を含む溶液と
接触させる。 該標識抗体を、標識していない抗体を介して固
体担体に結合した抗原と錯化することを可能とす
る第２のインキユベーシヨンの後、該固体担体の
２度目の洗浄を行つて、未反応の標識抗体を除去
する。抗原が被検試料中に存在するか否かを決定
するための簡単な“イエス／ノー”試験におい
て、洗浄した固体担体は、例えば標識が放射性元
素である場合には放出される放射能を測定するこ
とにより、標識抗体の存在を検出するために試験
される。検出された標識抗体の量は、該抗原を含
まないことが知られている負の対照試料に対する
値と比較される。負の対照により示されるパツク
グラウンド水準を実質的に越える量で標識抗体を
検出することは、問題とする抗原の存在を示すも
のと解釈される。定量的検出は、標識抗体の量と
該抗原の既知量を含む較正試料について得られた
量とを比較することにより達成することができ
る。 この種の決定はしばしば「２−サイト」もしく
は「サンドウイツチ」検査といわれる。というの
は抗原がその表面の異つた位置に結合した２つの
抗体を有するからである。このおよびこれに関連
する技術はWldeの「放射線免疫検定法
（Radioimunoassay Methods）」199−206頁
（1970）、Kirkham ＆ Hunter監修、E.＆s.
Livingstone、Edinburghに記載されている。 125I標識抗体を使用する血清肝炎に関連する抗
原の検出のためのこの技術による検定は米国特許
第3867517号に記載されている。 これらの大きな有用性にもかかわらず、従来の
免疫学的検定法は時間のかかる手法であることが
認識されている。というのは一部には二度の洗浄
工程が必要とされるからであり、また平衡即ち時
間の増加に伴う形成された錯体の量の変化が生じ
なくなる点、の達成のために長期に亘るインキユ
ベーシヨンが必要とされることによる。 この方法に関連する洗浄工程の少なくとも１つ
を排除するために、いわゆる“同時”および
“逆”検定法が提案されている。同時検定法は固
体担体に結合した抗体および標識抗体両者が同時
に被検試料に添加された際におけるただ１度だけ
のインキユベーシヨン工程を含んでいる。このイ
ンキユベーシヨンの後、固体担体を洗浄して流体
試料の残渣並びに錯化しなかつた標識抗体を除去
する。該固体担体と会合した標識抗体の存在は、
次いで従来の“前”サンドウイツチ検定における
ようにして検出される。 逆検定法は段階的添加を含み、その第１は標識
抗体溶液の流体試料への添加であり、引き続き適
当なインキユベーシヨンの後固体担体に結合した
標識されていない抗体の添加が行われる。第２の
インキユベーシヨン後、該固体相を常法に従つて
洗浄して、被検試料の残渣並びに未反応標識抗体
の溶液を除去する。次いで、固体担体と会合した
標識抗体の決定は同時並びに前検定法におけると
同様にして行われる。 同時並びに逆検定法両者においては、存在する
抗原の殆どもくは全てを結合するために十分に過
剰量の固相抗体を使用して、人為的に負のもしく
は低い抗原量が極めて高い抗原濃度の下で観察さ
れる高量フツク作用（high dose hook effect）
を避けることが必要とされる。このために、前検
定法が当業者にとつては好ましい方法であつた。
これが前検定法が当業者によつて好まれる理由で
ある。またこれが、十分な抗原結合能を有する固
相を製造するために、問題とする抗原に対して特
異的な、高純度の、活性な抗体を、従来法におい
て使用されていた“多クローン性”抗体から大量
に得ることが困難であつた理由である。免疫原性
物質が生体中に導入された場合、該生体の免疫系
が該免疫原性物質を認識する免疫原上の各サイト
に抗体を生成することにより応答する。大きな免
疫原性蛋白分子は数十のサイトを有し、異種細胞
は数百のサイトを有し得る。かくして、細胞をつ
くる各抗体は単一の抗原性サイトに対して特異的
な抗体をつくるが、免疫系は認識された各免疫原
性サイトに対して、細胞をつくる特異的抗体種を
発生する。更に、生体は問題とする抗原以外の抗
原に対する抗体を比較的大量に生成するので、多
クローン性混合物中の抗体の大部分は問題とする
抗原に対して特異的ではない。従つて、従来の免
疫学的検査において使用されていた抗体は必然的
に“多クローン性”であつた。というのは、この
抗体が動物中に普通の様式で生じる抗血清から誘
導され、かつこれらの精製が困難であるからであ
る。かかる抗体の親和性精製法は一般に時間のか
かる、低収率を与える、かつ高い親和性の抗体の
損失をまねくものであつた。 前記逆および同時検定において、従来の多クロ
ーン性抗体混合物を使用した場合、異つたサイト
において抗原と錯化する、２またはそれ以上の標
識抗体により錯化された抗原を含む“サンドイツ
チ”の形成が可能である。被検試料中における可
溶性を維持し得るこれらの錯体は次の洗浄工程に
より除去されるので、固相が固相に結合した標識
抗体について分析される際には計数されない。こ
れがかなりの程度で起つた場合、検定の感度は減
少し、誤つた結果を与える。しかしながら、標識
されていない結合抗体を、前記の前サンドイツチ
決定におけるようにまず試料に添加すると、立体
的考察から、標識抗体が排除され、かつ抗原に結
合されている、２またはそれ以上の標識されてい
ない抗体に錯化された抗原を含むサンドイツチの
形成が妨げられる。従つて、該抗原は標識抗体分
子と自由に反応する。それにもかかわらず、固相
に結合した大過剰の標識してない抗体を使用して
可溶性標識抗体による可溶性錯体の形成を最小化
することによつて、ヒト甲状腺刺激ホルモン
（HTSH）に対する同時検定法を利用することが
提案されていた。Jeong等“ヒト甲状腺刺激ホル
モン（HTSH）の検出に適用される放射線免疫
検定（RIA）と固有の単一−インキユベーシヨン
２−サイト免疫学的放射線検定（IRMA）との比
較“Bio−Rad Laboratories、1979参照のこと。 同時検定の変法が米国特許第4174384号に記載
されている。この検定においては、抗免疫グロブ
リンIgG（ヒト）の別々の部分が夫々螢光性発色
団（フルオレセイン）および発色団（ロダミン）、
これはフルオレセインから放出される光を吸収す
る、によつて標識される。可溶性状態にある両抗
体はヒトIgGを含む試料と接触させられる。抗−
IgGとIgGとの反応は100Åもしくはそれ以下の相
互に十分近接した二種の発色団をもたらし、螢光
発色団により発せられた光は他方の発色団により
吸収（消光）される。試料の最大螢光の割合を決
定し、試料中のIgGの量の尺度として使用され
る。 HTSH、肝炎関連抗原（HAA）および癌胎児
性抗原（CEA）に対して、標識抗体を保証する
のに十分な標識抗体の量、ただし抗原錯体を形成
するが、試料中に存在するすべての抗原の“サン
ドイツチ”を形成するには不充分な量を使用する
ことにより逆検定を応用することが提案されてい
る。米国特許第4098876号参照のこと。 当業者に公知の３つのすべての手続きが抗体の
多クローン性混合物を使用しているので、試験す
べき抗原以外の流体もしくは血清中の他の物質と
の交叉反応の可能性が大きくなる。他の抗原との
交叉−反応性の出現はまた、問題とする抗原の試
験の感度を減じ、かつ“誤つた−正”の検定の可
能性を増す。更に、同時もしくは逆検定において
多クローン性抗体を使用することは、固相抗体お
よび／または存在する抗原の量に関して、使用す
べき標識抗体の量の注意深い考察を必とする。螢
光の消光を利用する場合には、感度が低い。これ
は螢光発色団と消光発色団との間の最小間隔が、
多クローン性抗体を使用した場合には、保証され
ないことによる。 これら諸欠点から、当業界において公知の免疫
的手法の限界はまつたく明らかである。従来の前
検定はより少ない工程数で達成されるが、大量の
固相特異的抗体を必要とし、かつ低濃度の抗原の
検出には不適当である。なんとなれば、抗原と多
数の標識抗体分子とのサンドイツチの形成が、結
合した抗体、抗原、標識抗体を含むサンドイツチ
の形成と競合し、もしくは螢光の消光を利用する
場合には、螢光発色団と消光発色団との対形成な
しに、サンドイツチが形成される可能性がある。
しかも抗体の多クローン性に基く正の誤差の誤つ
た解釈に導く。 従つて、本発明の目的の１つは抗原性物質に対
する改良された免疫学的検定法を提供することで
ある。 更に詳しくは、本発明の目的はより短時間の免
疫検定法を提供することである。 本発明の他の目的はより感度の高い免疫検定法
を提供することである。 本発明の更に別の目的は改良された“同時”並
びに“逆”免疫検定法を提供することである。 更に別の本発明の目的は、改良された阻害試験
法を提供することである。 上記並びに他の目的が本発明によつて実現され
る様式は以下に示す詳細な記載から明らかとなろ
う。 本発明によれば、免疫検定において使用される
多クローン性抗体、例えば固体担体に結合した未
標識抗体、および可溶性標識抗体として使用され
る抗体または螢光消光による決定の場合には螢光
もしくは消光発色団を有する抗体は少なくとも１
および通常は２またはそれ以上の異る単クローン
性抗体、即ち単一の抗原性サイトに対して特異的
で、単一の細胞系からのクローンによつて別々に
つくられる各抗体、によつて置換される。 本発明によれば、流体試料を検査するための免
疫検定法が提供され、この方法は抗原性物質、第
１抗体および第２抗体（ただしこの第２抗体は第
１抗体とは異つたサイトにおいて抗原と結合して
いる）の三元錯体を、試料と該第１および第２抗
体とを接触させることにより形成することを含
み、該第１および第２抗体夫々に対して単クロー
ン性抗体を使用することにより改良した方法であ
る。 本発明の好ましい具体的においては、固体担体
に結合する抗体として使用される単クローン性抗
体は、標識抗体に使用する単クローン性抗体とは
違つた細胞系の生成物であり、これら２種の単ク
ローン性抗体は相互に異つたサイトにおいて抗原
性物質を結合するように選ばれ、抗原に対する他
の抗体の結合が阻害されないようにする。螢光消
光の場合にも、これら２種の抗体は通常違つた細
胞系の生成物であり、他の抗体の結合を阻害しな
いように、かつ２種の発色団が十分に近接して
（即ち、通常は約100Å以内）螢光の消失が可能と
なるように選ばれる。本発明の、特に同時並びに
逆検定法の、従来技術に勝る利点は添付図の考察
および以下の本発明の詳細な記載から明らかとな
ろう。 また、本発明によれば、単クローン性抗体は阻
害試験においても使用される。このような試験に
おいて、既知量の抗原および単クローン性抗体
が、該単クローン性抗体に添加された既知抗原に
対応する抗原を含む、問題とする試料と接触させ
られる。抗体と抗原との間の錯体の阻害が、単ク
ローン性抗体と試料からの抗原とを含む錯体が形
成するために生じ、その程度は被検定試料中にお
ける抗原の存在および／または量の尺度となる。 更に、本発明によれば、以下の工程を含む、流
体中の抗原性物質の存在もしくはその濃度を決定
する方法が提供される： (a) 流体試料を、添加された既知量の抗原性物質
および抗原性物質と係合する単クローン性抗体
と接触させる工程、および (b) 該抗体と添加された抗原性物質との間の錯体
の形成の阻害を、該単クローン性抗体と該流体
内の抗原性物質とを係合して第２の錯体を形成
することにより測定する工程。 好ましい具体例においては、抗体と抗原とは夫
夫一対の螢光発色団と消光発色団の一方のものと
結合する。標識抗原と抗体との間の錯体の形成
を、被検試料中の抗原により阻害することによ
り、消光の程度の減少および螢光の増大が起こ
る。消光の阻害の程度は、試料中における抗原濃
度の尺度である。他の好ましい阻害試験の具体例
においては、既知の抗原と抗体との元の錯体は、
凝集体形成を可能とする大きさの例えばラテツク
ス粒子などの粒子に結合する。抗原を含む、問題
とする試料を抗体と接触させて抗原を結合させた
場合、凝集体形成の阻害が、凝集体を形成し得な
い試料の抗原と結合した抗体との間で錯化が起こ
るために生じる。凝集の減少は濁度測定法を利用
することにより測定することができる。 上で述べたように、本発明によれば抗原性物質
に対する免疫学的検定法において使用されていた
多クローン性抗体が単クローン性抗体で置換され
る。同様に、単クローン性抗体が抑制試験におい
て使用される。本発明は、多価抗原性物質を含め
て、極めて広範な種々の抗原性物質の存在もしく
はその濃度の決定のために有用である。従つて、
本明細書で使用する用語「抗原」または「抗原性
物質」は抗体を生成する広範囲の物質を意味す
る。このような物質として、特にハプテン、ホル
モン、例えばインシユリンおよびヒト甲状腺刺激
ホルモン（HTSH）、γ−グロブリン、アレルゲ
ン、ウイルス、ウイルスサブユニツト、細菌、強
縮に関るもの並びに動物毒液などの毒素およびあ
る種の薬剤などを例示することができる。本発明
の方法によつて検定することのできる特定の抗原
としては癌胎児性抗原（CEA）、肝炎ウイルスＡ
およびＢ、肝炎ウイルスノン（Non）Ａおよびノ
ンＢ、IgE並びにα−フエトプロテインを例示す
ることができる。 本発明において有用な単クローン性抗体は
Milstein ＆ Kohlerにより論議され、Nature、
256、495−497（1975）に報告された方法によつて
得ることができる。この方法の詳細は周知であ
り、ここであらためて述べるにはあたらないであ
ろう。しかしながら、基本的にはこの方法はネズ
ミもしくは他の適当な動物に免疫原を注射するこ
とを含んでいる。このネズミは次いで殺され、そ
の脾臓から取り出された細胞を骨髄細胞で融解す
る。得られるものはハイブリツド細胞で「ハイブ
リドーマ」と呼ばれ、生体外で再生される。ハイ
ブリドーマの集団を篩別し、個々の分枝系を単離
するように処理され、各分枝系は抗原に対する単
一の抗体種を分泌する。このようにして得られた
個々の抗体種は、免疫原性物質上で認識された特
定の抗原性サイトに応答して生成された、免疫性
動物からの単一Ｂ細胞の生成物である。 免疫原性物質が生きている宿主中に導入された
場合、該宿主の免疫系は該免疫原性物質上の認識
し得るすべてのサイトに対する抗体を生成するこ
とにより応答する。侵入物に対抗するために抗体
を生成するこのような“シヨツトガン”的対応
は、該免疫原性物質に対して異つた親和性並びに
特異性を有する抗体の生成に導く。従つて、種々
のハイブリドーマ細胞系を選別して、所定の抗原
に対する抗体を製造するものを固定した後、個々
のハイブリドーマ細胞系によつて生成された抗体
を選別して、本発明において使用することを決め
るに先立つて、固有の生産を模倣する免疫原性物
質に対して最も高い親和性を有するものを固定す
ることが好ましい。この規準に基く選択が、従来
法において使用された多クローン性抗体と比較し
て、単クローン性抗体を使用する本発明の免疫学
的検定並びに抑制試験における高い感度を達成す
るのに役立つものと考えらえる。該多クローン性
抗体は抗原に対する親和性として、よくても免疫
系により生産されるすべての抗体の親和性のほぼ
平均値を有するにすぎない。選ばれた単クローン
性抗体は所定の感度に匹敵する親和性を有し、対
象とするテスト系に対する範囲内にあることが好
ましい。抗体は少なくとも108／モル、更に好
ましくは少なくとも約109／モルの親和性を有
することが望ましい。 更に、最も高い親和性を有するこれらの単クロ
ーン性抗体を、従来の多クローン性抗体を使用し
た方法で誤つた正の結果を与えることが知られて
いる試験体について模擬検定を行うことにより、
更に選別して、交叉反応を示さずかつ誤つた正の
結果を与えない単クローン性抗体を同定すること
ができる。 ２サイト免疫学的検定は抗体：抗原：抗体サン
ドイツチの形成に基いているので、通常抗原に対
する相互の結合を妨害しない２種の異つた単クロ
ーン性抗体が結合抗体および可溶性標識抗体もし
くは螢光消光法が使用された際における抗体対と
して選ばれる。二者が前記サンドイツチを完成す
るのに必要とされるので、逆並びに同時検定は、
例えば標識抗体：抗原：標識抗体なる錯体が形成
されるという懸念なしに行うことができ、かかる
錯体の形成は固相と結合する抗体と抗原との間の
錯体形成を妨害する。ここに本発明の特別の利点
がある。更に、前検定は中間的洗浄工程を経るこ
となしに達成できる。というのは前記２種の抗体
が２種の異つたサイトに結合するからである。
我々はこのような方法を“急速前（fast
forward）”検定と呼ぶ。 しかしながら、特に前検定の場合において、抗
原性物質が十分な間隔を有する同等な抗体結合サ
イトを有しており、その結果１より多くの抗体分
子が同時に結合することが可能である場合には、
同一の単クローン性抗体を標識抗体並びに固体担
体に結合した抗体、両者に対して使用することが
できる。このような系において、初めに試料に結
合抗体を添加することにより、サンドイツチの形
成が阻止されるが、これは立体的障碍によるもの
である。次いで標識単クローン性抗体が添加され
ると、固体担体上の未標識抗体と結合した抗原と
錯化することも可能である。 被検試料から抗原性物質を抽出するための本発
明の方法において使用する未標識単クローン性抗
体は免疫学的検定において普通に使用されている
いずれかの担体上に固定することができる。これ
らの中で紙、プラスチツクビーズもしくはポリ
エチレン、ポリスチレン、ポリプロピレンもしく
は他の適当な物質でつくられた試験管を例示する
ことができる。また、アガロース、架橋デキスト
ランおよび他のポリサツカライドなどの粒状物質
も有用である。抗体をこのような物質に係合する
ための方法は当業者には周知のことである。例え
ば、抗体を米国特許第3645852号に記載された方
法を利用することにより、ポリサツカライドポリ
マーに結合することができる。 本発明において使用する標識単クローン性抗体
には従来の免疫学的検定において使用されている
ものとは同じ標識を与えることができる。この中
で、螢光法による検定に対しては米国特許第
3940475号に記載されているように螢光発光性標
識を、米国特許第3654090号におけるような酵素
系標識を例示することができる。現在のところ、
抗体を1251などの放射性同位元素によつて、例え
ばHunter ＆ Greenwood、のNature、144、
945（1962）に記載されたもしくはDavid等の
Biochewistiy，131014−1021（1974）に記載され
た手法を利用して、標識することが好ましい。 典型的検定においては、不溶性サンドイツチ錯
体と会合する標識抗体の量は適当な手段によつて
不溶性担体物質を検査することによつて決められ
る。しかしながら、被検流体試料中の抗原の存在
もしくは不在を、検定中に反応せずに可溶形で残
された標識抗体の量に関連ずけることも可能であ
る。多クローン性抗体と比較して、単クローン性
抗体を使用する本発明の免疫学的検定の利点は以
下の実施例を参照することによつて理解されよ
う。この実施例においては、４つの対照決定、同
時検定、逆検定、前検定および「急速」前検定
を、単クローン性抗体および多クローン性抗体を
使用し、かつ正の試料としてヒトIgEを100IU／
ml含有する標準血清を使用して行つた。負の対照
として、IgEを含まない常態の馬の血清を使用し
た。 試料中における標識抗体として使用した、IgE
に対する多クローン性抗体はPharmacia
Diagnostics of Piscataway（New Jersey）から
得た。固体担体に結合した多クローン性抗体は
Tago、lnc.of Burlingame（California）から得
た。 IgEに対する単クローン性抗体は前述の
Milstein ＆ Kohlerの方法を利用して得た。
二種の抗体としては、各々109／モルより大き
なIgEに対する親和性を示すものが選ばれ、これ
らはIgEに対する他のものの結合を妨害しなかつ
た。 検定はアガロースに結合した未標識抗体を使用
し、米国特許第3645852号に記載の方法により行
つた。抗体の標識はDavid等の前述の方法に従つ
て 125Iによつて行つた。燐酸塩で緩衝した塩水
（PH7.4）を、すべての試料を洗浄するために使用
した。 実施例 (1) 同時検定法 アガロース粒子上に固定した抗体の懸濁液
100μを100μの検体（血清）および100μ
の可溶性 125Iで標識した抗体と混合して、一
対の試料について実施した。この混合物を以下
の第１表（多クローン性抗体）および第２表
（単クローン性抗体）に示した所定の時間およ
び更に30分間インキユベーシヨンした。余分の
30分間のインキユベーシヨンは、第２の添加試
薬に対する追加の30分間のインキユベーシヨン
時間が必要とされる他の検定法と本法とを同一
条件とするために加えられた。インキユベーシ
ヨン期間の経過後、アガロース粒子を緩衝液を
添加して洗浄し、次いで遠心分離した。吸引に
より洗液を除いた後、得られたアガロース粒子
のペレツトを、結合した 125I−標識抗体につ
いて計数した。特定のインキユベーシヨン時間
の後該錯体の各々に対して得られた計数値は第
１表および第２表に示す。 (2) 逆検定法 100μの検体（血清）を100μの可溶性
125I−標識抗体と混合し、第１表および第２表
に示した所定時間インキユベーシヨンとして、
一対の試料について実施した。次いで、アガロ
ース粒子上に固定した抗体の懸濁液を添加し、
得られた混合物を更に30分間インキユベーシヨ
ンした。次いで、アガロース粒子を洗浄し、同
時検定法におけるように計数した。計数量は第
１表および第２表に示す。 (3) 前検定法 一対の試料について行つた。100μの検体
（血清）を100μのアガロース粒子上に固定し
た抗体の懸濁液と混合し、かつ第１表および第
２表に示した所定時間の間インキユベーシヨン
した。このアガロース粒子を2.5〜3.0mlの緩衝
液を添加し、混合後遠心分離することにより１
回洗浄し、液を吸引により除去した。次いで、
可溶性 125I−標識抗体100μを添加し、混合
物を更に30分間インキユベーシヨンした。次い
で、アガロース粒子を洗浄し、同時検定法にお
けるように計数し。計数値を第１表および第２
表に示す。 (4) 急速前検定法 検定は２度行い、アガロース粒子上に固定さ
れた抗体を含む検体の最初のインキユベーシヨ
ンと可溶性 125I−標識抗体の添加工程との間
の洗浄工程を省略した以外は前検定法と同様に
実施した。 一対の対照に対する計数値／分並びに多クロ
ーン性抗体および単クローン性抗体を使用して
IgEを含有する一対の試料の検定における計数
値／分の結果を第１表および第２表に夫々示し
た。これらのデータを以下のようにして第１図
および第２図を作るために使用した。所定のイ
ンキユベーシヨン時間に対する対照の計数値／
分の平均は対応するIgE検定に対する計数値の
平均から算出した。差を試料に添加した標識抗
体の全計数値／分に対する割合として計算し、
固相に結合した抗体の合計数値／分に対する割
合としてＹ軸上にプロツトした。インキユベー
シヨン時間をＸ軸上にプロツトした。 単クローン性抗体を使用した検定の結果を示
す第２図に示したプロツトと多クローン性抗体
を使用した検定の結果を示す第１図とを比較す
ると、各々の検定、即ち同時、逆、前および急
速前検定において、単クローン性抗体を使用し
た検定がより感度が高いことがわかる。このと
こは100IU IgE／ml検体について得られた、固
相に結合したものの全計数値の高い割合によつ
て示される。予想外にも、同時並びに逆検定の
場合において、単クローン性抗体を使用して行
つた検定が多クローン性抗体を使用しつて行つ
た対応する検定よりも一層急速に平衡に達する
ことがわかつた。従つて、これらの手法におい
て単クローン性抗体を使用することにより、検
定に要する時間を、単に洗浄工程を省くことに
より達成される時間の節約をはるかに越えて節
減することができる。この点について、単クロ
ーン性抗体を使用した逆検定は１時間以内で平
衡に達した。多クローン性抗体を使用した同様
な検定実験では４時間経過するまで平衡に達し
なかつた。同様に、同時検定の場合にも、単ク
ローン性抗体を使用した検定では８時間以内に
平衡に達するが、多クローン性抗体を使用した
検定では24時間以内で平衡に達することはなか
つた。結局、本発明は従来法よりも極めて急速
かつ感度の高い同時並びに逆検定法を与え、か
つ、可溶性「サンドイツチ」錯体の形成が所定
の不溶性錯体の形成と競合するという懸念を排
除する。 【表】 【表】 【表】 前述の議論において、焦点は２つのサイト即ち
サンドイツチ検定にあつた。そこでは抗体の一つ
は不溶化されるが、他方は分析される媒体中に可
溶性である。これ以外の変法も可能である。好ま
しい変法の１つでは粒子例えばラテツクス粒子な
どに結合した抗体が使用され、そこで各粒子は多
数の担体を担持することになる。第１の単クロー
ン性抗体が結合するある量の粒子が、例えば第２
の単クローン性抗体が結合するある量の粒子と混
合された場合、乳白色の懸濁液が得られる。しか
しながら、試料が多価抗原を含有し、抗体が該抗
原に対して特異的な場合、該試料を前記懸濁液に
導入すると、粒子の凝集もしくは凝着を生じ、容
易に検出し得る凝集塊を形成する。 凝集体形成の肉眼的検出が、抗原の存在に対す
る予検試験において利用することができる。この
検出は一方の単クローン性抗体を担持する粒子の
色と、他方の抗体を担持する粒子の色とを違える
ことにより促進される。しかしながら、凝集の程
度を試料中における抗原存在量の尺度として決定
することも可能である。例えば、懸度変化を比濁
法などの標準的方法を利用して測定することがで
きる。 現在のところ、当業者に周知の方法を利用して
抗体を共有結合的に結合させたラテツクス粒子を
使用することが好ましい。しかし、他の粒状担体
を使用することも可能である。その中で、シリ
カ、ガラス、細胞、ポリアクリルアミド、ポリメ
チルメタクリレートおよびアガロースなどを挙げ
ることができる。好ましくは該粒子の粒径は約
0.2〜約10μの範囲で変化する。肉眼的予検法は、
しかしながら、少なくとも約1.0μの大きさの粒子
を必要とする。 尚別の変法において、抗体の一方はビーズ、試
験管壁もしくは他の巨視的固体担体上に固定さ
れ、他方の抗体はラテツクスもしくは他の適当な
物質の小粒子に結合される。抗原の存在下で、巨
視的に結合した抗体と粒子に結合している抗体と
の間に抗原を有するサンドイツチが形成される。
例えば粒子を着色することにより、サンドイツイ
の形成を肉眼的に検出することができる。粒子に
結合した抗体の螢光、酵素、放射能もしくは他の
標識を、前述の可溶性抗体を使用する場合と全く
同様に、定量的検出のために使用することができ
る。 ２−サイト検定の他の好ましい変法において
は、二つの異る単クローン性抗体のうちの少なく
とも一つが酵素に結合される。該酵素は、他の単
クローン性抗体に結合する物質を含む反応を触媒
して検出可能な物質を生成するか、もしくは第２
の抗体上の物質と相互作用して錯体即ち抗体：抗
原：抗体の検出を可能とする。検出は、例えば比
色法、螢光法、発光法、分光々度法などによつて
行うことができる。このような方法を利用すれ
ば、抗体両者を不溶性とする必要がなく、検定が
著しく単純化されることが理解されよう。 現在好ましい具体例においては、第２抗体上の
物質も酵素であり、検定は酵素で標識した一対の
抗体を使用して、後の反応を触媒させる。抗体の
一方は他のものが必要とする生成物を製造する。
これらの反応においては、２種の抗体が抗原と結
合する場合、立体的に配向され、第１酵素反応の
生成物は第２の酵素で標識された抗体に近接する
ように発生され、第２の反応は第１の反応の生成
物が環境の媒質中に大きく拡散する前に起こるよ
うに、２種の抗体が選ばれる。 この方法を一対の単クローン性抗体を使用して
説明することができる。該抗体の１つをヘキソキ
ナーゼ（HK）で標識し、他の抗体をグルコース
−６−ホスフエートデヒドロゲナーゼ（Ｇ−６−
PDH）で標識し、以下の一連の反応を行う。 【表】 この検定は問題とする抗原を含む試料に、該抗
原と結合する標識抗体、ATP、グルコースおよ
び補酵素NAD+を添加することにより行われる。
抗原が存在する場合、以下に示すような錯体が形
成される： HKで標識した抗体は、Ｇ−６−PDHで標識
した抗体の近傍におけるグルコース−６−ホスフ
エートの形成を触媒し、そこでグルコノラクトン
−６−ホスフエートに転化される。この反応にお
いてNAD+の還元によつて形成されるNADHは
分光々度法により検出することができる。という
のはジヒドロニコチンアミドが340nｍにおける
強い吸収で特徴ずけられるからである。 NADHの形成と同様に、グルコースのグルコ
ノラクトン−６−ホスフエートへの転化も媒質中
で起こり、これは錯化されなかつた標識抗体によ
つて触媒されるが、二種の抗体が錯体即ち抗体：
抗原：抗体において相互に近接して配置される場
合よりも一層低い速度である。従つて、対照試料
と比較して340nｍにおける吸収の増大は試料中
における抗原の存在を確証している。吸収におけ
る増加は錯体中の抗原の量とも関係ずけることが
できる。 適当に標識された問題とする抗原に結合する抗
体を使用する２−サイト検定において、任意の他
の適当な一対の連続的な酵素触媒反応を使用する
ことができる。その中で、グルコノラクトンと過
酸化水素とを形成し、引き続きパーオキシダーゼ
により触媒されて着色成分を生成する過酸化水素
とＯ−フエニレンジアミンとの反応を伴うよう
な、グルコースオキシダーゼにより触媒されるグ
ルコースの反応を挙げることができる。この特定
においては、単クローン性抗体の一方がグルコー
スオキシダーゼで標識され、他方はパーオキシダ
ーゼで標識される。対照と比較して、得られる色
の強度は被検試料中における抗原の存在および／
またはその量と関係ずけることができる。酵素の
存在下で、着色成分に酸化し得る他の物質でＯ−
フエニレンジアミンを代替することができるもの
と理解すべきである。 夫々NADオキシドリダクターゼおよびルシフ
エラーゼで標識した、所定の抗原に結合する一対
の抗体を使用する更に別の適した一連の反応は以
下のものである： 【表】 ここでRCHOは典型的には10またはそれ以上
の炭素原子数を有する着鎖アルデヒドである。 FMN※、即ち励起状態のFMNの発生は光子
の放出を伴い、この光子は被検試料中における抗
原の存在および／またはその量を示すために、対
照試料との相関々係から、光学的方法で検出する
ことができる。 酵素で標識した一対の抗体を使用する他の具体
例では、酵素的に触媒される第１の反応の生成物
は、一連の酵素触媒反応のアロステリツク性活性
因子もしくは抑制因子であり得る。アロステリツ
ク性活性因子は第２の反応において消費されると
いうよりもむしろ酵素と相互作用して基質に対す
る親和性を増すか、もしくは酵素−基質錯体が形
成された後、基質を生成物に転化する速度を増大
する。他方、アロステリツク性抑制因子は逆の効
果を有し、基質に対する酵素の親和性を減少もし
くは基質の生成物への転化速度を減ずる。アロス
テリツク性抑制は競合的もしくは非競合的型のも
のであり得る。 夫々ホスホフルクトキナーゼおよびホスホエノ
ールピルベートで標識した一対の抗体を使用す
る、アロステリツク性活性因子を含む検定の例は
以下のような反応を利用する： 【表】 マレエートデヒドロゲナーゼ
(3) OAA＋NADH

Claims (1)

  1. 【特許請求の範囲】 １ 抗原性物質と第１抗体と第２抗体との
    三元複合体を形成させる工程を含む、液体試料中
    の抗原性物質の存在または濃度を決定するための
    同時イムノメトリツクアツセイ法であつて、前記
    第１抗体は液相に存在し、かつ標識されており、
    前記第２抗体は前記液体試料に対して不溶性の固
    体担体に結合しており、前記液体試料中の抗原性
    物質の存在または濃度は前記三元複合体中の標識
    抗体の量または未反応標識抗体の量を測定するこ
    とによつて決定されるものであり、前記第１抗体
    と前記第２抗体はそれぞれ抗原性物質に対して少
    なくとも約108リツター／モルの親和性を有する
    単クローン性抗体であることを特徴とする方法。 ２ 次の工程を含む、液体試料中の抗原性物質の
    存在または濃度を決定するための特許請求の範囲
    第１項記載の方法： (a) 前記液体試料を、当該液体試料中の抗原性物
    質に対する第１抗体（標識されている）および
    第２抗体（固定担体に結合されている）と同時
    に接触させて、当該第１抗体と当該抗原性物質
    と当該第２抗体との不溶性三元複合体を形成せ
    しめる； (b) 当該複合体を、前記液体試料と未反応標識抗
    体から分離する； (c) 当該複合体における標識抗体の量または未反
    応標識抗体の量のいずれかを測定する； (d) 以上のように測定された標識抗体の量と、前
    記抗原性物質を含まないことがわかつている、
    工程(a)〜(c)に従つて調製された対照試料につい
    て測定された標識抗体の量とを比較するか、ま
    たは以上のように測定された前記標識抗体の量
    と、既知量の前記抗原性物質を含有する、前記
    工程(a)〜(c)に従つて調製された対照試料につい
    て測定された標識抗体の量とを比較して、当該
    液体試料中における抗原性物質の存在または濃
    度を決定する。 ３ 第１抗体が第２抗体とは異なつた細胞系から
    の生産物である、特許請求の範囲第１〜２項のい
    ずれかに記載の方法。 ４ 抗原性物質が少なくとも２つの同等な結合サ
    イトを有しており、第１抗体および第２抗体が同
    一の細胞系からの生産物である、特許請求の範囲
    第１〜２項のいずれかに記載の方法。 ５ 第１抗体および第２抗体のそれぞれが抗原性
    物質に対して少なくとも109リツター／モルの親
    和性を有するものである、特許請求の範囲第１〜
    ４項のいずれかに記載の方法。 ６ 三元複合体を洗浄して当該複合体から液体試
    料を分離する、特許請求の範囲第１〜５項のいず
    れかに記載の方法。 ７ 洗浄を燐酸塩緩衝食塩水を使用して行う、特
    許請求の範囲第６項記載の方法。 ８ 抗体性物質がIgE、肝炎ウイルスＡ、肝炎ウ
    イルスＢ、肝炎ウイルスノンＡ、肝炎ウイルスノ
    ンＢ、α−フエトプロテイン、癌胎児性抗原、イ
    ンシユリンおよびヒト甲状腺刺激ホルモンからな
    らる群から選ばれる、特許請求の範囲第１〜７項
    のいずれかに記載の方法。 ９ 標識が放射性同位元素、酵素および蛍光性物
    質からなる群から選ばれ、かつ測定が放射線法、
    酵素法および蛍光法からなる群から選ばれる、特
    許請求の範囲第１〜８項のいずれかに記載の方
    法。 １０ 標識が放射性同位元素125Iである、特許請
    求の範囲第９項に記載の方法。 １１ 標識された第１抗体と、液体試料に不溶性
    の固体担体に結合した第２抗体との組み合わせで
    あつて、前記第１抗体と前記第２抗体はそれぞれ
    前記液体試料中の抗原性物質に対して少なくとも
    約108リツター／モルの親和性を有する単クロー
    ン性抗体であることを特徴とする、前記抗原性物
    質と前記第１抗体と前記第２抗体との三元複合体
    を形成させる工程を含む、液体試料中の抗原性物
    質の存在または濃度を決定するための同時イムノ
    メトリツクアツセイ法において使用するための試
    薬キツト。 １２ 第１抗体が第２抗体とは異なつた細胞系か
    らの生産物である、特許請求の範囲第１１項に記
    載のキツト。 １３ 第１抗体および第２抗体が同一の細胞系か
    らの生産物である、特許請求の範囲第１１項に記
    載のキツト。 １４ 第１抗体および第２抗体のそれぞれが抗原
    性物質に対して少なくとも109リツター／モルの
    親和性を有するものである、特許請求の範囲第１
    １〜１３項のいずれかに記載のキツト。 １５ 抗原性物質がIgE、肝炎ウイルスＡ、肝炎
    ウイルスＢ、肝炎ウイルスノンＡ、肝炎ウイルス
    ノンＢ、α−フエトプロテイン、癌胎児性抗原、
    インシユリンおよびヒト甲状腺刺激ホルモンから
    なる群から選ばれる、特許請求の範囲第１１〜１
    ４項のいずれかに記載のキツト。 １６ 標識が放射性同位元素、酵素および蛍光性
    物質からなる群から選ばれ、かつ測定が放射線
    法、蛍光法および酵素法からなる群から選ばれ
    る、特許請求の範囲第１１〜１５項のいずれかに
    記載のキツト。 １７ 標識が放射性同位元素125Iである、特許請
    求の範囲第１６項に記載のキツト。
JP56122347A 1980-08-04 1981-08-04 Immunological inhibition test using signle coulomb- oriented antibody Granted JPS57118159A (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

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US06/175,133 US4376110A (en) 1980-08-04 1980-08-04 Immunometric assays using monoclonal antibodies

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JPH0421818B2 true JPH0421818B2 (ja) 1992-04-14

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US (1) US4376110A (ja)
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BE (1) BE889855A (ja)
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US4376110A (en) 1983-03-08
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IT8123231A0 (it) 1981-07-29
CA1281640C (en) 1991-03-19

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