JPH0431379B2 - - Google Patents
Info
- Publication number
- JPH0431379B2 JPH0431379B2 JP8665985A JP8665985A JPH0431379B2 JP H0431379 B2 JPH0431379 B2 JP H0431379B2 JP 8665985 A JP8665985 A JP 8665985A JP 8665985 A JP8665985 A JP 8665985A JP H0431379 B2 JPH0431379 B2 JP H0431379B2
- Authority
- JP
- Japan
- Prior art keywords
- shell
- emulsion
- silver halide
- iodine
- mol
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Expired
Links
- ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 7553-56-2 Chemical compound [I] ZCYVEMRRCGMTRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 95
- 229910052740 iodine Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 95
- 239000011630 iodine Substances 0.000 claims description 95
- -1 silver halide Chemical class 0.000 claims description 92
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 74
- 239000004332 silver Substances 0.000 claims description 74
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 45
- ZUNKMNLKJXRCDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver bromoiodide Chemical compound [Ag].IBr ZUNKMNLKJXRCDM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 22
- ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver bromide Chemical compound [Ag]Br ADZWSOLPGZMUMY-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 6
- 239000000839 emulsion Substances 0.000 description 125
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 description 79
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 72
- 239000010410 layer Substances 0.000 description 65
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 46
- 108010010803 Gelatin Chemical class 0.000 description 43
- 229920000159 gelatin Chemical class 0.000 description 43
- 239000008273 gelatin Chemical class 0.000 description 43
- 235000019322 gelatine Nutrition 0.000 description 43
- 235000011852 gelatine desserts Nutrition 0.000 description 43
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 31
- IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium bromide Chemical compound [K+].[Br-] IOLCXVTUBQKXJR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 30
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 29
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 description 24
- QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acetic acid Chemical compound CC(O)=O QTBSBXVTEAMEQO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 23
- 239000000975 dye Substances 0.000 description 23
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 20
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 19
- 239000007864 aqueous solution Substances 0.000 description 18
- 239000012153 distilled water Substances 0.000 description 18
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 15
- 206010070834 Sensitisation Diseases 0.000 description 15
- 239000003795 chemical substances by application Substances 0.000 description 15
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 15
- 230000008313 sensitization Effects 0.000 description 15
- 238000011161 development Methods 0.000 description 13
- INVVMIXYILXINW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 5-methyl-1h-[1,2,4]triazolo[1,5-a]pyrimidin-7-one Chemical compound CC1=CC(=O)N2NC=NC2=N1 INVVMIXYILXINW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 12
- NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M potassium iodide Chemical compound [K+].[I-] NLKNQRATVPKPDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 12
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 10
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 10
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 9
- 229910052736 halogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 9
- 230000001235 sensitizing effect Effects 0.000 description 9
- JKFYKCYQEWQPTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-azaniumyl-2-(4-fluorophenyl)acetate Chemical compound OC(=O)C(N)C1=CC=C(F)C=C1 JKFYKCYQEWQPTM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N Silver Chemical compound [Ag] BQCADISMDOOEFD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 8
- 229910021612 Silver iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 8
- 229960000583 acetic acid Drugs 0.000 description 8
- 239000000084 colloidal system Substances 0.000 description 8
- 230000003287 optical effect Effects 0.000 description 8
- 229940045105 silver iodide Drugs 0.000 description 8
- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Styrene Chemical compound C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 PPBRXRYQALVLMV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N TOTP Chemical compound CC1=CC=CC=C1OP(=O)(OC=1C(=CC=CC=1)C)OC1=CC=CC=C1C YSMRWXYRXBRSND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 7
- 235000011114 ammonium hydroxide Nutrition 0.000 description 7
- 238000006243 chemical reaction Methods 0.000 description 7
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 7
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- 238000007796 conventional method Methods 0.000 description 7
- 229920001577 copolymer Polymers 0.000 description 7
- 150000002367 halogens Chemical group 0.000 description 7
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 7
- CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L Magnesium sulfate Chemical compound [Mg+2].[O-][S+2]([O-])([O-])[O-] CSNNHWWHGAXBCP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 6
- 239000013078 crystal Substances 0.000 description 6
- SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N silver(1+) nitrate Chemical compound [Ag+].[O-]N(=O)=O SQGYOTSLMSWVJD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000005406 washing Methods 0.000 description 6
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 5
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 5
- 230000015572 biosynthetic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000010979 pH adjustment Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 description 5
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 5
- 239000002904 solvent Substances 0.000 description 5
- XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N Iron Chemical compound [Fe] XEEYBQQBJWHFJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Sulfur Chemical compound [S] NINIDFKCEFEMDL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N acrylic acid group Chemical group C(C=C)(=O)O NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 238000004061 bleaching Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000007844 bleaching agent Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000001493 electron microscopy Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000000178 monomer Substances 0.000 description 4
- BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N platinum Chemical compound [Pt] BASFCYQUMIYNBI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 4
- 238000012545 processing Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000006467 substitution reaction Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000011593 sulfur Substances 0.000 description 4
- 125000000391 vinyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])=C([H])[H] 0.000 description 4
- NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M Acrylate Chemical compound [O-]C(=O)C=C NIXOWILDQLNWCW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 101710134784 Agnoprotein Proteins 0.000 description 3
- WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzyl alcohol Chemical compound OCC1=CC=CC=C1 WVDDGKGOMKODPV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nitric acid Chemical compound O[N+]([O-])=O GRYLNZFGIOXLOG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M Potassium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[K+] KWYUFKZDYYNOTN-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 150000001252 acrylic acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 3
- 239000000654 additive Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000002019 doping agent Substances 0.000 description 3
- PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N gold Chemical compound [Au] PCHJSUWPFVWCPO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- 229910052737 gold Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000010931 gold Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000003112 inhibitor Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229910052943 magnesium sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 235000019341 magnesium sulphate Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- DZVCFNFOPIZQKX-LTHRDKTGSA-M merocyanine Chemical compound [Na+].O=C1N(CCCC)C(=O)N(CCCC)C(=O)C1=C\C=C\C=C/1N(CCCS([O-])(=O)=O)C2=CC=CC=C2O\1 DZVCFNFOPIZQKX-LTHRDKTGSA-M 0.000 description 3
- 229910017604 nitric acid Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 229910000510 noble metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000000123 paper Substances 0.000 description 3
- 229920000642 polymer Polymers 0.000 description 3
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 229910001961 silver nitrate Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000003381 stabilizer Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000012546 transfer Methods 0.000 description 3
- 150000005208 1,4-dihydroxybenzenes Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Acrylamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C=C HRPVXLWXLXDGHG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KXDAEFPNCMNJSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Benzamide Chemical compound NC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 KXDAEFPNCMNJSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229930185605 Bisphenol Natural products 0.000 description 2
- VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Chromium Chemical compound [Cr] VYZAMTAEIAYCRO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Formaldehyde Chemical compound O=C WSFSSNUMVMOOMR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Glycerine Chemical compound OCC(O)CO PEDCQBHIVMGVHV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- OJGMBLNIHDZDGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Ethylaniline Chemical compound CCNC1=CC=CC=C1 OJGMBLNIHDZDGS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- FZERHIULMFGESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-phenylacetamide Chemical compound CC(=O)NC1=CC=CC=C1 FZERHIULMFGESH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Palladium Chemical compound [Pd] KDLHZDBZIXYQEI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Phenol Chemical compound OC1=CC=CC=C1 ISWSIDIOOBJBQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000004743 Polypropylene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000004793 Polystyrene Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910021607 Silver chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L Sodium Carbonate Chemical compound [Na+].[Na+].[O-]C([O-])=O CDBYLPFSWZWCQE-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N Vinyl acetate Chemical compound CC(=O)OC=C XTXRWKRVRITETP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000002378 acidificating effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 150000001298 alcohols Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 239000002519 antifouling agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 125000003118 aryl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 150000001565 benzotriazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000000484 butyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 2
- 239000007795 chemical reaction product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052804 chromium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000011651 chromium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000011247 coating layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000000052 comparative effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000007423 decrease Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010612 desalination reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000000586 desensitisation Methods 0.000 description 2
- DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N dibutyl phthalate Chemical compound CCCCOC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1C(=O)OCCCC DOIRQSBPFJWKBE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 235000014113 dietary fatty acids Nutrition 0.000 description 2
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000002612 dispersion medium Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000000194 fatty acid Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229930195729 fatty acid Natural products 0.000 description 2
- 150000004665 fatty acids Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N gallic acid Chemical class OC(=O)C1=CC(O)=C(O)C(O)=C1 LNTHITQWFMADLM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- LEQAOMBKQFMDFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N glyoxal Chemical compound O=CC=O LEQAOMBKQFMDFZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 150000004820 halides Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 150000002366 halogen compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 125000002768 hydroxyalkyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 2
- 229910052741 iridium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N iridium atom Chemical compound [Ir] GKOZUEZYRPOHIO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052742 iron Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- FSQQTNAZHBEJLS-UPHRSURJSA-N maleamic acid Chemical compound NC(=O)\C=C/C(O)=O FSQQTNAZHBEJLS-UPHRSURJSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 2
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 description 2
- 230000007935 neutral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000704 physical effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000004014 plasticizer Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052697 platinum Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229920001155 polypropylene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002223 polystyrene Polymers 0.000 description 2
- BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L potassium carbonate Chemical compound [K+].[K+].[O-]C([O-])=O BWHMMNNQKKPAPP-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 2
- 238000003672 processing method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 2
- HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M silver monochloride Chemical compound [Cl-].[Ag+] HKZLPVFGJNLROG-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 239000002356 single layer Substances 0.000 description 2
- JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M sodium bromide Chemical compound [Na+].[Br-] JHJLBTNAGRQEKS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium;9,10-dioxoanthracene-2-sulfonic acid Chemical compound [Na+].C1=CC=C2C(=O)C3=CC(S(=O)(=O)O)=CC=C3C(=O)C2=C1 GGCZERPQGJTIQP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000003595 spectral effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000000087 stabilizing effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M thionine Chemical compound [Cl-].C1=CC(N)=CC2=[S+]C3=CC(N)=CC=C3N=C21 ANRHNWWPFJCPAZ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 2
- 229920001567 vinyl ester resin Polymers 0.000 description 2
- 229920002554 vinyl polymer Polymers 0.000 description 2
- LUMLZKVIXLWTCI-NSCUHMNNSA-N (e)-2,3-dichloro-4-oxobut-2-enoic acid Chemical compound OC(=O)C(\Cl)=C(/Cl)C=O LUMLZKVIXLWTCI-NSCUHMNNSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M .beta-Phenylacrylic acid Natural products [O-]C(=O)\C=C\C1=CC=CC=C1 WBYWAXJHAXSJNI-VOTSOKGWSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzothiazole-2-thiol Chemical class C1=CC=C2SC(S)=NC2=C1 YXIWHUQXZSMYRE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-benzoxazole Chemical group C1=CC=C2OC=NC2=C1 BCMCBBGGLRIHSE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YHMYGUUIMTVXNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,3-dihydrobenzimidazole-2-thione Chemical class C1=CC=C2NC(S)=NC2=C1 YHMYGUUIMTVXNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YLVACWCCJCZITJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1,4-dioxane-2,3-diol Chemical compound OC1OCCOC1O YLVACWCCJCZITJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SIQZJFKTROUNPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-(hydroxymethyl)-5,5-dimethylhydantoin Chemical compound CC1(C)N(CO)C(=O)NC1=O SIQZJFKTROUNPI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GGZHVNZHFYCSEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-Phenyl-5-mercaptotetrazole Chemical compound SC1=NN=NN1C1=CC=CC=C1 GGZHVNZHFYCSEV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- FYBFGAFWCBMEDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-[3,5-di(prop-2-enoyl)-1,3,5-triazinan-1-yl]prop-2-en-1-one Chemical compound C=CC(=O)N1CN(C(=O)C=C)CN(C(=O)C=C)C1 FYBFGAFWCBMEDG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-naphthol Chemical compound C1=CC=C2C(O)=CC=CC2=C1 KJCVRFUGPWSIIH-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YGDWUQFZMXWDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1-oxido-1,3-thiazole Chemical group [O-]S1=CN=C=C1 YGDWUQFZMXWDKE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1H-tetrazole Substances C=1N=NNN=1 KJUGUADJHNHALS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JAAIPIWKKXCNOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-tetrazol-1-ium-5-thiolate Chemical class SC1=NN=NN1 JAAIPIWKKXCNOC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HAZJTCQWIDBCCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 1h-triazine-6-thione Chemical class SC1=CC=NN=N1 HAZJTCQWIDBCCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CLDZVCMRASJQFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,5-bis(2,4,4-trimethylpentan-2-yl)benzene-1,4-diol Chemical compound CC(C)(C)CC(C)(C)C1=CC(O)=C(C(C)(C)CC(C)(C)C)C=C1O CLDZVCMRASJQFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- YKUDHBLDJYZZQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2,6-dichloro-1h-1,3,5-triazin-4-one Chemical compound OC1=NC(Cl)=NC(Cl)=N1 YKUDHBLDJYZZQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(2-methoxy-5-methylphenyl)ethanamine Chemical compound COC1=CC=C(C)C=C1CCN SMZOUWXMTYCWNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IBNCJAHITPFKNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-amino-3-methylanilino)ethanol;sulfuric acid Chemical compound OS(O)(=O)=O.CC1=CC(NCCO)=CC=C1N IBNCJAHITPFKNI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- QTLHLXYADXCVCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-amino-n-ethyl-3-methylanilino)ethanol Chemical compound OCCN(CC)C1=CC=C(N)C(C)=C1 QTLHLXYADXCVCF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WFXLRLQSHRNHCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-(4-amino-n-ethylanilino)ethanol Chemical compound OCCN(CC)C1=CC=C(N)C=C1 WFXLRLQSHRNHCE-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XIRQRYKMIBRHFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-[4-[2,4-bis(2-methylbutan-2-yl)phenoxy]butyl]-1-hydroxy-2h-naphthalene-1-carboxamide Chemical compound CCC(C)(C)C1=CC(C(C)(C)CC)=CC=C1OCCCCC1C(C(N)=O)(O)C2=CC=CC=C2C=C1 XIRQRYKMIBRHFA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CDAWCLOXVUBKRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-aminophenol Chemical class NC1=CC=CC=C1O CDAWCLOXVUBKRW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PHPYXVIHDRDPDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-bromo-1h-benzimidazole Chemical class C1=CC=C2NC(Br)=NC2=C1 PHPYXVIHDRDPDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AYPSHJCKSDNETA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-chloro-1h-benzimidazole Chemical class C1=CC=C2NC(Cl)=NC2=C1 AYPSHJCKSDNETA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KRTDQDCPEZRVGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-nitro-1h-benzimidazole Chemical class C1=CC=C2NC([N+](=O)[O-])=NC2=C1 KRTDQDCPEZRVGC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-phenylethenesulfonic acid Chemical compound OS(=O)(=O)C=CC1=CC=CC=C1 AGBXYHCHUYARJY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2-propanol Substances CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JSIAIROWMJGMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-triazol-4-amine Chemical class NC1=CNN=N1 JSIAIROWMJGMQZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- CBHTTYDJRXOHHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 2h-triazolo[4,5-c]pyridazine Chemical compound N1=NC=CC2=C1N=NN2 CBHTTYDJRXOHHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- GCABLKFGYPIVFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(1-benzofuran-2-yl)-3-oxopropanenitrile Chemical compound C1=CC=C2OC(C(CC#N)=O)=CC2=C1 GCABLKFGYPIVFC-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- PYSRRFNXTXNWCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-(2-phenylethenyl)furan-2,5-dione Chemical compound O=C1OC(=O)C(C=CC=2C=CC=CC=2)=C1 PYSRRFNXTXNWCD-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- IKMIKAYKAWMXRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-chloro-1-(N-[4-(naphthalen-1-yldiazenyl)-5-oxo-1-(2,4,6-trichlorophenyl)-4H-pyrazol-3-yl]-3-octadec-1-enylanilino)pyrrolidine-2,5-dione Chemical compound ClC1=C(C(=CC(=C1)Cl)Cl)N1N=C(C(C1=O)N=NC1=CC=CC2=CC=CC=C12)N(C1=CC=CC(=C1)C=CCCCCCCCCCCCCCCCC)N1C(C(CC1=O)Cl)=O IKMIKAYKAWMXRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OWIRCRREDNEXTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-nitro-1h-indazole Chemical class C1=CC=C2C([N+](=O)[O-])=NNC2=C1 OWIRCRREDNEXTA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- XRZDIHADHZSFBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3-oxo-n,3-diphenylpropanamide Chemical class C=1C=CC=CC=1NC(=O)CC(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1 XRZDIHADHZSFBB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- OCVLSHAVSIYKLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 3h-1,3-thiazole-2-thione Chemical class SC1=NC=CS1 OCVLSHAVSIYKLI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4'-sulfonyldiphenol Chemical class C1=CC(O)=CC=C1S(=O)(=O)C1=CC=C(O)C=C1 VPWNQTHUCYMVMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- NYYSPVRERVXMLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 4,4-difluorocyclohexan-1-one Chemical compound FC1(F)CCC(=O)CC1 NYYSPVRERVXMLJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 125000003831 tetrazolyl group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N thallium Chemical compound [Tl] BKVIYDNLLOSFOA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- JJJPTTANZGDADF-UHFFFAOYSA-N thiadiazole-4-thiol Chemical class SC1=CSN=N1 JJJPTTANZGDADF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000003557 thiazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002562 thickening agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000003568 thioethers Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000005323 thioketone group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000004764 thiosulfuric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003585 thioureas Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 150000003852 triazoles Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- SRPWOOOHEPICQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N trimellitic anhydride Chemical compound OC(=O)C1=CC=C2C(=O)OC(=O)C2=C1 SRPWOOOHEPICQU-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HERBOKBJKVUALN-UHFFFAOYSA-K trisodium;2-[bis(carboxylatomethyl)amino]acetate;hydrate Chemical compound O.[Na+].[Na+].[Na+].[O-]C(=O)CN(CC([O-])=O)CC([O-])=O HERBOKBJKVUALN-UHFFFAOYSA-K 0.000 description 1
- 239000006097 ultraviolet radiation absorber Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000001993 wax Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052725 zinc Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011701 zinc Substances 0.000 description 1
Classifications
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
- G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
- G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
- G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
- G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
- G03C2001/03535—Core-shell grains
-
- G—PHYSICS
- G03—PHOTOGRAPHY; CINEMATOGRAPHY; ANALOGOUS TECHNIQUES USING WAVES OTHER THAN OPTICAL WAVES; ELECTROGRAPHY; HOLOGRAPHY
- G03C—PHOTOSENSITIVE MATERIALS FOR PHOTOGRAPHIC PURPOSES; PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES, e.g. CINE, X-RAY, COLOUR, STEREO-PHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESSES; AUXILIARY PROCESSES IN PHOTOGRAPHY
- G03C1/00—Photosensitive materials
- G03C1/005—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein
- G03C1/035—Silver halide emulsions; Preparation thereof; Physical treatment thereof; Incorporation of additives therein characterised by the crystal form or composition, e.g. mixed grain
- G03C2001/03558—Iodide content
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Silver Salt Photography Or Processing Solution Therefor (AREA)
Description
ใค ็ฃๆฅญไธใฎๅฉ็จๅ้
ๆฌ็บๆใฏใๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ญๅ้ๅใณ๏ผๅใฏๆฒ่ญๅ้
ใใใชใๅ ้จๆ ธใจใใใฎๅ ้จๆ ธใฎๅคๅดใซ่จญใใใ
ใใคๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ญๅ้ๅใณ๏ผๅใฏๆฒ่ญๅ้ใใใชใ
่คๆฐใฎๅคๆฎปใจใๆใใใใฌๅใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใ
ๅซๆใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใซ้ขใใใใฎ
ใงใใใ ใญ ๅพๆฅๆ่ก ่ฟๅนดใๅ็็จใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใซๅฏพใใ่ฆ่ซ
ใฏใพใใพใๅณใใใ้ซๆๅบฆใๅชใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ้ซ้ฎฎ
้ญๆงใไฝใใใถใๆฟๅบฆใใใณๅๅๅบใ้ฒๅ ๅ็ญใฎ
ๅ็ๆง่ฝใซๅฏพใใฆใไธๅฑค้ซๆฐดๆบใฎ่ฆๆฑใ็ใใฆใ
ใใ ใใใใฎ่ฆ่ซใซๅฏพใใฆใ้ซๆๅบฆไนณๅคใจใใฆใฏใ
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใงๆฒ็ด ใ๏ผใ10ใขใซ๏ผ ๅซใไนณๅคใ่ฏ
ใ็ฅใใใฆใใใใใใฆใใใใใฎไนณๅคใ่ชฟ่ฃฝใ
ใๆนๆณใจใใฆใฏใๅพๆฅใใใขใณใขใใขๆณใไธญๆง
ๆณใ้ ธๆงๆณ็ญใฎpHๆกไปถใpAgๆกไปถใๅถๅพกใใๆน
ๆณใๆททๅๆณใจใใฆใฏใทใณใฐใซใธใจใใๆณใใใใซ
ใธใจใใๆณ็ญใ็ฅใใใฆใใใ ใใใใฎๅ ฌ็ฅๆ่กใๅบ็คใซใใฆใๆดใซ้ซๆๅบฆ
ๅใ็ฒ็ถๆงใฎๆน่ฏใ้ซ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใใใณไฝใใใถใใ
้ๆใใ็ฎ็ใฎใใใซใ็ฒพๅพฎใชใพใงใซๆ่กๆๆฎตใ
ๆค่จใใใๅฎ็จๅใใใฆใใใๆฌ็บๆใงๅฏพ่ฑกใจใ
ใฆใใๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใซใใใฆใฏใๆถ็ใ็ฒๅบฆๅๅธ
ใฏใใจใใใๅใ ใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญๅ ใฎๆฒ็ด ใฎ
ๆฟๅบฆๅๅธใพใงๅถๅพกใใใไนณๅคใ็ ็ฉถใใใฆใใใ ไธใซ่ฟฐในใฆใใใใใช้ซๆๅบฆใๅชใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ
้ซ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใไฝใใใถใๆฟๅบฆ็ญใฎๅ็ๆง่ฝใ้ๆใ
ใใใใฎๆใๆญฃ็ตฑใชๆนๆณใฏใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใฎ้ๅญ
ๅน็ใๅไธใใใใใจใงใใใใใฎ็ฎ็ใฎใใใซ
ๅบไฝ็ฉ็ใฎ็ง่ฆ็ญใ็ฉๆฅต็ใซๅใๅ ฅใใใใฆใ
ใใใใฎ้ๅญๅน็ใ็่ซ็ใซ่จ็ฎใใ็ฒๅบฆๅๅธใฎ
ๅฝฑ้ฟใ่ๅฏใใ็ ็ฉถใใไพใใฐๅ็ใฎ้ฒๆญฉใซ้ขใ
ใ1980ๅนดๆฑไบฌใทใณใใธใฆใผใ ใฎไบ็จฟ้โใคใณใฟใผ
ใฉใฏใทใจใณใบใปใใใฆใคใผใณใปใฉใคใใปใขใณใใป
ใใใชใขใซใบโ91้ ใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใฎ็ ็ฉถ
ใซใใใฐใ็ฒๅบฆๅๅธใ็ญใใใฆใๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใใค
ใใใใจใ้ๅญๅน็ใๅไธใใใใฎใซๆๅนใงใใ
ใใจใไบ่จใใใฆใใใๆดใซๅ ใใฆใใใญใฒใณๅ
้ไนณๅคใฎๅขๆใ้ๆใใใใใซใๅพใง่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ฟฐใน
ใๅๅญฆๅขๆใจๅผใฐใใๅทฅ็จใซๆผใใฆใไฝใใถใใ
ไฟใคใใพใพๅน็ใใ้ซๆๅบฆใ้ๆใใใใใซใๅ
ๅๆฃไนณๅคใๆๅฉใงใใใใจใใๆจ่ซใ็ใซใใชใค
ใใใฎใจ่ใใใใใ ๅทฅๆฅญ็ใซๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใใคใใใใใซใฏใ็น้ๆญ
54โ48521ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซใๅณๅฏ
ใชpAgใใใณpHใฎๅถๅพกใฎใใจใซใ็่ซไธๆฑใใ
ใใ้ใคใชใณใใใณใใญใฒใณใคใชใณใฎๅๅฟ็ณปใธใฎ
ไพ็ตฆ้ๅบฆใฎๅถๅพกใใใณๅๅใชๆชๆๆกไปถใๅฟ ่ฆใจใ
ใใใใใใใฎๆกไปถไธใง่ฃฝ้ ใใใใใญใฒใณๅ้
ไนณๅคใฏใ็ซๆนไฝใๅ ซ้ขไฝใใใณ14้ขไฝใฎใใใใ
ใฎๅฝข็ถใๆใใฆใใใๅณใก๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ้ขใจ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ้ขใ
ๆงใ ใฎๅฒๅใงๆใใฆใใใใใใๆญฃๅธธๆถ็ฒๅญใใ
ใชใใใใใฆใใใฎใใใชๆญฃๅธธๆถ็ฒๅญใซใใ้ซๆ
ๅบฆๅใๅพใใใจใ็ฅใใใฆใใใ ไธๆนใๅพๆฅใใใ้ซๆๅบฆๅ็ใใคใซใ ใซ้ฉใใ
ใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใจใใฆใๅคๅๆฃใฎๅๆถ็ฒๅญใใ
ใชใๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใ็ฅใใใฆใใใ ใพใใ็น้ๆญ58โ113927ๅทใใฎไปใซใฏใๅนณๆฟ็ถ
ๅๆถ็ฒๅญใๅซใๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใ้็คบใใใฆใใใ ไธๆนใๅ ้จๆ ธใฎๅคๅดใซ่คๆฐใฎๅคๆฎป๏ผใทใจใซ๏ผใ
ใใใ็ฉๅฑคใฟใคใใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใซใใคใฆ็พ
ๅๆดปๆงใ้ซใใใใ้ซๆๅบฆๅใๅณใใชใฉใฎใใจใ
็น้ๆญ53โ22408ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็นๅ ฌๆญ43โ13162ๅทๅ ฌ
ๅ ฑใJ.Photo.Sci.๏ผ24ใ189๏ผ1976๏ผ็ญใซ่จ่ผใใ
ใฆใใใ ใพใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๆ่กจๅฑคใจใใฆใใญใฒ
ใณ็ฝฎๆใซใใคใฆ่ขซ่ฆๅฑคใ่จญใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญ
ใฏใ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑ2932650ๅทใ็น้ๆญ51โ2417ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ
ๅ51โ17436ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใๅ52โ11927ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใชใฉใซ่จ
่ผใใใฆใใใใใใใใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏใ
ๅฎ็้ๅบฆใ้ใใใใจใฏใใใใ้ใซ็พๅๆๅถใ
ๅผใใใใใๅๅใชๆๅบฆใๅพใใใชใ็นใชใฉใซใ
ใใใใฌๅไนณๅคใจใใฆใฏๅฎ็จใใใใใฎใงใฏใช
ใใ ใพใใๅ ้จๆ ธใฎๅคๅดใซใใญใฒใณ็ฝฎๆใซใใคใฆ่ค
ๆฐใฎ่ขซ่ฆๅฑคใๆใใใใธๅ๏ผๅ ้จๆฝๅๅ๏ผใใญใฒ
ใณๅ้็ฒๅญใ็ฅใใใฆใใใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ2592250ๅท
ๆ็ดฐๆธใๅ4075020ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใ็น้ๆญ55โ127549
ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใชใฉใซ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใใใฎใ
ใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏใๆกๆฃ่ปขๅ็จใชใฉใฎๅ ้จๆฝๅๅ
็ดๆฅใใธๆๅ ๆๆใซใใฐใใฐ็จใใใใใใฎใงใ
ใใใใใฏใๅฝ็ถๅ ้จๆๅบฆใ้ซใใใใใใซใๆฌ
็บๆใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใจใใใใฌๅไนณๅคใซใฏใพใคใใ็จใใ
ใใใใฎใงใฏใชใใ ไปๆนใ็น้ๆญ58โ181037ๅทใ็น้ๆญ60โ35726
ๅทใ็น้ๆญ59โ116647ๅทใฎๅๅ ฌๅ ฑใซใใไธ่จใใ
ๅฆใๅ ้จๆ ธไธใซๅคๆฎปใๆใใใใคๅๅฑคใฎใจใฆ็ด ๅซ
ๆ้ใ็จฎใ ่ๆ ฎใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใ็คบใใใฆ
ใใใ ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅ้ใงใฏใๅ็จฎๆ
่กใฎ้ฒๆญฉใซใใใ่ฟๅนดใISO่กจ็คบๆๅบฆใง1000ใ่ถ
ใใใซใฉใผๆๆใๅบ็พใใใซ่ณใคใใใใใใใ
ใใใฎๆๆใฏ้ซๆๅบฆใซใชใใซใคใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ้ฎฎ้ญ
ๆงใๅฃๅใใใฎใๅธธใงใใใๅพๆฅใฎๆๆใซๆฏ่ผใ
ใฆ็ป่ณชใไธๅๅใงใใใๆถ่ฒป่ ใซใจใคใฆ้่ณ็จใจ
ใใฆใฏใฏใชใฏใ ไธๆบใชใใฎใงใใใฎใ็พ็ถใงใ
ใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใฎๅชใใ้ซๆๅบฆใใฌๆๅ ๆๆ
ใๆใพใใฆใใใ ๅคฉไฝๅ็ใๅฎคๅ ๅ็ใในใใผใๅ็็ญใซใใใฆ
ใฏๆดใซ้ซใๆๅบฆใๆใคใใฌๆๅ ๆๆใ่ฆๆฑใใใฆ
ใใใ ใ ็บๆใฎ็ฎ็ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฎ็ใฏใ้ซๆๅบฆใงๆๅบฆโใซใใช้ขไฟใซ
ๅชใใๆๅ ๅใๅบใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใซๅชใใใ
ใฌๆงใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใๆไพใใใใฎใง
ใใใ ใ ็บๆใฎๆงๆๅใณใใฎไฝ็จๅนๆ ๅณใกใๆฌ็บๆใฏใๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ญๅ้ๅใณ๏ผๅใฏๆฒ
่ญๅ้ใใใชใๅ ้จๆ ธใจใใใฎๅ ้จๆ ธใฎๅคๅดใซ่จญ
ใใใใใคๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ญๅ้ๅใณ๏ผๅใฏๆฒ่ญๅ้ใ
ใใชใ่คๆฐใฎๅคๆฎปใจใๆใใใใฌๅใใญใฒใณๅ้
็ฒๅญใๅซๆใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใซใใ
ใฆใๅ่จใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๆๅคๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็
ใ10ใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธใงใใใๅ่จๆๅคๆฎปใใใๆฒ็ด ๅซ
ๆ็ใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธ้ซใๆฒ็ด ้ซๅซๆๆฎป๏ผไปฅๅพใ้ซ
ๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจ็งฐใใ๏ผใๅ่จๆๅคๆฎปใใๅ ๅดใซ่จญใใ
ใใๅ่จๆๅคๆฎปใจๅ่จ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจใฎ้ใซใใใไธก
ๆฎปใฎไธญ้ใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใๆใใไธญ้ๆฎปใ่จญใใ
ใใใใคๅ่จไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใๅ่จๆๅคๆฎปใ
ใใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธ้ซใใๅ่จ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ
็ใๅ่จไธญ้ๆฎปใใใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธ้ซใใใจใ็น
ๅพดใจใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใซไฟใใใฎใง
ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้
็ตๆใซใใใฆใไธ่ฟฐใใใๅฎ่ณช็ใซโฆใใใชใใ
ใจใฏใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅนๆใ้ปๅฎณใใชใ็ฏๅฒใง่ญๅ้ๅ
ใฏๆฒๅ้ไปฅๅคใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ใไพใใฐๅกฉๅ้ใๅซ
ๆใใฆใใใใใจใๆๅณใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏใๅกฉๅ้
ใฎๅ ดๅใใใฎๆฏ็ใฏ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธใงใใใใจใๆ
ใพใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎใใค็นๅพด็นใใพใจ
ใใใจใๆฌกใฎ(1)ใ(7)ใฎๅฆใใงใใใ (1) ๅ ๅดใซ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใๆใใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใฎใ
ใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใๅซๆใใไนณๅคใ็จใใไบใซใ
ใใ๏ผ้ใณใข๏ผใทใจใซไนณๅคใใ๏ผ้ซๆๅบฆใๅบใ
้ฒๅ ๅใๅชใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใๅพใใใใ (2) ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจ่กจ้ขใฎไฝๆฒๅบฆๆฎป๏ผๆๅคๆฎปๅฑค๏ผใฎไธญ
้ใซใไธญ้ใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใๆใใไธญ้ๆฎปใ่จญใ
ใไบใซใใใๆดใซ้ซๆๅบฆใๅพใใใใ (3) ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฏ๏ผใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใๅฅฝใพ
ใใใๆๅคๆฎปๅฑคใใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธ้ซใใใใใ
ใใฎๅซๆ็ใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๆชๆบใ ใจ๏ผๆใใฏๆๅคๆฎป
ๅฑคใใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๆชๆบใใๅคใใชใใจ๏ผใๆๅบฆใ
ไฝไธใใใพใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใ่ถใใใจๅคๅๆฃใซใช
ใใๆๅบฆใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใฎ็นใใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใ่ถใใชใ
ใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ (4) ไธญ้ๆฎปใจๆๅคๆฎปใใใใฏ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซ
ๆ็ใฎๅทฎใฏๅคซใ ใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธใจใในใใงใใ
ใใใใใฏใใใฎๅทฎใๅฐใ้ใใใจไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๅน
ๆใๅฐใชใใชใใใใงใใ๏ผๆๅบฆใไฝไธใ
ใใ๏ผใใพใใใใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎๅทฎใฏ35ใขใซ๏ผ ใ
ไธ้ใจใใใฎใใไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๅนๆ๏ผๆๅบฆใๅๅๆฃ
ๆงใใซใใชโๆๅบฆ้ขไฟใ้ฎฎ้ญๆง๏ผใๆๅนใซๅผใ
ๅบใใจใใ่ฆณ็นใใๆใพใใใ (5) ใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญๅ จไฝใงใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฏใ้ซ
้ใใใจใ็พ่ฑกๆงใๆชใใชใใๆๅบฆไฝไธใ็
ใใใพใไฝ้ใใใจใ้่ชฟใ็กฌ้ใใ้ฒๅ ๅใ
็ญใใชใใใพใ็ฒ็ถๆงๅฃๅใ็ใใๅพๅใใ
ใใ็นๅฎ็ฏๅฒใ้ธใถใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ (6) ๅคๅๆฃไนณๅคใใๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใฎๆนใใๆๅบฆใ้ฎฎ
้ญๆงใซใใชโๆๅบฆ้ขไฟใซๅชใใใๅณใกใๅคๅๆฃ
ใงใฏใๆฎปใๅฝขๆใใๅๅฟใไธๅไธใชใใใ็ๆณ
็ใชใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๆง้ ใๅฝขๆใใ้ฃใใใจใ้ฎฎ
้ญๆงใๅฃๅใใๅพฎๅฐ็ฒๅญใๅญๅจใใใใจใ็ฒๅญ
ๅฝขๆๅพใฎๅๅญฆๅขๆใๅใ ใฎ็ฒๅญใซใใคใฆๆ้ฉๆก
ไปถใ็ฐใชใใใใๆๅบฆใไฝใใใซใใชโๆๅบฆ้ข
ไฟใๆชใใชใๅพๅใใใใๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใๅฅฝใพใ
ใ็จใใใใใ (7) ๅคๅฑคๅผใซใฉใผๆๅ ๆๆใซใใใฆใๅคๅฑคๅใใ
ไบใซใใคใฆใๅไธๅฑคใฎๅ ดๅใใๆๅบฆใๅฃๅใใ
ใจใใ็พ่ฑกใ่ตทใใ๏ผ้ๅฑคๆธๆๅนๆใจๅผใถ๏ผ
ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎไนณๅคใฏใๅไธๅฑคใฎๆๅบฆใ้ซใใฎใฟ
ใชใใใใใฎ้ๅฑคๆธๆๅนๆใๅใใซใใใๅคๅฑค
ๅผใซใฉใผๆๅ ๆๆใซใใใฆใใๆๅน็ใซไฝฟ็จใง
ใใใ ไธ่จใใๅชใใๅนๆใๆดใซๅไธใใใใซใฏใ Ih๏ผ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๏ผ In๏ผไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๏ผ Il๏ผๆๅคๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๏ผ ใจใใใจใใฮI๏ผIhโIl๏ผ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใฮIh๏ผIhโIn
๏ผ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใฮIl๏ผInโIl๏ผ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใจใใใฎใใ
ใใฮI๏ผ10ใขใซ๏ผ ใฮIh๏ผ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใฮIl๏ผ๏ผใขใซ
๏ผ ใจใใใฎใๆดใซใใ๏ผๅ่จ(4)๏ผใใใใงใIl๏ผ
๏ผใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใจใใใฎใใใใ๏ผใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใๆด
ใซใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใจใใใฎใๆใพใใใใพใใIh
ใฏ๏ผใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใใใใ10ใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใๆดใซใใ
๏ผๅ่จ(3)๏ผใ ใพใใๆๅคๆฎปใฎไฝ็ฉใฏ็ฒๅญๅ จไฝใฎ๏ผใ70ใขใซ๏ผ
ใใใใ10ใ50ใขใซ๏ผ ใๆดใซๅฅฝใพใใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎป
ใฎไฝ็ฉใฏใ็ฒๅญๅ จไฝใฎ10ใ80๏ผ ใจใใใฎใๆใพใ
ใใ20ใ50๏ผ ใๆดใซใฏ20ใ45๏ผ ใๆใพใใใไธญ้
ๆฎปใฎไฝ็ฉใฏใ็ฒๅญๅ จไฝใฎ๏ผใ60๏ผ ใๆดใซใฏ20ใ55
๏ผ ใใใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฏๅ ้จๆฎปใฎๅฐใชใใจใไธ้จใง
ใใคใฆใใใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๅ ๅดใซใฏ
ๅฅใซๅ ้จๆฎปใๅญๅจใใใใใซใใฆใใใ ๅ ้จๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฏ๏ผใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใใใใ๏ผ
ใ10ใขใซ๏ผ ใๅฅฝใพใใใ๏ผใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใๆดใซๅฅฝใพ
ใใใๅ ้จๆฎปใฎ็ฒๅพใฏ0.05ใ0.8ฮผmใๆดใซใฏ0.05
ใ0.4ฮผmใใใใ ใพใใๅ่จ(5)ใฎ็นๅพด็นใซใใใฆใ็ฒๅญๅ จไฝใซใ
ใใๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฏ๏ผใ20ใขใซ๏ผ ใใใใๅฅฝใพใใ
ใฏ๏ผใ15ใขใซ๏ผ ใๆดใซใฏ๏ผใ12ใขใซ๏ผ ใจใใใฎใ
ๆใพใใใๅ่จ(6)ใฎ็นๅพด็นใซใใใฆใ็ฒๅญใฎ็ฒๅพ
ๅๅธใซใคใใฆใฏใๅคๅๆฃใๅๅๆฃใฎใใใใงใใ
ใใใ็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏ20๏ผ ไปฅไธใฎๅๅๆฃไนณ
ๅคใจใใใฎใใใใๆดใซใฏๅๅคๅไฟๆฐใ15๏ผ ไปฅไธ
ใจใใใฎใใใใใใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏใ ๅคๅไฟๆฐ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผ๏ผ็ฒๅพใฎๆจๆบๅๅทฎ๏ผ็ฒๅพใฎๅนณๅๅคร100 ใจใใฆๅฎ็พฉใใใๅๅๆฃๆงใ็คบใๅฐบๅบฆใงใใใ ๅ่จ(7)ใฎ็นๅพด็นใฎๅคๅฑคๅผใซใฉใผๆๅ ๆๆใจใ
ใฆใ้ๆๅฑคใ่ตคๆๅฑคใ็ทๆๅฑคใฎ๏ผ็จฎใฎๆๅ ๅฑคใใ
ใชใ๏ผๅฑคไปฅไธใฎไนณๅคๅฑคใใๅคๅฑคใๆงๆใใๅฐใชใ
ใจใ๏ผๅฑคใฎไนณๅคๅฑคใซๆฌ็บๆใซใใ๏ผๆใใฏไธ่จใ
ใๆใพใใ๏ผใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใๅซๆใใใใใจ
ใๆใพใใใ ใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎ็ฒๅพ๏ผใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใจ
ๅไฝ็ฉใฎ็ซๆณไฝใฎไธ่พบใฎ้ทใใจๅฎ็พฉใใใ๏ผใฏใ
0.1ใ3.0ฮผmใจใใใฎใใใใใพใใใใฎๅฝข็ถใฏใ
๏ผ้ขไฝใ็ซๆนไฝใ็ๅฝขใๅนณๆฟ็ญใฎใใใใงใใใ
ใใ๏ผ้ขไฝใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๅฑคๆงๆใซใคใใฆๆด
ใซ่ฟฐในใใจใๅ ้จๆ ธใจ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจใฏไธ่จใใใใ
ใซใๅไธใงใใคใฆใ่ฏใใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๅ ้จใซๅฅ
้ๅ ้จๆฎปใ่จญใใใใฆใ่ฏใใๅ ้จๆฎปใจ้ซๆฒๅบฆ
ๆฎปใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจไธญ้ๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใจๆๅคๆฎปใฏๅใ ้ฃ
ๆฅใใฆใใฆใ่ฏใใใๅใ ๆฎปใฎ้ใซไปปๆใฎ็ตๆใ
ๆใใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผๅฑคใฎๅฅใฎๆฎปใๆใใฆใใใ
๏ผใใใไปปๆๆฎปใจ็งฐใใ๏ผใ ใใใใฎไปปๆๆฎปใฏใๅไธ็ตๆใฎๅไธๆฎปใงใใคใฆ
ใใใใใๅไธ็ตๆใฎ่คๆฐๆฎปใใใชใใในใใใ
็ถใซ็ตๆใฎๅคๅใใๆฎป็พคใงใใคใฆใ่ฏใใใใใ
ใใฏไปปๆๆฎปใฎไธญใซใใใฆ้ฃ็ถ็ใซ็ตๆใฎๅคๅใใ
ใใใช้ฃ็ถๆฎปใงใใคใฆใ่ฏใใใใใใใฎ็ตๅใ
ใงใ่ฏใใใพใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใฏ่คๆฐใใคใฆ
ใใใใใใใ ๏ผ็ตใงใใคใฆใใใใ ๆฌกใซใๆฌ็บๆใซใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๅฑคๆงๆ
ใฎไพใ่ชฌๆใใใๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใฏ๏ผฉใง็คบใใใ
ใใใชใๅ ้จๆ ธใจใใใฎๅ ้จๆ ธใฎๅคๅดใซ่จญใใใ
ใใคๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ญๅ้ๅใณ๏ผๅใฏๆฒ่ญๅ้ใใใชใ
่คๆฐใฎๅคๆฎปใจใๆใใใใฌๅใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใ
ๅซๆใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใซ้ขใใใใฎ
ใงใใใ ใญ ๅพๆฅๆ่ก ่ฟๅนดใๅ็็จใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใซๅฏพใใ่ฆ่ซ
ใฏใพใใพใๅณใใใ้ซๆๅบฆใๅชใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ้ซ้ฎฎ
้ญๆงใไฝใใใถใๆฟๅบฆใใใณๅๅๅบใ้ฒๅ ๅ็ญใฎ
ๅ็ๆง่ฝใซๅฏพใใฆใไธๅฑค้ซๆฐดๆบใฎ่ฆๆฑใ็ใใฆใ
ใใ ใใใใฎ่ฆ่ซใซๅฏพใใฆใ้ซๆๅบฆไนณๅคใจใใฆใฏใ
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใงๆฒ็ด ใ๏ผใ10ใขใซ๏ผ ๅซใไนณๅคใ่ฏ
ใ็ฅใใใฆใใใใใใฆใใใใใฎไนณๅคใ่ชฟ่ฃฝใ
ใๆนๆณใจใใฆใฏใๅพๆฅใใใขใณใขใใขๆณใไธญๆง
ๆณใ้ ธๆงๆณ็ญใฎpHๆกไปถใpAgๆกไปถใๅถๅพกใใๆน
ๆณใๆททๅๆณใจใใฆใฏใทใณใฐใซใธใจใใๆณใใใใซ
ใธใจใใๆณ็ญใ็ฅใใใฆใใใ ใใใใฎๅ ฌ็ฅๆ่กใๅบ็คใซใใฆใๆดใซ้ซๆๅบฆ
ๅใ็ฒ็ถๆงใฎๆน่ฏใ้ซ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใใใณไฝใใใถใใ
้ๆใใ็ฎ็ใฎใใใซใ็ฒพๅพฎใชใพใงใซๆ่กๆๆฎตใ
ๆค่จใใใๅฎ็จๅใใใฆใใใๆฌ็บๆใงๅฏพ่ฑกใจใ
ใฆใใๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใซใใใฆใฏใๆถ็ใ็ฒๅบฆๅๅธ
ใฏใใจใใใๅใ ใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญๅ ใฎๆฒ็ด ใฎ
ๆฟๅบฆๅๅธใพใงๅถๅพกใใใไนณๅคใ็ ็ฉถใใใฆใใใ ไธใซ่ฟฐในใฆใใใใใช้ซๆๅบฆใๅชใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ
้ซ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใไฝใใใถใๆฟๅบฆ็ญใฎๅ็ๆง่ฝใ้ๆใ
ใใใใฎๆใๆญฃ็ตฑใชๆนๆณใฏใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใฎ้ๅญ
ๅน็ใๅไธใใใใใจใงใใใใใฎ็ฎ็ใฎใใใซ
ๅบไฝ็ฉ็ใฎ็ง่ฆ็ญใ็ฉๆฅต็ใซๅใๅ ฅใใใใฆใ
ใใใใฎ้ๅญๅน็ใ็่ซ็ใซ่จ็ฎใใ็ฒๅบฆๅๅธใฎ
ๅฝฑ้ฟใ่ๅฏใใ็ ็ฉถใใไพใใฐๅ็ใฎ้ฒๆญฉใซ้ขใ
ใ1980ๅนดๆฑไบฌใทใณใใธใฆใผใ ใฎไบ็จฟ้โใคใณใฟใผ
ใฉใฏใทใจใณใบใปใใใฆใคใผใณใปใฉใคใใปใขใณใใป
ใใใชใขใซใบโ91้ ใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใฎ็ ็ฉถ
ใซใใใฐใ็ฒๅบฆๅๅธใ็ญใใใฆใๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใใค
ใใใใจใ้ๅญๅน็ใๅไธใใใใฎใซๆๅนใงใใ
ใใจใไบ่จใใใฆใใใๆดใซๅ ใใฆใใใญใฒใณๅ
้ไนณๅคใฎๅขๆใ้ๆใใใใใซใๅพใง่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่ฟฐใน
ใๅๅญฆๅขๆใจๅผใฐใใๅทฅ็จใซๆผใใฆใไฝใใถใใ
ไฟใคใใพใพๅน็ใใ้ซๆๅบฆใ้ๆใใใใใซใๅ
ๅๆฃไนณๅคใๆๅฉใงใใใใจใใๆจ่ซใ็ใซใใชใค
ใใใฎใจ่ใใใใใ ๅทฅๆฅญ็ใซๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใใคใใใใใซใฏใ็น้ๆญ
54โ48521ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซใๅณๅฏ
ใชpAgใใใณpHใฎๅถๅพกใฎใใจใซใ็่ซไธๆฑใใ
ใใ้ใคใชใณใใใณใใญใฒใณใคใชใณใฎๅๅฟ็ณปใธใฎ
ไพ็ตฆ้ๅบฆใฎๅถๅพกใใใณๅๅใชๆชๆๆกไปถใๅฟ ่ฆใจใ
ใใใใใใใฎๆกไปถไธใง่ฃฝ้ ใใใใใญใฒใณๅ้
ไนณๅคใฏใ็ซๆนไฝใๅ ซ้ขไฝใใใณ14้ขไฝใฎใใใใ
ใฎๅฝข็ถใๆใใฆใใใๅณใก๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ้ขใจ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ้ขใ
ๆงใ ใฎๅฒๅใงๆใใฆใใใใใใๆญฃๅธธๆถ็ฒๅญใใ
ใชใใใใใฆใใใฎใใใชๆญฃๅธธๆถ็ฒๅญใซใใ้ซๆ
ๅบฆๅใๅพใใใจใ็ฅใใใฆใใใ ไธๆนใๅพๆฅใใใ้ซๆๅบฆๅ็ใใคใซใ ใซ้ฉใใ
ใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใจใใฆใๅคๅๆฃใฎๅๆถ็ฒๅญใใ
ใชใๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใ็ฅใใใฆใใใ ใพใใ็น้ๆญ58โ113927ๅทใใฎไปใซใฏใๅนณๆฟ็ถ
ๅๆถ็ฒๅญใๅซใๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใ้็คบใใใฆใใใ ไธๆนใๅ ้จๆ ธใฎๅคๅดใซ่คๆฐใฎๅคๆฎป๏ผใทใจใซ๏ผใ
ใใใ็ฉๅฑคใฟใคใใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใซใใคใฆ็พ
ๅๆดปๆงใ้ซใใใใ้ซๆๅบฆๅใๅณใใชใฉใฎใใจใ
็น้ๆญ53โ22408ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็นๅ ฌๆญ43โ13162ๅทๅ ฌ
ๅ ฑใJ.Photo.Sci.๏ผ24ใ189๏ผ1976๏ผ็ญใซ่จ่ผใใ
ใฆใใใ ใพใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๆ่กจๅฑคใจใใฆใใญใฒ
ใณ็ฝฎๆใซใใคใฆ่ขซ่ฆๅฑคใ่จญใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญ
ใฏใ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑ2932650ๅทใ็น้ๆญ51โ2417ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ
ๅ51โ17436ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใๅ52โ11927ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใชใฉใซ่จ
่ผใใใฆใใใใใใใใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏใ
ๅฎ็้ๅบฆใ้ใใใใจใฏใใใใ้ใซ็พๅๆๅถใ
ๅผใใใใใๅๅใชๆๅบฆใๅพใใใชใ็นใชใฉใซใ
ใใใใฌๅไนณๅคใจใใฆใฏๅฎ็จใใใใใฎใงใฏใช
ใใ ใพใใๅ ้จๆ ธใฎๅคๅดใซใใญใฒใณ็ฝฎๆใซใใคใฆ่ค
ๆฐใฎ่ขซ่ฆๅฑคใๆใใใใธๅ๏ผๅ ้จๆฝๅๅ๏ผใใญใฒ
ใณๅ้็ฒๅญใ็ฅใใใฆใใใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ2592250ๅท
ๆ็ดฐๆธใๅ4075020ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใ็น้ๆญ55โ127549
ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใชใฉใซ่ฉณ็ดฐใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใใใฎใ
ใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏใๆกๆฃ่ปขๅ็จใชใฉใฎๅ ้จๆฝๅๅ
็ดๆฅใใธๆๅ ๆๆใซใใฐใใฐ็จใใใใใใฎใงใ
ใใใใใฏใๅฝ็ถๅ ้จๆๅบฆใ้ซใใใใใใซใๆฌ
็บๆใฎๅฏพ่ฑกใจใใใใฌๅไนณๅคใซใฏใพใคใใ็จใใ
ใใใใฎใงใฏใชใใ ไปๆนใ็น้ๆญ58โ181037ๅทใ็น้ๆญ60โ35726
ๅทใ็น้ๆญ59โ116647ๅทใฎๅๅ ฌๅ ฑใซใใไธ่จใใ
ๅฆใๅ ้จๆ ธไธใซๅคๆฎปใๆใใใใคๅๅฑคใฎใจใฆ็ด ๅซ
ๆ้ใ็จฎใ ่ๆ ฎใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใ็คบใใใฆ
ใใใ ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅ้ใงใฏใๅ็จฎๆ
่กใฎ้ฒๆญฉใซใใใ่ฟๅนดใISO่กจ็คบๆๅบฆใง1000ใ่ถ
ใใใซใฉใผๆๆใๅบ็พใใใซ่ณใคใใใใใใใ
ใใใฎๆๆใฏ้ซๆๅบฆใซใชใใซใคใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ้ฎฎ้ญ
ๆงใๅฃๅใใใฎใๅธธใงใใใๅพๆฅใฎๆๆใซๆฏ่ผใ
ใฆ็ป่ณชใไธๅๅใงใใใๆถ่ฒป่ ใซใจใคใฆ้่ณ็จใจ
ใใฆใฏใฏใชใฏใ ไธๆบใชใใฎใงใใใฎใ็พ็ถใงใ
ใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใฎๅชใใ้ซๆๅบฆใใฌๆๅ ๆๆ
ใๆใพใใฆใใใ ๅคฉไฝๅ็ใๅฎคๅ ๅ็ใในใใผใๅ็็ญใซใใใฆ
ใฏๆดใซ้ซใๆๅบฆใๆใคใใฌๆๅ ๆๆใ่ฆๆฑใใใฆ
ใใใ ใ ็บๆใฎ็ฎ็ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ็ฎ็ใฏใ้ซๆๅบฆใงๆๅบฆโใซใใช้ขไฟใซ
ๅชใใๆๅ ๅใๅบใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใซๅชใใใ
ใฌๆงใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใๆไพใใใใฎใง
ใใใ ใ ็บๆใฎๆงๆๅใณใใฎไฝ็จๅนๆ ๅณใกใๆฌ็บๆใฏใๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ญๅ้ๅใณ๏ผๅใฏๆฒ
่ญๅ้ใใใชใๅ ้จๆ ธใจใใใฎๅ ้จๆ ธใฎๅคๅดใซ่จญ
ใใใใใคๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ญๅ้ๅใณ๏ผๅใฏๆฒ่ญๅ้ใ
ใใชใ่คๆฐใฎๅคๆฎปใจใๆใใใใฌๅใใญใฒใณๅ้
็ฒๅญใๅซๆใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใซใใ
ใฆใๅ่จใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๆๅคๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็
ใ10ใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธใงใใใๅ่จๆๅคๆฎปใใใๆฒ็ด ๅซ
ๆ็ใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธ้ซใๆฒ็ด ้ซๅซๆๆฎป๏ผไปฅๅพใ้ซ
ๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจ็งฐใใ๏ผใๅ่จๆๅคๆฎปใใๅ ๅดใซ่จญใใ
ใใๅ่จๆๅคๆฎปใจๅ่จ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจใฎ้ใซใใใไธก
ๆฎปใฎไธญ้ใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใๆใใไธญ้ๆฎปใ่จญใใ
ใใใใคๅ่จไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใๅ่จๆๅคๆฎปใ
ใใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธ้ซใใๅ่จ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ
็ใๅ่จไธญ้ๆฎปใใใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธ้ซใใใจใ็น
ๅพดใจใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใซไฟใใใฎใง
ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้
็ตๆใซใใใฆใไธ่ฟฐใใใๅฎ่ณช็ใซโฆใใใชใใ
ใจใฏใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅนๆใ้ปๅฎณใใชใ็ฏๅฒใง่ญๅ้ๅ
ใฏๆฒๅ้ไปฅๅคใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ใไพใใฐๅกฉๅ้ใๅซ
ๆใใฆใใใใใจใๆๅณใใๅ ทไฝ็ใซใฏใๅกฉๅ้
ใฎๅ ดๅใใใฎๆฏ็ใฏ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธใงใใใใจใๆ
ใพใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎใใค็นๅพด็นใใพใจ
ใใใจใๆฌกใฎ(1)ใ(7)ใฎๅฆใใงใใใ (1) ๅ ๅดใซ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใๆใใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใฎใ
ใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใๅซๆใใไนณๅคใ็จใใไบใซใ
ใใ๏ผ้ใณใข๏ผใทใจใซไนณๅคใใ๏ผ้ซๆๅบฆใๅบใ
้ฒๅ ๅใๅชใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใๅพใใใใ (2) ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจ่กจ้ขใฎไฝๆฒๅบฆๆฎป๏ผๆๅคๆฎปๅฑค๏ผใฎไธญ
้ใซใไธญ้ใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใๆใใไธญ้ๆฎปใ่จญใ
ใไบใซใใใๆดใซ้ซๆๅบฆใๅพใใใใ (3) ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฏ๏ผใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใๅฅฝใพ
ใใใๆๅคๆฎปๅฑคใใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธ้ซใใใใใ
ใใฎๅซๆ็ใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๆชๆบใ ใจ๏ผๆใใฏๆๅคๆฎป
ๅฑคใใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๆชๆบใใๅคใใชใใจ๏ผใๆๅบฆใ
ไฝไธใใใพใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใ่ถใใใจๅคๅๆฃใซใช
ใใๆๅบฆใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใฎ็นใใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใ่ถใใชใ
ใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ (4) ไธญ้ๆฎปใจๆๅคๆฎปใใใใฏ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซ
ๆ็ใฎๅทฎใฏๅคซใ ใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธใจใในใใงใใ
ใใใใใฏใใใฎๅทฎใๅฐใ้ใใใจไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๅน
ๆใๅฐใชใใชใใใใงใใ๏ผๆๅบฆใไฝไธใ
ใใ๏ผใใพใใใใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎๅทฎใฏ35ใขใซ๏ผ ใ
ไธ้ใจใใใฎใใไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๅนๆ๏ผๆๅบฆใๅๅๆฃ
ๆงใใซใใชโๆๅบฆ้ขไฟใ้ฎฎ้ญๆง๏ผใๆๅนใซๅผใ
ๅบใใจใใ่ฆณ็นใใๆใพใใใ (5) ใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญๅ จไฝใงใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฏใ้ซ
้ใใใจใ็พ่ฑกๆงใๆชใใชใใๆๅบฆไฝไธใ็
ใใใพใไฝ้ใใใจใ้่ชฟใ็กฌ้ใใ้ฒๅ ๅใ
็ญใใชใใใพใ็ฒ็ถๆงๅฃๅใ็ใใๅพๅใใ
ใใ็นๅฎ็ฏๅฒใ้ธใถใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใ (6) ๅคๅๆฃไนณๅคใใๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใฎๆนใใๆๅบฆใ้ฎฎ
้ญๆงใซใใชโๆๅบฆ้ขไฟใซๅชใใใๅณใกใๅคๅๆฃ
ใงใฏใๆฎปใๅฝขๆใใๅๅฟใไธๅไธใชใใใ็ๆณ
็ใชใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๆง้ ใๅฝขๆใใ้ฃใใใจใ้ฎฎ
้ญๆงใๅฃๅใใๅพฎๅฐ็ฒๅญใๅญๅจใใใใจใ็ฒๅญ
ๅฝขๆๅพใฎๅๅญฆๅขๆใๅใ ใฎ็ฒๅญใซใใคใฆๆ้ฉๆก
ไปถใ็ฐใชใใใใๆๅบฆใไฝใใใซใใชโๆๅบฆ้ข
ไฟใๆชใใชใๅพๅใใใใๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใๅฅฝใพใ
ใ็จใใใใใ (7) ๅคๅฑคๅผใซใฉใผๆๅ ๆๆใซใใใฆใๅคๅฑคๅใใ
ไบใซใใคใฆใๅไธๅฑคใฎๅ ดๅใใๆๅบฆใๅฃๅใใ
ใจใใ็พ่ฑกใ่ตทใใ๏ผ้ๅฑคๆธๆๅนๆใจๅผใถ๏ผ
ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎไนณๅคใฏใๅไธๅฑคใฎๆๅบฆใ้ซใใฎใฟ
ใชใใใใใฎ้ๅฑคๆธๆๅนๆใๅใใซใใใๅคๅฑค
ๅผใซใฉใผๆๅ ๆๆใซใใใฆใใๆๅน็ใซไฝฟ็จใง
ใใใ ไธ่จใใๅชใใๅนๆใๆดใซๅไธใใใใซใฏใ Ih๏ผ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๏ผ In๏ผไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๏ผ Il๏ผๆๅคๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๏ผ ใจใใใจใใฮI๏ผIhโIl๏ผ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใฮIh๏ผIhโIn
๏ผ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใฮIl๏ผInโIl๏ผ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใจใใใฎใใ
ใใฮI๏ผ10ใขใซ๏ผ ใฮIh๏ผ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใฮIl๏ผ๏ผใขใซ
๏ผ ใจใใใฎใๆดใซใใ๏ผๅ่จ(4)๏ผใใใใงใIl๏ผ
๏ผใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใจใใใฎใใใใ๏ผใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใๆด
ใซใฏ๏ผใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใจใใใฎใๆใพใใใใพใใIh
ใฏ๏ผใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใใใใ10ใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใๆดใซใใ
๏ผๅ่จ(3)๏ผใ ใพใใๆๅคๆฎปใฎไฝ็ฉใฏ็ฒๅญๅ จไฝใฎ๏ผใ70ใขใซ๏ผ
ใใใใ10ใ50ใขใซ๏ผ ใๆดใซๅฅฝใพใใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎป
ใฎไฝ็ฉใฏใ็ฒๅญๅ จไฝใฎ10ใ80๏ผ ใจใใใฎใๆใพใ
ใใ20ใ50๏ผ ใๆดใซใฏ20ใ45๏ผ ใๆใพใใใไธญ้
ๆฎปใฎไฝ็ฉใฏใ็ฒๅญๅ จไฝใฎ๏ผใ60๏ผ ใๆดใซใฏ20ใ55
๏ผ ใใใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฏๅ ้จๆฎปใฎๅฐใชใใจใไธ้จใง
ใใคใฆใใใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๅ ๅดใซใฏ
ๅฅใซๅ ้จๆฎปใๅญๅจใใใใใซใใฆใใใ ๅ ้จๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฏ๏ผใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใใใใ๏ผ
ใ10ใขใซ๏ผ ใๅฅฝใพใใใ๏ผใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใๆดใซๅฅฝใพ
ใใใๅ ้จๆฎปใฎ็ฒๅพใฏ0.05ใ0.8ฮผmใๆดใซใฏ0.05
ใ0.4ฮผmใใใใ ใพใใๅ่จ(5)ใฎ็นๅพด็นใซใใใฆใ็ฒๅญๅ จไฝใซใ
ใใๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฏ๏ผใ20ใขใซ๏ผ ใใใใๅฅฝใพใใ
ใฏ๏ผใ15ใขใซ๏ผ ใๆดใซใฏ๏ผใ12ใขใซ๏ผ ใจใใใฎใ
ๆใพใใใๅ่จ(6)ใฎ็นๅพด็นใซใใใฆใ็ฒๅญใฎ็ฒๅพ
ๅๅธใซใคใใฆใฏใๅคๅๆฃใๅๅๆฃใฎใใใใงใใ
ใใใ็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏ20๏ผ ไปฅไธใฎๅๅๆฃไนณ
ๅคใจใใใฎใใใใๆดใซใฏๅๅคๅไฟๆฐใ15๏ผ ไปฅไธ
ใจใใใฎใใใใใใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏใ ๅคๅไฟๆฐ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผ๏ผ็ฒๅพใฎๆจๆบๅๅทฎ๏ผ็ฒๅพใฎๅนณๅๅคร100 ใจใใฆๅฎ็พฉใใใๅๅๆฃๆงใ็คบใๅฐบๅบฆใงใใใ ๅ่จ(7)ใฎ็นๅพด็นใฎๅคๅฑคๅผใซใฉใผๆๅ ๆๆใจใ
ใฆใ้ๆๅฑคใ่ตคๆๅฑคใ็ทๆๅฑคใฎ๏ผ็จฎใฎๆๅ ๅฑคใใ
ใชใ๏ผๅฑคไปฅไธใฎไนณๅคๅฑคใใๅคๅฑคใๆงๆใใๅฐใชใ
ใจใ๏ผๅฑคใฎไนณๅคๅฑคใซๆฌ็บๆใซใใ๏ผๆใใฏไธ่จใ
ใๆใพใใ๏ผใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใๅซๆใใใใใจ
ใๆใพใใใ ใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎ็ฒๅพ๏ผใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใจ
ๅไฝ็ฉใฎ็ซๆณไฝใฎไธ่พบใฎ้ทใใจๅฎ็พฉใใใ๏ผใฏใ
0.1ใ3.0ฮผmใจใใใฎใใใใใพใใใใฎๅฝข็ถใฏใ
๏ผ้ขไฝใ็ซๆนไฝใ็ๅฝขใๅนณๆฟ็ญใฎใใใใงใใใ
ใใ๏ผ้ขไฝใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๅฑคๆงๆใซใคใใฆๆด
ใซ่ฟฐในใใจใๅ ้จๆ ธใจ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจใฏไธ่จใใใใ
ใซใๅไธใงใใคใฆใ่ฏใใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๅ ้จใซๅฅ
้ๅ ้จๆฎปใ่จญใใใใฆใ่ฏใใๅ ้จๆฎปใจ้ซๆฒๅบฆ
ๆฎปใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจไธญ้ๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใจๆๅคๆฎปใฏๅใ ้ฃ
ๆฅใใฆใใฆใ่ฏใใใๅใ ๆฎปใฎ้ใซไปปๆใฎ็ตๆใ
ๆใใๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผๅฑคใฎๅฅใฎๆฎปใๆใใฆใใใ
๏ผใใใไปปๆๆฎปใจ็งฐใใ๏ผใ ใใใใฎไปปๆๆฎปใฏใๅไธ็ตๆใฎๅไธๆฎปใงใใคใฆ
ใใใใใๅไธ็ตๆใฎ่คๆฐๆฎปใใใชใใในใใใ
็ถใซ็ตๆใฎๅคๅใใๆฎป็พคใงใใคใฆใ่ฏใใใใใ
ใใฏไปปๆๆฎปใฎไธญใซใใใฆ้ฃ็ถ็ใซ็ตๆใฎๅคๅใใ
ใใใช้ฃ็ถๆฎปใงใใคใฆใ่ฏใใใใใใใฎ็ตๅใ
ใงใ่ฏใใใพใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใฏ่คๆฐใใคใฆ
ใใใใใใใ ๏ผ็ตใงใใคใฆใใใใ ๆฌกใซใๆฌ็บๆใซใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๅฑคๆงๆ
ใฎไพใ่ชฌๆใใใๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใฏ๏ผฉใง็คบใใใ
ใ่กจใ
ใ่กจใ
ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๅ
้จๆ ธใฏใใใปใฐ
ใฉใใญใใ๏ผP.Glafkides๏ผ่ใทใใจใปใใคใธ
ใฏใปใใชใใฐใฉใใคใฏ๏ผChimie et Physique.
Photographique๏ผ๏ผใใซใปใขใณใใซ๏ผPaul
Montel๏ผ็คพๅใ1967ๅนด๏ผใใธใผใปใจใใปใใใคใณ
๏ผG.F.Duffin๏ผ่ใใชใใฐใฉใใคใฏใปใคใใซใธใจ
ใณใปใฑใในใใช๏ผPhotographic Emulsion
Chemistry๏ผ๏ผใถใปใใชใผใซใซใปใใฌใน๏ผThe
Focal Press๏ผๅใ1966ๅนด๏ผใใดใคใปใจใซใปใผใช
ใฏใใณ๏ผV.L.Zelikman๏ผใปใ่ใกใคใญใณใฐใปใข
ใณใใปใณใผใใคใณใฐใปใใชใใฐใฉใใคใฏใปใคใใซ
ใธใจใณ๏ผMaking and Coating Photographic
Emulsion๏ผ๏ผใถใปใใชใผใซใซใปใใฌใน๏ผ๏ผThe
Focal Press๏ผๅใ1964ๅนด๏ผใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใใใๆน
ๆณใ็จใใฆ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใใจใใงใใใใใชใใกใ้ ธ
ๆงๆณใไธญๆงๆณใใขใณใขใใขๆณ็ญใฎใใใใงใใ
ใใใพใๅฏๆบถๆง้ๅกฉใจๅฏๆบถๆงใใญใฒใณๅกฉใๅๅฟใ
ใใๅฝขๅผใจใใฆใฏ็ๅดๆททๅๆณใๅๆๆททๅๆณใใใ
ใใฎ็ตๅใใชใฉใฎใใใใ็จใใฆใใใใ ็ฒๅญใ้ใคใชใณ้ๅฐใฎไธใซใใใฆๅฝขๆใใใๆน
ๆณ๏ผใใใใ้ๆททๅๆณ๏ผใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ
ๅๆๆททๅๆณใฎไธใคใฎๅฝขๅผใจใใฆใใญใฒใณๅ้ใฎ็
ๆใใใๆถฒ็ธไธญใฎpAgใไธๅฎใซไฟใคๆนๆณใใใชใ
ใกใใใใใณใณใใญใผใซใใปใใใซใธใจใใๆณใ
็จใใใใจใใงใใใใใฎๆนๆณใซใใใจใ็ตๆถๅฝข
ใ่ฆๅ็ใง็ฒๅญใตใคใบใๅไธใซ่ฟใใใญใฒใณๅ้
ไนณๅคใๅพใใใใ ๅฅใ ใซๅฝขๆใใ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใ
ๆททๅใใฆ็จใใฆใใใใใใฟใใซใธใจใใๆณใใ
ใใฏใณใณใใญใผใซใใปใใใซใธใจใใๆณใ็จใใ
ใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅ ้จๆ ธใ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใจใใฎpAgใจใใฆใฏใๅๅฟๆธฉ
ๅบฆใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๆบถๅคใฎ็จฎ้กใซใใคใฆๅคๅใใ
ใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ11ใงใใใใพใใใใญใฒใณๅ
้ๆบถๅคใ็จใใใจ็ฒๅญๅฝขๆๆ้ใ็ญๆ้ใซ่กใใ
ใใฎใงๅฅฝใพใใใไพใใฐใขใณใขใใขใใใชใจใผใ
ใซใชใฉไธ่ฌใซใใ็ฅใใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๆบถๅคใ็จ
ใใใใจใใงใใใ ๅ ้จๆ ธใฎๅฝข็ถใจใใฆใฏๆฟ็ถใ็็ถใๅ็ต็ณปใงใ
ใคใฆใใใใใพใใๅ ซ้ขไฝใ็ซๆนไฝใ14้ขไฝใใ
ใใฏๆททๅ็ณปใชใฉใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใ็ฒๅญใตใคใบใๅไธใซใใใซใฏใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ
1535016ๅทใ็นๅ ฌๆญ48โ36890ใๅ52โ16364ๅทใซ
่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซใ็ก้ ธ้ใใใญใฒใณๅใขใซ
ใซใชๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใ็ฒๅญๆ้ท้ๅบฆใซๅฟใใฆๅค
ๅใใใๆนๆณใใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ4242445ๅทใ็น้ๆญ55
โ158124ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซๆฐดๆบถๆถฒๆฟๅบฆใ
ๅคๅใใใๆนๆณใ็จใใฆ่จ็้ฃฝๅๅบฆใ่ถใใชใ็ฏ
ๅฒใซใใใฆๆฉใๆ้ทใใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใใ
ใใฎๆนๆณใฏใๅๆ ธ็บ็ใ่ตทใใใใๅใใญใฒใณๅ
้็ฒๅญใๅไธใซ่ขซ่ฆใใใฆใใใใใไปปๆๆฎปใ้ซ
ๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใๅๅคๆฎปใๅฐๅ ฅใใๅ ดๅใซใๅฅฝใพ
ใใ็จใใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจๅ ้จๆฎป
ใฎไธญ้ใซใฏใๅฟ ่ฆใซใใๅไธๅใฏ่คๆฐใฎไปปๆๆฎปใ
่จญใใไบใใงใใใใใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฏใๅฝขๆใใๅ
้จๆ ธใใใใฏไปปๆๆฎปใไปไธใใๅ ้จๆฎปใซ่ฑๅกฉๅทฅ็จ
ใๅฟ ่ฆใซใใใปใฉใใใๅพใซ้ๅธธใฎใใญใฒใณ็ฝฎๆ
ๆณใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใ่ขซ่ฆใใๆนๆณใชใฉใซใใคใฆ่จญ
ใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใญใฒใณ็ฝฎๆๆณใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐๅ ้จๆ ธใๅฝขๆ
ใใใๅพใซใไธปใจใใฆใจใผใๅๅ็ฉ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ
ใจใผใใซใชใฆใ ๏ผใใใชใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ
ๆฟๅบฆ10๏ผ ไปฅไธใฎๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใๆทปๅ ใใใใจใซใใคใฆ่ก
ใชใใใจใใงใใใ่ฉณใใใฏใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ2592250
ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใๅ4075020ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใ็น้ๆญ55โ
127549ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใใใๆนๆณใซใใคใฆ่กใช
ใใใจใใงใใใใใฎใจใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎ็ฒๅญ้ใจ
ใผใๅๅธๅทฎใๅฐใชใใใใใซใฏใใจใผใๅๅ็ฉๆฐด
ๆบถๆถฒใฎๆฟๅบฆใ10-2ใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธใซใใฆ10ๅไปฅไธใใ
ใฆๆทปๅ ใใใฎใๆใพใใใ ใพใใๅ ้จๆ ธไธใซใใญใฒใณๅ้ใๆฐใใซ่ขซ่ฆใ
ใๆนๆณใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใใใญใฒใณๅ็ฉๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใจ
็ก้ ธ้ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใจใๅๆใซๆทปๅ ใใใใจใคใพใใๅ
ๆๆททๅๆณใใณใณใใญใผใซใใใซใธใจใใๆณใซใใค
ใฆ่กใชใใใจใใงใใใ่ฉณใใใฏใ็น้ๆญ53โ
22408ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็นๅ ฌๆญ43โ13162ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ58
โ14829ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใใธใจใคใปใใชใใปใตใคใจใณใน
๏ผJ.Photo.Sci.๏ผ24198๏ผ1976๏ผใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใใใๆน
ๆณใซใใคใฆ่กใชใใใจใใงใใใ ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใๅฝขๆใใใจใใฎpAgใจใใฆใฏใๅๅฟ
ๆธฉๅบฆใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๆบถๅคใฎ็จฎ้กใป้ใซใใคใฆๅคๅ
ใใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏใๅ่ฟฐใใๅ ้จๆ ธใฎใใฎใๅๆ
ใซ็จใใใใใๆบถๅชใจใใฆใขใณใขใใขใ็จใใๅ ด
ๅใฏ๏ผใ11ใๅฅฝใพใใใ ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใๅฝขๆใใๆนๆณใจใใฏใๅๆๆททๅๆณใพ
ใใฏใใณใณใใญใผใซใใใใซใธใจใใๆณใใใๅฅฝ
ใพใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎไธญ้ๆฎปใฏใ้ซๆฒๅบฆ
ๆฎปใ่กจ้ขใซๆใใใใใใใฏๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆๅไธๅ
ใฏ่คๆฐใฎไปปๆๆฎปใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปไธใซๆใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใ
ๅ ้จใๅซใ็ฒๅญใฎๅคๅดใซใๆดใซใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎใใญ
ใฒใณ็ตๆใจใฏ็ฐใชใคใใใญใฒใณ็ตๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ
้ใๅๆๆททๅๆณใพใใฏใณใณใใญใผใซใใใใซใธใจ
ใใๆณใซใใคใฆ่ขซ่ฆใใๆนๆณใชใฉใซใใคใฆ่จญใใ
ใใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎๆนๆณใซใคใใฆใฏใๅ่ฟฐใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใ
่จญใใๆนๆณใๅๆงใซ็จใใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๆๅคๆฎปใฏใไธญ้ๆฎป
ใ่กจ้ขใซๆใใใใใใฏๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆๅไธๅใฏ่ค
ๆฐใฎไปปๆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใฎไธใซๆใใไธญ้ๆฎปใ้ซๆฒๅบฆ
ๆฎปใๅ ้จๆ ธใๅซใ็ฒๅญใฎๅคๅดใซใๆดใซ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปๅ
ใณไธญ้ๆฎปใฎใใญใฒใณ็ตๆใจใฏ็ฐใชใคใใใญใฒใณ็ต
ๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ใๅๆๆททๅๆณใพใใฏใณใณใใญใผ
ใซใใใใซใธใจใใๆณใซใใคใฆ่ขซ่ฆใใๆนๆณใชใฉ
ใซใใคใฆ่จญใใไบใใงใใใ ใใใใฎๆนๆณใซใคใใฆใฏใๅ่ฟฐใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใ่จญ
ใใๆนๆณใๅๆงใซ็จใใใใใ ไปปๆๆฎปใฏๅ ้จๆ ธใจ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจไธญ้
ๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใจๆๅคๆฎปใฎ้ใซๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆๅใ ๏ผๅฑค
ใใใใฏ่คๆฐๅฑค่จญใใไบใใงใใใใ็นๅฅใซ่จญใ
ใชใใฆใ่ฏใใใใใใฎไปปๆๆฎปใฏๅ่ฟฐใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎป
ใ่จญใใๆนๆณใๅๆงใซ็จใใใใใๅ ้จๆ ธใ้ซๆฒ
ๅบฆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใๆๅคๆฎปๅใณๅไฝ็ฝฎใซใใใไปปๆๆฎป
ใซใใใฆใ้ฃๆฅใใๆฎปใ่จญใใ้ใซ้ไธญใงๅฟ ่ฆใซ
ๅฟใใฆๅธธๆณใซๅพใคใฆ่ฑๅกฉๅทฅ็จใ่กใชใคใฆใ่ฏใ
ใใ่ฑๅกฉๅทฅ็จใ่กใชใใใซ้ฃ็ถใใฆๆฎปใฎๅฝขๆใ่ก
ใชใคใฆใ่ฏใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๅ่ขซ่ฆๆฎปใฎใจใผใ
ๅซ้ใซใคใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใJ.I.ใดใผใซใใทใฆใฟใค
ใณ๏ผGoldstein๏ผใD.B.ใฆใคใชใขใ ใบ๏ผWilliams๏ผ
ใTEM๏ผATEMใซใใใ๏ผธ็ทๅๆใในใญใคใณใ
ใณใฐใปใจใฌใฏใใญใณใปใใคใฏใญในใณใใค๏ผ1977๏ผใ
็ฌฌ๏ผๅทป๏ผIITใชใตใผใใปใคใณในใใคใใฆใผใ็ฌฌ
651้ ๏ผ1977ๅนด๏ผๆ๏ผใซ่จ่ผใใใๆนๆณใซใใคใฆ
ๆฑใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆๅคๆฎปๅฝขๆๅพใฎๆ็ต็ๆ็ฉใจใใฆใฎใ
ใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏใ่ชฟ่ฃฝๆใซ็ใใ้ๅฐใใญใฒใณ
ๅๅ็ฉใใใใฏๅฏ็ใใใพใใฏไธ่ฆใจใชใคใ็ก้ ธ
ๅกฉใใขใณใขใใข็ญใฎๅกฉ้กใๅๅ็ฉ้กใ่ฉฒ็ฒๅญใฎๅ
ๆฃๅชใใ้คๅปใใฆใใใใ้คๅปใฎๆนๆณใฏไธ่ฌไนณๅค
ใซใใใฆๅธธ็จใใใใใผใใซๆฐดๆดๆณใ้ๆๆณใใ
ใใฏใ็กๆฉๅกฉ้กใใขใใชใณๆง็้ขๆดปๆงๅคใใขใใช
ใณๆงใใชใใผ๏ผใใจใใฐใใชในใใฌใณในใซใใณ
้ ธ๏ผใใใใใฏใผใฉใใณ่ชๅฐไฝ๏ผใใจใใฐใขใทใซ
ๅใผใฉใใณใใซใซใใขใซใคใซๅใผใฉใใณใชใฉ๏ผใ
ๅฉ็จใใๆฒ้ๆณใๅๆๆฒๆพฑ๏ผใใญใญใฆใฌใผใทใจ
ใณ๏ผๆณ็ญใ้ฉๅฎ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏๆ
ๆใฎๆณข้ทๅใซๅ ๅญฆ็ใซๅขๆใใใใจใใงใใใใ
ใฎๅ ๅญฆๅขๆๆนๆณใซใฏ็นใใซๅถ้ใฏใชใใไพใใฐใผ
ใญใกใใณ่ฒ็ด ใใขใใกใใณ่ฒ็ด ใใธใกใใณ่ฒ็ด ใ
ใใชใกใใณ่ฒ็ด ็ญใฎใทใขใใณ่ฒ็ด ใใใใฏใกใญใท
ใขใใณ่ฒ็ด ็ญใฎๅ ๅญฆๅขๆๅคใๅ็ฌใใใไฝต็จใใฆ
ๅ ๅญฆ็ใซๅขๆใใใใจใใงใใใๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใฎ็ตๅ
ใใฏ็นใซๅผท่ฒๅขๆใฎ็ฎ็ใงใใฐใใฐ็จใใใใใ
ๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใจใจใใซใใใ่ช่บซๅๅ ๅขๆไฝ็จใใใ
ใชใ่ฒ็ด ใใใใฏๅฏ่ฆๅ ใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅธๅใใชใ็ฉ
่ณชใงใใคใฆใๅผท่ฒๅขๆใ็คบใ็ฉ่ณชใไนณๅคไธญใซๅซใ
ใงใใใใใใใใฎๆ่กใซใคใใฆใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ
2688545ๅทใๅ2912329ๅทใๅ3397060ๅทใๅ
3615635ๅทใๅ3628964ๅทใ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ1195302ๅทใ
ๅ1242588ๅทใๅ1293862ๅทใ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑ๏ผOLS๏ผ
2030326ๅทใๅ2121780ๅทใ็นๅ ฌๆญ43โ4936ๅทใๅ
44โ14030ๅทใใชใตใผใใปใใคในใฏใญใผใธใค
๏ผResearch Disclosure๏ผ176ๅทป17643๏ผ1978ๅนด12ๆ
็บ่ก๏ผ็ฌฌ23้ ใฎ๏ผช้ ็ญใซใ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใ
ใฎ้ธๆใฏๅขๅทปใในใๆณข้ทๅใๆๅบฆ็ญใๆๅ ๆๆใฎ
็ฎ็ใ็จ้ใซๅฟใใฆไปปๆใซๅฎใใใใจใๅฏ่ฝใงใ
ใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้็ตๆถใฏไธ
่ฌไนณๅคใซๅฏพใใฆๆฝใใใๅ็จฎใฎๅๅญฆๅขๆๆณใๆฝใ
ใใจใใงใใใ ๅๅญฆๅขๆใฎใใใซใฏใใใผใปใใชใผใถใผ๏ผH.
Frieser๏ผ็ทจใใคใผใปใฐใซใณใใฉใผใฒใณใปใใข
ใใชใใฏใฉใใคใใทใจใณ ใใญใใจใป ใใใ
ใธใซใใผใใญใฒใใผใใณ๏ผDie Grundlagen der
Photographischen Prozesse mit
Silberhalogeniden๏ผ๏ผใขใซใใใใทใจ ใใจใซใฉ
ใผใฏในใฒใผใซใทใคใใ๏ผAkademische
Verlagsgesellschaft๏ผ๏ผ1968๏ผ675ใ734้ ใซ่จ่ผ
ใฎๆนๆณใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใใชใใกใ้ใคใช
ใณใจๅๅฟใๅพใ็กซ้ปใๅซใๅๅ็ฉใๆดปๆงใผใฉใใณ
ใ็จใใ็กซ้ปๅขๆๆณใ้ๅ ๆง็ฉ่ณชใ็จใใ้ๅ ๅข
ๆๆณใ้ใใฎไปใฎ่ฒด้ๅฑๅๅ็ฉใ็จใใ่ฒด้ๅฑๅข
ๆๆณใชใฉใๅ็ฌใพใใฏ็ตๅใใฆ็จใใใใจใใงใ
ใใ็กซ้ปๅขๆๅคใจใใฆใฏใใใช็กซ้ ธๅกฉใใใชๅฐฟ็ด
้กใใใขใพใผใซ้กใใญใผใใใณ้กใใใฎไปใฎๅๅ
็ฉใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใใใฎๅ ทไฝไพใฏใ็ฑณๅฝ
็น่จฑ1574944ๅทใ2410689ๅทใ2278947ๅทใ2728668
ๅทใ3656955ๅทใ4032928ๅทใ4067740ๅทใซ่จ่ผใ
ใใฆใใใ้ๅ ๅขๆๅคใจใใฆใฏ็ฌฌไธใใๅกฉใใขใ
ใณๅกฉใใใใฉใธใณ่ชๅฐไฝใใใซใ ใขใใธใณในใซใ
ใคใณ้ ธใใทใฉใณๅๅ็ฉใชใฉใ็จใใใใจใใงใใ
ใใใใฎๅ ทไฝไพใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ2487850ๅทใ2419974
ๅทใ2518698ๅทใ2983609ๅทใ2983609ๅทใ2694637
ๅทใ3930867ๅทใ4054458ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ่ฒด
้ๅฑๅขๆใฎใใใซใฏ้้ฏๅกฉใฎใปใใ็ฝ้ใใคใชใธ
ใฆใ ใใใฉใธใฆใ ็ญใฎๅจๆ็่กจๆใฎ้ๅฑใฎ้ฏๅกฉ
ใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใฎๅ ทไฝไพใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ
2399083ๅทใ2448060ๅทใ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ618061ๅทใชใฉใซ
่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ้ๅกฉ็ฒๅญใฏใใใๅๅญฆๅขๆๆณใฎ๏ผใคไปฅ
ไธใฎ็ตใใใใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ๅกๅธ้้ใฏไปปๆใงใใใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ1000mg๏ผ
m2ไปฅไธใ15000mg๏ผm2ไปฅไธใงใใใใใใซๅฅฝใพใ
ใใฏ2000mg๏ผm2ไปฅไธใ10000mg๏ผm2ไปฅไธใงใใใ ใพใใ่ฉฒ็ฒๅญใๅซใๆๅ ๅฑคใฏๆฏๆไฝใฎไธกๆนใฎๅด
ใซๅญๅจใใฆใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅไนณๅคใฎๅใ ใฎๆฎปใฎๅฝขๆ
ๆใซใๅ็จฎใใผใใณใใใใผใใณใฐใใไบใใงใ
ใใใใฎๅ ้จใใผใใณใใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐ้ใใค
ใชใฆใใคใชใธใฆใ ใ้ใ็ฝ้ใใชในใใฆใ ใใญใธ
ใฆใ ใใใซใซใใปใฌใใฆใ ใใซใใใฆใ ใไบ้ใ
้ใใฟใชใฆใ ใ้ใใขใณใใขใณใใในใในใใ็ด
็ญใๅซใพใใใ ใใใใฎใใผใใณใใใใผใใณใฐใใใใใซๅ
ๆฎปใฎๅฝขๆๆใซๅใ ใฎๆฐดๆบถๆงๅกฉใใใใฏ้ฏๅกฉใๅ ฑๅญ
ใใใไบใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญ
ใฎใใคใณใใผใใพใใฏใใใใฎ่ฃฝ้ ใซ็จใใใใ
ๅๆฃๅชใจใใฆใฏ้ๅธธใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใซ็จใใใ
ใ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใใ็จใใใใใ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใ
ใจใใฆใฏใใผใฉใใณ๏ผ็ณ็ฐๅฆ็ใพใใฏ้ ธๅฆ็ใใ
ใใงใใใ๏ผใฎใฟใชใใใใผใฉใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใไพใ
ใฐ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ2614928ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใชใผ
ใฉใใณใจ่ณ้ฆๆๅกฉๅในใซใใชใใซใ้ ธๅกฉๅ็ฉใ้ ธ
็กๆฐด็ฉใใคใฝใทใขใใผใใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใฑใใณ้กใจ
ใฎๅๅฟใซใใไฝใใใใผใฉใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ
3118766ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใผใฉใใณใจใใชใกใช
ใใ้ ธ็กๆฐด็ฉใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใไฝใใใใผใฉใใณ่ช
ๅฐไฝใ็นๅ ฌๆญ39โ5514ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใๆดปๆงใใญใฒ
ใณใๆใใๆๆฉ้ ธใจใผใฉใใณใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใใผใฉ
ใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใ็นๅ ฌๆญ42โ26845ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใ่ณ
้ฆๆใฐใชใทใธใซใจใผใใซใจใผใฉใใณใจใฎๅๅฟใซใ
ใใผใฉใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ3186846ๅทใซ่จ่ผใ
ใใใใฌใคใใใใใฌใขใใณ้ ธใไธ้ฃฝๅ่่ชๆใธ
ใขใใ็ญใจใผใฉใใณใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใใผใฉใใณ่ชๅฐ
ไฝใ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ1033189ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใในใซใใชใข
ใซใญใซๅใผใฉใใณใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ3312553ๅทใซ่จ่ผใ
ใใใผใฉใใณใฎใใชใชใญใทใขใซใญใฌใณ่ชๅฐไฝใช
ใฉ๏ผใผใฉใใณใฎ้ซๅๅญใฐใฉใใๅ็ฉใใใจใใฐใข
ใฏใชใซ้ ธใใกใฟใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใใใใใฎไธไพกใพใใฏ
ๅคไพกใขใซใณใผใซใจใฎใจในใใซใๅใใใขใใใใข
ใฏใชใซ๏ผใพใใฏใกใฟใขใฏใชใซ๏ผใใใชใซใในใใฌ
ใณใใฎไปใฎใใใซ็ณปใขใใใผใฎๅ็ฌใพใใฏ็ตๅใ
ใใผใฉใใณใซใฐใฉใใๅใใใใใฎ๏ผๅๆ่ฆชๆฐดๆง
้ซๅๅญ็ฉ่ณชใใใจใใฐใใใซใขใซใณใผใซใ๏ผฎโใ
ใใซใใญใชใใณใใใใญใญใทใขใซใญใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใข
ใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใซใขใใใ๏ผฎ็ฝฎๆ
๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใซใขใใ็ญใฎๅ้ไฝใๆๅใจใใ
ใใขใใชใใผใใใใฏใใใ็ธไบใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใ
ใใใจ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใจในใใซใ้ ข้ ธใใ
ใซใในใใฌใณใชใฉใจใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใไธ่จใฎใใใใ
ใจ็กๆฐดใใฌใคใณ้ ธใใใฌใขใใณ้ ธใชใฉใจใฎๅ ฑ้ๅ
ไฝใชใฉ๏ผใผใฉใใณไปฅๅคใฎๅคฉ็ถ่ฆชๆฐดๆง้ซๅๅญ็ฉ่ณชใ
ใใจใใฐใซใผใคใณใๅฏๅคฉใใขใซใฎใณ้ ธๅค็ณ้ก็ญใ
ๅ็ฌใใใใฏๆททๅใใฆ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญ
ใๅซใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ไนณๅคใฏใ็ฎ็ใซๅฟใใฆ้
ๅธธ็จใใใใ็จฎใ ใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใๅซใใใจใใงใใใ
ใใใใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใขใพใผใซ้กๅใฏ
ใคใใใพใผใซ้กใใใจใใฐใใณใพใใขใพใชใฆใ
ๅกฉใใใใญใคใณใใพใผใซ้กใใใใญใใณใบใคใใ
ใพใผใซ้กใใฏใญใญใใณใบใคใใใพใผใซ้กใใใญใข
ใใณใบใคใใใพใผใซ้กใใกใซใซใใใใขใพใผใซ
้กใใกใซใซใใใใณใบใใขใพใผใซ้กใใกใซใซใใ
ใใณใบใคใใใพใผใซ้กใใกใซใซใใใใขใธใขใพใผ
ใซ้ก๏ผใใชใขใพใผใซ้กใไพใใฐใขใใใใชใขใพใผ
ใซ้กใใใณใพใใชใขใพใผใซ้กใใใใญใใณใพใใช
ใขใพใผใซ้ก๏ผใใใฉใพใผใซ้กใไพใใฐใกใซใซใใ
ใใใฉใพใผใซ้ก๏ผ็นใซ๏ผโใใจใใซโ๏ผโใกใซใซ
ใใใใใฉใพใผใซ๏ผใชใฉ๏ผใกใซใซใใใใชใใธใณ
้ก๏ผใกใซใซใใใใชใขใธใณ้กใใใจใใฐใชใญใตใพ
ใชใณใใชใณใฎใใใชใใชใฑใๅๅ็ฉ๏ผใขใถใคใณใ
ใณ้กใใใจใใฐใใชใขใถใคใณใใณ้กใใใใฉใขใถ
ใคใณใใณ้ก๏ผ็นใซ๏ผโใใใญใญใท็ฝฎๆ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
3a๏ผ๏ผ๏ผใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ้ก๏ผใใใณใฟใขใถใค
ใณใใณ้กใชใฉ๏ผใใณใผใณใใชในใซใใชใณ้ ธใใใณ
ใผใณในใซใใคใณ้ ธใใใณใผใณในใซใใชใณ้ ธใขใ
ใใใคใใใพใชใฆใ ๅกฉใใใใฉใพใชใฆใ ๅกฉใใใช
ใใใญใญใทๅๅ็ฉ็ญใฎๅฎๅฎๅคใใซใใช้ฒๆญขๅคใๅซ
ใไบใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅไนณๅคใ็จใใๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใซใฏใๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใใฎไปใฎ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑค
ใซ็กๆฉใพใใฏๆๆฉใฎ็กฌ่ๅคใๅซๆใใฆใใใไพใ
ใฐใฏใญใ ๅกฉ๏ผใฏใญใ ๆใฐใใ้ ข้ ธใฏใญใ ใชใฉ๏ผใ
ใขใซใใใ้ก๏ผใใซใ ใขใซใใใใใฐใชใชใญใตใผ
ใซใใฐใซใฟใผใซใขใซใใใใชใฉ๏ผใ๏ผฎโใกใใญใผ
ใซๅๅ็ฉ๏ผใธใกใใญใผใซๅฐฟ็ด ใใกใใญใผใซใธใกใ
ใซใใใณใใคใณใชใฉ๏ผใใธใชใญใตใณ่ชๅฐไฝ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใธใใใญใญใทใธใชใญใตใณใชใฉ๏ผใๆดปๆงใใใซ
ๅๅ็ฉ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใชใขใฏใชใญใคใซโใใญใต
ใใใญโ๏ผณโใใชใขใธใณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใใซในใซใ
ใใซโ๏ผโใใญใใใผใซใชใฉ๏ผใๆดปๆงใใญใฒใณๅ
ๅ็ฉ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใฏใญใซโ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผณโ
ใใชใขใธใณใชใฉ๏ผใใ ใณใใญใฒใณ้ ธ้ก๏ผใ ใณใฏใญ
ใซ้ ธใใ ใณใใจใใญใทใฏใญใซ้ ธใชใฉ๏ผใชใฉใๅ็ฌ
ใพใใฏ็ต็ซใใฆ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅไนณๅคใ็จใใๅ็ๆๅ
ๅคใซใฏใๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใใฎไปใฎ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑคใซ
ๅฏธๅบฆๅฎๅฎๆงใฎๆน่ฏใชใฉใฎ็ฎ็ใงใๆฐดใซไธๆบถๆงใพใ
ใฏ้ฃๆบถๆงใฎๅๆใใชใใผใฎๅๆฃ็ฉใๅซใใใจใใง
ใใใใใจใใฐใขใซใญใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ
ใขใซใณใญใทใขใซใญใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใฐใช
ใทใธใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใซ
ใขใใใใใใซใจในใใซ๏ผใใจใใฐ้ ข้ ธใใใซ๏ผใ
ใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใใชใฌใใคใณใในใใฌใณใชใฉใฎ
ๅ็ฌใใใใฏ็ตๅใใใพใใฏใใใใจใขใฏใชใซ
้ ธใใกใฟใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใฮฑ๏ผฮฒโไธ้ฃฝๅใธใซใซใใณ
้ ธใใใใญใญใทใขใซใญใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ
ในใซใใชใขใซใญใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใฌใผใใในใใฌ
ใณในใซใใชใณ้ ธใชใฉใจใฎ็ตๅใใๅ้ไฝๆๅใจใ
ใใใชใใผใ็จใใไบใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฏใๅฟ
่ฆใซๅฟใใฆใใใณใธใซใขใซใณใผใซใใใชใชใญใทใจ
ใใฌใณ็ณปๅๅ็ฉ็ญใฎ็พๅไฟ้ฒๅค๏ผใฏใญใใณ็ณปใใฏ
ใฉใใณ็ณปใใในใใจใใผใซ็ณปใไบใชใณ้ ธใจในใใซ
็ณปใฎ็ปๅๅฎๅฎๅค๏ผใฏใใฏในใ้ซ็ด่่ช้ ธใฎใฐใชใป
ใฉใคใใ้ซ็ด่่ช้ ธใฎ้ซ็ดใขใซใณใผใซใจในใใซ็ญ
ใฎๆฝคๆปๅคใ็พๅ่ชฟ็ฏๅคใ็พๅไธป่ฌใๅฏๅกๅคใๆผ็ฝ
ๅคใๅซใใงใใฆใใใๅซๆใใใฆใใ็้ขๆดปๆงๅค
ใจใใฆๅกๅธๅฉๅคใๅฆ็ๆถฒ็ญใซๅฏพใใๆตธ้ๆงใฎๆน่ฏ
ๅคใๆถๆณกๅคใใใใฏๆๅ ๆๆใฎ็จฎใ ใฎ็ฉ็็ๆง่ณช
ใฎใณใณใใญใผใซใฎใใใฎ็ด ๆใจใใฆใใขใใชใณ
ๅใใซใใชใณๅใ้ใคใชใณๅใใใใฏไธกๆงใฎๅ็จฎ
ใฎใใฎใไฝฟ็จใงใใใๅธฏ้ป้ฒๆญขๅคใจใใฆใฏใใธใข
ใปใใซใปใซใญใผในใในใใฌใณใใผใใซใชใญใขใซใญ
ใซใฝใธใฆใ ใใฌใจใผใๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใในใใฌใณโ็กๆฐด
ใใฌใคใณ้ ธๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใจ๏ฝโใขใใใใณใผใณในใซใ
ใณ้ ธใจใฎๅๅฟ็ฉใฎใขใซใซใชๅกฉ็ญใๆๅนใงใใใใ
ใใๅคใจใใฆใฏใใชใกใฟใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใกใใซใใใช
ในใใฌใณใใใณใขใซใซใชๅฏๆบถๆงใใชใใผใชใฉใๆ
ใใใใใใพใใใใซใณใญใคใ็ถ้ ธๅ็ช็ด ใฎไฝฟ็จ
ใๅฏ่ฝใงใใใใพใ่็ฉๆงใๅไธใใใใใซๆทปๅ
ใใใฉใใใฏในใจใใฆใฏใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใจในใใซใใ
ใใซใจในใใซ็ญใจไปใฎใจใใฌใณๅบใๆใคๅ้ไฝใจ
ใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใๆใใใใจใใงใใใใผใฉใใณๅฏๅก
ๅคใจใใฆใฏใฐใชใปใชใณใใฐใชใณใผใซ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใๆ
ใใใใจใใงใใๅข็ฒๅคใจใใฆใฏในใใฌใณโใใฌ
ใคใณ้ ธใฝใผใๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใขใซใญใซใใใซใจใผใใซ
โใใฌใคใณ้ ธๅ ฑ้ๅไฝ็ญใๆใใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใๆใใไนณๅคใฏใๅฐ
ใชใใจใ๏ผ็จฎใฎๅนณๅ็ฒ็ณปใ็ฐใชใๆๅบฆใฎ็ฐใชใไนณ
ๅคใๆททๅใใใใจใซใใคใฆใใใใใฏ่คๅฑคๅกๅธใ
ใใใจใซใใคใฆ่ฑใใชใฉใใใฆใผใใๆใใใใจ
ใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅค
ใฏใ็ฝ้ปไธ่ฌ็จใ๏ผธใฌใค็จใใซใฉใผ็จใ่ตคๅค็จใ
ใใคใฏใญ็จใ้่ฒ็ด ๆผ็ฝๆณ็จใๅ่ปข็จใๆกๆฃ่ปขๅ
ๆณ็จใ้ซใณใณใใฉในใ็จใใใชใใตใผใขใฐใฉใใค
ใผ็จใ็ฑ็พๅๆๆ็จ็ญใฎ็จฎใ ใฎ็จ้ใฎๅ็ๆๅ ๆ
ๆใซๆๅนใซ้ฉ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใ็นใซ้ซๆๅบฆ
ใฎใใใผๆๆใซ้ฉใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅค
ใใซใฉใผ็จใฎๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใซ้ฉ็จใใใซใฏใ่ตคๆ
ๆงใ็ทๆๆงใใใณ้ๆๆงใซ่ชฟ็ฏใใใๆฌ็บๆใฎไธ
่จ็ตๆถใๅซใไนณๅคใซใทใขใณใใใผใณใฟใใใณใคใจ
ใญใผใซใใฉใผใ็ตๅใใฆๅซๆใใใใ็ญใซใฉใผ็จ
ๆๅ ๆๆใซไฝฟ็จใใใๆๆณใใใณ็ด ๆใๅ ๅฝใใ
ใฐใใใไพใใฐใใใผใณใฟใซใใฉใผใจใใฆใ๏ผโ
ใใฉใพใญใณใซใใฉใผใใใฉใพใญใใณใใคใใใพใผ
ใซใซใใฉใผใใใฉใพใญใใชใขใพใผใซใซใใฉใผใใท
ใขใใขใปใใซใฏใใญใณใซใใฉใผใ้้ใขใทใซใขใป
ใใใใชใซใซใใฉใผ็ญใใใใใคใจใญใผใซใใฉใผ
ใจใใฆใใขใทใซใขใปใใขใใใซใใฉใผ๏ผไพใใฐใ
ใณใพใคใซใขใปใใขใใชใ้กใใใใญใคใซใขใปใใข
ใใชใ้ก๏ผ็ญใใใใใทใขใณใซใใฉใผใจใใฆใใ
ใใใผใซใซใใฉใผใใใใณใใจใใผใซใซใใฉใผใ
็ญใใใใใใใใฎใซใใฉใผใฏๅๅญไธญใซใใฉในใ
ๅบใจใใฐใใ็ๆฐดๅบใๆใใ้ๆกๆฃใฎใใฎใๆใพ
ใใใใซใใฉใผใฏ้ใคใชใณใซๅฏพใ๏ผๅฝ้ๆงใใใ
ใฏ๏ผๅฝ้ๆงใฎใฉใกใใงใใใใใพใ่ฒ่ฃๆญฃใฎๅนๆ
ใใใคใซใฉใผใใซใใฉใผใใใใใฏ็พๅใซใจใใช
ใคใฆ็พๅๆๅถๅคใๆพๅบใใใซใใฉใผ๏ผ็กๅ่ฒDIR
ใซใใฉใผ๏ผใงใใคใฆใใใใใพใDIRใซใใฉใผไปฅ
ๅคใซใใใซใใใชใณใฐๅๅฟใฎ็ๆ็ฉใ็ก่ฒใงใใค
ใฆ็พๅๆๅถๅคใๆพๅบใใ็กๅ่ฒDIRใซใใใชใณใฐ
ๅๅ็ฉใๅซใใงใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใๅฎๆฝใใใซ้ใใฆไธ่จใฎๅ ฌ็ฅใฎ้่ฒ้ฒ
ๆญขๅคใไฝต็จใใใใจใใงใใ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅคใๅ็ฌใพ
ใใฏ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธไฝต็จใใใใจใใงใใใๅ ฌ็ฅใฎ้่ฒ
้ฒๆญขๅคใจใใฆใฏใใใคใใญใญใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใๆฒก้ฃๅญ
้ ธ่ชๅฐไฝใ๏ฝโใขใซใณใญใทใใจใใผใซ้กใ๏ฝโใช
ใญใทใใจใใผใซ่ชๅฐไฝๅใณใในใใจใใผใซ้ก็ญใ
ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆๅ ๆๆใซใฏ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑคใซ็ดซๅค
็ทๅธๅๅคใๅซใใงใใใใใจใใฐใขใชใผใซๅบใง็ฝฎ
ๆใใใใใณใพใใชใขใพใผใซๅๅ็ฉใ๏ผโใใขใพ
ใชใใณๅๅ็ฉใใใณใพใใจใใณๅๅ็ฉใๆก็ฎ้ ธใจ
ในใใซๅๅ็ฉใใใฟใธใจใณๅๅ็ฉใใใณใพใชใญใต
ใพใผใซๅๅ็ฉใใใใซ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๆงใฎใใชใใผใช
ใฉใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใใใใฎ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค
ใฏไธ่จ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑคไธญใซๅบๅฎใใใฆใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆๅ ๆๆใซใฏ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑคใซใใค
ใซใฟใผๆๆใจใใฆใใใใใฏใคใฉใธใจใผใทใจใณ้ฒ
ๆญขใใฎไป็จฎใ ใฎ็ฎ็ใงใๆฐดๆบถๆงๆๆใๅซๆใใฆใ
ใใใใฎใใใชๆๆใซใฏใชใญใฝใใผใซๆๆใใใ
ใชใญใฝใใผใซๆๆใในใใชใซๆๆใใกใญใทใขใใณ
ๆๆใใทใขใใณๆๆๅใณใขใพๆๆใๅ ๅซใใใใ
ไธญใงใใชใญใฝใใผใซๆๆใใใใชใญใฝใใผใซๆๆ
ๅใณใกใญใทใขใใณๆๆใๆ็จใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆๅ ๆๆใฏ่ฒใซใใช้ฒๆญขๅคใจใใฆใใค
ใใญใญใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใใขใใณใใจใใผใซ่ชๅฐไฝใๆฒก
้ฃๅญ้ ธ่ชๅฐไฝใใขในใณใซใใณ้ ธ่ชๅฐไฝใชใฉใๅซๆ
ใใฆใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฏๆฏๆไฝไธใซๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใคใฎ็ฐใชใๅ
ๅ ๆๅบฆใๆใใๅคๅฑคๅค่ฒๅ็ๆๆใซใ้ฉ็จใงใ
ใใๅคๅฑคๅคฉ็ถ่ฒๅ็ๆๆใฏใ้ๅธธๆฏๆไฝไธใซ่ตคๆ
ๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใ็ทๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใใใใณ้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใ
ๅใ ๅฐใชใใจใไธใคๆใใใใใใใฎๅฑคใฎ้ ๅบใฏ
ๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆไปปๆใซใใในใใ่ตคๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใซใท
ใขใณๅฝขๆใซใใฉใผใใ็ทๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใซใใผใณใฟๅฝข
ๆใซใใฉใผใใ้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใซใคใจใญใผๅฝขๆใซใ
ใฉใผใใใใใๅซใใฎใ้ๅธธใงใใใใๅ ดๅใซใ
ใ็ฐใชใ็ตๅใใใจใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใซใใใฆใๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใ
ใฎไปใฎ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑคใฏๅ ฌ็ฅใฎ็จฎใ ใฎๅกๅธๆณใซ
ใใๆฏๆไฝไธใพใใฏไปใฎๅฑคใฎไธใซๅกๅธใงใใใๅก
ๅธใซใฏใใใคใใๅกๅธๆณใใญใผใฉใผๅกๅธๆณใใซใผ
ใใณๅกๅธๆณใๆผๅบใๅกๅธๆณใชใฉใ็จใใใใจใใง
ใใใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ2681294ๅทใๅ2761791ๅทใๅ
3526528ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎๆนๆณใฏๆๅฉใชๆนๆณใงใใใ ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๆฏๆไฝใจใใฆใฏใใใจใใฐใใ
ใฉใคใฟ็ดใใใชใจใใฌใณ่ขซ่ฆ็ดใใใชใใญใใฌใณ
ๅๆ็ดใใฌใฉในใใปใซใญใผในใขใปใใผใใใปใซใญ
ใผในใใคใใฌใผใใใใชใใใซใขใปใฟใผใซใใใช
ใใญใใฌใณใใใจใใฐใใชใจใใฌใณใใฌใใฟใฌใผ
ใ็ญใฎใใชใจในใใซใใคใซใ ใใใชในใใฌใณ็ญใฎ
้ๅธธ็จใใใใใใฎใใใใใใฎๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎ
ไฝฟ็จ็ฎ็ใซๅฟใใฆ้ฉๅฎ้ธๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎๆฏๆไฝใฏๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆไธๅผๅ ๅทฅใๆฝใ
ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅค
ใๆใใๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฏ้ฒๅ ๅพ้ๅธธ็จใใใใๅ ฌ
็ฅใฎๆนๆณใซใใ็พๅๅฆ็ใใใใจใใงใใใ ้ป็ฝ็พๅๆถฒใฏใใใใญใญใทใใณใผใณ้กใใขใใ
ใใจใใผใซ้กใใขใใใใณใผใณ้ก็ญใฎ็พๅไธป่ฌใ
ๅซใใขใซใซใชๆบถๆถฒใงใใใใใฎไปใขใซใซใช้ๅฑๅกฉ
ใฎไบ็กซ้ ธๅกฉใ็ญ้ ธๅกฉใ้ไบ็กซ้ ธๅกฉใ่ญๅ็ฉใใใณ
ๆฒๅ็ฉ็ญใๅซใใใจใใงใใใใพใ่ฉฒๅ็ๆๅ ๆ
ๆใใซใฉใผ็จใฎๅ ดๅใซใฏ้ๅธธ็จใใใใ็บ่ฒ็พๅ
ๆณใง็บ่ฒ็พๅใใใใจใใงใใใๅ่ปขๆณใงใฏใพใ
้ป็ฝใใฌ็พๅๆถฒใง็พๅใใๆฌกใใง็ฝ่ฒ้ฒๅ ใไธใ
ใใใใใใใฏใซใใชๅคใๅซๆใใๆตดใงๅฆ็ใใ
ใใใซ็บ่ฒ็พๅไธป่ฌใๅซใใขใซใซใช็พๅๆถฒใง็บ่ฒ
็พๅใใใๅฆ็ๆนๆณใซใคใใฆใฏ็นใซๅถ้ใฏใชใใ
ใใใใๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ้ฉ็จใงใใใใใใจใใฐใใฎ
ไปฃ่กจ็ใชใใฎใจใใฆใฏใ็บ่ฒ็พๅๅพใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๅฆ
็ใ่กใชใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใใใใซๆฐดๆดใๅฎๅฎๅฆ็ใ
่กใชใๆนๅผใใใใฏ็บ่ฒ็พๅๅพใๆผ็ฝใจๅฎ็ๅ้ข
ใใฆ่กใชใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใใใใซๆฐดๆดใๅฎๅฎๅฆ็ใ
่กใชใๆนๅผใ้ฉ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒ
ใฏใไธ่ฌใซ็บ่ฒ็พๅไธป่ฌใๅซใใขใซใซใชๆงๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ
ใใๆใใ็บ่ฒ็พๅไธป่ฌใฏๅ ฌ็ฅใฎไธ็ด่ณ้ฆๆใขใ
ใณ็พๅๅคใไพใใฐใใจใใฌใณใธใขใใ้ก๏ผไพใใฐ
๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผฎ๏ผ๏ผฎโใธใจใใซใขใใชใณใ๏ผโใก
ใใซโ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผฎ๏ผ๏ผฎโใธใจใใซใขใใชใณใ
๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผฎโใจใใซโ๏ผฎโฮฒโใใใญใญใทใจ
ใใซใขใใชใณใ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผฎโใจ
ใใซโ๏ผฎโฮฒโใใใญใญใทใจใใซใขใใชใณใ๏ผโ
ใกใใซโ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผฎโใจใใซโ๏ผฎโฮฒโใกใฟ
ใณในใซใใขใใใจใใซใขใใชใณใ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผ
โใกใใซโ๏ผฎโใจใใซโ๏ผฎโฮฒโใกใใญใทใจใใซ
ใขใใชใณใใชใฉ๏ผใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใฎไปใใจใซใปใจใใปใจใคใปใใฝใณ๏ผL.F.A.
Mason๏ผ่ใใชใใฐใฉใใคใใฏใปใใญใปใทใณ
ใฐใปใฑใในใใช๏ผPhotographic Processing
Chemistry๏ผ๏ผ๏ผใใชใผใซใซใปใใฌใน๏ผFocal
Press๏ผๅใ1966ๅนด๏ผใฎ226ใ229้ ใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ
2193015ๅทใๅ2592364ๅทใ็น้ๆญ48โ64933ๅทใช
ใฉใซ่จ่ผใฎใใฎใ็จใใฆใใใ ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒใฏใใฎใปใpH็ทฉ่กๆใ็พๅๆๅถๅค
ใชใใใซใใช้ฒๆญขๅคใชใฉใๅซใใใจใใงใใใใพ
ใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆใ็กฌๆฐด่ปๅๅคใไฟๆๅคใๆๆฉๆบถ
ๅคใ็พๅไฟ้ฒๅคใ่ฒ็ด ๅฝขๆใซใใฉใผใ็ซถไบใซใใฉ
ใผใใใถใใๅคใ่ฃๅฉ็พๅ่ฌใ็ฒๆงไปไธๅคใใใช
ใซใซใใณ้ ธ็ณปใญใฌใผใๅคใ้ ธๅ้ฒๆญขๅคใชใฉใๅซใ
ใงใใใใ ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒใฎๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใฏ้ๅธธใๆผ็ฝๅฆ็ใใ
ใใๆผ็ฝๅฆ็ใฏๅฎ็ๅฆ็ใจๅๆใซ่กใชใใใฆใใ
ใใใๅๅฅใซ่กใชใใใฆใใใใๆผ็ฝๅคใจใใฆใฏ
้๏ผ๏ผใใณใใซใ๏ผ๏ผใใฏใญใ ๏ผ๏ผใ้ ๏ผ๏ผ
ใชใฉใฎๅคไพก้ๅฑใฎๅๅ็ฉใ้้ ธ้กใใญใใณ้กใใ
ใใญใฝๅๅ็ฉใชใฉใ็จใใใใใ ๆผ็ฝใพใใฏๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใซใฏใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ3042520
ๅทใๅ3241966ๅทใ็นๅ ฌๆญ45โ8506ๅทใ็นๅ ฌๆญ45
โ8836ๅทใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใฎๆผ็ฝไฟ้ฒๅคใ็น้ๆญ53โ
65732ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใใชใผใซๅๅ็ฉใฎไปใ็จฎใ ใฎๆทป
ๅ ๅคใๅ ใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌกใซใๆฌ็บๆใซใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎ่ฃฝ้ ไพ
ใๅ ทไฝ็ใซ่ชฌๆใใใ ่ฃฝ้ ไพ ๏ผ (1-1) ๅ ้จๆ ธใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๏ผ ไปฅไธใซ็คบใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ็จใใฆใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใฎ
ใจใฆๅ้ใๅซๆใใใจใฆ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคEMโ๏ผใ่ฃฝ
้ ใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 39.7g ่ธ็ๆฐด 3936ml ใใชใคใฝใใญใใฌใณโใใชใจใใฌใณใชใญใทโใธ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใจในใใซใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ10๏ผ ใจใฟใใผใซ
ๆบถๆถฒ 35.4ml ็กซ้ ธใใฐใใทใฆใ 3.6g ๏ผ๏ผ ็ก้ ธ 75.6ml ่ญๅใซใชใฆใ 2.06g ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 35.4g ่ญๅใซใชใฆใ 807g ใจใฆๅใซใชใฆใ 47g ใใชใคใฝใใญใใฌใณโใใชใจใใฌใณใชใญใทโใธ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใจในใใซใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ10๏ผ ใจใฟใใผใซ
ๆบถๆถฒ 35.4ml ่ธ็ๆฐด 1432ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ ็ก้ ธ้ 1200g ๏ผ๏ผ ็ก้ ธ 62ml ่ธ็ๆฐด 1467ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผ๏ผ 25๏ผ KBrๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ pAg่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผจโ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผ๏ผ ็ก้ ธ PH่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฉโ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผ๏ผ ็ญ้ ธใใใชใฆใ ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ PH่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ 40โใซใใใฆใ็น้ๆญ57โ92523ๅทใๅ57โ
92524ๅทใซ็คบใใใๆททๅๆชๆๅจใ็จใใฆๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ
๏ผใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใจ๏ผขโ๏ผใจใๅๆๆททๅๆณใซใใคใฆ
ๆทปๅ ใใใๅๆๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผขโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฏ่กจโ๏ผใซ็คบใใใใซๅถๅพก
ใใใpAgๅใณPHใฎๅถๅพกใฏๆต้ๅฏๅคใญใผใฉใผใใฆ
ใผใใใณใใซใใใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใจๆบถๆถฒ๏ผจโ๏ผใฎๆต
้ใๅคใใใใจใซใใคใฆ่กใชใคใใ ๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ็ตไบ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฉโ๏ผใซใ
ใคใฆPHใ5.5ใซ่ชฟ็ฏใใใ ๆฌกใซใๅธธๆณใซใใ่ฑๅกฉๆฐดๆดใ่กใชใใใชใปใคใณ
ใผใฉใใณ125gใๅซใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒไธญใซๅๆฃใใใฎใกใ
่ธ็ๆฐดใง็ท้ใ4800mlใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ้ปๅญ้กๅพฎ้ก่ฆณๅฏใซใใคใฆใใใฎไนณๅคใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ
0.09ฮผmใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใใจใใใใคใใๅฐใ
ใใใงใใ็ฒๅพใจใฏใ็ฒๅญใฎไฝ็ฉใไฝ็ฉใฎ็ญใใ
็ซๆนไฝใซๆ็ฎใใใจใใฎ่พบ้ทใงใใคใฆใไปฅไธใฎ่จ
่ผใซใใใฆใๅๆงใงใใใ
ใฉใใญใใ๏ผP.Glafkides๏ผ่ใทใใจใปใใคใธ
ใฏใปใใชใใฐใฉใใคใฏ๏ผChimie et Physique.
Photographique๏ผ๏ผใใซใปใขใณใใซ๏ผPaul
Montel๏ผ็คพๅใ1967ๅนด๏ผใใธใผใปใจใใปใใใคใณ
๏ผG.F.Duffin๏ผ่ใใชใใฐใฉใใคใฏใปใคใใซใธใจ
ใณใปใฑใในใใช๏ผPhotographic Emulsion
Chemistry๏ผ๏ผใถใปใใชใผใซใซใปใใฌใน๏ผThe
Focal Press๏ผๅใ1966ๅนด๏ผใใดใคใปใจใซใปใผใช
ใฏใใณ๏ผV.L.Zelikman๏ผใปใ่ใกใคใญใณใฐใปใข
ใณใใปใณใผใใคใณใฐใปใใชใใฐใฉใใคใฏใปใคใใซ
ใธใจใณ๏ผMaking and Coating Photographic
Emulsion๏ผ๏ผใถใปใใชใผใซใซใปใใฌใน๏ผ๏ผThe
Focal Press๏ผๅใ1964ๅนด๏ผใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใใใๆน
ๆณใ็จใใฆ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใใจใใงใใใใใชใใกใ้ ธ
ๆงๆณใไธญๆงๆณใใขใณใขใใขๆณ็ญใฎใใใใงใใ
ใใใพใๅฏๆบถๆง้ๅกฉใจๅฏๆบถๆงใใญใฒใณๅกฉใๅๅฟใ
ใใๅฝขๅผใจใใฆใฏ็ๅดๆททๅๆณใๅๆๆททๅๆณใใใ
ใใฎ็ตๅใใชใฉใฎใใใใ็จใใฆใใใใ ็ฒๅญใ้ใคใชใณ้ๅฐใฎไธใซใใใฆๅฝขๆใใใๆน
ๆณ๏ผใใใใ้ๆททๅๆณ๏ผใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ
ๅๆๆททๅๆณใฎไธใคใฎๅฝขๅผใจใใฆใใญใฒใณๅ้ใฎ็
ๆใใใๆถฒ็ธไธญใฎpAgใไธๅฎใซไฟใคๆนๆณใใใชใ
ใกใใใใใณใณใใญใผใซใใปใใใซใธใจใใๆณใ
็จใใใใจใใงใใใใใฎๆนๆณใซใใใจใ็ตๆถๅฝข
ใ่ฆๅ็ใง็ฒๅญใตใคใบใๅไธใซ่ฟใใใญใฒใณๅ้
ไนณๅคใๅพใใใใ ๅฅใ ใซๅฝขๆใใ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใ
ๆททๅใใฆ็จใใฆใใใใใใฟใใซใธใจใใๆณใใ
ใใฏใณใณใใญใผใซใใปใใใซใธใจใใๆณใ็จใใ
ใฎใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅ ้จๆ ธใ่ชฟ่ฃฝใใใจใใฎpAgใจใใฆใฏใๅๅฟๆธฉ
ๅบฆใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๆบถๅคใฎ็จฎ้กใซใใคใฆๅคๅใใ
ใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ๏ผใ11ใงใใใใพใใใใญใฒใณๅ
้ๆบถๅคใ็จใใใจ็ฒๅญๅฝขๆๆ้ใ็ญๆ้ใซ่กใใ
ใใฎใงๅฅฝใพใใใไพใใฐใขใณใขใใขใใใชใจใผใ
ใซใชใฉไธ่ฌใซใใ็ฅใใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๆบถๅคใ็จ
ใใใใจใใงใใใ ๅ ้จๆ ธใฎๅฝข็ถใจใใฆใฏๆฟ็ถใ็็ถใๅ็ต็ณปใงใ
ใคใฆใใใใใพใใๅ ซ้ขไฝใ็ซๆนไฝใ14้ขไฝใใ
ใใฏๆททๅ็ณปใชใฉใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ใพใใ็ฒๅญใตใคใบใๅไธใซใใใซใฏใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ
1535016ๅทใ็นๅ ฌๆญ48โ36890ใๅ52โ16364ๅทใซ
่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซใ็ก้ ธ้ใใใญใฒใณๅใขใซ
ใซใชๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใ็ฒๅญๆ้ท้ๅบฆใซๅฟใใฆๅค
ๅใใใๆนๆณใใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ4242445ๅทใ็น้ๆญ55
โ158124ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใซๆฐดๆบถๆถฒๆฟๅบฆใ
ๅคๅใใใๆนๆณใ็จใใฆ่จ็้ฃฝๅๅบฆใ่ถใใชใ็ฏ
ๅฒใซใใใฆๆฉใๆ้ทใใใใใจใๅฅฝใพใใใใใ
ใใฎๆนๆณใฏใๅๆ ธ็บ็ใ่ตทใใใใๅใใญใฒใณๅ
้็ฒๅญใๅไธใซ่ขซ่ฆใใใฆใใใใใไปปๆๆฎปใ้ซ
ๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใๅๅคๆฎปใๅฐๅ ฅใใๅ ดๅใซใๅฅฝใพ
ใใ็จใใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจๅ ้จๆฎป
ใฎไธญ้ใซใฏใๅฟ ่ฆใซใใๅไธๅใฏ่คๆฐใฎไปปๆๆฎปใ
่จญใใไบใใงใใใใใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฏใๅฝขๆใใๅ
้จๆ ธใใใใฏไปปๆๆฎปใไปไธใใๅ ้จๆฎปใซ่ฑๅกฉๅทฅ็จ
ใๅฟ ่ฆใซใใใปใฉใใใๅพใซ้ๅธธใฎใใญใฒใณ็ฝฎๆ
ๆณใใใญใฒใณๅ้ใ่ขซ่ฆใใๆนๆณใชใฉใซใใคใฆ่จญ
ใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใญใฒใณ็ฝฎๆๆณใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐๅ ้จๆ ธใๅฝขๆ
ใใใๅพใซใไธปใจใใฆใจใผใๅๅ็ฉ๏ผๅฅฝใพใใใฏ
ใจใผใใซใชใฆใ ๏ผใใใชใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ
ๆฟๅบฆ10๏ผ ไปฅไธใฎๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใๆทปๅ ใใใใจใซใใคใฆ่ก
ใชใใใจใใงใใใ่ฉณใใใฏใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ2592250
ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใๅ4075020ๅทๆ็ดฐๆธใ็น้ๆญ55โ
127549ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใใใๆนๆณใซใใคใฆ่กใช
ใใใจใใงใใใใใฎใจใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎ็ฒๅญ้ใจ
ใผใๅๅธๅทฎใๅฐใชใใใใใซใฏใใจใผใๅๅ็ฉๆฐด
ๆบถๆถฒใฎๆฟๅบฆใ10-2ใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธใซใใฆ10ๅไปฅไธใใ
ใฆๆทปๅ ใใใฎใๆใพใใใ ใพใใๅ ้จๆ ธไธใซใใญใฒใณๅ้ใๆฐใใซ่ขซ่ฆใ
ใๆนๆณใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใใใญใฒใณๅ็ฉๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใจ
็ก้ ธ้ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใจใๅๆใซๆทปๅ ใใใใจใคใพใใๅ
ๆๆททๅๆณใใณใณใใญใผใซใใใซใธใจใใๆณใซใใค
ใฆ่กใชใใใจใใงใใใ่ฉณใใใฏใ็น้ๆญ53โ
22408ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็นๅ ฌๆญ43โ13162ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใ็น้ๆญ58
โ14829ๅทๅ ฌๅ ฑใใธใจใคใปใใชใใปใตใคใจใณใน
๏ผJ.Photo.Sci.๏ผ24198๏ผ1976๏ผใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใใใๆน
ๆณใซใใคใฆ่กใชใใใจใใงใใใ ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใๅฝขๆใใใจใใฎpAgใจใใฆใฏใๅๅฟ
ๆธฉๅบฆใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๆบถๅคใฎ็จฎ้กใป้ใซใใคใฆๅคๅ
ใใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏใๅ่ฟฐใใๅ ้จๆ ธใฎใใฎใๅๆ
ใซ็จใใใใใๆบถๅชใจใใฆใขใณใขใใขใ็จใใๅ ด
ๅใฏ๏ผใ11ใๅฅฝใพใใใ ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใๅฝขๆใใๆนๆณใจใใฏใๅๆๆททๅๆณใพ
ใใฏใใณใณใใญใผใซใใใใซใธใจใใๆณใใใๅฅฝ
ใพใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎไธญ้ๆฎปใฏใ้ซๆฒๅบฆ
ๆฎปใ่กจ้ขใซๆใใใใใใใฏๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆๅไธๅ
ใฏ่คๆฐใฎไปปๆๆฎปใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปไธใซๆใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใ
ๅ ้จใๅซใ็ฒๅญใฎๅคๅดใซใๆดใซใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎใใญ
ใฒใณ็ตๆใจใฏ็ฐใชใคใใใญใฒใณ็ตๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ
้ใๅๆๆททๅๆณใพใใฏใณใณใใญใผใซใใใใซใธใจ
ใใๆณใซใใคใฆ่ขซ่ฆใใๆนๆณใชใฉใซใใคใฆ่จญใใ
ใใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎๆนๆณใซใคใใฆใฏใๅ่ฟฐใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใ
่จญใใๆนๆณใๅๆงใซ็จใใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๆๅคๆฎปใฏใไธญ้ๆฎป
ใ่กจ้ขใซๆใใใใใใฏๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆๅไธๅใฏ่ค
ๆฐใฎไปปๆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใฎไธใซๆใใไธญ้ๆฎปใ้ซๆฒๅบฆ
ๆฎปใๅ ้จๆ ธใๅซใ็ฒๅญใฎๅคๅดใซใๆดใซ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปๅ
ใณไธญ้ๆฎปใฎใใญใฒใณ็ตๆใจใฏ็ฐใชใคใใใญใฒใณ็ต
ๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้ใๅๆๆททๅๆณใพใใฏใณใณใใญใผ
ใซใใใใซใธใจใใๆณใซใใคใฆ่ขซ่ฆใใๆนๆณใชใฉ
ใซใใคใฆ่จญใใไบใใงใใใ ใใใใฎๆนๆณใซใคใใฆใฏใๅ่ฟฐใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใ่จญ
ใใๆนๆณใๅๆงใซ็จใใใใใ ไปปๆๆฎปใฏๅ ้จๆ ธใจ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจไธญ้
ๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใจๆๅคๆฎปใฎ้ใซๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆๅใ ๏ผๅฑค
ใใใใฏ่คๆฐๅฑค่จญใใไบใใงใใใใ็นๅฅใซ่จญใ
ใชใใฆใ่ฏใใใใใใฎไปปๆๆฎปใฏๅ่ฟฐใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎป
ใ่จญใใๆนๆณใๅๆงใซ็จใใใใใๅ ้จๆ ธใ้ซๆฒ
ๅบฆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใๆๅคๆฎปๅใณๅไฝ็ฝฎใซใใใไปปๆๆฎป
ใซใใใฆใ้ฃๆฅใใๆฎปใ่จญใใ้ใซ้ไธญใงๅฟ ่ฆใซ
ๅฟใใฆๅธธๆณใซๅพใคใฆ่ฑๅกฉๅทฅ็จใ่กใชใคใฆใ่ฏใ
ใใ่ฑๅกฉๅทฅ็จใ่กใชใใใซ้ฃ็ถใใฆๆฎปใฎๅฝขๆใ่ก
ใชใคใฆใ่ฏใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๅ่ขซ่ฆๆฎปใฎใจใผใ
ๅซ้ใซใคใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใJ.I.ใดใผใซใใทใฆใฟใค
ใณ๏ผGoldstein๏ผใD.B.ใฆใคใชใขใ ใบ๏ผWilliams๏ผ
ใTEM๏ผATEMใซใใใ๏ผธ็ทๅๆใในใญใคใณใ
ใณใฐใปใจใฌใฏใใญใณใปใใคใฏใญในใณใใค๏ผ1977๏ผใ
็ฌฌ๏ผๅทป๏ผIITใชใตใผใใปใคใณในใใคใใฆใผใ็ฌฌ
651้ ๏ผ1977ๅนด๏ผๆ๏ผใซ่จ่ผใใใๆนๆณใซใใคใฆ
ๆฑใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆๅคๆฎปๅฝขๆๅพใฎๆ็ต็ๆ็ฉใจใใฆใฎใ
ใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏใ่ชฟ่ฃฝๆใซ็ใใ้ๅฐใใญใฒใณ
ๅๅ็ฉใใใใฏๅฏ็ใใใพใใฏไธ่ฆใจใชใคใ็ก้ ธ
ๅกฉใใขใณใขใใข็ญใฎๅกฉ้กใๅๅ็ฉ้กใ่ฉฒ็ฒๅญใฎๅ
ๆฃๅชใใ้คๅปใใฆใใใใ้คๅปใฎๆนๆณใฏไธ่ฌไนณๅค
ใซใใใฆๅธธ็จใใใใใผใใซๆฐดๆดๆณใ้ๆๆณใใ
ใใฏใ็กๆฉๅกฉ้กใใขใใชใณๆง็้ขๆดปๆงๅคใใขใใช
ใณๆงใใชใใผ๏ผใใจใใฐใใชในใใฌใณในใซใใณ
้ ธ๏ผใใใใใฏใผใฉใใณ่ชๅฐไฝ๏ผใใจใใฐใขใทใซ
ๅใผใฉใใณใใซใซใใขใซใคใซๅใผใฉใใณใชใฉ๏ผใ
ๅฉ็จใใๆฒ้ๆณใๅๆๆฒๆพฑ๏ผใใญใญใฆใฌใผใทใจ
ใณ๏ผๆณ็ญใ้ฉๅฎ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฏๆ
ๆใฎๆณข้ทๅใซๅ ๅญฆ็ใซๅขๆใใใใจใใงใใใใ
ใฎๅ ๅญฆๅขๆๆนๆณใซใฏ็นใใซๅถ้ใฏใชใใไพใใฐใผ
ใญใกใใณ่ฒ็ด ใใขใใกใใณ่ฒ็ด ใใธใกใใณ่ฒ็ด ใ
ใใชใกใใณ่ฒ็ด ็ญใฎใทใขใใณ่ฒ็ด ใใใใฏใกใญใท
ใขใใณ่ฒ็ด ็ญใฎๅ ๅญฆๅขๆๅคใๅ็ฌใใใไฝต็จใใฆ
ๅ ๅญฆ็ใซๅขๆใใใใจใใงใใใๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใฎ็ตๅ
ใใฏ็นใซๅผท่ฒๅขๆใฎ็ฎ็ใงใใฐใใฐ็จใใใใใ
ๅขๆ่ฒ็ด ใจใจใใซใใใ่ช่บซๅๅ ๅขๆไฝ็จใใใ
ใชใ่ฒ็ด ใใใใฏๅฏ่ฆๅ ใๅฎ่ณช็ใซๅธๅใใชใ็ฉ
่ณชใงใใคใฆใๅผท่ฒๅขๆใ็คบใ็ฉ่ณชใไนณๅคไธญใซๅซใ
ใงใใใใใใใใฎๆ่กใซใคใใฆใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ
2688545ๅทใๅ2912329ๅทใๅ3397060ๅทใๅ
3615635ๅทใๅ3628964ๅทใ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ1195302ๅทใ
ๅ1242588ๅทใๅ1293862ๅทใ่ฅฟ็ฌ็น่จฑ๏ผOLS๏ผ
2030326ๅทใๅ2121780ๅทใ็นๅ ฌๆญ43โ4936ๅทใๅ
44โ14030ๅทใใชใตใผใใปใใคในใฏใญใผใธใค
๏ผResearch Disclosure๏ผ176ๅทป17643๏ผ1978ๅนด12ๆ
็บ่ก๏ผ็ฌฌ23้ ใฎ๏ผช้ ็ญใซใ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใ
ใฎ้ธๆใฏๅขๅทปใในใๆณข้ทๅใๆๅบฆ็ญใๆๅ ๆๆใฎ
็ฎ็ใ็จ้ใซๅฟใใฆไปปๆใซๅฎใใใใจใๅฏ่ฝใงใ
ใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้็ตๆถใฏไธ
่ฌไนณๅคใซๅฏพใใฆๆฝใใใๅ็จฎใฎๅๅญฆๅขๆๆณใๆฝใ
ใใจใใงใใใ ๅๅญฆๅขๆใฎใใใซใฏใใใผใปใใชใผใถใผ๏ผH.
Frieser๏ผ็ทจใใคใผใปใฐใซใณใใฉใผใฒใณใปใใข
ใใชใใฏใฉใใคใใทใจใณ ใใญใใจใป ใใใ
ใธใซใใผใใญใฒใใผใใณ๏ผDie Grundlagen der
Photographischen Prozesse mit
Silberhalogeniden๏ผ๏ผใขใซใใใใทใจ ใใจใซใฉ
ใผใฏในใฒใผใซใทใคใใ๏ผAkademische
Verlagsgesellschaft๏ผ๏ผ1968๏ผ675ใ734้ ใซ่จ่ผ
ใฎๆนๆณใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใใชใใกใ้ใคใช
ใณใจๅๅฟใๅพใ็กซ้ปใๅซใๅๅ็ฉใๆดปๆงใผใฉใใณ
ใ็จใใ็กซ้ปๅขๆๆณใ้ๅ ๆง็ฉ่ณชใ็จใใ้ๅ ๅข
ๆๆณใ้ใใฎไปใฎ่ฒด้ๅฑๅๅ็ฉใ็จใใ่ฒด้ๅฑๅข
ๆๆณใชใฉใๅ็ฌใพใใฏ็ตๅใใฆ็จใใใใจใใงใ
ใใ็กซ้ปๅขๆๅคใจใใฆใฏใใใช็กซ้ ธๅกฉใใใชๅฐฟ็ด
้กใใใขใพใผใซ้กใใญใผใใใณ้กใใใฎไปใฎๅๅ
็ฉใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใใใฎๅ ทไฝไพใฏใ็ฑณๅฝ
็น่จฑ1574944ๅทใ2410689ๅทใ2278947ๅทใ2728668
ๅทใ3656955ๅทใ4032928ๅทใ4067740ๅทใซ่จ่ผใ
ใใฆใใใ้ๅ ๅขๆๅคใจใใฆใฏ็ฌฌไธใใๅกฉใใขใ
ใณๅกฉใใใใฉใธใณ่ชๅฐไฝใใใซใ ใขใใธใณในใซใ
ใคใณ้ ธใใทใฉใณๅๅ็ฉใชใฉใ็จใใใใจใใงใใ
ใใใใฎๅ ทไฝไพใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ2487850ๅทใ2419974
ๅทใ2518698ๅทใ2983609ๅทใ2983609ๅทใ2694637
ๅทใ3930867ๅทใ4054458ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ่ฒด
้ๅฑๅขๆใฎใใใซใฏ้้ฏๅกฉใฎใปใใ็ฝ้ใใคใชใธ
ใฆใ ใใใฉใธใฆใ ็ญใฎๅจๆ็่กจๆใฎ้ๅฑใฎ้ฏๅกฉ
ใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใฎๅ ทไฝไพใฏ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ
2399083ๅทใ2448060ๅทใ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ618061ๅทใชใฉใซ
่จ่ผใใใฆใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎ้ๅกฉ็ฒๅญใฏใใใๅๅญฆๅขๆๆณใฎ๏ผใคไปฅ
ไธใฎ็ตใใใใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ๅกๅธ้้ใฏไปปๆใงใใใใๅฅฝใพใใใฏ1000mg๏ผ
m2ไปฅไธใ15000mg๏ผm2ไปฅไธใงใใใใใใซๅฅฝใพใ
ใใฏ2000mg๏ผm2ไปฅไธใ10000mg๏ผm2ไปฅไธใงใใใ ใพใใ่ฉฒ็ฒๅญใๅซใๆๅ ๅฑคใฏๆฏๆไฝใฎไธกๆนใฎๅด
ใซๅญๅจใใฆใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅไนณๅคใฎๅใ ใฎๆฎปใฎๅฝขๆ
ๆใซใๅ็จฎใใผใใณใใใใผใใณใฐใใไบใใงใ
ใใใใฎๅ ้จใใผใใณใใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐ้ใใค
ใชใฆใใคใชใธใฆใ ใ้ใ็ฝ้ใใชในใใฆใ ใใญใธ
ใฆใ ใใใซใซใใปใฌใใฆใ ใใซใใใฆใ ใไบ้ใ
้ใใฟใชใฆใ ใ้ใใขใณใใขใณใใในใในใใ็ด
็ญใๅซใพใใใ ใใใใฎใใผใใณใใใใผใใณใฐใใใใใซๅ
ๆฎปใฎๅฝขๆๆใซๅใ ใฎๆฐดๆบถๆงๅกฉใใใใฏ้ฏๅกฉใๅ ฑๅญ
ใใใไบใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญ
ใฎใใคใณใใผใใพใใฏใใใใฎ่ฃฝ้ ใซ็จใใใใ
ๅๆฃๅชใจใใฆใฏ้ๅธธใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใซ็จใใใ
ใ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใใ็จใใใใใ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใ
ใจใใฆใฏใใผใฉใใณ๏ผ็ณ็ฐๅฆ็ใพใใฏ้ ธๅฆ็ใใ
ใใงใใใ๏ผใฎใฟใชใใใใผใฉใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใไพใ
ใฐ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ2614928ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใใใชใผ
ใฉใใณใจ่ณ้ฆๆๅกฉๅในใซใใชใใซใ้ ธๅกฉๅ็ฉใ้ ธ
็กๆฐด็ฉใใคใฝใทใขใใผใใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใฑใใณ้กใจ
ใฎๅๅฟใซใใไฝใใใใผใฉใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ
3118766ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใฆใใใผใฉใใณใจใใชใกใช
ใใ้ ธ็กๆฐด็ฉใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใไฝใใใใผใฉใใณ่ช
ๅฐไฝใ็นๅ ฌๆญ39โ5514ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใๆดปๆงใใญใฒ
ใณใๆใใๆๆฉ้ ธใจใผใฉใใณใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใใผใฉ
ใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใ็นๅ ฌๆญ42โ26845ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใ่ณ
้ฆๆใฐใชใทใธใซใจใผใใซใจใผใฉใใณใจใฎๅๅฟใซใ
ใใผใฉใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ3186846ๅทใซ่จ่ผใ
ใใใใฌใคใใใใใฌใขใใณ้ ธใไธ้ฃฝๅ่่ชๆใธ
ใขใใ็ญใจใผใฉใใณใจใฎๅๅฟใซใใใผใฉใใณ่ชๅฐ
ไฝใ่ฑๅฝ็น่จฑ1033189ๅทใซ่จ่ผใใใในใซใใชใข
ใซใญใซๅใผใฉใใณใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ3312553ๅทใซ่จ่ผใ
ใใใผใฉใใณใฎใใชใชใญใทใขใซใญใฌใณ่ชๅฐไฝใช
ใฉ๏ผใผใฉใใณใฎ้ซๅๅญใฐใฉใใๅ็ฉใใใจใใฐใข
ใฏใชใซ้ ธใใกใฟใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใใใใใฎไธไพกใพใใฏ
ๅคไพกใขใซใณใผใซใจใฎใจในใใซใๅใใใขใใใใข
ใฏใชใซ๏ผใพใใฏใกใฟใขใฏใชใซ๏ผใใใชใซใในใใฌ
ใณใใฎไปใฎใใใซ็ณปใขใใใผใฎๅ็ฌใพใใฏ็ตๅใ
ใใผใฉใใณใซใฐใฉใใๅใใใใใฎ๏ผๅๆ่ฆชๆฐดๆง
้ซๅๅญ็ฉ่ณชใใใจใใฐใใใซใขใซใณใผใซใ๏ผฎโใ
ใใซใใญใชใใณใใใใญใญใทใขใซใญใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใข
ใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใซใขใใใ๏ผฎ็ฝฎๆ
๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใซใขใใ็ญใฎๅ้ไฝใๆๅใจใใ
ใใขใใชใใผใใใใฏใใใ็ธไบใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใ
ใใใจ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใจในใใซใ้ ข้ ธใใ
ใซใในใใฌใณใชใฉใจใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใไธ่จใฎใใใใ
ใจ็กๆฐดใใฌใคใณ้ ธใใใฌใขใใณ้ ธใชใฉใจใฎๅ ฑ้ๅ
ไฝใชใฉ๏ผใผใฉใใณไปฅๅคใฎๅคฉ็ถ่ฆชๆฐดๆง้ซๅๅญ็ฉ่ณชใ
ใใจใใฐใซใผใคใณใๅฏๅคฉใใขใซใฎใณ้ ธๅค็ณ้ก็ญใ
ๅ็ฌใใใใฏๆททๅใใฆ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญ
ใๅซใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ไนณๅคใฏใ็ฎ็ใซๅฟใใฆ้
ๅธธ็จใใใใ็จฎใ ใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใๅซใใใจใใงใใใ
ใใใใฎๆทปๅ ๅคใจใใฆใฏใไพใใฐใขใพใผใซ้กๅใฏ
ใคใใใพใผใซ้กใใใจใใฐใใณใพใใขใพใชใฆใ
ๅกฉใใใใญใคใณใใพใผใซ้กใใใใญใใณใบใคใใ
ใพใผใซ้กใใฏใญใญใใณใบใคใใใพใผใซ้กใใใญใข
ใใณใบใคใใใพใผใซ้กใใกใซใซใใใใขใพใผใซ
้กใใกใซใซใใใใณใบใใขใพใผใซ้กใใกใซใซใใ
ใใณใบใคใใใพใผใซ้กใใกใซใซใใใใขใธใขใพใผ
ใซ้ก๏ผใใชใขใพใผใซ้กใไพใใฐใขใใใใชใขใพใผ
ใซ้กใใใณใพใใชใขใพใผใซ้กใใใใญใใณใพใใช
ใขใพใผใซ้ก๏ผใใใฉใพใผใซ้กใไพใใฐใกใซใซใใ
ใใใฉใพใผใซ้ก๏ผ็นใซ๏ผโใใจใใซโ๏ผโใกใซใซ
ใใใใใฉใพใผใซ๏ผใชใฉ๏ผใกใซใซใใใใชใใธใณ
้ก๏ผใกใซใซใใใใชใขใธใณ้กใใใจใใฐใชใญใตใพ
ใชใณใใชใณใฎใใใชใใชใฑใๅๅ็ฉ๏ผใขใถใคใณใ
ใณ้กใใใจใใฐใใชใขใถใคใณใใณ้กใใใใฉใขใถ
ใคใณใใณ้ก๏ผ็นใซ๏ผโใใใญใญใท็ฝฎๆ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
3a๏ผ๏ผ๏ผใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ้ก๏ผใใใณใฟใขใถใค
ใณใใณ้กใชใฉ๏ผใใณใผใณใใชในใซใใชใณ้ ธใใใณ
ใผใณในใซใใคใณ้ ธใใใณใผใณในใซใใชใณ้ ธใขใ
ใใใคใใใพใชใฆใ ๅกฉใใใใฉใพใชใฆใ ๅกฉใใใช
ใใใญใญใทๅๅ็ฉ็ญใฎๅฎๅฎๅคใใซใใช้ฒๆญขๅคใๅซ
ใไบใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅไนณๅคใ็จใใๅ็ๆๅ
ๆๆใซใฏใๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใใฎไปใฎ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑค
ใซ็กๆฉใพใใฏๆๆฉใฎ็กฌ่ๅคใๅซๆใใฆใใใไพใ
ใฐใฏใญใ ๅกฉ๏ผใฏใญใ ๆใฐใใ้ ข้ ธใฏใญใ ใชใฉ๏ผใ
ใขใซใใใ้ก๏ผใใซใ ใขใซใใใใใฐใชใชใญใตใผ
ใซใใฐใซใฟใผใซใขใซใใใใชใฉ๏ผใ๏ผฎโใกใใญใผ
ใซๅๅ็ฉ๏ผใธใกใใญใผใซๅฐฟ็ด ใใกใใญใผใซใธใกใ
ใซใใใณใใคใณใชใฉ๏ผใใธใชใญใตใณ่ชๅฐไฝ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใธใใใญใญใทใธใชใญใตใณใชใฉ๏ผใๆดปๆงใใใซ
ๅๅ็ฉ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใชใขใฏใชใญใคใซโใใญใต
ใใใญโ๏ผณโใใชใขใธใณใ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใใซในใซใ
ใใซโ๏ผโใใญใใใผใซใชใฉ๏ผใๆดปๆงใใญใฒใณๅ
ๅ็ฉ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธใฏใญใซโ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผณโ
ใใชใขใธใณใชใฉ๏ผใใ ใณใใญใฒใณ้ ธ้ก๏ผใ ใณใฏใญ
ใซ้ ธใใ ใณใใจใใญใทใฏใญใซ้ ธใชใฉ๏ผใชใฉใๅ็ฌ
ใพใใฏ็ต็ซใใฆ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅไนณๅคใ็จใใๅ็ๆๅ
ๅคใซใฏใๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใใฎไปใฎ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑคใซ
ๅฏธๅบฆๅฎๅฎๆงใฎๆน่ฏใชใฉใฎ็ฎ็ใงใๆฐดใซไธๆบถๆงใพใ
ใฏ้ฃๆบถๆงใฎๅๆใใชใใผใฎๅๆฃ็ฉใๅซใใใจใใง
ใใใใใจใใฐใขใซใญใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ
ใขใซใณใญใทใขใซใญใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใฌใผใใใฐใช
ใทใธใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใซ
ใขใใใใใใซใจในใใซ๏ผใใจใใฐ้ ข้ ธใใใซ๏ผใ
ใขใฏใชใญใใใชใซใใชใฌใใคใณใในใใฌใณใชใฉใฎ
ๅ็ฌใใใใฏ็ตๅใใใพใใฏใใใใจใขใฏใชใซ
้ ธใใกใฟใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใฮฑ๏ผฮฒโไธ้ฃฝๅใธใซใซใใณ
้ ธใใใใญใญใทใขใซใญใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใฌใผใใ
ในใซใใชใขใซใญใซ๏ผใกใฟ๏ผใขใฏใชใฌใผใใในใใฌ
ใณในใซใใชใณ้ ธใชใฉใจใฎ็ตๅใใๅ้ไฝๆๅใจใ
ใใใชใใผใ็จใใไบใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฏใๅฟ
่ฆใซๅฟใใฆใใใณใธใซใขใซใณใผใซใใใชใชใญใทใจ
ใใฌใณ็ณปๅๅ็ฉ็ญใฎ็พๅไฟ้ฒๅค๏ผใฏใญใใณ็ณปใใฏ
ใฉใใณ็ณปใใในใใจใใผใซ็ณปใไบใชใณ้ ธใจในใใซ
็ณปใฎ็ปๅๅฎๅฎๅค๏ผใฏใใฏในใ้ซ็ด่่ช้ ธใฎใฐใชใป
ใฉใคใใ้ซ็ด่่ช้ ธใฎ้ซ็ดใขใซใณใผใซใจในใใซ็ญ
ใฎๆฝคๆปๅคใ็พๅ่ชฟ็ฏๅคใ็พๅไธป่ฌใๅฏๅกๅคใๆผ็ฝ
ๅคใๅซใใงใใฆใใใๅซๆใใใฆใใ็้ขๆดปๆงๅค
ใจใใฆๅกๅธๅฉๅคใๅฆ็ๆถฒ็ญใซๅฏพใใๆตธ้ๆงใฎๆน่ฏ
ๅคใๆถๆณกๅคใใใใฏๆๅ ๆๆใฎ็จฎใ ใฎ็ฉ็็ๆง่ณช
ใฎใณใณใใญใผใซใฎใใใฎ็ด ๆใจใใฆใใขใใชใณ
ๅใใซใใชใณๅใ้ใคใชใณๅใใใใฏไธกๆงใฎๅ็จฎ
ใฎใใฎใไฝฟ็จใงใใใๅธฏ้ป้ฒๆญขๅคใจใใฆใฏใใธใข
ใปใใซใปใซใญใผในใในใใฌใณใใผใใซใชใญใขใซใญ
ใซใฝใธใฆใ ใใฌใจใผใๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใในใใฌใณโ็กๆฐด
ใใฌใคใณ้ ธๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใจ๏ฝโใขใใใใณใผใณในใซใ
ใณ้ ธใจใฎๅๅฟ็ฉใฎใขใซใซใชๅกฉ็ญใๆๅนใงใใใใ
ใใๅคใจใใฆใฏใใชใกใฟใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใกใใซใใใช
ในใใฌใณใใใณใขใซใซใชๅฏๆบถๆงใใชใใผใชใฉใๆ
ใใใใใใพใใใใซใณใญใคใ็ถ้ ธๅ็ช็ด ใฎไฝฟ็จ
ใๅฏ่ฝใงใใใใพใ่็ฉๆงใๅไธใใใใใซๆทปๅ
ใใใฉใใใฏในใจใใฆใฏใขใฏใชใซ้ ธใจในใใซใใ
ใใซใจในใใซ็ญใจไปใฎใจใใฌใณๅบใๆใคๅ้ไฝใจ
ใฎๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใๆใใใใจใใงใใใใผใฉใใณๅฏๅก
ๅคใจใใฆใฏใฐใชใปใชใณใใฐใชใณใผใซ็ณปๅๅ็ฉใๆ
ใใใใจใใงใใๅข็ฒๅคใจใใฆใฏในใใฌใณโใใฌ
ใคใณ้ ธใฝใผใๅ ฑ้ๅไฝใใขใซใญใซใใใซใจใผใใซ
โใใฌใคใณ้ ธๅ ฑ้ๅไฝ็ญใๆใใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใๆใใไนณๅคใฏใๅฐ
ใชใใจใ๏ผ็จฎใฎๅนณๅ็ฒ็ณปใ็ฐใชใๆๅบฆใฎ็ฐใชใไนณ
ๅคใๆททๅใใใใจใซใใคใฆใใใใใฏ่คๅฑคๅกๅธใ
ใใใจใซใใคใฆ่ฑใใชใฉใใใฆใผใใๆใใใใจ
ใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅค
ใฏใ็ฝ้ปไธ่ฌ็จใ๏ผธใฌใค็จใใซใฉใผ็จใ่ตคๅค็จใ
ใใคใฏใญ็จใ้่ฒ็ด ๆผ็ฝๆณ็จใๅ่ปข็จใๆกๆฃ่ปขๅ
ๆณ็จใ้ซใณใณใใฉในใ็จใใใชใใตใผใขใฐใฉใใค
ใผ็จใ็ฑ็พๅๆๆ็จ็ญใฎ็จฎใ ใฎ็จ้ใฎๅ็ๆๅ ๆ
ๆใซๆๅนใซ้ฉ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใ็นใซ้ซๆๅบฆ
ใฎใใใผๆๆใซ้ฉใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅค
ใใซใฉใผ็จใฎๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใซ้ฉ็จใใใซใฏใ่ตคๆ
ๆงใ็ทๆๆงใใใณ้ๆๆงใซ่ชฟ็ฏใใใๆฌ็บๆใฎไธ
่จ็ตๆถใๅซใไนณๅคใซใทใขใณใใใผใณใฟใใใณใคใจ
ใญใผใซใใฉใผใ็ตๅใใฆๅซๆใใใใ็ญใซใฉใผ็จ
ๆๅ ๆๆใซไฝฟ็จใใใๆๆณใใใณ็ด ๆใๅ ๅฝใใ
ใฐใใใไพใใฐใใใผใณใฟใซใใฉใผใจใใฆใ๏ผโ
ใใฉใพใญใณใซใใฉใผใใใฉใพใญใใณใใคใใใพใผ
ใซใซใใฉใผใใใฉใพใญใใชใขใพใผใซใซใใฉใผใใท
ใขใใขใปใใซใฏใใญใณใซใใฉใผใ้้ใขใทใซใขใป
ใใใใชใซใซใใฉใผ็ญใใใใใคใจใญใผใซใใฉใผ
ใจใใฆใใขใทใซใขใปใใขใใใซใใฉใผ๏ผไพใใฐใ
ใณใพใคใซใขใปใใขใใชใ้กใใใใญใคใซใขใปใใข
ใใชใ้ก๏ผ็ญใใใใใทใขใณใซใใฉใผใจใใฆใใ
ใใใผใซใซใใฉใผใใใใณใใจใใผใซใซใใฉใผใ
็ญใใใใใใใใฎใซใใฉใผใฏๅๅญไธญใซใใฉในใ
ๅบใจใใฐใใ็ๆฐดๅบใๆใใ้ๆกๆฃใฎใใฎใๆใพ
ใใใใซใใฉใผใฏ้ใคใชใณใซๅฏพใ๏ผๅฝ้ๆงใใใ
ใฏ๏ผๅฝ้ๆงใฎใฉใกใใงใใใใใพใ่ฒ่ฃๆญฃใฎๅนๆ
ใใใคใซใฉใผใใซใใฉใผใใใใใฏ็พๅใซใจใใช
ใคใฆ็พๅๆๅถๅคใๆพๅบใใใซใใฉใผ๏ผ็กๅ่ฒDIR
ใซใใฉใผ๏ผใงใใคใฆใใใใใพใDIRใซใใฉใผไปฅ
ๅคใซใใใซใใใชใณใฐๅๅฟใฎ็ๆ็ฉใ็ก่ฒใงใใค
ใฆ็พๅๆๅถๅคใๆพๅบใใ็กๅ่ฒDIRใซใใใชใณใฐ
ๅๅ็ฉใๅซใใงใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใๅฎๆฝใใใซ้ใใฆไธ่จใฎๅ ฌ็ฅใฎ้่ฒ้ฒ
ๆญขๅคใไฝต็จใใใใจใใงใใ่ฒๅๅฎๅฎๅคใๅ็ฌใพ
ใใฏ๏ผ็จฎไปฅไธไฝต็จใใใใจใใงใใใๅ ฌ็ฅใฎ้่ฒ
้ฒๆญขๅคใจใใฆใฏใใใคใใญใญใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใๆฒก้ฃๅญ
้ ธ่ชๅฐไฝใ๏ฝโใขใซใณใญใทใใจใใผใซ้กใ๏ฝโใช
ใญใทใใจใใผใซ่ชๅฐไฝๅใณใในใใจใใผใซ้ก็ญใ
ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆๅ ๆๆใซใฏ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑคใซ็ดซๅค
็ทๅธๅๅคใๅซใใงใใใใใจใใฐใขใชใผใซๅบใง็ฝฎ
ๆใใใใใณใพใใชใขใพใผใซๅๅ็ฉใ๏ผโใใขใพ
ใชใใณๅๅ็ฉใใใณใพใใจใใณๅๅ็ฉใๆก็ฎ้ ธใจ
ในใใซๅๅ็ฉใใใฟใธใจใณๅๅ็ฉใใใณใพใชใญใต
ใพใผใซๅๅ็ฉใใใใซ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๆงใฎใใชใใผใช
ใฉใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใใใใใฎ็ดซๅค็ทๅธๅๅค
ใฏไธ่จ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑคไธญใซๅบๅฎใใใฆใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆๅ ๆๆใซใฏ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑคใซใใค
ใซใฟใผๆๆใจใใฆใใใใใฏใคใฉใธใจใผใทใจใณ้ฒ
ๆญขใใฎไป็จฎใ ใฎ็ฎ็ใงใๆฐดๆบถๆงๆๆใๅซๆใใฆใ
ใใใใฎใใใชๆๆใซใฏใชใญใฝใใผใซๆๆใใใ
ใชใญใฝใใผใซๆๆใในใใชใซๆๆใใกใญใทใขใใณ
ๆๆใใทใขใใณๆๆๅใณใขใพๆๆใๅ ๅซใใใใ
ไธญใงใใชใญใฝใใผใซๆๆใใใใชใญใฝใใผใซๆๆ
ๅใณใกใญใทใขใใณๆๆใๆ็จใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๆๅ ๆๆใฏ่ฒใซใใช้ฒๆญขๅคใจใใฆใใค
ใใญใญใใณ่ชๅฐไฝใใขใใณใใจใใผใซ่ชๅฐไฝใๆฒก
้ฃๅญ้ ธ่ชๅฐไฝใใขในใณใซใใณ้ ธ่ชๅฐไฝใชใฉใๅซๆ
ใใฆใใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฏๆฏๆไฝไธใซๅฐใชใใจใ๏ผใคใฎ็ฐใชใๅ
ๅ ๆๅบฆใๆใใๅคๅฑคๅค่ฒๅ็ๆๆใซใ้ฉ็จใงใ
ใใๅคๅฑคๅคฉ็ถ่ฒๅ็ๆๆใฏใ้ๅธธๆฏๆไฝไธใซ่ตคๆ
ๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใ็ทๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใใใใณ้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใ
ๅใ ๅฐใชใใจใไธใคๆใใใใใใใฎๅฑคใฎ้ ๅบใฏ
ๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆไปปๆใซใใในใใ่ตคๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใซใท
ใขใณๅฝขๆใซใใฉใผใใ็ทๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใซใใผใณใฟๅฝข
ๆใซใใฉใผใใ้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑคใซใคใจใญใผๅฝขๆใซใ
ใฉใผใใใใใๅซใใฎใ้ๅธธใงใใใใๅ ดๅใซใ
ใ็ฐใชใ็ตๅใใใจใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใซใใใฆใๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใ
ใฎไปใฎ่ฆชๆฐดๆงใณใญใคใๅฑคใฏๅ ฌ็ฅใฎ็จฎใ ใฎๅกๅธๆณใซ
ใใๆฏๆไฝไธใพใใฏไปใฎๅฑคใฎไธใซๅกๅธใงใใใๅก
ๅธใซใฏใใใคใใๅกๅธๆณใใญใผใฉใผๅกๅธๆณใใซใผ
ใใณๅกๅธๆณใๆผๅบใๅกๅธๆณใชใฉใ็จใใใใจใใง
ใใใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ2681294ๅทใๅ2761791ๅทใๅ
3526528ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎๆนๆณใฏๆๅฉใชๆนๆณใงใใใ ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๆฏๆไฝใจใใฆใฏใใใจใใฐใใ
ใฉใคใฟ็ดใใใชใจใใฌใณ่ขซ่ฆ็ดใใใชใใญใใฌใณ
ๅๆ็ดใใฌใฉในใใปใซใญใผในใขใปใใผใใใปใซใญ
ใผในใใคใใฌใผใใใใชใใใซใขใปใฟใผใซใใใช
ใใญใใฌใณใใใจใใฐใใชใจใใฌใณใใฌใใฟใฌใผ
ใ็ญใฎใใชใจในใใซใใคใซใ ใใใชในใใฌใณ็ญใฎ
้ๅธธ็จใใใใใใฎใใใใใใฎๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎ
ไฝฟ็จ็ฎ็ใซๅฟใใฆ้ฉๅฎ้ธๆใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใใใฎๆฏๆไฝใฏๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆไธๅผๅ ๅทฅใๆฝใ
ใใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซไฟใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซๅใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅค
ใๆใใๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฏ้ฒๅ ๅพ้ๅธธ็จใใใใๅ ฌ
็ฅใฎๆนๆณใซใใ็พๅๅฆ็ใใใใจใใงใใใ ้ป็ฝ็พๅๆถฒใฏใใใใญใญใทใใณใผใณ้กใใขใใ
ใใจใใผใซ้กใใขใใใใณใผใณ้ก็ญใฎ็พๅไธป่ฌใ
ๅซใใขใซใซใชๆบถๆถฒใงใใใใใฎไปใขใซใซใช้ๅฑๅกฉ
ใฎไบ็กซ้ ธๅกฉใ็ญ้ ธๅกฉใ้ไบ็กซ้ ธๅกฉใ่ญๅ็ฉใใใณ
ๆฒๅ็ฉ็ญใๅซใใใจใใงใใใใพใ่ฉฒๅ็ๆๅ ๆ
ๆใใซใฉใผ็จใฎๅ ดๅใซใฏ้ๅธธ็จใใใใ็บ่ฒ็พๅ
ๆณใง็บ่ฒ็พๅใใใใจใใงใใใๅ่ปขๆณใงใฏใพใ
้ป็ฝใใฌ็พๅๆถฒใง็พๅใใๆฌกใใง็ฝ่ฒ้ฒๅ ใไธใ
ใใใใใใใฏใซใใชๅคใๅซๆใใๆตดใงๅฆ็ใใ
ใใใซ็บ่ฒ็พๅไธป่ฌใๅซใใขใซใซใช็พๅๆถฒใง็บ่ฒ
็พๅใใใๅฆ็ๆนๆณใซใคใใฆใฏ็นใซๅถ้ใฏใชใใ
ใใใใๅฆ็ๆนๆณใ้ฉ็จใงใใใใใใจใใฐใใฎ
ไปฃ่กจ็ใชใใฎใจใใฆใฏใ็บ่ฒ็พๅๅพใๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๅฆ
็ใ่กใชใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใใใใซๆฐดๆดใๅฎๅฎๅฆ็ใ
่กใชใๆนๅผใใใใฏ็บ่ฒ็พๅๅพใๆผ็ฝใจๅฎ็ๅ้ข
ใใฆ่กใชใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใใใใซๆฐดๆดใๅฎๅฎๅฆ็ใ
่กใชใๆนๅผใ้ฉ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒ
ใฏใไธ่ฌใซ็บ่ฒ็พๅไธป่ฌใๅซใใขใซใซใชๆงๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ
ใใๆใใ็บ่ฒ็พๅไธป่ฌใฏๅ ฌ็ฅใฎไธ็ด่ณ้ฆๆใขใ
ใณ็พๅๅคใไพใใฐใใจใใฌใณใธใขใใ้ก๏ผไพใใฐ
๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผฎ๏ผ๏ผฎโใธใจใใซใขใใชใณใ๏ผโใก
ใใซโ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผฎ๏ผ๏ผฎโใธใจใใซใขใใชใณใ
๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผฎโใจใใซโ๏ผฎโฮฒโใใใญใญใทใจ
ใใซใขใใชใณใ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผฎโใจ
ใใซโ๏ผฎโฮฒโใใใญใญใทใจใใซใขใใชใณใ๏ผโ
ใกใใซโ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผฎโใจใใซโ๏ผฎโฮฒโใกใฟ
ใณในใซใใขใใใจใใซใขใใชใณใ๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผ
โใกใใซโ๏ผฎโใจใใซโ๏ผฎโฮฒโใกใใญใทใจใใซ
ใขใใชใณใใชใฉ๏ผใ็จใใใใจใใงใใใ ใใฎไปใใจใซใปใจใใปใจใคใปใใฝใณ๏ผL.F.A.
Mason๏ผ่ใใชใใฐใฉใใคใใฏใปใใญใปใทใณ
ใฐใปใฑใในใใช๏ผPhotographic Processing
Chemistry๏ผ๏ผ๏ผใใชใผใซใซใปใใฌใน๏ผFocal
Press๏ผๅใ1966ๅนด๏ผใฎ226ใ229้ ใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ
2193015ๅทใๅ2592364ๅทใ็น้ๆญ48โ64933ๅทใช
ใฉใซ่จ่ผใฎใใฎใ็จใใฆใใใ ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒใฏใใฎใปใpH็ทฉ่กๆใ็พๅๆๅถๅค
ใชใใใซใใช้ฒๆญขๅคใชใฉใๅซใใใจใใงใใใใพ
ใๅฟ ่ฆใซๅฟใใฆใ็กฌๆฐด่ปๅๅคใไฟๆๅคใๆๆฉๆบถ
ๅคใ็พๅไฟ้ฒๅคใ่ฒ็ด ๅฝขๆใซใใฉใผใ็ซถไบใซใใฉ
ใผใใใถใใๅคใ่ฃๅฉ็พๅ่ฌใ็ฒๆงไปไธๅคใใใช
ใซใซใใณ้ ธ็ณปใญใฌใผใๅคใ้ ธๅ้ฒๆญขๅคใชใฉใๅซใ
ใงใใใใ ็บ่ฒ็พๅๆถฒใฎๅ็ไนณๅคๅฑคใฏ้ๅธธใๆผ็ฝๅฆ็ใใ
ใใๆผ็ฝๅฆ็ใฏๅฎ็ๅฆ็ใจๅๆใซ่กใชใใใฆใใ
ใใใๅๅฅใซ่กใชใใใฆใใใใๆผ็ฝๅคใจใใฆใฏ
้๏ผ๏ผใใณใใซใ๏ผ๏ผใใฏใญใ ๏ผ๏ผใ้ ๏ผ๏ผ
ใชใฉใฎๅคไพก้ๅฑใฎๅๅ็ฉใ้้ ธ้กใใญใใณ้กใใ
ใใญใฝๅๅ็ฉใชใฉใ็จใใใใใ ๆผ็ฝใพใใฏๆผ็ฝๅฎ็ๆถฒใซใฏใ็ฑณๅฝ็น่จฑ3042520
ๅทใๅ3241966ๅทใ็นๅ ฌๆญ45โ8506ๅทใ็นๅ ฌๆญ45
โ8836ๅทใชใฉใซ่จ่ผใฎๆผ็ฝไฟ้ฒๅคใ็น้ๆญ53โ
65732ๅทใซ่จ่ผใฎใใชใผใซๅๅ็ฉใฎไปใ็จฎใ ใฎๆทป
ๅ ๅคใๅ ใใใใจใใงใใใ ๆฌกใซใๆฌ็บๆใซใใใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎ่ฃฝ้ ไพ
ใๅ ทไฝ็ใซ่ชฌๆใใใ ่ฃฝ้ ไพ ๏ผ (1-1) ๅ ้จๆ ธใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๏ผ ไปฅไธใซ็คบใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ็จใใฆใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ใฎ
ใจใฆๅ้ใๅซๆใใใจใฆ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคEMโ๏ผใ่ฃฝ
้ ใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 39.7g ่ธ็ๆฐด 3936ml ใใชใคใฝใใญใใฌใณโใใชใจใใฌใณใชใญใทโใธ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใจในใใซใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ10๏ผ ใจใฟใใผใซ
ๆบถๆถฒ 35.4ml ็กซ้ ธใใฐใใทใฆใ 3.6g ๏ผ๏ผ ็ก้ ธ 75.6ml ่ญๅใซใชใฆใ 2.06g ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 35.4g ่ญๅใซใชใฆใ 807g ใจใฆๅใซใชใฆใ 47g ใใชใคใฝใใญใใฌใณโใใชใจใใฌใณใชใญใทโใธ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใจในใใซใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ10๏ผ ใจใฟใใผใซ
ๆบถๆถฒ 35.4ml ่ธ็ๆฐด 1432ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ ็ก้ ธ้ 1200g ๏ผ๏ผ ็ก้ ธ 62ml ่ธ็ๆฐด 1467ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผ๏ผ 25๏ผ KBrๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ pAg่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผจโ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผ๏ผ ็ก้ ธ PH่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฉโ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผ๏ผ ็ญ้ ธใใใชใฆใ ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ PH่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ 40โใซใใใฆใ็น้ๆญ57โ92523ๅทใๅ57โ
92524ๅทใซ็คบใใใๆททๅๆชๆๅจใ็จใใฆๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ
๏ผใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใจ๏ผขโ๏ผใจใๅๆๆททๅๆณใซใใคใฆ
ๆทปๅ ใใใๅๆๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผขโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฏ่กจโ๏ผใซ็คบใใใใซๅถๅพก
ใใใpAgๅใณPHใฎๅถๅพกใฏๆต้ๅฏๅคใญใผใฉใผใใฆ
ใผใใใณใใซใใใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใจๆบถๆถฒ๏ผจโ๏ผใฎๆต
้ใๅคใใใใจใซใใคใฆ่กใชใคใใ ๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ็ตไบ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฉโ๏ผใซใ
ใคใฆPHใ5.5ใซ่ชฟ็ฏใใใ ๆฌกใซใๅธธๆณใซใใ่ฑๅกฉๆฐดๆดใ่กใชใใใชใปใคใณ
ใผใฉใใณ125gใๅซใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒไธญใซๅๆฃใใใฎใกใ
่ธ็ๆฐดใง็ท้ใ4800mlใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ้ปๅญ้กๅพฎ้ก่ฆณๅฏใซใใคใฆใใใฎไนณๅคใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ
0.09ฮผmใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใใจใใใใคใใๅฐใ
ใใใงใใ็ฒๅพใจใฏใ็ฒๅญใฎไฝ็ฉใไฝ็ฉใฎ็ญใใ
็ซๆนไฝใซๆ็ฎใใใจใใฎ่พบ้ทใงใใคใฆใไปฅไธใฎ่จ
่ผใซใใใฆใๅๆงใงใใใ
ใ่กจใ
(1-2) ็ฌฌ๏ผๆฎปใฎไปไธ๏ผ
ไปฅไธใซ็คบใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ็จใใฆใไธ่จEMโ
๏ผใ็จฎไนณๅคใจใใใใใซใจใฆๅ้ๅซๆ็๏ผใขใซ๏ผ
ใฎใจใฆ่ญๅ้ใฎๆฎปใไปไธใใไนณๅคEMโ๏ผใไฝๆ
ใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 34.54g ่ธ็ๆฐด 8642ml ใใชใคใฝใใญใใฌใณโใใชใจใใฌใณใชใญใทโใธ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใจในใใซใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ10๏ผ ใจใฟใใผใซ
ๆบถๆถฒ 20ml ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ 181.32mg 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 117.4ml 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 154ml ็กซ้ ธใใฐใใทใฆใ 16g ็จฎไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผ 0.329ใขใซ็ธๅฝ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 18.72g KBr 763.8g KI 21.8g ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ 2.17g ็กซ้ ธใใฐใใทใฆใ 7.4g ่ธ็ๆฐด 1578ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ AgNO3 1142.4g 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 931.4ml ่ธ็ๆฐดใง1921mlใซใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผ๏ผ 50๏ผ KBrๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ pAg่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผ๏ผ 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ PH่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ 40โใซใใใฆ็น้ๆญ57โ92523ๅทใๅ57โ92524
ๅทใซ็คบใใใๆททๅๆชๆๆฉใ็จใใฆๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผใซๆบถ
ๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใจๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผใจใๅๆๆททๅๆณใซใใคใฆ้
ไธญๅฐ็ฒๅญ็บ็ใฎใชใๆๅฐๆ้32.5ๅ้ใ่ฆใใฆๆทป
ๅ ใใใๅๆๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผขโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฏ่กจโ๏ผใซ็คบใใใใซ้ฃ็ถ็ใซ
ๅถๅพกใใใpAgๅใณPHใฎๅถๅพกใฏๆต้ๅฏๅคใฎใญใผใฉ
ใผใใฆใผใใใณใใซใใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผ
ใใใณๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผใฎๆต้ใๅคใใชใใ่กใคใใ ๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ็ตไบๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผใซใใคใฆ
pAgใ10.4ใซใๆดใซ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใซใใคใฆ
PHใ6.0ใซ่ชฟ็ฏใใใ
๏ผใ็จฎไนณๅคใจใใใใใซใจใฆๅ้ๅซๆ็๏ผใขใซ๏ผ
ใฎใจใฆ่ญๅ้ใฎๆฎปใไปไธใใไนณๅคEMโ๏ผใไฝๆ
ใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 34.54g ่ธ็ๆฐด 8642ml ใใชใคใฝใใญใใฌใณโใใชใจใใฌใณใชใญใทโใธ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใจในใใซใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ10๏ผ ใจใฟใใผใซ
ๆบถๆถฒ 20ml ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ 181.32mg 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 117.4ml 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 154ml ็กซ้ ธใใฐใใทใฆใ 16g ็จฎไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผ 0.329ใขใซ็ธๅฝ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 18.72g KBr 763.8g KI 21.8g ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ 2.17g ็กซ้ ธใใฐใใทใฆใ 7.4g ่ธ็ๆฐด 1578ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ AgNO3 1142.4g 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 931.4ml ่ธ็ๆฐดใง1921mlใซใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผ๏ผ 50๏ผ KBrๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ pAg่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผ๏ผ 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ PH่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ 40โใซใใใฆ็น้ๆญ57โ92523ๅทใๅ57โ92524
ๅทใซ็คบใใใๆททๅๆชๆๆฉใ็จใใฆๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผใซๆบถ
ๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใจๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผใจใๅๆๆททๅๆณใซใใคใฆ้
ไธญๅฐ็ฒๅญ็บ็ใฎใชใๆๅฐๆ้32.5ๅ้ใ่ฆใใฆๆทป
ๅ ใใใๅๆๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผขโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฏ่กจโ๏ผใซ็คบใใใใซ้ฃ็ถ็ใซ
ๅถๅพกใใใpAgๅใณPHใฎๅถๅพกใฏๆต้ๅฏๅคใฎใญใผใฉ
ใผใใฆใผใใใณใใซใใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผ
ใใใณๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผใฎๆต้ใๅคใใชใใ่กใคใใ ๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ็ตไบๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผใซใใคใฆ
pAgใ10.4ใซใๆดใซ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใซใใคใฆ
PHใ6.0ใซ่ชฟ็ฏใใใ
ใ่กจใ
ใ่กจใ
ๆฌกใซใๅธธๆณใซใใ่ฑๅกฉๆฐดๆดใ่กใชใใใชใปใคใณ
ใผใฉใใณ128.6gใๅซใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒไธญใซๅๆฃใใใฎใกใ
่ธ็ๆฐดใง็ท้3000mlใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ้ปๅญ้กๅพฎ้ก่ฆณๅฏใซใใคใฆใใใฎไนณๅคใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ
0.27ฮผm็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใ12๏ผ ใจใใ้ซๅบฆใช
ๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใใจใใใใฃใใ (1-3) ็ฌฌ๏ผๆฎปใฎไปไธ๏ผ ไปฅไธใซ็คบใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ็จใใฆใไธ่จEMโ
๏ผใ็จฎไนณๅคใจใใใใใซใจใฆๅ้ๅซๆ็2.6ใขใซ
๏ผ ใฎใจใฆ่ญๅ้ใฎๆฎปใไปไธใใไนณๅคEMโ๏ผใไฝ
ๆใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 34.0g ่ธ็ๆฐด 7779ml ใใชใคใฝใใญใใฌใณโใใชใจใใฌใณใชใญใทโใธ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใจในใใซใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ10๏ผ ใจใฟใใผใซ
ๆบถๆถฒ 20ml ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ 405mg 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 117.3ml 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 72ml ็จฎไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผ 0.303ใขใซ็ธๅฝ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 18.74g KBr 760.2g KI 28.4g ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ 1.35g ่ธ็ๆฐด 1574ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ AgNO3 1148g 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 937ml ่ธ็ๆฐดใง1930mlใซใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผ๏ผ 50๏ผ KBrๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ pAg่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผ๏ผ 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ PH่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ 40โใซใใใฆ็น้ๆญ57โ92523ๅทใๅ57โ92524
ๅทใซ็คบใใใๆททๅๆชๆๅจใ็จใใฆๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผใซๆบถ
ๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใจๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผใจใๅๆๆททๅๆณใซใใคใฆ้
ไธญๅฐ็ฒๅญ็บ็ใฎใชใๆๅฐๆ้56.5ๅ้ใ่ฆใใฆๆทป
ๅ ใใใๅๆๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผขโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฏ่กจโ๏ผใซ็คบใใใใซๅถๅพกใ
ใใpAgๅใณPHใฎๅถๅพกใฏๆต้ๅฏๅคใญใผใฉใผใใฆใผ
ใใใณใใซใใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผใใใณๆบถ
ๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผใฎๆต้ใๅคใใชใใ่กใชใคใใ ๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ็ตไบ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผใซใ
ใคใฆpAgใ10.4ใซใๆดใซ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใซใ
ใคใฆPHใ6.0ใซ่ชฟ็ฏใใใ ๆฌกใซใๅธธๆณใซใใ่ฑๅกฉๆฐดๆดใ่กใชใใใชใปใคใณ
ใผใฉใใณ128.1gใๅซใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒไธญใซๅๆฃใใใฎใกใ
่ธ็ๆฐดใง็ท้3000mlใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ้ปๅญ้กๅพฎ้ก่ฆณๅฏใซใใคใฆใใใฎไนณๅคใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ
0.80ฮผmใ็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใ10๏ผ ใจใใ้ซๅบฆ
ใชๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใใจใใใใคใใ
ใผใฉใใณ128.6gใๅซใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒไธญใซๅๆฃใใใฎใกใ
่ธ็ๆฐดใง็ท้3000mlใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ้ปๅญ้กๅพฎ้ก่ฆณๅฏใซใใคใฆใใใฎไนณๅคใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ
0.27ฮผm็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใ12๏ผ ใจใใ้ซๅบฆใช
ๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใใจใใใใฃใใ (1-3) ็ฌฌ๏ผๆฎปใฎไปไธ๏ผ ไปฅไธใซ็คบใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ็จใใฆใไธ่จEMโ
๏ผใ็จฎไนณๅคใจใใใใใซใจใฆๅ้ๅซๆ็2.6ใขใซ
๏ผ ใฎใจใฆ่ญๅ้ใฎๆฎปใไปไธใใไนณๅคEMโ๏ผใไฝ
ๆใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 34.0g ่ธ็ๆฐด 7779ml ใใชใคใฝใใญใใฌใณโใใชใจใใฌใณใชใญใทโใธ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใจในใใซใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ10๏ผ ใจใฟใใผใซ
ๆบถๆถฒ 20ml ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ 405mg 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 117.3ml 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 72ml ็จฎไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผ 0.303ใขใซ็ธๅฝ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 18.74g KBr 760.2g KI 28.4g ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ 1.35g ่ธ็ๆฐด 1574ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ AgNO3 1148g 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 937ml ่ธ็ๆฐดใง1930mlใซใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผ๏ผ 50๏ผ KBrๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ pAg่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผ๏ผ 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ PH่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ 40โใซใใใฆ็น้ๆญ57โ92523ๅทใๅ57โ92524
ๅทใซ็คบใใใๆททๅๆชๆๅจใ็จใใฆๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผใซๆบถ
ๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใจๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผใจใๅๆๆททๅๆณใซใใคใฆ้
ไธญๅฐ็ฒๅญ็บ็ใฎใชใๆๅฐๆ้56.5ๅ้ใ่ฆใใฆๆทป
ๅ ใใใๅๆๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผขโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฏ่กจโ๏ผใซ็คบใใใใซๅถๅพกใ
ใใpAgๅใณPHใฎๅถๅพกใฏๆต้ๅฏๅคใญใผใฉใผใใฆใผ
ใใใณใใซใใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผใใใณๆบถ
ๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผใฎๆต้ใๅคใใชใใ่กใชใคใใ ๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ็ตไบ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผใซใ
ใคใฆpAgใ10.4ใซใๆดใซ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใซใ
ใคใฆPHใ6.0ใซ่ชฟ็ฏใใใ ๆฌกใซใๅธธๆณใซใใ่ฑๅกฉๆฐดๆดใ่กใชใใใชใปใคใณ
ใผใฉใใณ128.1gใๅซใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒไธญใซๅๆฃใใใฎใกใ
่ธ็ๆฐดใง็ท้3000mlใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ้ปๅญ้กๅพฎ้ก่ฆณๅฏใซใใคใฆใใใฎไนณๅคใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ
0.80ฮผmใ็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใ10๏ผ ใจใใ้ซๅบฆ
ใชๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใใจใใใใคใใ
ใ่กจใ
(1-4) ๆฌ็บๆใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใๆๅคๆฎปใฎ
ไปไธ๏ผ ไปฅไธใซ็คบใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ็จใใฆใไธ่จEMโ
๏ผใ็จฎไนณๅคใจใใๆฌ็บๆใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใๆ
ๅคๆฎปใไปไธใใไนณๅคEMโ๏ผใไฝๆใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 22.5g ่ธ็ๆฐด 6884ml ใใชใคใฝใใญใใฌใณโใใชใจใใฌใณใชใญใทโใธ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใจในใใซใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ10๏ผ ใจใฟใใผใซ
ๆบถๆถฒ 20ml ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 469ml 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 258ml ็จฎไนณๅค 0.8828ใขใซ็ธๅฝ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 24g KBr ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ KI ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ่ธ็ๆฐด 1978ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฃโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 24g KBr ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ KI ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ่ธ็ๆฐด 1978ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผคโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 40g KBr ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ KI ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ่ธ็ๆฐด 3296ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ AgNO3 1109g 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 904ml ่ธ็ๆฐดใง1866mlใซใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผ๏ผ 50๏ผ KBrๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ pAg่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผ๏ผ 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ PH่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ 50โใซใใใฆ็น้ๆญ57โ92523ๅทใๅ57โ92524
ๅทใซ็คบใใใๆททๅๆชๆๅจใ็จใใฆๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผใซๆบถ
ๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใจๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผใจใๅๆๆททๅๆณใซใใคใฆ
46.6ๅ้ๆทปๅ ใใ๏ผขโ๏ผๆทปๅ ็ตไบใจๅๆใซ๏ผฃโ๏ผ
ใๆทปๅ ใใ35.9ๅๅพใซ๏ผฃโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ใ็ตไบใใใจ
ๅๆใซ๏ผคโ๏ผใๆทปๅ ใใ25.5ๅๅพใซๆทปๅ ็ตไบใ
ใใๅๆๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผขโ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผฃโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผคโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฏ่กจโ๏ผใซ็คบใใ
ใใซๅถๅพกใใใpAgๅใณPHใฎๅถๅพกใฏๆต้ๅฏๅคใฎใญ
ใผใฉใผใใฆใผใใใณใใซใใใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใจๆบถๆถฒ
๏ผงโ๏ผใฎๆต้ใๅคใใใใจใซใใคใฆ่กใคใใ ๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ็ตไบ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใซใ
ใคใฆpAgใ10.4ใซใๆดใซ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผใซใ
ใคใฆPHใ6.0ใซ่ชฟ็ฏใใใ ๆฌกใซใๅธธๆณใซใใ่ฑๅกฉๆฐดๆดใ่กใชใใใชใปใคใณ
ใผใฉใใณ127gใๅซใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใซๅๆฃใใใฎใกใ่ธ
็ๆฐดใง็ท้3000mlใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ้ปๅญ้กๅพฎ้ก่ฆณๅฏใซใใคใฆใใใฎไนณๅคใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ
1.60ฮผmใ็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใ11๏ผ ใจใใ้ซๅบฆ
ใชๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใใจใใใใคใใ EMโ๏ผใฏ็ฒๅพๅ ้จใใ้ ๆฌก15ใขใซ๏ผ ใ๏ผใขใซ
๏ผ ใใใณ0.3ใขใซ๏ผ ใฎใจใฆๅ้ๅซๆ็ใฎใณใข๏ผใท
ใจใซๅใจใฆ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใงใใ๏ผใใชใใกใIl๏ผ
0.3๏ผIh๏ผ0.5๏ผIn๏ผใงใใ๏ผใ
ไปไธ๏ผ ไปฅไธใซ็คบใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ็จใใฆใไธ่จEMโ
๏ผใ็จฎไนณๅคใจใใๆฌ็บๆใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใๆ
ๅคๆฎปใไปไธใใไนณๅคEMโ๏ผใไฝๆใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 22.5g ่ธ็ๆฐด 6884ml ใใชใคใฝใใญใใฌใณโใใชใจใใฌใณใชใญใทโใธ
ใณใใฏ้ ธใจในใใซใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ10๏ผ ใจใฟใใผใซ
ๆบถๆถฒ 20ml ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 469ml 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ 258ml ็จฎไนณๅค 0.8828ใขใซ็ธๅฝ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 24g KBr ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ KI ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ่ธ็ๆฐด 1978ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฃโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 24g KBr ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ KI ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ่ธ็ๆฐด 1978ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผคโ๏ผ๏ผ ใชใปใคใณใผใฉใใณ 40g KBr ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ KI ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ
๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ ่กจโ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ ่ธ็ๆฐด 3296ml ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ AgNO3 1109g 28๏ผ ใขใณใขใใขๆฐด 904ml ่ธ็ๆฐดใง1866mlใซใใใ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผ๏ผ 50๏ผ KBrๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ pAg่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ ๏ผๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผ๏ผ 56๏ผ ้ ข้ ธๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ PH่ชฟๆดๅฟ ่ฆ้ 50โใซใใใฆ็น้ๆญ57โ92523ๅทใๅ57โ92524
ๅทใซ็คบใใใๆททๅๆชๆๅจใ็จใใฆๆบถๆถฒ๏ผกโ๏ผใซๆบถ
ๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใจๆบถๆถฒ๏ผขโ๏ผใจใๅๆๆททๅๆณใซใใคใฆ
46.6ๅ้ๆทปๅ ใใ๏ผขโ๏ผๆทปๅ ็ตไบใจๅๆใซ๏ผฃโ๏ผ
ใๆทปๅ ใใ35.9ๅๅพใซ๏ผฃโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ใ็ตไบใใใจ
ๅๆใซ๏ผคโ๏ผใๆทปๅ ใใ25.5ๅๅพใซๆทปๅ ็ตไบใ
ใใๅๆๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผขโ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผฃโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผคโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฏ่กจโ๏ผใซ็คบใใ
ใใซๅถๅพกใใใpAgๅใณPHใฎๅถๅพกใฏๆต้ๅฏๅคใฎใญ
ใผใฉใผใใฆใผใใใณใใซใใใๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใจๆบถๆถฒ
๏ผงโ๏ผใฎๆต้ใๅคใใใใจใซใใคใฆ่กใคใใ ๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฅโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ็ตไบ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผฆโ๏ผใซใ
ใคใฆpAgใ10.4ใซใๆดใซ๏ผๅๅพใซๆบถๆถฒ๏ผงโ๏ผใซใ
ใคใฆPHใ6.0ใซ่ชฟ็ฏใใใ ๆฌกใซใๅธธๆณใซใใ่ฑๅกฉๆฐดๆดใ่กใชใใใชใปใคใณ
ใผใฉใใณ127gใๅซใๆฐดๆบถๆถฒใซๅๆฃใใใฎใกใ่ธ
็ๆฐดใง็ท้3000mlใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ้ปๅญ้กๅพฎ้ก่ฆณๅฏใซใใคใฆใใใฎไนณๅคใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ
1.60ฮผmใ็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใ11๏ผ ใจใใ้ซๅบฆ
ใชๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใใจใใใใคใใ EMโ๏ผใฏ็ฒๅพๅ ้จใใ้ ๆฌก15ใขใซ๏ผ ใ๏ผใขใซ
๏ผ ใใใณ0.3ใขใซ๏ผ ใฎใจใฆๅ้ๅซๆ็ใฎใณใข๏ผใท
ใจใซๅใจใฆ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใงใใ๏ผใใชใใกใIl๏ผ
0.3๏ผIh๏ผ0.5๏ผIn๏ผใงใใ๏ผใ
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่ฃฝ้ ไพ ๏ผ
่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใซ็คบใใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ
็จใใKBr๏ผKIๅใณ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใ
ใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณๆทปๅ
้ใ่กจโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ใจใใใปใใฏใ
่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใจๅๆงใซใใฆใEMโ๏ผ๏ผ
EMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผใ่ฃฝ้ ใ
ใใ ใใใใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ1.60ฮผmใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใ
็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏใใใใ17๏ผ ๏ผ15๏ผ ๏ผ12
๏ผ ๏ผ16๏ผ ๏ผ16๏ผ ใงใใคใใ ่ฃฝ้ ไพ ๏ผ ่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใซ็คบใใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ
็จใใKBr๏ผKIๅใณ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใ
ใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ่ชฟๆด
้ใ่กจโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ใจใใใปใใฏใ
่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใจๅๆงใซใใฆใEMโ10ใ
EMโ26ใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใ ใใใใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ1.60ฮผmใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใ
็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏใใใใ10๏ผ ๏ผ10๏ผ ๏ผ11
๏ผ ๏ผ12๏ผ ๏ผ13๏ผ ๏ผ18๏ผ ๏ผ19๏ผ ๏ผ35๏ผ ๏ผ39๏ผ ๏ผ10
๏ผ ๏ผ11๏ผ ๏ผ11๏ผ ๏ผ11๏ผ ๏ผ12๏ผ ๏ผ12๏ผ ๏ผ12๏ผ ๏ผ13๏ผ
ใงใใคใใ ่ฃฝ้ ไพ ๏ผ ่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใซ็คบใใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ
็จใใKBr๏ผKIๅใณ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใ
ใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ่ชฟๆด
้ใ่กจโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ใจใใใปใใฏใ
่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใจๅๆงใซใใฆใEMโ28๏ผ
29ใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใ ใใใซใๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผขโ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผฃโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผคโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฎๅถๅพกใ่กจโ๏ผใซ
็คบใใใใซใๅคๆดใใฆใEMโ27ใ่ฃฝ้ ใใ่กจโ
10ใซ็คบใใใใซใใฆEMโ30๏ผ31ใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใ ใใใใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ1.6ฮผmใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใ
็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏใใใใใ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผ18๏ผ ๏ผ19
๏ผ ๏ผ32๏ผ ๏ผ34๏ผ ใงใใคใใ
็จใใKBr๏ผKIๅใณ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใ
ใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณๆทปๅ
้ใ่กจโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ใจใใใปใใฏใ
่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใจๅๆงใซใใฆใEMโ๏ผ๏ผ
EMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผใ่ฃฝ้ ใ
ใใ ใใใใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ1.60ฮผmใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใ
็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏใใใใ17๏ผ ๏ผ15๏ผ ๏ผ12
๏ผ ๏ผ16๏ผ ๏ผ16๏ผ ใงใใคใใ ่ฃฝ้ ไพ ๏ผ ่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใซ็คบใใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ
็จใใKBr๏ผKIๅใณ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใ
ใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ่ชฟๆด
้ใ่กจโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ใจใใใปใใฏใ
่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใจๅๆงใซใใฆใEMโ10ใ
EMโ26ใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใ ใใใใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ1.60ฮผmใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใ
็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏใใใใ10๏ผ ๏ผ10๏ผ ๏ผ11
๏ผ ๏ผ12๏ผ ๏ผ13๏ผ ๏ผ18๏ผ ๏ผ19๏ผ ๏ผ35๏ผ ๏ผ39๏ผ ๏ผ10
๏ผ ๏ผ11๏ผ ๏ผ11๏ผ ๏ผ11๏ผ ๏ผ12๏ผ ๏ผ12๏ผ ๏ผ12๏ผ ๏ผ13๏ผ
ใงใใคใใ ่ฃฝ้ ไพ ๏ผ ่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใซ็คบใใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ
็จใใKBr๏ผKIๅใณ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใ
ใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ่ชฟๆด
้ใ่กจโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ใจใใใปใใฏใ
่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใจๅๆงใซใใฆใEMโ28๏ผ
29ใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใ ใใใซใๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผขโ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผฃโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผคโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฎๅถๅพกใ่กจโ๏ผใซ
็คบใใใใซใๅคๆดใใฆใEMโ27ใ่ฃฝ้ ใใ่กจโ
10ใซ็คบใใใใซใใฆEMโ30๏ผ31ใ่ฃฝ้ ใใใ ใใใใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ1.6ฮผmใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใ
็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏใใใใใ๏ผ๏ผ ๏ผ18๏ผ ๏ผ19
๏ผ ๏ผ32๏ผ ๏ผ34๏ผ ใงใใคใใ
ใ่กจใ
ใ่กจใ
่ฃฝ้ ไพ ๏ผ
่ฃฝ้ ไพ๏ผใฎ๏ผ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผใซ็คบใใ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆบถๆถฒใ
็จใใKBr๏ผKIๅใณ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใ
ใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ่ชฟๆด
้ใ่กจโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ใจใใใใใซใ
ๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผขโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผฃโ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผคโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฎๅถๅพกใ่กจโ11ใซ็คบใใใใซใ
ๅคๆดใใฆใEMโ32ใใๅใใ่กจโ12ใฎใใใซใ
ใฆใEMโ33ใใ่กจโ13ใฎใใใซใใฆEMโ34ใ
่ฃฝ้ ใใใ ใใใใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ1.6ฮผmใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใ
็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏใใใใใ10๏ผ ๏ผ10๏ผ ๏ผ12
๏ผ ใงใใคใใ
็จใใKBr๏ผKIๅใณ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใกใ
ใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ3a๏ผ๏ผโใใใฉใขใถใคใณใใณ่ชฟๆด
้ใ่กจโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ่จ่ผใฎ้ใจใใใใใซใ
ๆททๅไธญใฎpAg๏ผPHๅใณ๏ผฅโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผขโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผฃโ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผคโ๏ผใฎๆทปๅ ้ๅบฆใฎๅถๅพกใ่กจโ11ใซ็คบใใใใซใ
ๅคๆดใใฆใEMโ32ใใๅใใ่กจโ12ใฎใใใซใ
ใฆใEMโ33ใใ่กจโ13ใฎใใใซใใฆEMโ34ใ
่ฃฝ้ ใใใ ใใใใฏๅนณๅ็ฒๅพ1.6ฮผmใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใงใใใ
็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅคๅไฟๆฐใฏใใใใใ10๏ผ ๏ผ10๏ผ ๏ผ12
๏ผ ใงใใคใใ
ใ่กจใ
ใ่กจใ
ใ่กจใ
๏ผโใขใใโ๏ผโใกใใซโ๏ผฎโ๏ผฮฒโใใใญใญ
ใทใจใใซ๏ผโใขใใชใณใป็กซ้ ธๅกฉ 4.57g ็กๆฐดไบ็กซ้ ธใใใชใฆใ 4.25g ใใใญใญใทใซใขใใณ2/1็กซ้ ธๅกฉ 2.0g ็กๆฐด็ญ้ ธใซใชใฆใ 37.5g ่ญๅใใใชใฆใ 1.3g ใใใชใญใใช้ ข้ ธใป๏ผใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ๏ผ๏ผๆฐดๅกฉ๏ผ
2.5g ๆฐด้ ธๅใซใชใฆใ 1.0g ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ1lใจใใใ ใๆผ็ฝๆถฒใ ใจใใฌใณใธใขใใณใใใฉ้ ข้ ธ้ใขใณใขใใฆใ ๅกฉ
100.0g ใจใใฌใณใธใขใใณใใใฉ้ ข้ ธ๏ผใขใณใขใใฆใ ๅกฉ
10.0g ่ญๅใขใณใขใใฆใ 150.0g ๆฐท้ ข้ ธ 10.0ml ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ1lใจใใใขใณใขใใขๆฐดใ็จใใฆPH
6.0ใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ใๅฎ็ๆถฒใ ใใช็กซ้ ธใขใณใขใใฆใ 175.0g ็กๆฐดไบ็กซ้ ธใขใณใขใใฆใ 8.6g ใกใฟไบ็กซ้ ธใใใชใฆใ 2.3g ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ1lใจใใ้ ข้ ธใ็จใใฆPH6.0ใซ่ชฟๆด
ใใใ ใๅฎๅฎๅๆถฒใ ใใซใใชใณ๏ผ37๏ผ ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ๏ผ 1.5ml ใณใใใใฏใน๏ผๅฐ่ฅฟๅ ญๅ็ๅทฅๆฅญๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ
7.5ml ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ1lใจใใใ ็พๅใใ่ฉฆๆใฏใฐใชใผใณๅ ใ็จใใฆใปใณใทใใก
ใใชใผๆธฌๅฎใ็ฒ็ถๅบฆๆธฌๅฎใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงๆธฌๅฎใ่กใชใค
ใใ ใซใใชโฆใปใณใทใใกใใชใผใงๅพใใใใใใใ็น
ๆงๆฒ็ทใฎๆไฝๅ ๅญฆๆฟๅบฆ๏ผๅคใๅคงใใใปใฉใซใใชใ
้ซใๅฅฝใพใใใชใใ๏ผใ ๆๅบฆโฆ็นๆงๆฒ็ทไธใงใซใใช๏ผ0.1ใฎๅ ๅญฆๆฟๅบฆใไธ
ใใ้ฒๅ ้๏ผ็ๆฐๅค๏ผใฎ้ๆฐ๏ผๅฎๆฝไพใฎ็ตๆใฎ่กจ
ใงใฏๆฏ่ผไนณๅคใฎๆๅบฆใ100ใจใใฆ็ธๅฏพๅคๅใใฆใ
ใ๏ผๅคใๅคงใใใปใฉๆๅบฆใๆฉใใๅฅฝใพใใใ๏ผใ ้ฎฎ้ญๆงโฆ็ปๅใฎ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใฎๆน่ฏๅนๆใฎๆคๅบใฏMTF
๏ผModulation Transfer Function๏ผใๆฑใ็ฉบ้
ๅจๆณขๆฐใ10ๆฌ๏ผmmใฎMTFใฎๅคงใใใๆฏ่ผใใใ
ใจใซใใ่กใชใคใใๅคใๅคงใใใปใฉๅฅฝใพใใใ ็ฒ็ถๆงโฆRMS๏ผ่ฒ็ด ็ปๅๆฟๅบฆใDmin๏ผ0.8ใฎ่ฒ
็ด ็ปๅใๅๅฝข่ตฐๆปๅฃๅพใ25ฮผใฎใใคใฏใญใใณใทใ
ใกใผใฟใผใง่ตฐๆปใใๆใซ็ใใๆฟๅบฆๅคใฎๅคๅใฎๆจ
ๆบๅๅทฎใฎ1000ๅๅคใใณใณใใญใผใซ่ฉฆๆใ100ใจใ
ใ็ธๅฏพๅคใง็คบใใใๅคใๅคงใใใปใฉ็ฒ็ถใ็ฒใใ
ๅฅฝใพใใใชใใ ้ฒๅ ๅใฎๅบใโฆ็นๆงๆฒ็ทไธใงใซใใช๏ผ0.1ใฎๅ ๅญฆ
ๆฟๅบฆใไธใใ้ฒๅ ้๏ผๅฏพๆฐๅค๏ผใจๆๅคงๅ ๅญฆๆฟๅบฆโ
0.1ใฎๅ ๅญฆๆฟๅบฆใไธใใ้ฒๅ ้๏ผๅฏพๆฐๅค๏ผใฎๅทฎใฎ
ๅคใๅคงใใ็จใ้ฒๅ ๅใๅบใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅคๅฑคๅผใซใฉใผๆๅ ๆๆ๏ผ้ๅฑค่ฉฆๆใจๅผใถ๏ผใฎไฝ
ๆ๏ผ ๅ่จ่ฃฝ้ ไพใง็คบใใๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผใ
EMโ๏ผ๏ผใซๅธธๆณใซๅพใๅๅญฆๅขๆใๆฝใใไปฅไธใฎ
ๆงใซใใฆใ้่ฒๆๅ ๅฑคใ็ท่ฒๆๅ ๅฑคใ่ตค่ฒๆๅ ๅฑค
ใฎ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆๅ ๅฑคใๆใใ๏ผๅฑคใใใชใใซใฉใผๆ
ๅ ๆๆใไฝๆใใใๅๅญฆๅขๆใๆฝใใEMโ๏ผใ
EMโ๏ผใฎไนณๅคใฏใ็ทๆๆง้ซๆๅบฆๅฑค๏ผ็ฌฌ๏ผๅฑค๏ผใซ
ใฎใฟใใใฆๅคๅใใใใไปใฎๆๅ ๆงๅฑคใฏใๅ่ฉฆๆ
ใซใใใฆๅ จใๅ ฑ้ใฎไนณๅคใ็จใใใ ไธๅผใๅ ๅทฅใใใปใซใญใผในใใชใขใปใใผใใใคใซ
ใ ใใใชใใใใฌใผใทใจใณ้ฒๆญขๅฑค๏ผ้ป่ฒใณใญใคใ
้0.40gใใใณใผใฉใใณ3.0gใๅซๆใใใ๏ผใๆใ
ใ้ๆๆฏๆไฝไธใซใไธ่จใฎๅๅฑคใ้ ็ชใซๅก่จญใใ
ใใจใซใใ่ฉฆๆใไฝ่ฃฝใใใใชใใไปฅไธใฎใในใฆ
ใฎๅฎๆฝไพใซใใใฆๆๅ ๆๆไธญใธใฎๆทปๅ ้ใฏ๏ผm2ๅฝ
ใใฎใใฎใ็คบใใๅใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใจใณใญใคใ
้ใฏ้ใซๆ็ฎใใฆ็คบใใใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ่ตคๆๆงใ่ฒๅขๆใใใ1.4gใฎไฝๆๅบฆ่ตคๆๆง
ๆฒ่ญๅ้๏ผๆฒๅ้๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๅซๆ๏ผไนณๅคๅฑคๅใณ
1.2gใฎใผใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ0.8gใฎ๏ผโใใใญใญใท
โ๏ผโ๏ผฮฒโใกใใญใทใจใใซใขใใใซใซใใ
ใซใกใใญใท๏ผโ๏ผฎโ๏ผฮดโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธโ๏ฝโ
ใขใใซใใจใใญใท๏ผใใใซใโ๏ผโใใใใข
ใใใไปฅไธ๏ผฃโ๏ผใจ็งฐใใใใใ0.075gใฎ๏ผโ
ใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโฮด
โใขใปใใขใใโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธในใซใโ๏ผโใ
ใใใซใขใพ๏ผใใจใใญใทใโ๏ผฎโใฮด๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
โใธโ๏ฝโใขใใซใใจใใญใท๏ผใใใซใโ๏ผ
โใใใใขใใใปใธใใใชใฆใ ใไปฅไธใใซใฉ
ใผใใทใขใณใซใใฉใผ๏ผCCโ๏ผ๏ผใจ็งฐใใใใ
ๅใณ0.015gใฎ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผใฮดโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใธโ๏ฝโใขใใซใใจใใญใท๏ผ๏ฝโใใ
ใซใใใใใขใใใ0.07gใฎ๏ผโใชใฏใฟใใท
ใซในใฏใทใณใคใใโ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผโใใจใใซโ๏ผ
โใใใฉใพใชใซใใช๏ผโ๏ผโใคใณใใใณใไปฅ
ไธDIRๅๅ็ฉ๏ผ๏ผคโ๏ผ๏ผใจ็งฐใใใใใๆบถ่งฃ
ใใ0.65gใฎใใชใฏใฌใธใซใในใใจใผใ
๏ผTCP๏ผใๅซๆใใฆใใไฝๆๅบฆ่ตคๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค
๏ผไปฅไธRLๅฑคใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ1.3gใฎ้ซๆๅบฆ่ตคๆๆงๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค1.2gใฎใผ
ใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ0.21gใทใขใณใซใใฉใผ๏ผ๏ผฃโ๏ผ๏ผ
ๅใณ0.02gใฎใซใฉใผใใทใขใณใซใใฉใผ๏ผCCโ
๏ผ๏ผใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.23gใฎTCPใๅซๆใใฆใใ
้ซๆๅบฆ่ตคๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธRHๅฑคใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ0.07gใฎ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธโ๏ฝโใชใฏใใซใใคใ
ใญใญใใณใไปฅไธใๆฑๆ้ฒๆญขๅค๏ผHQโ๏ผ๏ผใจ
็งฐใใใใใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.04gใฎ๏ฝโใธใใใซใ
ใฟใฌใผใใไปฅไธใDBPใจ็งฐใใใใๅใณ0.8g
ใฎใผใฉใใณใๅซๆใใฆใใไธญ้ๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธIL
ใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ็ทๆๆงใซ่ฒๅขๆใใใ0.80gใฎไฝๆๅบฆๆฒ่ญ
ๅ้๏ผๆฒๅ้๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๅซๆ๏ผไนณๅคๅใณ2.2gใฎ
ใผใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ0.8gใฎ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใ
ใชใฏใญใญใใจใใซ๏ผ๏ผโใ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธโ
๏ฝโใขใใซใใจใใญใทใขใปใใขใใ๏ผใใณใบ
ใขใใใโ๏ผโใใฉใพใญใณ๏ผไปฅไธใใผใณใฟใซ
ใใฉใผ๏ผ๏ผญโ๏ผ๏ผใจ็งฐใ๏ผใ0.15gใฎ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใชใฏใญใญใใจใใซ๏ผโ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผโใ
ใใใซใขใพ๏ผโ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผโใฏใญใญโ๏ผโใชใฏใฟ
ใใปใใซในใฏใทใณใคใใใขใใชใ๏ผโ๏ผโใ
ใฉใพใญใณใไปฅไธใใซใฉใผใใใผใณใฟใซใใฉใผ
๏ผCMโ๏ผ๏ผใจ็งฐใใใใใ0.016gใฎDIRๅๅ็ฉ
๏ผ๏ผคโ๏ผ๏ผใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.95gใฎTCPใๅซๆใใฆ
ใใไฝๆๅบฆ็ทๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธGLใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ็ทๆๆงใซ่ฒๅขๆใใใ1.8gใฎ้ซๆๅบฆ็ทๆๆง
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใ1.9gใฎใผใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ0.20g
ใฎใใผใณใฟใซใใฉใผ๏ผ๏ผญโ๏ผ๏ผใๅใณ0.049g
ใฎใซใฉใผใใใผใณใฟใซใใฉใผ๏ผCMโ๏ผ๏ผใ
ๆบถ่งฃใใ0.25gใฎTCPใๅซๆใใ้ซๆๅบฆ็ทๆ
ๆงไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธGHใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ0.15gใฎ้ป่ฒใณใญใคใ้ใ0.2gใฎๆฑๆ้ฒๆญข
ๅค๏ผHQโ๏ผ๏ผใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.11gใฎDBPๅใณ
1.5gใฎใผใฉใใณใๅซๆใใใคใจใญใผใใคใซใฟ
ใผๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธใYCใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ้ๆๆงใซ่ฒๅขๆใใใ0.2gใฎไฝๆๅบฆๆฒ่ญๅ
้๏ผๆฒๅ้๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๅซๆ๏ผไนณๅคๅใณ1.9gใฎใผ
ใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ1.5gใฎฮฑโใใใญใคใซโฮฑโ
๏ผ๏ผโใใณใธใซโ๏ผโใใจใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธ
ใชใญใฝใคใใใพใชใธใณโ๏ผโใคใซ๏ผโ2โฒโใฏ
ใญใญโ5โฒโใฮฑโใใใทใซใชใญใทใซใซใใใซ๏ผ
ใจใใญใทใซใซใใใซใใขใปใใขใใฉใคใใไปฅ
ไธใ๏ผนโ๏ผใจ็งฐใใใใใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.6gใฎ
TCPใๅซๆใใไฝๆๅบฆ้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธ
BLใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ้ๆๆงใซ่ฒๅขๆใใใ1.0gใฎ้ซๆๅบฆๆฒ่ญๅ
้ไนณๅคใ1.5gใฎใผใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ1.30gใฎใคใจ
ใญใผใซใใฉใผ๏ผ๏ผนโ๏ผ๏ผใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.65gใฎ
TCPใๅซๆใใ้ซๆๅบฆ้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธ
BHใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ2.3gใฎใผใฉใใณใๆใใไฟ่ญทๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธPR
ใจใใ๏ผใ ้ๅฑคๆๅบฆใฎๆธฌๅฎ๏ผ ใใฎใใใซใใฆไฝๆใใๅคๅฑคๅผใซใฉใผๆๅ ๆๆ
ใๅธธๆณใซๅพใใ็ฝ่ฒใฆใจใใธ้ฒๅ ใใๅ่จๅฆ็ๅทฅ
็จใงๅฆ็ใใใปใณใทใใกใใชใผๆธฌๅฎใซใใใ็ท่ฒ
ๅ ๆๅบฆใๅพใ๏ผๆๅบฆใฎๅฎ็พฉใฏๅ่จๅไธๆ่ฒๆงๅกๅธ
่ฉฆๆใฎๅ ดๅใจๅใ๏ผใ ๅฎๆฝไพ๏ผใฎ็ตๆ๏ผไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๅนๆ๏ผ๏ผ ๅไธๆ่ฒๆงๅกๅธ่ฉฆๆใฎใซใใชใๆๅบฆใ็ฒ็ถๅบฆใ
้ฒๅ ๅใฎๅบใใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงๅใณ้ๅฑค่ฉฆๆใฎๆๅบฆใฎ็ตๆ
ใ่กจโ14ใซ็คบใใ ๆๅคๆฎป๏ผไฝๆฒๅบฆๆฎป๏ผใจ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎ้ใซใไธญ้ใฎ
ๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใๆใใไธญ้ๆฎปใๆใใชใๅพๆฅใฎใณ
ใข๏ผใทใจใซไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผใใไธญ้
ๆฎปใๆใใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใซๅ
ๅๅทฎใฎใชใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผใใๆ
ๅคๆฎปใจไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใซๅๅๅทฎใฎใชใใณใข๏ผ
ใทใจใซไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผใซๆฏ่ผใใฆใๆฌ็บๆใซๅบ
ใใฆ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใๆๅคๆฎปใๆใใใณใข๏ผใท
ใจใซไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผใฏ้ๅธธใซ้ซใๆ
ๅบฆใๅพใใใใ ใพใใใใฎๅนๆใฏ้ๅฑคๆๅบฆใซใใใฆใใ่ใ
ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซไนณๅคใๅคๅฑคๅผใซใฉใผๆ
ๅ ๆๆใซใใใฆใใใๆๅนใงใใไบใใใใใ ใพใใๆฌ็บๆไปฅๅคใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซไนณๅคใฏ็ฒๅพๅ
ๅธใๅบใใชใๅพๅใใใใใซใใชใ้ซใใชใๅพๅ
ใซใใใใใฎ็นใซใคใใฆใๅฅฝใพใใใชใใ ใๅฎๆฝไพ ๏ผใ ๅ่จ่ฃฝ้ ไพใฎEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผใ
EMโ18ใ็จใใฆใๅฎๆฝไพ๏ผใจๅๆงใฎๆนๆณใซใใค
ใฆใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใฎๅนๆใ่กจโ15ใซ็คบ
ใใ EMโ10ใEMโ15ใฏใไธญ้ๆฎปใๆๅคๆฎปใๅไธ
ใซใใฆใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใๅคๅใใใไพใง
ใใใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใ้ซใใชใใซใคใ
ใฆ้ซๆๅบฆใซใชใไบใใใใใ ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใ50ใขใซ๏ผ ใฎ
ไนณๅค๏ผEMโ15๏ผEMโ17๏ผใงใฏใๅขๆๅนๆใๅฐ
ใใใชใๅพๅใใใใใใใใฏ็ฒๅพๅๅธใๅบใใช
ใคใฆใใใใใจๆใใใๅใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใๆใใๆฌ
็บๆๅคใฎไนณๅค๏ผEMโ16๏ผEMโ18๏ผใจๅใ ๆฏ่ผ
ใใฆๆฌ็บๆใฎไนณๅคใฏๅๅใชๅขๆๅนๆใๅพใใใไบ
ใใใใใ ใๅฎๆฝไพ ๏ผใ ๅๆงใซไฝๆฒๅบฆๆฎปๅใณไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใฎๅนๆ
ใ่กจโ16ใซ็คบใใ ๆๅคๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใไฝใๆนใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅขๆๅน
ๆใๅคงใใใ ็นใซ้ๅฑคๆๅบฆใซใใใฆใๆๅคๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใ
ไฝใๆนใๅนๆใๅคงใใใๆๅคๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎ้ซ
ใ๏ผ10ใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธโฆEMโ26๏ผไนณๅคใฏๆฏ่ผไนณๅคใ
ใใๆๅบฆใไฝใใ ใๅฎๆฝไพ ๏ผใ ๅๆงใซ็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅนๆใ่กจโ17ใซ็คบใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅขๆๅนๆใฏใ็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎ็ญใๅๅๆฃไนณ
ๅคใซใใใฆใใๅนๆ็ใซๅพใใใใ ๅๅธใๅบใไนณๅคใฏใซใใชใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใฎ็นใงใใๅ
ๅธใฎ็ญใไนณๅคใซๅฃใใๆๅบฆใใซใใชใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใฎๅช
ใใไนณๅคใจใใฆใฏใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใใใๅฅฝ
ใพใใใ ใๅฎๆฝไพ ๏ผใ ๅๆงใซ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎไฝ็ฉใฎๅนๆใ่กจโ18ใซ็คบใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅขๆๅนๆใฏใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎไฝ็ฉใ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผEMโ33๏ผใจๅฐ้ใงใฏๅขๆใฏใใใใใฎๅนๆใฏ
ๅฐใใใ12๏ผ ๏ผEMโ32๏ผใ22๏ผ ๏ผEMโ33๏ผใ41
๏ผ ๏ผEMโ34๏ผใจใใๆฏ่ผ็ๅคงใใชไฝ็ฉใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆ
ๆฎปใๆใใไนณๅคใซใใใฆใใใๅฅฝใพใใๅนๆใๅพ
ใใใใ ใๅฎๆฝไพ ๏ผใ ๅๆงใซๆฒ่ญๅ้ๅ จไฝใฎ็ทๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎๅนๆใ่กจ
โ19ใซ็คบใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆใ็ทๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎๆฏ่ผ็้ซใไนณ
ๅคใฏๅขๆๅนๆใๅฐใใ๏ผEMโ35๏ผEMโ36๏ผใใพ
ใ็ทๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎไฝใไนณๅค๏ผEMโ38๏ผใฏ็ฒ็ถ
ๆงใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใ้ฒๅ ๅใฎๅบใใฎ็นใงๅฃใใ้ซๆๅบฆใง
ๅชใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใ้ฒๅ ๅใฎๅบใใๅพใใซ
ใฏใ้ฉๅใช็ฏๅฒใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎๆฌ็บๆใฎไนณๅคใ็จ
ใใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใไบใใใใใ
ใทใจใใซ๏ผโใขใใชใณใป็กซ้ ธๅกฉ 4.57g ็กๆฐดไบ็กซ้ ธใใใชใฆใ 4.25g ใใใญใญใทใซใขใใณ2/1็กซ้ ธๅกฉ 2.0g ็กๆฐด็ญ้ ธใซใชใฆใ 37.5g ่ญๅใใใชใฆใ 1.3g ใใใชใญใใช้ ข้ ธใป๏ผใใใชใฆใ ๅกฉ๏ผ๏ผๆฐดๅกฉ๏ผ
2.5g ๆฐด้ ธๅใซใชใฆใ 1.0g ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ1lใจใใใ ใๆผ็ฝๆถฒใ ใจใใฌใณใธใขใใณใใใฉ้ ข้ ธ้ใขใณใขใใฆใ ๅกฉ
100.0g ใจใใฌใณใธใขใใณใใใฉ้ ข้ ธ๏ผใขใณใขใใฆใ ๅกฉ
10.0g ่ญๅใขใณใขใใฆใ 150.0g ๆฐท้ ข้ ธ 10.0ml ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ1lใจใใใขใณใขใใขๆฐดใ็จใใฆPH
6.0ใซ่ชฟๆดใใใ ใๅฎ็ๆถฒใ ใใช็กซ้ ธใขใณใขใใฆใ 175.0g ็กๆฐดไบ็กซ้ ธใขใณใขใใฆใ 8.6g ใกใฟไบ็กซ้ ธใใใชใฆใ 2.3g ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ1lใจใใ้ ข้ ธใ็จใใฆPH6.0ใซ่ชฟๆด
ใใใ ใๅฎๅฎๅๆถฒใ ใใซใใชใณ๏ผ37๏ผ ๆฐดๆบถๆถฒ๏ผ 1.5ml ใณใใใใฏใน๏ผๅฐ่ฅฟๅ ญๅ็ๅทฅๆฅญๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ่ฃฝ๏ผ
7.5ml ๆฐดใๅ ใใฆ1lใจใใใ ็พๅใใ่ฉฆๆใฏใฐใชใผใณๅ ใ็จใใฆใปใณใทใใก
ใใชใผๆธฌๅฎใ็ฒ็ถๅบฆๆธฌๅฎใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงๆธฌๅฎใ่กใชใค
ใใ ใซใใชโฆใปใณใทใใกใใชใผใงๅพใใใใใใใ็น
ๆงๆฒ็ทใฎๆไฝๅ ๅญฆๆฟๅบฆ๏ผๅคใๅคงใใใปใฉใซใใชใ
้ซใๅฅฝใพใใใชใใ๏ผใ ๆๅบฆโฆ็นๆงๆฒ็ทไธใงใซใใช๏ผ0.1ใฎๅ ๅญฆๆฟๅบฆใไธ
ใใ้ฒๅ ้๏ผ็ๆฐๅค๏ผใฎ้ๆฐ๏ผๅฎๆฝไพใฎ็ตๆใฎ่กจ
ใงใฏๆฏ่ผไนณๅคใฎๆๅบฆใ100ใจใใฆ็ธๅฏพๅคๅใใฆใ
ใ๏ผๅคใๅคงใใใปใฉๆๅบฆใๆฉใใๅฅฝใพใใใ๏ผใ ้ฎฎ้ญๆงโฆ็ปๅใฎ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใฎๆน่ฏๅนๆใฎๆคๅบใฏMTF
๏ผModulation Transfer Function๏ผใๆฑใ็ฉบ้
ๅจๆณขๆฐใ10ๆฌ๏ผmmใฎMTFใฎๅคงใใใๆฏ่ผใใใ
ใจใซใใ่กใชใคใใๅคใๅคงใใใปใฉๅฅฝใพใใใ ็ฒ็ถๆงโฆRMS๏ผ่ฒ็ด ็ปๅๆฟๅบฆใDmin๏ผ0.8ใฎ่ฒ
็ด ็ปๅใๅๅฝข่ตฐๆปๅฃๅพใ25ฮผใฎใใคใฏใญใใณใทใ
ใกใผใฟใผใง่ตฐๆปใใๆใซ็ใใๆฟๅบฆๅคใฎๅคๅใฎๆจ
ๆบๅๅทฎใฎ1000ๅๅคใใณใณใใญใผใซ่ฉฆๆใ100ใจใ
ใ็ธๅฏพๅคใง็คบใใใๅคใๅคงใใใปใฉ็ฒ็ถใ็ฒใใ
ๅฅฝใพใใใชใใ ้ฒๅ ๅใฎๅบใโฆ็นๆงๆฒ็ทไธใงใซใใช๏ผ0.1ใฎๅ ๅญฆ
ๆฟๅบฆใไธใใ้ฒๅ ้๏ผๅฏพๆฐๅค๏ผใจๆๅคงๅ ๅญฆๆฟๅบฆโ
0.1ใฎๅ ๅญฆๆฟๅบฆใไธใใ้ฒๅ ้๏ผๅฏพๆฐๅค๏ผใฎๅทฎใฎ
ๅคใๅคงใใ็จใ้ฒๅ ๅใๅบใๅฅฝใพใใใ ๅคๅฑคๅผใซใฉใผๆๅ ๆๆ๏ผ้ๅฑค่ฉฆๆใจๅผใถ๏ผใฎไฝ
ๆ๏ผ ๅ่จ่ฃฝ้ ไพใง็คบใใๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผใ
EMโ๏ผ๏ผใซๅธธๆณใซๅพใๅๅญฆๅขๆใๆฝใใไปฅไธใฎ
ๆงใซใใฆใ้่ฒๆๅ ๅฑคใ็ท่ฒๆๅ ๅฑคใ่ตค่ฒๆๅ ๅฑค
ใฎ๏ผ็จฎ้กใฎๆๅ ๅฑคใๆใใ๏ผๅฑคใใใชใใซใฉใผๆ
ๅ ๆๆใไฝๆใใใๅๅญฆๅขๆใๆฝใใEMโ๏ผใ
EMโ๏ผใฎไนณๅคใฏใ็ทๆๆง้ซๆๅบฆๅฑค๏ผ็ฌฌ๏ผๅฑค๏ผใซ
ใฎใฟใใใฆๅคๅใใใใไปใฎๆๅ ๆงๅฑคใฏใๅ่ฉฆๆ
ใซใใใฆๅ จใๅ ฑ้ใฎไนณๅคใ็จใใใ ไธๅผใๅ ๅทฅใใใปใซใญใผในใใชใขใปใใผใใใคใซ
ใ ใใใชใใใใฌใผใทใจใณ้ฒๆญขๅฑค๏ผ้ป่ฒใณใญใคใ
้0.40gใใใณใผใฉใใณ3.0gใๅซๆใใใ๏ผใๆใ
ใ้ๆๆฏๆไฝไธใซใไธ่จใฎๅๅฑคใ้ ็ชใซๅก่จญใใ
ใใจใซใใ่ฉฆๆใไฝ่ฃฝใใใใชใใไปฅไธใฎใในใฆ
ใฎๅฎๆฝไพใซใใใฆๆๅ ๆๆไธญใธใฎๆทปๅ ้ใฏ๏ผm2ๅฝ
ใใฎใใฎใ็คบใใๅใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใจใณใญใคใ
้ใฏ้ใซๆ็ฎใใฆ็คบใใใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ่ตคๆๆงใ่ฒๅขๆใใใ1.4gใฎไฝๆๅบฆ่ตคๆๆง
ๆฒ่ญๅ้๏ผๆฒๅ้๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๅซๆ๏ผไนณๅคๅฑคๅใณ
1.2gใฎใผใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ0.8gใฎ๏ผโใใใญใญใท
โ๏ผโ๏ผฮฒโใกใใญใทใจใใซใขใใใซใซใใ
ใซใกใใญใท๏ผโ๏ผฎโ๏ผฮดโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธโ๏ฝโ
ใขใใซใใจใใญใท๏ผใใใซใโ๏ผโใใใใข
ใใใไปฅไธ๏ผฃโ๏ผใจ็งฐใใใใใ0.075gใฎ๏ผโ
ใใใญใญใทโ๏ผโใ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโฮด
โใขใปใใขใใโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธในใซใโ๏ผโใ
ใใใซใขใพ๏ผใใจใใญใทใโ๏ผฎโใฮด๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
โใธโ๏ฝโใขใใซใใจใใญใท๏ผใใใซใโ๏ผ
โใใใใขใใใปใธใใใชใฆใ ใไปฅไธใใซใฉ
ใผใใทใขใณใซใใฉใผ๏ผCCโ๏ผ๏ผใจ็งฐใใใใ
ๅใณ0.015gใฎ๏ผโใใใญใญใทโ๏ผใฮดโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผโใธโ๏ฝโใขใใซใใจใใญใท๏ผ๏ฝโใใ
ใซใใใใใขใใใ0.07gใฎ๏ผโใชใฏใฟใใท
ใซในใฏใทใณใคใใโ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผโใใจใใซโ๏ผ
โใใใฉใพใชใซใใช๏ผโ๏ผโใคใณใใใณใไปฅ
ไธDIRๅๅ็ฉ๏ผ๏ผคโ๏ผ๏ผใจ็งฐใใใใใๆบถ่งฃ
ใใ0.65gใฎใใชใฏใฌใธใซใในใใจใผใ
๏ผTCP๏ผใๅซๆใใฆใใไฝๆๅบฆ่ตคๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค
๏ผไปฅไธRLๅฑคใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ1.3gใฎ้ซๆๅบฆ่ตคๆๆงๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅค1.2gใฎใผ
ใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ0.21gใทใขใณใซใใฉใผ๏ผ๏ผฃโ๏ผ๏ผ
ๅใณ0.02gใฎใซใฉใผใใทใขใณใซใใฉใผ๏ผCCโ
๏ผ๏ผใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.23gใฎTCPใๅซๆใใฆใใ
้ซๆๅบฆ่ตคๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธRHๅฑคใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ0.07gใฎ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธโ๏ฝโใชใฏใใซใใคใ
ใญใญใใณใไปฅไธใๆฑๆ้ฒๆญขๅค๏ผHQโ๏ผ๏ผใจ
็งฐใใใใใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.04gใฎ๏ฝโใธใใใซใ
ใฟใฌใผใใไปฅไธใDBPใจ็งฐใใใใๅใณ0.8g
ใฎใผใฉใใณใๅซๆใใฆใใไธญ้ๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธIL
ใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ็ทๆๆงใซ่ฒๅขๆใใใ0.80gใฎไฝๆๅบฆๆฒ่ญ
ๅ้๏ผๆฒๅ้๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๅซๆ๏ผไนณๅคๅใณ2.2gใฎ
ใผใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ0.8gใฎ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใ
ใชใฏใญใญใใจใใซ๏ผ๏ผโใ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธโ
๏ฝโใขใใซใใจใใญใทใขใปใใขใใ๏ผใใณใบ
ใขใใใโ๏ผโใใฉใพใญใณ๏ผไปฅไธใใผใณใฟใซ
ใใฉใผ๏ผ๏ผญโ๏ผ๏ผใจ็งฐใ๏ผใ0.15gใฎ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใใชใฏใญใญใใจใใซ๏ผโ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผโใ
ใใใซใขใพ๏ผโ๏ผโ๏ผ๏ผโใฏใญใญโ๏ผโใชใฏใฟ
ใใปใใซในใฏใทใณใคใใใขใใชใ๏ผโ๏ผโใ
ใฉใพใญใณใไปฅไธใใซใฉใผใใใผใณใฟใซใใฉใผ
๏ผCMโ๏ผ๏ผใจ็งฐใใใใใ0.016gใฎDIRๅๅ็ฉ
๏ผ๏ผคโ๏ผ๏ผใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.95gใฎTCPใๅซๆใใฆ
ใใไฝๆๅบฆ็ทๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธGLใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ็ทๆๆงใซ่ฒๅขๆใใใ1.8gใฎ้ซๆๅบฆ็ทๆๆง
ๆฒ่ญๅ้ไนณๅคใ1.9gใฎใผใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ0.20g
ใฎใใผใณใฟใซใใฉใผ๏ผ๏ผญโ๏ผ๏ผใๅใณ0.049g
ใฎใซใฉใผใใใผใณใฟใซใใฉใผ๏ผCMโ๏ผ๏ผใ
ๆบถ่งฃใใ0.25gใฎTCPใๅซๆใใ้ซๆๅบฆ็ทๆ
ๆงไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธGHใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ0.15gใฎ้ป่ฒใณใญใคใ้ใ0.2gใฎๆฑๆ้ฒๆญข
ๅค๏ผHQโ๏ผ๏ผใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.11gใฎDBPๅใณ
1.5gใฎใผใฉใใณใๅซๆใใใคใจใญใผใใคใซใฟ
ใผๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธใYCใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ้ๆๆงใซ่ฒๅขๆใใใ0.2gใฎไฝๆๅบฆๆฒ่ญๅ
้๏ผๆฒๅ้๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ๅซๆ๏ผไนณๅคๅใณ1.9gใฎใผ
ใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ1.5gใฎฮฑโใใใญใคใซโฮฑโ
๏ผ๏ผโใใณใธใซโ๏ผโใใจใใซโ๏ผ๏ผ๏ผโใธ
ใชใญใฝใคใใใพใชใธใณโ๏ผโใคใซ๏ผโ2โฒโใฏ
ใญใญโ5โฒโใฮฑโใใใทใซใชใญใทใซใซใใใซ๏ผ
ใจใใญใทใซใซใใใซใใขใปใใขใใฉใคใใไปฅ
ไธใ๏ผนโ๏ผใจ็งฐใใใใใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.6gใฎ
TCPใๅซๆใใไฝๆๅบฆ้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธ
BLใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ้ๆๆงใซ่ฒๅขๆใใใ1.0gใฎ้ซๆๅบฆๆฒ่ญๅ
้ไนณๅคใ1.5gใฎใผใฉใใณไธฆใณใซ1.30gใฎใคใจ
ใญใผใซใใฉใผ๏ผ๏ผนโ๏ผ๏ผใๆบถ่งฃใใ0.65gใฎ
TCPใๅซๆใใ้ซๆๅบฆ้ๆๆงไนณๅคๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธ
BHใจใใ๏ผใ ๅฑค๏ผโฆ2.3gใฎใผใฉใใณใๆใใไฟ่ญทๅฑค๏ผไปฅไธPR
ใจใใ๏ผใ ้ๅฑคๆๅบฆใฎๆธฌๅฎ๏ผ ใใฎใใใซใใฆไฝๆใใๅคๅฑคๅผใซใฉใผๆๅ ๆๆ
ใๅธธๆณใซๅพใใ็ฝ่ฒใฆใจใใธ้ฒๅ ใใๅ่จๅฆ็ๅทฅ
็จใงๅฆ็ใใใปใณใทใใกใใชใผๆธฌๅฎใซใใใ็ท่ฒ
ๅ ๆๅบฆใๅพใ๏ผๆๅบฆใฎๅฎ็พฉใฏๅ่จๅไธๆ่ฒๆงๅกๅธ
่ฉฆๆใฎๅ ดๅใจๅใ๏ผใ ๅฎๆฝไพ๏ผใฎ็ตๆ๏ผไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๅนๆ๏ผ๏ผ ๅไธๆ่ฒๆงๅกๅธ่ฉฆๆใฎใซใใชใๆๅบฆใ็ฒ็ถๅบฆใ
้ฒๅ ๅใฎๅบใใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงๅใณ้ๅฑค่ฉฆๆใฎๆๅบฆใฎ็ตๆ
ใ่กจโ14ใซ็คบใใ ๆๅคๆฎป๏ผไฝๆฒๅบฆๆฎป๏ผใจ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎ้ใซใไธญ้ใฎ
ๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใๆใใไธญ้ๆฎปใๆใใชใๅพๆฅใฎใณ
ใข๏ผใทใจใซไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผใใไธญ้
ๆฎปใๆใใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใจไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใซๅ
ๅๅทฎใฎใชใใณใข๏ผใทใจใซไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผใใๆ
ๅคๆฎปใจไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใซๅๅๅทฎใฎใชใใณใข๏ผ
ใทใจใซไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผใซๆฏ่ผใใฆใๆฌ็บๆใซๅบ
ใใฆ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใไธญ้ๆฎปใๆๅคๆฎปใๆใใใณใข๏ผใท
ใจใซไนณๅค๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผใฏ้ๅธธใซ้ซใๆ
ๅบฆใๅพใใใใ ใพใใใใฎๅนๆใฏ้ๅฑคๆๅบฆใซใใใฆใใ่ใ
ใใๆฌ็บๆใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซไนณๅคใๅคๅฑคๅผใซใฉใผๆ
ๅ ๆๆใซใใใฆใใใๆๅนใงใใไบใใใใใ ใพใใๆฌ็บๆไปฅๅคใฎใณใข๏ผใทใจใซไนณๅคใฏ็ฒๅพๅ
ๅธใๅบใใชใๅพๅใใใใใซใใชใ้ซใใชใๅพๅ
ใซใใใใใฎ็นใซใคใใฆใๅฅฝใพใใใชใใ ใๅฎๆฝไพ ๏ผใ ๅ่จ่ฃฝ้ ไพใฎEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผ๏ผEMโ๏ผใ
EMโ18ใ็จใใฆใๅฎๆฝไพ๏ผใจๅๆงใฎๆนๆณใซใใค
ใฆใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใฎๅนๆใ่กจโ15ใซ็คบ
ใใ EMโ10ใEMโ15ใฏใไธญ้ๆฎปใๆๅคๆฎปใๅไธ
ใซใใฆใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใๅคๅใใใไพใง
ใใใใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใ้ซใใชใใซใคใ
ใฆ้ซๆๅบฆใซใชใไบใใใใใ ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใ40ใขใซ๏ผ ใ50ใขใซ๏ผ ใฎ
ไนณๅค๏ผEMโ15๏ผEMโ17๏ผใงใฏใๅขๆๅนๆใๅฐ
ใใใชใๅพๅใใใใใใใใฏ็ฒๅพๅๅธใๅบใใช
ใคใฆใใใใใจๆใใใๅใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใๆใใๆฌ
็บๆๅคใฎไนณๅค๏ผEMโ16๏ผEMโ18๏ผใจๅใ ๆฏ่ผ
ใใฆๆฌ็บๆใฎไนณๅคใฏๅๅใชๅขๆๅนๆใๅพใใใไบ
ใใใใใ ใๅฎๆฝไพ ๏ผใ ๅๆงใซไฝๆฒๅบฆๆฎปๅใณไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใฎๅนๆ
ใ่กจโ16ใซ็คบใใ ๆๅคๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใไฝใๆนใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅขๆๅน
ๆใๅคงใใใ ็นใซ้ๅฑคๆๅบฆใซใใใฆใๆๅคๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ้ใ
ไฝใๆนใๅนๆใๅคงใใใๆๅคๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎ้ซ
ใ๏ผ10ใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธโฆEMโ26๏ผไนณๅคใฏๆฏ่ผไนณๅคใ
ใใๆๅบฆใไฝใใ ใๅฎๆฝไพ ๏ผใ ๅๆงใซ็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎๅนๆใ่กจโ17ใซ็คบใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅขๆๅนๆใฏใ็ฒๅพๅๅธใฎ็ญใๅๅๆฃไนณ
ๅคใซใใใฆใใๅนๆ็ใซๅพใใใใ ๅๅธใๅบใไนณๅคใฏใซใใชใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใฎ็นใงใใๅ
ๅธใฎ็ญใไนณๅคใซๅฃใใๆๅบฆใใซใใชใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใฎๅช
ใใไนณๅคใจใใฆใฏใๆฌ็บๆใฎๅๅๆฃไนณๅคใใใๅฅฝ
ใพใใใ ใๅฎๆฝไพ ๏ผใ ๅๆงใซ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎไฝ็ฉใฎๅนๆใ่กจโ18ใซ็คบใใ ๆฌ็บๆใฎๅขๆๅนๆใฏใ้ซๆฒๅบฆๆฎปใฎไฝ็ฉใ๏ผ๏ผ
๏ผEMโ33๏ผใจๅฐ้ใงใฏๅขๆใฏใใใใใฎๅนๆใฏ
ๅฐใใใ12๏ผ ๏ผEMโ32๏ผใ22๏ผ ๏ผEMโ33๏ผใ41
๏ผ ๏ผEMโ34๏ผใจใใๆฏ่ผ็ๅคงใใชไฝ็ฉใฎ้ซๆฒๅบฆ
ๆฎปใๆใใไนณๅคใซใใใฆใใใๅฅฝใพใใๅนๆใๅพ
ใใใใ ใๅฎๆฝไพ ๏ผใ ๅๆงใซๆฒ่ญๅ้ๅ จไฝใฎ็ทๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎๅนๆใ่กจ
โ19ใซ็คบใใ ๆฌ็บๆใซใใใฆใ็ทๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎๆฏ่ผ็้ซใไนณ
ๅคใฏๅขๆๅนๆใๅฐใใ๏ผEMโ35๏ผEMโ36๏ผใใพ
ใ็ทๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎไฝใไนณๅค๏ผEMโ38๏ผใฏ็ฒ็ถ
ๆงใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใ้ฒๅ ๅใฎๅบใใฎ็นใงๅฃใใ้ซๆๅบฆใง
ๅชใใ็ฒ็ถๆงใ้ฎฎ้ญๆงใ้ฒๅ ๅใฎๅบใใๅพใใซ
ใฏใ้ฉๅใช็ฏๅฒใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใฎๆฌ็บๆใฎไนณๅคใ็จ
ใใใฎใๅฅฝใพใใไบใใใใใ
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Claims (1)
- ๏ผ ๅฎ่ณช็ใซ่ญๅ้ๅใณ๏ผๅใฏๆฒ่ญๅ้ใใใชใ
ๅ ้จๆ ธใจใใใฎๅ ้จๆ ธใฎๅคๅดใซ่จญใใใใใคๅฎ่ณช
็ใซ่ญๅ้ๅใณ๏ผๅใฏๆฒ่ญๅ้ใใใชใ่คๆฐใฎๅค
ๆฎปใจใๆใใใใฌๅใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใๅซๆใใ
ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใซใใใฆใๅ่จใใญใฒ
ใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎๆๅคๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใ10ใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธ
ใงใใใๅ่จๆๅคๆฎปใใใๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ
ไปฅไธ้ซใๆฒ็ด ้ซๅซๆๆฎปใๅ่จๆๅคๆฎปใใๅ ๅดใซ่จญ
ใใใใๅ่จๆๅคๆฎปใจๅ่จๆฒ็ด ้ซๅซๆๆฎปใจใฎ้ใซ
ใใใไธกๆฎปใฎไธญ้ใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใๆใใไธญ้ๆฎปใ
่จญใใใใใใคๅ่จไธญ้ๆฎปใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใๅ่จๆ
ๅคๆฎปใใใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธ้ซใใๅ่จๆฒ็ด ้ซๅซๆๆฎป
ใฎๆฒ็ด ๅซๆ็ใๅ่จไธญ้ๆฎปใใใ๏ผใขใซ๏ผ ไปฅไธ้ซ
ใใใจใ็นๅพดใจใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใ
Priority Applications (4)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8665985A JPS61245151A (ja) | 1985-04-23 | 1985-04-23 | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| EP19860303072 EP0202784B1 (en) | 1985-04-23 | 1986-04-23 | Silver halide photographic light-sensitive material |
| DE8686303072T DE3681631D1 (de) | 1985-04-23 | 1986-04-23 | Photographisches lichtempfindliches silberhalogenidmaterial. |
| US07/780,848 US5310641A (en) | 1985-04-23 | 1991-10-23 | Negative type silver halide photographic material comprising silver halide grains of core-shell structure |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8665985A JPS61245151A (ja) | 1985-04-23 | 1985-04-23 | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| JPS61245151A JPS61245151A (ja) | 1986-10-31 |
| JPH0431379B2 true JPH0431379B2 (ja) | 1992-05-26 |
Family
ID=13893158
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| JP8665985A Granted JPS61245151A (ja) | 1985-04-23 | 1985-04-23 | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
Country Status (3)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| EP (1) | EP0202784B1 (ja) |
| JP (1) | JPS61245151A (ja) |
| DE (1) | DE3681631D1 (ja) |
Families Citing this family (17)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JPS61250645A (ja) * | 1985-04-30 | 1986-11-07 | Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| JPS63285534A (ja) * | 1987-05-18 | 1988-11-22 | Konica Corp | ้ซๆๅบฆ๏ผ้ซ็ฒ็ถๆงใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| JPH02943A (ja) * | 1988-02-26 | 1990-01-05 | Konica Corp | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| JPH01227154A (ja) * | 1988-03-08 | 1989-09-11 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ใซใฉใผๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆใฎๅฆ็ๆนๆณ |
| US5035989A (en) * | 1988-11-28 | 1991-07-30 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Silver halide photographic material for reversal processing |
| JP2881315B2 (ja) * | 1989-10-04 | 1999-04-12 | ใณใใซๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ้่ชฟๅใณๅฆ็ๅฎๅฎๆง็ญใซๅชใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| JP2736450B2 (ja) * | 1989-10-27 | 1998-04-02 | ใณใใซๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ้ซๆๅบฆใ้ซ็ป่ณชใง้่ชฟๆงใฎๅชใใใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| US5240824A (en) * | 1990-02-15 | 1993-08-31 | Konica Corporation | Silver halide photographic light-sensitive material having a high sensitivity and improved preservability and a process for producing the same |
| JPH0545758A (ja) * | 1991-08-20 | 1993-02-26 | Konica Corp | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| DE69532838T2 (de) * | 1994-01-11 | 2005-08-25 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd., Minami-Ashigara | Lichtempfindliche Silberhalogenidemulsion und lichtempfindliches Silberhalogenidmaterial |
| DE69426066T2 (de) * | 1994-04-21 | 2001-05-10 | Tulalip Consultoria Comercial Sociedade Unipessoal S.A., Funchal | Silberbromiodidemulsion aus Kern-Hรผllen-Kรถrnern |
| JP3337590B2 (ja) * | 1995-05-19 | 2002-10-21 | ๅฏๅฃซๅ็ใใคใซใ ๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ไนณๅค |
| JP2000305211A (ja) * | 1999-04-19 | 2000-11-02 | Konica Corp | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคใๅใณใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| DE69933857D1 (de) | 1999-05-25 | 2006-12-14 | Ferrania Technologies Spa | Silberbromojodidemulsion aus Kern-Hรผlle Kรถrnern |
| ITSV20000026A1 (it) | 2000-06-21 | 2001-12-21 | Ferrania Spa | Elemento fotografico a colori |
| EP1387214A1 (en) * | 2002-07-29 | 2004-02-04 | Ferrania S.p.A. | Silver bromoiodide core-shell grain emulsion |
| ITSV20020034A1 (it) | 2002-07-29 | 2002-10-28 | Ferrania Spa | Emulsione di granuli straficati(core-shell) di argento bromoioduro. |
Family Cites Families (63)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US1574943A (en) | 1924-06-06 | 1926-03-02 | Eastman Kodak Co | Art of light-sensitive photographic materials |
| US2193015A (en) | 1939-05-24 | 1940-03-12 | Eastman Kodak Co | Developer containing sulphonamide groups |
| GB439755A (en) | 1939-11-13 | 1935-12-13 | James Greig | Improvements in or relating to thermionic valve arrangements |
| BE469014A (ja) | 1942-02-13 | |||
| US2419974A (en) | 1943-08-26 | 1947-05-06 | Eastman Kodak Co | Silver halide emulsions containing water-insoluble hydrazine derivatives |
| US2410689A (en) | 1944-07-13 | 1946-11-05 | Eastman Kodak Co | Sensitizing photographic emulsions |
| NL69269C (ja) | 1945-08-30 | |||
| US2448060A (en) | 1945-08-30 | 1948-08-31 | Eastman Kodak Co | Photographic emulsions sensitized with salts of metals of group viii of the periodicarrangement of the elements |
| GB635841A (en) | 1947-05-13 | 1950-04-19 | Kodak Ltd | Improvements in photographic silver halide emulsions |
| US2566271A (en) | 1947-05-23 | 1951-08-28 | Eastman Kodak Co | Photographic developer containing substituted sulfonamide groups |
| BE484325A (ja) | 1947-08-13 | |||
| BE490198A (ja) | 1948-07-23 | |||
| BE492214A (ja) | 1948-11-18 | |||
| US2694637A (en) | 1951-07-19 | 1954-11-16 | Du Pont | Photographic emulsions containing a silanic sensitizer |
| BE513714A (ja) | 1951-08-23 | 1900-01-01 | ||
| US2728668A (en) | 1952-12-05 | 1955-12-27 | Du Pont | Photographic emulsions containing a 1,2-dithiolane |
| BE529197A (ja) | 1953-05-28 | |||
| CA557259A (en) | 1955-02-23 | 1958-05-13 | Canadian Kodak Co. Limited | Multiple layer hopper for multiply coating a web |
| US2983609A (en) | 1956-12-20 | 1961-05-09 | Eastman Kodak Co | Chemical sensitization of photographic emulsions |
| BE570512A (ja) | 1957-08-23 | |||
| US2983610A (en) | 1957-10-23 | 1961-05-09 | Eastman Kodak Co | Sensitization of photographic emulsions |
| US3042520A (en) | 1959-04-23 | 1962-07-03 | Gen Aniline & Film Corp | Bleaching bath for processing color film |
| US3186846A (en) | 1960-06-10 | 1965-06-01 | Polaroid Corp | Process for producing silver halide emulsions containing gelatin derivatives |
| BE604974A (ja) | 1960-06-14 | |||
| BE632933A (ja) | 1962-05-31 | |||
| BE636801A (ja) * | 1962-09-01 | |||
| US3312553A (en) | 1963-10-30 | 1967-04-04 | Gen Aniline & Film Corp | Photographic materials |
| DE1244573B (de) | 1964-05-04 | 1967-07-13 | Eastman Kodak Co | Verfahren zur Herstellung einer modifizierten Gelatine fuer photographische Zwecke |
| US3397060A (en) | 1964-10-19 | 1968-08-13 | Eastman Kodak Co | Supersensitization of green-sensitive silver halide emulsions |
| GB1159598A (en) | 1965-10-28 | 1969-07-30 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Multiple Coating Process and Apparatus |
| DE1772849B2 (de) | 1967-07-17 | 1978-01-12 | Fuji Shashin Film K.K, Ashigara, Kanagawa (Japan) | Photographische silberhalogenidemulsion |
| BE719803A (ja) | 1967-08-29 | 1969-02-03 | ||
| US3519565A (en) | 1967-09-19 | 1970-07-07 | Lubrizol Corp | Oil-soluble interpolymers of n-vinylthiopyrrolidones |
| JPS4836890B1 (ja) | 1967-10-23 | 1973-11-07 | ||
| DE1811069C3 (de) | 1967-11-27 | 1980-08-07 | Fuji Shashin Film K.K., Ashigara, Kanagawa (Japan) | Spektral supersensibUisierte photographische Silberhalogenidemulsion |
| JPS4825652B1 (ja) | 1969-06-19 | 1973-07-31 | ||
| JPS4838406B1 (ja) | 1969-06-25 | 1973-11-17 | ||
| BE755357A (fr) | 1969-08-28 | 1971-02-01 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | Emulsion photographique a l'halogenure d'argent sensibilisee |
| US4054458A (en) | 1969-09-22 | 1977-10-18 | Fuji Photo Film Co., Ltd. | Gelatino silver halide photosensitive material |
| JPS4841203B1 (ja) | 1970-05-01 | 1973-12-05 | ||
| US3672900A (en) | 1970-08-03 | 1972-06-27 | Eastman Kodak Co | Fogged direct-positive emulsion production by increased flow of silver halide-forming precipitants in grain-ripenerfree acidic medium |
| BE792265R (fr) | 1971-12-03 | 1973-06-04 | Eastman Kodak Co | Procede de traitement photographique en couleurs et composes chimiques utiles pour la mise en oeuvre de ce |
| US3930867A (en) | 1974-01-07 | 1976-01-06 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Macrocyclic polyamines as sensitizers for silver halide emulsions |
| JPS512417A (ja) | 1974-06-25 | 1976-01-10 | Mitsubishi Paper Mills Ltd | Harogenkaginshashinnyuzaino seizohoho |
| CA1071970A (en) | 1975-07-15 | 1980-02-19 | Agfa-Gevaert Aktiengesellschaft | Process for the preparation of silver halide emulsions |
| DE2534011A1 (de) | 1975-07-30 | 1977-02-17 | Agfa Gevaert Ag | Verfahren zur herstellung von silberhalogenidemulsionen |
| US4032928A (en) | 1976-08-12 | 1977-06-28 | Recognition Equipment Incorporated | Wideband ink jet modulator |
| JPS5365732A (en) | 1976-11-24 | 1978-06-12 | Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd | Processing method for silver halide color photographic material |
| US4067740A (en) | 1976-12-21 | 1978-01-10 | E. I. Du Pont De Nemours And Company | Trithiocarbonates as sensitizers for silver halide emulsions |
| GB1535016A (en) | 1977-10-17 | 1978-12-06 | Ilford Ltd | Monodispersed emulsions |
| JPS6055820B2 (ja) | 1979-03-26 | 1985-12-06 | ใณใใซๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ็ดๆฅใใธใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| DE2921164A1 (de) | 1979-05-25 | 1980-12-04 | Agfa Gevaert Ag | Verfahren zur bildung von metallsalzen, photographische materialien und deren verwendung zur herstellung photographischer bilder |
| JPS5858288B2 (ja) | 1980-11-29 | 1983-12-24 | ใณใใซๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๆนๆณใใใณ่ฃ ็ฝฎ |
| JPS5858289B2 (ja) | 1980-11-29 | 1983-12-24 | ใณใใซๆ ชๅผไผ็คพ | ใใญใฒใณๅ้็ฒๅญใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๆนๆณใใใณ่ฃ ็ฝฎ |
| JPS5814829A (ja) | 1981-07-20 | 1983-01-27 | Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| BE894965A (fr) | 1981-11-12 | 1983-05-09 | Eastman Kodak Co | Emulsion photographique au bromoiodure d'argent d'indice de forme eleve et procede pour la preparer |
| US4477564A (en) | 1982-04-01 | 1984-10-16 | Minnesota Mining And Manufacturing Company | Photographic silver halide emulsions, process for preparing the same and their use in color reversal films |
| JPS59116647A (ja) | 1982-12-13 | 1984-07-05 | Konishiroku Photo Ind Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| JPS6035726A (ja) | 1983-08-08 | 1985-02-23 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅค |
| JPS60143331A (ja) | 1983-12-29 | 1985-07-29 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ใใญใฒใณๅ้ๅ็ๆๅ ๆๆ |
| JPS60254032A (ja) * | 1983-12-29 | 1985-12-14 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ๆๅ ๆงใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅค |
| JPS60143332A (ja) | 1983-12-29 | 1985-07-29 | Fuji Photo Film Co Ltd | ๆๅ ๆงใใญใฒใณๅ้ไนณๅคๅใณใใฎ่ฃฝ้ ๆนๆณ |
| DE3404854A1 (de) * | 1984-02-11 | 1985-08-14 | Agfa-Gevaert Ag, 5090 Leverkusen | Fotografisches aufzeichnungsmaterial |
-
1985
- 1985-04-23 JP JP8665985A patent/JPS61245151A/ja active Granted
-
1986
- 1986-04-23 DE DE8686303072T patent/DE3681631D1/de not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 1986-04-23 EP EP19860303072 patent/EP0202784B1/en not_active Expired
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| JPS61245151A (ja) | 1986-10-31 |
| EP0202784A2 (en) | 1986-11-26 |
| EP0202784A3 (en) | 1988-03-23 |
| EP0202784B1 (en) | 1991-09-25 |
| DE3681631D1 (de) | 1991-10-31 |
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