DK175906B1 - Sammensætning til dannelse af et fast implantat i situ samt anvendelsen af samme - Google Patents

Sammensætning til dannelse af et fast implantat i situ samt anvendelsen af samme Download PDF

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Publication number
DK175906B1
DK175906B1 DK199100572A DK57291A DK175906B1 DK 175906 B1 DK175906 B1 DK 175906B1 DK 199100572 A DK199100572 A DK 199100572A DK 57291 A DK57291 A DK 57291A DK 175906 B1 DK175906 B1 DK 175906B1
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Prior art keywords
polymer
solvent
composition
biodegradable
implant
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DK199100572A
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English (en)
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DK57291D0 (da
DK57291A (da
Inventor
Richard L Dunn
James P English
Donald R Cowsar
David P Vanderbilt
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Atrix Lab Inc
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Publication of DK57291D0 publication Critical patent/DK57291D0/da
Publication of DK57291A publication Critical patent/DK57291A/da
Priority to DK200400752A priority Critical patent/DK175848B1/da
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Publication of DK175906B1 publication Critical patent/DK175906B1/da

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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K9/00—Medicinal preparations characterised by special physical form
    • A61K9/0012—Galenical forms characterised by the site of application
    • A61K9/0019—Injectable compositions; Intramuscular, intravenous, arterial, subcutaneous administration; Compositions to be administered through the skin in an invasive manner
    • A61K9/0024—Solid, semi-solid or solidifying implants, which are implanted or injected in body tissue
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    • A61F2/00—Filters implantable into blood vessels; Prostheses, i.e. artificial substitutes or replacements for parts of the body; Appliances for connecting them with the body; Devices providing patency to, or preventing collapsing of, tubular structures of the body, e.g. stents
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    • A61K47/30—Macromolecular organic or inorganic compounds, e.g. inorganic polyphosphates
    • A61K47/34—Macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds, e.g. polyesters, polyamino acids, polysiloxanes, polyphosphazines, copolymers of polyalkylene glycol or poloxamers
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  • Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
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  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Veterinary Medicine (AREA)
  • Public Health (AREA)
  • General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
  • Animal Behavior & Ethology (AREA)
  • Epidemiology (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Medicinal Chemistry (AREA)
  • Materials Engineering (AREA)
  • Dermatology (AREA)
  • Transplantation (AREA)
  • Oral & Maxillofacial Surgery (AREA)
  • Surgery (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Biomedical Technology (AREA)
  • Pharmacology & Pharmacy (AREA)
  • Hematology (AREA)
  • Proteomics, Peptides & Aminoacids (AREA)
  • Inorganic Chemistry (AREA)
  • Neurosurgery (AREA)
  • Molecular Biology (AREA)
  • Cardiology (AREA)
  • Heart & Thoracic Surgery (AREA)
  • Vascular Medicine (AREA)
  • Materials For Medical Uses (AREA)
  • Medicinal Preparation (AREA)
  • Prostheses (AREA)
  • Infusion, Injection, And Reservoir Apparatuses (AREA)
  • Polysaccharides And Polysaccharide Derivatives (AREA)
  • Preparation Of Compounds By Using Micro-Organisms (AREA)
  • Polyesters Or Polycarbonates (AREA)
  • Medicines That Contain Protein Lipid Enzymes And Other Medicines (AREA)

Description

DK 175906 B1
Opfindelsen angår en sammensætning til fremstilling af biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer, og navnlig til anvendelsen af sådanne polymerer til tilvejebringelse af injicerbare, biologisk nedbrydelige faste implantater dannet in situ.
5
Kendt teknik
Biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer har i mange år været anvendt til medicinske formål. Disse omfatter suturer, kirurgiske klemmer, klips, 10 implantater og systemer til indgivelse af lægemidler. Størstedelen af disse biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer har været termoplastiske materialer baseret på glycolid, lactid, ε-caprolacton og copolymerer deraf. Typiske eksempler er de i US patentskrift nr. 3 297 033 beskrevne polyglycolidsuturer, de i US patentskrift nr. 3 636 956 beskrevne poly(L-lactid-co-glycolid)-suturer, de i 15 US patentskrift nr. 4 523 591 beskrevne kirurgiske poly(L-lactid-co-glycolid)-klemmer og -klips, samt de i US patentskrifteme nr. 3 773 919, nr. 3 887 699, nr. 4 155 992, nr. 4 379 138, nr. 4130 639 og nr. 4 186 189 beskrevne systemer til indgivelse af lægemidler.
20 Alle de biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer beskrevet i disse patentskrifter er termoplastiske materialer. Som følge heraf kan de opvarmes og formes i forskellige faconer, såsom fibre, klemmer, klips, nåle, film, osv. Disse polymerer bliver kun flydende, når de opvarmes over deres smeltepunkt. Ved normal anvendelse er disse i fast form.
25
Skønt denne klasse biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer har mange nyttige biomedicinske anvendelsesområder, er der adskillige vigtige begrænsninger for deres anvendelse i kroppen, hvor krop defineres som kroppen hos mennesker, dyr, fugle, fisk og krybdyr. Fordi disse polymerer er faste stoffer, 30 har det i alle tilfælde, hvor de har været anvendt, været nødvendigt først at forme de polymere strukturer uden for kroppen efterfulgt af indsættelse af
DK 175906 B1 I
den faste struktur i kroppen. For eksempel formes suturer, klemmer og klips I
alle ud fra termoplastiske biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer før brugen. Ved I
indsættelse i kroppen bibeholder de deres oprindelige form frem for at flyde I
ud til udfyldning af mellemrum eller hulrum, hvor der kan være størst behov I
5 for dem. I
På lignende måde skal systemer til indgivelse af lægemidler, der anvender I
disse biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer, formes uden for kroppen. I sådanne I
tilfælde inkorporeres lægemidlet i polymeren, og blandingen formes til en I
10 bestemt facon, såsom en cylinder, skive eller fiber, til implantering. Med I
sådanne faste implantater skal systemet til indgivelse af lægemidler I
indsættes i kroppen ved et kirurgisk snit. Disse kirurgiske snit er ofte større, I
end det er ønskeligt inden for lægevidenskaben, og fører til en modvillighed I
hos patienterne til at acceptere et sådant implantat eller lægemiddelindgivel· I
15 sessystem.
Den eneste måde at undgå kirurgisk snit med disse polymerer er at injicere I
dem som små partikler, mikrosfærer eller mikrokapsler. Disse kan eventuelt I
indeholde et lægemiddel, som kan frigives i kroppen. Skønt disse små I
20 partikler kan injiceres i kroppen med en kanyle, tilfredsstiller de ikke altid I
behovet for et bionedbrydeligt implantat. Fordi de er partikelformede, danner I
de ikke en kontinuerlig film eller fast implantat med den strukturelle integritet, I
der er nødvendige for visse indsatte proteser. Ved indsættelse i visse kropshulrum, såsom munden, en periodontallomme, øjet eller vagina, hvor
25 der er betydelig væskestrømning, bibeholdes disse små partikler, I
mikrosfærer eller mikrokapsler dårligt på grund af deres lille størrelse og I
diskontinuerlige natur. Endvidere er mikrosfærer eller mikrokapsler fremstillet I
af disse polymerer og indeholdende lægemidler til frigivelse i kroppen
undertiden vanskelige at fremstille i stor størrelsesorden, og deres I
30 opbevarings- og injiceringsegenskaber frembyder problemer. Yderligere er I
en anden vigtig begrænsning af systemet med mikrokapsler eller små partik- I
3
DK 175906 B1 I
! ler den manglende reversibilitet uden omfattende kirurgisk indgreb. Det vil sige, at dersom der er komplikationer, efter de er blevet injiceret, er det betydeligt vanskeligere at fjerne dem fra kroppen, end det er tilfældet for faste implantater.
5
Derfor er der et behov for en fremgangsmåde og et præparat til tilvejebringelse af en biologisk nedbrydelig polymerisk struktur, der er nyttig til at overvinde de ovenfor beskrevne begrænsninger.
10 Der er endvidere et behov for en fremgangsmåde og et præparat, der tilvejebringer injicerbare, faste, biologisk nedbrydelige implantater dannet in situ, der kan anvendes som indsatte proteseindretninger og/eller systemer til kontrolleret indgivelse.
15 Yderligere er der et behov for en sådan fremgangsmåde og et præparat, der kan tilvejebringe implantater med en række egenskaber spændende fra blød til hård, således at de kan anvendes med såvel blødt som hårdt væv.
Beskrivelse af opfindelsen 20
Den foreliggende opfindelse angår en sammensætning til dannelse af et fast implantat in situ i en krop ved udsættelse for kropsvæsker eller vandige væsker, hvilken sammensætning omfatter en effektiv mængde af en biokompatibel, termoplastisk polymer i et biokompatibelt organisk 25 opløsningsmiddel, hvorved polymeren er uopløselig i vandig væske eller kropsvæske og det organiske opløsningsmiddel er blandbart med vandig væske eller kropsvæske, ejendommelig ved, at polymeren er bionedbrydelig.
Opfindelsen angår endvidere anvendelsen af en biokompatibel 30 bionedbrydelig termoplastisk polymer som er uopløselig i vandig væske eller kropsvæske til tilberedning af en sammensætning i et biokompatibelt
DK 175906 B1 I
organisk opløsningsmiddel, der er blandbart med vandig væske eller I
kropsvæske, til dannelse af et bionedbrydeligt fast implantat in situ i en krop, I
ved udsættelse for en kropsvæske eller en vandig væske. I
5 Derfor angår opfindelsen sammensætninger af bionedbrydelige polymerer
som in situ danner prostetiske implantater og systemer til indgivelse af I
lægemidler med kontrolleret frigivelse, som kan indgives som væskeformige I
stoffer gennem for eksempel en kanyle, men som koagulerer kort efter I
dosering til dannelse af et fast stof. Implantaterne er biologisk nedbrydelige, I
10 fordi de er fremstillet af biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer og copolymerer. I
Der tilvejebringes et termoplastisk system, hvori en fast, ligekædet, biologisk I
nedbrydelig polymer eller copolymer opløses i et ikke-toksisk, vandblandbart I
opløsningsmiddel til dannelse af en væskeformig opløsning.
Ved ’’blandbar" skal der forstås at opløseligheden af det organiske I
opløsningsmiddel kan variere fra helt blandbart til dispersibel i vand, som I
defineret i Hawley's Condensed Chemical Dictionary, 11. udgave, I
’’miscibility” (1987). I
20 I
Når polymeropløsningen er placeret i kroppen, hvor der er tilstrækkeligt med I
vand, spredes eller diffunderer opløsningsmidlet væk fra den polymere, som I
efterlades til at koagulere eller størkne til en fast struktur. Opløsningen kan I
anbringes et hvilket som helst sted inde i kroppen, herunder i blødt væv, I
25 såsom muskel- eller fedtvæv, hårdt væv, såsom knogler, eller et hulrum, I
såsom det periodontale, orale, vaginale, rectale, nasale hulrum, eller en I
lomme, såsom en periodontal lomme eller øjets cul-de-sac. Ved anvendelse I
til systemer til indgivelse af lægemidler sættes det biologisk aktive stof til I
polymeropløsningen, hvor det enten opløses til dannelse af en homogen I
30 opløsning eller dispergeres til dannelse af en lægemiddelsuspension eller - I
dispersion inde i polymeropløsningen. Når polymeropløsningen udsættes for I
DK 175906 B1 5 kropsvæske eller vand, diffunderer opløsningsmidlet væk fra polymer/læge-middel-blandingen, og vand diffunderer ind i blandingen, hvor det koagulerer polymeren og derved tilbageholder eller indeslutter lægemidlet inde i den polymere matrix, idet implantatet antager fast form. Frigivelsen af lægemidlet S følger derpå de almene regler for diffusion eller opløsning af et lægemiddel, der befinder sig inde i en polymer matrix.
I det termoplastiske system opnås fordelene ved væskeformig påføring. For eksempel kan polymeren via kanyle injiceres i en krop, mens den er 10 væskeformig, og derefter efterlades in situ til dannelse af en fast biologisk nedbrydelig implantatstruktur. Behovet for at foretage et kirurgisk snit elimineres, og implantatet antager hulrummets facon. Endvidere kan der tilvejebringes et system til indgivelse af lægemidler ved at tilsætte et biologisk aktivt stof til væsken før injektion. Når først implantatet er dannet, frigiver det 15 stoffet til kroppen og nedbrydes derpå biologisk. Udtrykket "biologisk aktivt stof betyder et lægemiddel eller et andet stof, der er i stand til at frembringe en indvirkning på en krop.
Det er derfor et formål med opfindelsen at angive et præparat til fremstilling 20 in situ af biologisk nedbrydelige faste implantater.
Det er også et formål med opfindelsen at angive en sådan sammensætning, som kan være nyttig til fremstilling af injicerbare faste biologisk nedbrydelige implantater dannet in situ.
25
Det er endvidere et formål med opfindelsen at angive et sådant implantat, der kan anvendes i et indgivelsessystem for biologiske stoffer med kontrolleret frigivelse.
30 Det er endvidere et formål med opfindelsen at tilvejebringe implantater, der er i besiddelse af en række egenskaber spændende fra blød og elastomerisk
DK 175906 B1 I
til hård og uelastisk, således at de kan anvendes med såvel blødt som hårdt I
væv. I
Bedste fremgangsmåder til udførelse af opfindelsen I
Opfindelsen angår sammensætninger af biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer I
som in situ danner implantater. Endvidere angår opfindelsen et flydende I
biologisk nedbrydeligt polymert indgivelsessystem, der kan injiceres i en I
krop, hvor det danner et fast stof og frigiver et biologisk aktivt middel med I
10 kontrolleret hastighed. De biologisk nedbrydelige polymere systemer er I
termoplastiske polymerer opløst i et biokompatibelt opløsningsmiddel. I
Der angives et termoplastisk system, i hvilket en fast, ligekædet, biologisk I
nedbrydelig polymer opløses i et biokompatibelt opløsningsmiddel til I
15 dannelse af en væske, der derpå kan indgives via en kanyle. Eksempler på I
biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer, der kan anvendes ved opfindelsen, er I
polylactider, polyglycolider, polycaprolactoner, polyanhydrider, polyamider, I
polyurethaner, polyesteramider, polyorthoestere, polydioxanoner, poly- I
acetaler, polyketaier, polycarbonater, polyorthocarbonater, I
20 polyphosphazener, polyhydroxybutyrater, polyhydroxyvalerater, I
polyalkylenoxalater, polyalkylensuccinater, poly(aminosyrer), samt I
copolymerer, terpolymerer eller kombinationer eller blandinger af de I
ovennævnte materialer. De foretrukne polymerer er sådanne, der har en lav I
udkrystalliseringsgrad og er mere hydrofobe. Disse polymerer og I
25 copolymerer er mere opløselige i de biokompatible opløsningsmidler end de I
stærkt krystallinske polymerer, såsom polyglycolid, der også har en høj grad I
af hydrogenbinding. Foretrukne materialer med de ønskede I
opløselighedsparametre er polylactideme, polycaprolactonerne og I
copolymerer af disse med glycolid, i hvilke der er flere amorfe områder til I
30 forøgelse af opløseligheden. I
7 DK 175906 B1
Det foretrækkes ligeledes, at opløsningsmidlet for den biologisk nedbrydelige polymer er non-toksisk, vandblandbar og på anden vis biokompatibel.
Toksiske opløsningsmidler bør ikke anvendes til injicering af noget stof overhovedet i en levende krop. Opløsningsmidlerne skal også være 5 biokompatible, således at de ikke forårsager alvorlig vævsirritation eller -nekrose på implantationsstedet. Endvidere bør opløsningsmidlet være vandblandbart, således at det hurtigt vil diffundere ind i kropsvæskerne og tillade I
vand at permeere ind i polymeropløsningen og medføre, at det koagulerer eller antager fast form. Eksempler på sådanne opløsningsmidler omfatter N-10 methyl-2-pyrrolidon, 2-pyrrolidon, ethanol, propylenglycol, acetone, methylacetat, ethylacetat, methylethylketon, dimethylformamid, dimethylsulfoxid, tetrahydrofuran, caprolactam, decylmethylsulfoxid, oleinsyre og 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-on samt kombinationer og blandinger deraf. N-Methyl-2-pyrrolidon, 2-pyrrolidon, dimethylsulfoxid og acetone er på af 15 deres opløsende evne og deres kompatibilitet de foretrukne opløsningsmidler.
Opløselig heden af de biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer i de forskellige opløsningsmidler varierer i afhængighed af deres udkrystalliseringsevne, 20 deres hydrofilicitet, hydrogenbinding og molekylmasse. Således vil ikke alle de biologisk nedbrydelige polymerer være opløselige i det samme opløsningsmiddel, men hver polymer eller copolymer kan forventes at have sit optimale opløsningsmiddel. Polymerer med lavere molekylmasse opløses normalt lettere i opløsningsmidlerne end polymerer med høj molekylmasse.
25 Følgelig vil koncentrationen af en polymer opløst i de forskellige opløsningsmidler variere i afhængighed af polymertypen og dens molekylmasse. Omvendt vil de polymere med højere molekylmasse normalt være tilbøjelige til at koagulere eller antage fast form hurtigere end de polymere med meget lav molekylmasse. Endvidere vil de polymere med 30 højere molekylmasse være tilbøjelige til at give højere opløsningsviskositeter end materialer med lav molekylmasse. For optimal injektionseffektivitet skal
DK 175906 B1 I
således molekylmassen og koncentrationen af den polymere i I
opløsningsmidlet kontrolleres. I
Polymælkesyre med lav molekylmasse dannet ved kondensation af I
5 mælkesyre opløses for eksempel i N-methyl-2-pyrrolidon (NMP) til opnåelse I
af en 73 vægt-% opløsning, der stadig strømmer let gennem en 23-gauge I
kanylenål, hvorimod en poly(DL-lactid) (DL-PLA) med højere molekylmasse I
dannet ved yderligere polymerisation af DL-lactid giver den samme I
opløsningsviskositet ved opløsning i NMP med kun 50 vægt-%. Opløsningen I
10 af polymeren med højere molekylmasse koagulerer omgående ved I
anbringelse i vand. Skønt opløsningen af polymeren med lav molekylmasse I
er mere koncentreret, er den tilbøjelig til at koagulere meget langsomt ved I
anbringelse i vand. I
15 Til polymerer med tilbøjelighed til langsom koagulering kan anvendes en I
blanding af opløsningsmidler til at øge koaguiationshastigheden. Således er I
én komponent af blandingen et godt opløsningsmiddel for den polymere, og I
den anden komponent er et ringere opløsningsmiddel eller et ikke- I
opløsningsmiddel. De to væsker blandes i et forhold, således at den I
20 polymere stadig er opløselig, men præcipiterer ved den mindste forøgelse af I
mængden af ikke-opløsningsmidlet, såsom vandet i et fysiologisk miljø. I
Nødvendigvis skal opløsningsmiddelsystemet være blandbart med såvel den I
polymere som med vand. Et eksempel på et sådant binært I
opløsningsmiddelsystem er anvendelsen af NMP og ethanol til DL-PLA med I
I 25 lav molekylmasse. Tilsætningen af ethanol til NMP/polymer-opløsningen I
I giver en væsentlig forøgelse af dens koagulationshastighed. I
I Det har også vist sig, at opløsninger indeholdende meget høje I
I koncentrationer af polymerer med høj molekylmasse undertiden koagulerer I
I 30 eller antager fast form langsommere end mere fortyndede opløsninger. Det I
I formodes, at den høje polymerkoncentration hæmmer diffusionen af opløs- I
DK 175906 B1 9 ningsmiddel inde fra polymermatrixen og som følge heraf forhindrer permeering afvand ind i matrixen, hvor det kan præcipitere polymerkædeme.
Der er således en optimal koncentration, ved hvilken opløsningsmidlet kan diffundere ud af polymeropløsningen, og vand trænger ind til koagulering af ! 5 den polymere.
Ved én mulig anvendelse af det termoplastiske system anbringes polymeropløsningen i en kanyle og injiceres gennem en nål i kroppen. Når | først den er på plads, spreder opløsningsmidlet sig, den tilbageværende 10 polymer antager fast form, og der dannes en fast struktur. Implantatet adhærerer til det omgivende væv eller knogle ved mekaniske kræfter og kan antage sit omgivende hulrums facon. Således kan den biologisk nedbrydelige polymeropløsning injiceres subdermalt ligesom kollagen til opbygning af væv eller udfyldning af defekter. Den kan også injiceres i sår, herunder brandsår, 15 for at forhindre dannelse af dybe ar. Til forskel fra kollagen kan implantatets , nedbrydningstid varieres fra få uger til år i afhængighed af den valgte i i polymer og dens molekylmasse. Den injicerbare polymeropløsning kan også anvendes til at udbedre knogledefekter eller tilvejebringe en kontinuerlig matrix, når andre faste biologisk nedbrydelige implantater, såsom 20 hydroxyapatitpropper, indsættes i knoglemellemrum. Det injicerbare system kan også anvendes til adhærering af væv til væv eller andre implantater til væv i kraft af sin mekaniske binding eller indeslutning af væv og indsatte proteseindretninger.
25 En anden mulig anvendelse af det termoplastiske system er tilvejebringelse af et lægemiddelindgivelsessystem. Ved denne anvendelse sættes et bioaktivt stof til polymeropløsningen før injektion, og derpå injiceres blandingen af polymer/opløsningsmiddel/bioaktivt stof i kroppen. I nogle tilfælde er lægemidlet også opløseligt i opløsningsmidlet, således at der vil 30 foreligge en homogen opløsning af polymer og lægemiddel til injektion. I andre tilfælde er lægemidlet ikke opløseligt i opløsningsmidlet, således at der
I DK 175906 B1 I
I 10 I
I opnås en suspension eller dispersion af lægemidlet i polymeropløsningen. I
I Denne suspension eller dispersion kan også injiceres i kroppen. I begge I
I tilfælde vil opløsningsmidlet spredes, og polymeren vil antage fast form og I
I tilbageholde eller indeslutte lægemidlet i den faste matrix. Frigivelsen af I
I 5 lægemiddel fra disse faste implantater følger de samme almene regler for I
I frigivelse af et lægemiddel fra en monolitisk polymerisk indretning. I
I Frigivelsen af lægemiddel kan påvirkes af implantatets størrelse og facon, I
I mængden af lægemiddel i implantatet, permeabilitetsfaktoreme for I
I lægemidlet og den særlige polymer samt nedbrydningen af polymeren. I
I 10 Afhængig af det bioaktive stof, der er valgt til indgivelse, kan de ovennævnte I
I parametre justeres af en fagmand inden for området lægemiddelindgiveise til I
I at give den ønskede frigivelseshastighed og -varighed. I
I I nærværende beskrivelse med krav omfatter udtrykket "lægemiddel eller I
I 15 bioaktivt (biologisk aktivt) stor uden undtagelse fysiologisk eller I
I farmakologisk aktive stoffer, der virker lokalt eller systemisk i kroppen. I
I Typiske eksempler på lægemidler og biologisk aktive stoffer til anvendelse I
I med de injicerbare faste implantatsystemer dannet in situ omfatter, uden be- I
I grænsning, peptidlægemidler, proteinlægemidler, desensibiliseringsmidler, I
20 antigener, vacciner, antiinfektiøse midler, antibiotiske midler, antimikrobielle I
I midler, antiallergener, steroide antiinflammatoriske midler, midler mod I
I kongestion, miotika, anticholinerge midler, sympatomimetika, sedativa, I
hypnotika, psykiske stimulerende midler, tranquilizers, androgene steroider, I
I østrogener, stoffer med progesteronvirkning, humorale midler, I
I 25 prostaglandiner, analgetika, antispasmodika, antimalaria midler, I
I antihistaminer, cardioaktive midler, nonsteroide antiinflammatoriske midler, I
I antiparkinson midler, antihypertensive midler, adrenerge β-blokkere, I
I næringspræparater og benzophenanthridin-alkaloider. For fagmanden kan I
I andre lægemidler eller biologisk aktive stoffer, der kan frigives i et vandigt I
I 30 miljø, anvendes i det beskrevne injicerbare indgivelsessystem. Også I
I forskellige former af lægemidlerne eller de biologisk aktive stoffer kan I
11 DK 175906 B1 anvendes. Disse omfatter, uden begrænsning, former såsom uladede molekyler, molekylkomplekser, salte, ethere, estere, amider, osv., som aktiveres biologisk ved injektion i kroppen.
5 Mængden af lægemiddel eller biologisk aktivt stof inkorporeret i det injicerbare faste implantat dannet in situ afhænger af den ønskede frigivelsesprofil, den påkrævede lægemiddelkoncentration til opnåelse af en biologisk virkning og det tidsrum, lægemidlet skal frigives til behandling. Der er ikke nogen kritisk øvre grænse for mængden af lægemiddel inkorporeret i 10 polymeropløsningen undtagen grænsen for, at der kan opnås en acceptabel opløsnings- eller dispersionsviskositet til injektion gennem en kanylenål. Den nedre grænse for lægemiddel inkorporeret i indgivelsessystemet afhænger simpelthen af aktiviteten af lægemidlet og det nødvendige tidsrum for behandling.
15 I alle tilfælde vil det faste implantat dannet i den injicerbare polymeropløsning undergå en langsom biologisk nedbrydning inde i kroppen og tillade naturligt væv at vokse og erstatte trykket, efterhånden som det forsvinder. Når materialet injiceres i en defekt i blødt væv, vil det udfylde det defekte område 20 og udgøre et stillads for naturligt kollagen at vokse på. Dette kollagenvæv vil efterhånden erstatte den biologisk nedbrydelige polymer. Ved hårdt væv, såsom knogle, vil den biologisk nedbrydelige polymer understøtte væksten af nye knogleceller, som også efterhånden vil erstatte den under nedbrydning værende polymer. Ved systemer til indgivelse af lægemidler vil det faste 25 implantat dannet ved det injicerbare system frigive det i sin matrix indeholdte lægemiddel med en kontrolleret hastighed, indtil lægemidlet er udtømt. Ved visse lægemidler vil den polymere blive nedbrudt, efter at lægemidlet er blevet fuldstændig udtømt. Ved andre lægemidler, såsom peptider eller proteiner, vil lægemidlet kun blive fuldstændig udtømt, efter polymeren er 30 nedbrudt til et punkt, hvor det ikke-diffunderende lægemiddel har været udsat for kropsvæskerne.
I DK 175906 B1 I 12
I DETALJERET BESKRIVELSE AF EKSEMPLER
I De følgende eksempler fremlægges som representativer for den foreliggende I opfindelse. Disse eksempler skal ikke fortolkes som en begrænsning af
I 5 opfindelsens omfang, da disse og andre ekvivalente udførelsesformer vil vær I
I tydelige set i lyset af den foreliggende beskrivelse, figurer og vedlagte krav. I
I EKSEMPEL 1 10 Poly(DL-mælkesyre) blev fremstillet ved simpel polykondensation af mælkesyre. Der blev ikke anvendt nogen katalysatorer, og reaktionstiderne
varieredes for at danne polymerer med forskellig teoretisk molekylmasse. I
I Disse polymerer blev betegnet DL-PLA-oligomerer. En mængde af den faste I
I oligomer blev opløst i NMP til opnåelse af et forhold mellem polymer og I
I 15 opløsningsmiddel på 68:32. Sanguinarinchlorid (SaCI), et benzophenanthridin-alkaloid med antimikrobiel aktivitet især over for peri-
I odontale patogener, blev sat til polymeropløsningen til opnåelse af en 2 I
I vægt-% dispersion af lægemidlet i den totale blanding. Dispersionen af
I lægemiddel og polymeropløsning blev derpå injiceret i en dialyseslange (dia- I
20 meter 11,5 mm) med en steril engangskanyle uden nål. Der blev bundet I
I knude på hver ende af den ca. 15 cm lange dialyseslange for at forhindre tab I
af lægemiddel/polymer-massen, og slangen med det injicerede materiale I
I blev anbragt i en Sorenson's puffer modtagevæske med pH-værdi 7 holdt I
ved 37 °C. Ved nedsænkning i modtagevæsken koagulerede I 25 lægemiddel/polymer-massen til en fast masse, og lægemidlet begyndte at
blive frigivet fra den polymere som indikeret ved en orangerød farve i I
modtagevæsken. Mængden af opløsning injiceret ind i dialyseslangen var ca.
I 250 pi eller ca. 100 mg tørstof. I
H 30 Dialyseslangen var valgt med en molvægtsafskæring på ca. 3 500. Med I
H denne molvægtsafskæring kan SaCI frigivet fra den polymere let diffundere 13 DK 175906 B1 gennem slangens væg, men eventuel fast polymer vil blive tilbageholdt. Dialyseslangen indeholdende lægemiddel/polymer-matrixen blev ofte fjernet ; og anbragt i en flaske med frisk modtagevæske. Den gamle modtagevæske j indeholdende det frigivne lægemiddel blev derpå syrnet til en pH-værdi på 5 2,76 til omdannelse af alt frigivet lægemiddel til iminiumionformen af lægemidlet, og lægemiddelkoncentrationen blev bestemt ved måling af ultraviolet absorption (UV) ved en bølgelængde på 237 nm. Den kumulerede masse af frigivet lægemiddel og den kumulerede fraktion blev der påberegnet og afsat som en funktion af tiden. Ca. 60% af lægemidlet blev 10 frigivet på den første dag, 72% efter 2 dage, 85% efter 5 dage, 90% efter 9 dage og 97% efter 14 dage.
EKSEMPEL 2 i i 15 Ethoxydihydrosanguinarin (SaEt), ethanolesteren af sanguinarin, blev sat til den i eksempel 1 beskrevne DL-PLA-oligomer/NMP-opløsning. SaEt opløstes i polymeropløsningen til opnåelse af en homogen opløsning af lægemiddel og polymer. Ca. 250 μΙ af opløsningen blev sat til modtagevæsken og frigivelse af lægemiddel målt som beskrevet i eksempel 1.
20 Frigivelsen af SaEt var som forventet langsommere end for SaCI på grund af dens lavere vandopløselighed. Efter den første dag var ca. 45% frigivet, 52% efter 2 dage, 60% efter 5 dage, 70% efter 9 dage og 80% efter 14 dage.
i i EKSEMPEL 3 | 25 i i
Poly(DL-lactid) med en naturlig viskositet på 0,08 dl/g og en teoretisk molekylmasse på 2 000 blev fremstillet ved den ringåbnende polymerisation ! af DL-lactid under anvendelse af laurylalkohol som initiator og tin(ll)chlorid | som katalysator. Denne polymer blev derpå opløst i NMP til opnåelse af en | 30 40 vægt-% polymeropløsning. SaCI blev dispergeret i opløsningen af denne > i polymer i NMP til opnåelse af en 1,5 vægt-% dispersion af lægemidlet i op- i
I DK 175906 B1 I
I μ I
I løsningen og frigivelseshastigheden bestemt som beskrevet i eksempel 1. I
I Frigivelseshastigheden af lægemidlet fra denne polymer med større I
I molekylmasse var lavere end fra DL-PLA-oligomeren. Efter den første dag I
I var ca. 32% frigivet, 40% efter 2 dage, 45% efter 5 dage, og 50% efter 15 -I
I 5 dage. I
I EKSEMPEL 4 I
I SaEt blev sat til den samme polymeropløsning af DL-PLA i NMP som I
I 10 beskrevet i eksempel 3. Der opnåedes en homogen opløsning med 1,5 vægt- I
I % lægemiddel. Frigivelsen af lægemiddel fra denne opløsning, bestemt ved I
I anvendelse af samme procedure som beskrevet i eksempel 1, gav en meget I
I langsommere frigivelse af SaEt end fra DL-PLA-oligomeren. Efter den første I
I dag var ca. 8% frigivet, 14% efter 2 dage, 20% efter 5 dage, 23% efter 9 I
I 15 dage og 28% efter 14 dage. I
I EKSEMPEL 5 I
I Virkningen af lægemiddelmængden på frigivelsen af lægemiddel fra I
20 polymeropiøsningeme blev vist ved at sætte SaCI til en 40 vægt-% opløsning I
I af DL-PLA-oligomer i NMP. Lægemidlet blev dispergeret i I
I polymeropløsningen til opnåelse af dispersioner på 2, 7 og 14 vægt-%. I
Frigivelsen af lægemiddel fra disse formuleringer ved anvendelse af den I
I samme procedure som beskrevet i eksempel 1 viste, at de højere I
I 25 lægemiddelmængder gav en lavere fraktioneret frigivelseshastighed end, der I
normalt opnås for matrixindgivelsessystemer med diffusionsfrigivelse. I
I Præparaterne indeholdende 2% gav 65% frigivelse efter 1 dag, 75% efter 2 I
I dage og 88% efter 5 dage, præparaterne indeholdende 7% gav 48% I
I frigivelse efter 1 dag, 52% efter 2 dage og 58% efter 5 dage, og I
30 præparaterne indeholdende 14% gav 38% frigivelse efter 1 dag, 43% efter 2 I
I dage og 49% efter 5 dage. I
15 DK 175906 B1 EKSEMPEL 6
Poly(DL-lactid-co-glycolid) blev fremstillet ved den ringåbnende polymerisation af DL-lactid under anvendelse af laurylalkohol som initiator og 5 tin(ll)chlorid som katalysator. Andelene af de to monomere blev justeret således, at den endelige copolymer(DL-PLG) havde en 50:50 fordeling af de to monomere som påvist ved kæmemagnetisk resonansspektrofotometri. Initiatoren blev også justeret til at give en copolymer med en teoretisk molekylmasse på 1500 dalton. Copolymeren blev opløst i NMP til opnåelse 10 af en 70 vægt-% polymeropløsning. SaCI blev sat til denne opløsning til opnåelse af en 2 vægt-% dispersion af lægemidlet i polymeropløsningen. Frigivelsen af lægemiddel fra dette præparat blev bestemt ved anvendelse af den samme procedure som beskrevet i eksempel 1. Der opnåedes en meget lavere frigivelseshastighed fra den copolymere end fra DL-PLA-I 15 oiigomermateriale eller DL-PLA-materiale med molekylmasse på 2 000. Efter 2 dage var ca. 7% af lægemidlet frigivet, 10% efter 5 dage, 12% efter 7 dage i | og 16% efter 14 dage.
! EKSEMPEL 7 20
SaEt blev sat til den samme opløsning af DL-PLG i NMP som beskrevet i eksempel 6 til opnåelse af en 2 vægt-% opløsning af lægemidlet. Frigivelsen af lægemidlet fra denne formulering blev bestemt ved samme procedure som tidligere beskrevet. Frigivelseshastigheden af SaEt fra denne formulering var 25 identisk med frigivelseshastigheden for SaCI beskrevet i eksempel 6.
EKSEMPEL 8
Tetracyclin i form af den frie base (TCB) blev sat til den samme opløsning af 30 DL-PLG i NMP som beskrevet i eksempel 6. Lægemidlet opløstes fuldstændig i polymeropløsningen til opnåelse af en 2,4 vægt-% opløsning af
16 I
DK 175906 B1 I
lægemidlet. Frigivelsen af lægemidlet fra dette præparat blev bestemt ved en I
lignende procedure som beskrevet i eksempel 1, med undtagelse af at I
modtagevæsken ikke var syrnet til pH 2,76, og TCB-koncentrationen blev I
bestemt ved UV-absorption ved den for lægemidlet passende bølgelængde. I
5 Frigivelsen af TCB fra dette præparat var mere lineær og foregik med en I
højere hastighed, end det var tilfældet for SaCI eller SaEt fra den samme I
copolymer. Efter 1 dag var ca. 44% frigivet, 54% efter 2 dage, 68% efter 5 I
dage, 73% efter 6 dage, 80% efter 7 dage, 87% efter 9 dage, 96% efter 12 I
dage og 100% efter 14 dage. I
10 I
EKSEMPEL 9 I
Tetracyclin i form af hydrochloridsaltet (TCH) blev sat til den samme I
opløsning af DL-PLG i NMP som beskrevet i eksempel 6. Saltformen af I
I 15 lægemidlet opløstes også fuldstændig i polymeropløsningen. Frigivelsen af I
I lægemiddel fra dette præparat blev bestemt som beskrevet i eksempel 8 og I
I fundet at være omtrent som for den frie base, undtagen at den foregik med I
I en lidt lavere hastighed. Efter 1 dag var ca. 32% frigivet, 40% efter 2 dage, I
I 57% efter 5 dage, 64% efter 6 dage, 75% efter 7 dage, 82% efter 9 dage, I
I 20 92% efter 12 dage og 100% efter 14 dage. I
I EKSEMPEL 10 I
I DL-PLA med en naturlig viskositet på 0,26 dl/g og en teoretisk molekylmasse I
25 på ca. 10 000 dalton blev fremstillet ved den ringåbnende polymerisation af I
DL-lactid under anvendelse af laurylalkohol som initiator og tin(ll)chlorid som I
I katalysator. Polymeren blev opløst i NMP til opnåelse af en 50 vægt-% I
polymeropløsning. En mængde af polymeropløsningen (100 μΙ) blev injiceret I
subdermalt i kaniner, og vævsreaktionen blev sammenlignet med I
30 vævsreaktionen for en USP-negativ plast. Afprøvningsstedeme blev bedømt I
for tegn på lokal irritation i henhold til Draize-metoden umiddelbart efter I
17 DK 175906 B1 injektion, 1 og 6 timer efter injektion og en gang om dagen derefter, indtil planlagt aflivning på dagene 7, 14 og 21. Reaktionen på afprøvningsstedeme var magen til reaktionen på den som kontrol anvendte USP-negative plast. Polymeropløsningen (100 pi) blev også indgivet subgingivalt i steder dannet 5 ved tandudtrækninger i Beagle-hunde. Kontrolsteder blev skyllet med saltopløsning. Hundene blev undersøgt dagligt for tegn på dødelighed, farma kotoksiske virkninger, kropsvægt og lokal gingival irritation. Dyrene blev aflivet på dag 15 og 21. Der bemærkedes ingen tydelige forskelle mellem kontrol- og afprøvningsstedeme.
10 EKSEMPEL 11 DL-PLA med en naturlig viskositet på 0,26 dl/g og en molekylmasse på ca.
10 000 dalton blev opløst i NMP til opnåelse af en 50 vægt-% 15 polymeropløsning. SaCI blev sat til polymeropløsningen til opnåelse af en 2,4 vægt-% dispersion. Dette materiale blev påfyldt en 1 cm3 engangskanyle udstyret med en 23-gauge stump-endet kanylenål, og materialet blev indsat i periodontallommen på en greyhound-hund. Materialet strømmede nemt ud af den smalle kanylespids. Polymeren præcipiterede eller koagulerede til en film 20 eller fast masse ved kontakt med spyt og væske inde i lommen. Hunden blev holdt under observation over et tidsrum på 2 uger, hvorunder materialemassen forblev inde i lommen, idet den adhærerede til væv, der omgav lommen, og skiftede langsomt farve fra lys orange til svagt hvid. Sprækkevæsken fra lommen indeholdende implantatet blev prøvet under 25 denne 2-ugers periode ved brug af Periostrips, der er små papirstrimler, der anbringes ved indgangen til periodontallommen, hvor de opsuger små mængder af sprækkevæsken inde i lommen. Volumen af den opsamlede væske bestemmes ved brug af Periotron, der måler ændringer i papirstrimlens ledningsevne. Periotron kalibreres før brug med et kendt 30 volumen serum. Papirstrimlen indeholdende den opsamlede væske ekstraheres derpå med en opløsning af 0,5 volumen-% saltsyre i methanol
DK 175906 B1 I
18 I
og injiceres i en væskechromatograf, hvor mængden af lægemiddel I
bestemmes ved reference til en kendt koncentration af den samme I
forbindelse. Mængden af SaCI ekstraheret fra papirstrimlen divideres med I
mængden af opsamlet sprækkevæske til beregning af lægemiddel- I
5 koncentrationen i væsken. Med denne teknik blev SaCI-koncentrationen i I
sprækkevæsken fra periodontallommen med det polymere indgivelsessystem I
bestemt til at være næsten konstant under den 2 uger lange I
observationsperiode. SaCI-koncentrationen i sprækkevæsken var 63,2 pg/ml I
efter 3 dage, 80,2 pg/ml efter 7 dage, 67,8 pg/ml efter 10 dage og 70,5 pg/ml I
10 efter 14 dage. I

Claims (26)

1. Sammensætning til dannelse af et fast implantat in situ i en krop ved udsættelse for kropsvæsker eller vandige væsker, hvilken sammensætning S omfatter en effektiv mængde af en biokompatibel, termoplastisk polymer i et φ biokompatibelt organisk opløsningsmiddel, hvorved polymeren er uopløselig i vandig væske eller kropsvæske og det organiske opløsningsmiddel er blandbart med vandig væske eller kropsvæske, kendetegnet ved, at polymeren er bionedbrydelig. 10
2. Sammensætning ifølge krav 1, hvori den termoplastiske polymer er valgt blandt polylactider, polyglycolider, polycaprolactoner, polydioxanoner, polycarbonater, polyhydroxybutyrater, polyalkylenoxalater, polyanhydrider, polyamider, polyesteramider, polyurethaner, polyacetaler, polyketaler, 15 polyorthocarbonater, polyphosphazener, polyhydroxyvalerater, polyalkylensuccinater, polyorthoestere, poly(aminosyrer) og copolymerer, terpolymerer og kombinationer og blandinger deraf.
3. Sammensætning ifølge krav 1 eller 2, hvori polymeren er valgt blandt 20 polylactider, polycaprolactoner og copolymerer deraf med glycolid og copolymerer af lactid med caprolacton.
4. Sammensætning ifølge ethvert af krav 1 til 3, hvori opløsningsmidlet er valgt blandt N-methyl-2-pyrrolidon, 2-pyrrolidon, acetone, methylacetat, 25 ethylacetat, methylethylketon, dimethylformamid, dimethylsulfoxid, tetrahydrofuran, caprolactam, decylmethylsulfoxid, oleinsyre, ethanol, propylenglycol og 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-on og kombinationer og blandinger deraf.
5. Sammensætning ifølge ethvert af kravene 1 til 4, yderligere omfattende en effektiv mængde af et biologisk aktivt middel. I DK 175906 B1 I I 20 I i i i
6. Sammensætning ifølge ethvert af kravene 1 til 5, hvori opløsningsmidlet er I I en opløsningsmiddelblanding omfattende et første opløsningsmiddel, hvori I I polymeren er opløselig, og et andet opløsningsmiddel, hvori polymeren er I I dårligt opløselig, idet det første og andet opløsningsmiddel er til stede i I I 5 blandingen i et sådant forhold, at polymeren er opløselig deri, men udfældes I I eller koagulerer fra opløsningen ved at placering af opløsningen i kroppen. I
7. Sammensætning ifølge krav 5 eller 6, omfattende et biologisk aktivt middel I I som er et terapeutisk middel. I I 10 I
8. Sammensætning ifølge krav 7, hvori det biologisk aktive middel omfatter I I benzophenanthridinalkaloid. j I
9. Sammensætning ifølge krav 8, hvori alkaloidet omfatter sanguinarinchlorid I I 15 eller ethoxydihydrasanguinarin. I
10. Sammensætning ifølge krav 7, hvori det biologisk aktive middel omfatter I I en tetracyclinbase. I I 20
11. Sammensætning ifølge krav 7, hvori det biologisk aktive middel omfatter I I tetracyclinhydrochlorid. I
12. Sammensætning ifølge ethvert af kravene 6 til 11, hvori polymeren er en I lactidpolymer og det andet opløsningsmiddel er valgt blandt ethanol og I H 25 propylenglycol. I
13. Sammensætning ifølge ethvert af kravene 1 til 3, hvori polymeren er en I copolymer af en bionedbrydelig vanduopløselig monomer og en I bionedbrydelig vandopløselig monomer, og mængden af vanduopløselig I 30 monomer er tilstrækkelig til at gøre copolymeren vanduopløselig. I DK 175906 B1 2l
14. Sammensætning ifølge krav 13, hvori den vandopløselige monomer er valgt blandt malinsyre, vinylpyrrolidon og ethylenglycol.
15. Sammensætning ifølge ethvert af kravene 1 til 14, til dannelse af et 5 implantat i periodontallommen eller i tandudtrækningssteder. ' *
16. Sammensætning ifølge ethvert af kravene 1 til 14, til dannelse af et implantat i en knogledefekt eller i et sår.
17. Sammensætning ifølge ethvert af kravene 1 til 14, til dannelse af et implantat for sammenklæbning af væv til væv eller et andet implantat til væv.
18. Sammensætning ifølge ethvert af kravene 1 til 14, til dannelse af et implantat for opbygning af væv eller til opfyldning i en defekt. 15
19. Anvendelse af en biokompatibel bionedbrydelig termoplastisk polymer som er uopløselig i vandig væske eller kropsvæske til tilberedning af en sammensætning i et biokompatibelt organisk opløsningsmiddel, der er blandbart med vandig væske eller kropsvæske, til dannelse af et 20 bionedbrydeligt fast implantat in situ i en krop, ved udsættelse for en kropsvæske eller en vandig væske.
20. Anvendelse ifølge krav 19, hvori polymeren er valgt blandt polylactider, polyglycolider, polycaprolactoner, polydioxanoner, polycarbonater, 25 polyhydroxybutyrater, polyalkylenoxalater, polyanhydrider, polyamider, polyesteramider, polyurethaner, polyacetaler, polyketaler, polyorthocarbonater, polyphos phaze ner, polyhydroxyvalerater, polyalkylensuccinater, polyorthoestere, poly(aminosyrer) og copolymerer, terpolymerer og kombinationer og blandinger deraf. 30 I DK 175906 B1 I I I
21. Anvendelse ifølge krav 20, hvori polymeren er valgt blandt polylactider, I I polycaprolactoner og copolymerer deraf med glycolid og copolymerer af I lactid med caprolacton. I I 5
22. Anvendelse ifølge ethvert af kravene 19 til 21, hvori opløsningsmidlet er I Η I valgt blandt N-methyl-2-pyrrolidon, 2-pyrrolidon, acetone, methylacetat, I ethylacetat, methylethylketon, dimethylformamid, dimethylsulfoxid, I tetrahydrofuran, caprolactam, decylmethylsulfoxid, oleinsyre, ethanol, I propylenglycol, og 1-dodecylazacycloheptan-2-on og kombinationer og I I 10 blandinger deraf. I
23. Anvendelse ifølge ethvert af kravene 19 til 22, hvori opløsningsmidlet er I I en opløsningsmiddelblanding omfattende et første opløsningsmiddel, hvori I I polymeren er opløselig, og et andet opløsningsmiddel, hvori polymeren er I I 15 dårligt opløselig, idet det første og andet opløsningsmiddel er til stede i I I blandingen et sådant forhold, at polymeren er opløselig deri. I
24. Anvendelse ifølge krav 23, hvori polymeren er en lactidpolymer og det I I andet opløsningsmiddel er valgt blandt ethanol eller propylenglycol. I I 20 I
25. I
25. Anvendelse ifølge et hvert af kravene 19 til 22, hvori polymeren er en I I copolymer af en bionedbrydelig vanduopiøselig monomer og en I I bionedbrydelig vandopløselig monomer, og mængden af vanduopiøselig I I monomer er tilstrækkelig til at gøre copolymeren vanduopiøselig. I
26. Anvendelse ifølge krav 25, hvori den vandopløselige monomer er valgt I I blandt malinsyre, vinylpyrrolidon og ethylenglycol. I
DK199100572A 1988-10-03 1991-04-02 Sammensætning til dannelse af et fast implantat i situ samt anvendelsen af samme DK175906B1 (da)

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US07252645 US4938763B1 (en) 1988-10-03 1988-10-03 Biodegradable in-situ forming implants and method of producing the same
US25264588 1988-10-03
PCT/US1989/004239 WO1990003768A1 (en) 1988-10-03 1989-09-27 Biodegradable in-situ forming implants
US8904239 1989-09-27

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US5739176A (en) 1998-04-14
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JPH04503163A (ja) 1992-06-11
US4938763A (en) 1990-07-03
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