ES2627848T3 - Agonistas de la guanilato ciclasa útiles para el tratamiento de trastornos gastrointestinales, inflamación, cáncer y otros trastornos - Google Patents
Agonistas de la guanilato ciclasa útiles para el tratamiento de trastornos gastrointestinales, inflamación, cáncer y otros trastornos Download PDFInfo
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- ES2627848T3 ES2627848T3 ES14179935.3T ES14179935T ES2627848T3 ES 2627848 T3 ES2627848 T3 ES 2627848T3 ES 14179935 T ES14179935 T ES 14179935T ES 2627848 T3 ES2627848 T3 ES 2627848T3
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Abstract
Péptido que consiste esencialmente en la secuencia de aminoácidos de una cualquiera de SEC ID n.º 2 a SEC ID n.º 4 para su uso en el tratamiento o la prevención del síndrome del intestino irritable (SII).
Description
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en más de aproximadamente 25% respecto a la producción de GMPc activador. Las secuencias peptídicas de la invención comprenden por lo menos 12 residuos aminoácidos, preferentemente de una longitud de entre 12 y 26 aminoácidos.
La expresión “forma de dosis unitaria” se refiere a una entidad de administración de fármaco única, por ejemplo una tableta, cápsula, solución o formulación para inhalación. La cantidad de péptido presente debería ser suficiente para presentar un efecto terapéutico positivo al administrarla en un paciente (típicamente entre100 g y 3 g). Lo que constituye un “efecto terapéutico positivo” dependerá de la condición particular bajo tratamiento e incluirá cualquier mejora significativa de la condición fácilmente identificada por el experto en la materia. Por ejemplo, puede constituir una reducción de la inflamación, el encogimiento de pólipos o tumores, una reducción de las lesiones metastásicas, etc.
También se describe la administración en dicho paciente de una dosis eficaz de un inhibidor de fosfodiesterasa específica de GMPc (GMPc-PDE), concurrente o secuencialmente con dicho agonista de los receptores de la guanilato ciclasa. El inhibidor de GMPc-PDE incluye, por ejemplo, sulfona de sulindac, zaprinast y motapizona, vardenafilo y sildenafilo. Además, los péptidos agonistas de GC-C pueden utilizarse en combinación con inhibidores de transportadores de nucleótidos cíclicos.
Opcionalmente también se administran agentes antiinflamatorios. Entre los agentes antiinflamatorios se incluyen, por ejemplo, fármacos antiinflamatorios esteroideos y no esteroideos (NSAID).
Otras características y ventajas de la invención se encontrarán comprendidas y resultarán evidentes a partir de la descripción detallada y reivindicaciones siguientes.
Descripción detallada
La presente invención se basa en el desarrollo de agonistas de la guanilato ciclasa C (GC-C). Los agonistas son análogos de la uroguanilina y presentan propiedades superiores, tal como, por ejemplo, una elevada resistencia a la degradación en los extremos N-terminal y C-terminal por carboxipeptidasas y/o por otros enzimas proteolítcos, tales como los presentes en el líquido intestinal humano simulado (LIS) y líquido gástrico humano simulado (LGS). Concretamente, dichos péptidos contienen polietilenglicol o un polímero del mismo en el extremo amino, en el extremo carboxilo o en ambos. De esta manera, el péptido se encuentra protegido de la degradación por proteasas presentes en el LIS y en el LGS. Los ejemplos de un péptido de este tipo incluyen SEC ID n.º 2, SEC ID n.º 3 ó SEC ID n.º 4 mostrados en la tabla 1.
La GC-C se expresa en diversas células, incluyendo las células epiteliales gastrointestinales, y sobre tejidos extraintestinales, incluyendo los tejidos renales, pulmonares, pancreáticos, pituitarios, adrenales, del hígado en desarrollo, cardiacos y reproductores masculino y femenino (revisados en Vaandrager, Mol. Cell. Biochem. 230:7383, 2002). La GC-C es un regulador clave del equilibrio de líquidos y electrolitos en el intestino y el riñón. En el intestino, al estimularla, la GC-C causa un incremento del GMPc epitelial intestinal. Este incremento del GMPc causa una reducción de la absorción de agua y electrolitos y una mayor motilidad intestinal.
Los agonistas de la guanilato ciclasa C para su uso en el tratamiento o la prevención del SII según la invención incluyen SEC ID n.º 2 a SEC ID n.º 4 y se resumen a continuación en la tabla 1. Los agonistas de la guanilato ciclasa C para su uso según la invención se denominan colectivamente en la presente memoria “péptidos GCRA”.
Tabla I Péptidos GCRA
- Nombre
- Estructura SEC ID n.º
- SP304
- Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10-Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-Leu16 1
- SP-304 di-PEG
- PEG3-Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10-Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-Leu16 PEG3 2
- SP-304 N-PEG
- PEG3-Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10-Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14-Cys15-Leu16 3
- SP-304 C-PEG
- Asn1-Asp2-Glu3-Cys4-Glu5-Leu6-Cys7-Val8-Asn9-Val10-Ala11-Cys12-Thr13-Gly14Cys15-Leu16-PEG3 4
Los péptidos GCRA descritos en la presente memoria se unen a la guanilato ciclasa C (GC-C) y estimulan la producción intracelular del guanosín-monofosfato cíclico (GMPc). Opcionalmente, los péptidos GCRA inducen la apoptosis. En algunos aspectos, los péptidos GCRA estimulan la producción de GMPc intracelular a niveles más altos que los agonistas de GC-C naturales (por ejemplo la uroguanilina, la guanilina y los péptidos ST) y/o SP-304. Por ejemplo, los péptidos GCRA estimulan 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 75%, 90% o más GMPc intracelular que los agonistas de GC-C naturales y/o SP-304. Los términos inducción y estimulación se utilizan intercambiablemente en toda la memoria. Los péptidos GCRA descritos en la presente memoria son más estable que los agonistas de
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debido a una deficiencia de la uroguanilina/guanilina y/o debido a la activación de fosfodiesterasas específicas de GMPc, es una etapa temprana y crucial en la transformación neoplásica. Un segundo concepto es que la liberación de ácido araquidónico de los fosfolípidos membranales, que conduce a la activación de la fosfolipasa A2 citoplasmática (cPLA2), la ciclooxigenasa-2 (COX-2) y posiblemente la 5-lipooxigenasa (5-LO) durante el proceso de inflamación se encuentra regulada negativamente por un mecanismo dependiente del GMPc, conduciendo a niveles reducidos de prostaglandinas y leucotrienos, y que el incremento de los niveles intracelulares de GMPc puede, por lo tanto, producir una respuesta antiinflamatoria. Además, se cree que un mecanismo dependiente de GMPc participa en el control de los procesos profinflamatorios. Por lo tanto, la elevación de los niveles intracelulares de GMPc puede utilizarse como medio para tratar y controlar los trastornos gastrointestinales, los trastornos inflamatorios, los trastornos pulmonares, el cáncer, los trastornos cardiacos, los trastornos oculares, trastornos orales, trastornos sanguíneos, trastornos hepáticos, trastornos de la piel, trastornos prostáticos, trastornos endocrinos, incrementando la motilidad gastrointestinal y la obesidad. Entre los trastornos gastrointestinales se incluyen, por ejemplo, el síndrome del intestino irritable (enterocolitis necrotizante (ECN)), dispepsia no ulcerosa, pseudoobstrucción intestinal crónica, dispepsia funcional, pseudoobstrucción colónica, reflujo duodenogástrico, enfermedad de reflujo gastroesofágico (ERGE), íleo (por ejemplo el íleo postoperatorio), gastroparesis, acidez (elevada acidez en el tracto GI), estreñimiento (por ejemplo estreñimiento asociado a la utilización de medicaciones tales como los opioides, los fármacos para la osteoartritis, los fármacos para la osteoporosis; estreñimiento postquirúrgico, estreñimiento asociado a trastornos neuropáticos; entre los trastornos inflamatorios se incluyen la inflamación de tejidos y órganos, tal como la inflamación renal (por ejemplo la nefritis), la inflamación del sistema gastrointestinal (por ejemplo la enfermedad de Crohn y la colitis ulcerosa), la inflamación pancreática (por ejemplo la pancreatitis), la inflamación pulmonar (por ejemplo la bronquitis o el asma) o la inflamación de la piel (por ejemplo la soriasis, el eccema); entre los trastornos pulmonares se incluyen, por ejemplo, la EPOC y la fibrosis. El cáncer incluye la carcinogénesis en tejidos y órganos, incluyendo metástasis tales como, por ejemplo, el cáncer gastrointestinal (por ejemplo el cáncer gástrico, el cáncer esofágico, el cáncer pancreático, el cáncer colorrectal, el cáncer intestinal, el cáncer anal, el cáncer hepático, el cáncer de la vesícula biliar o el cáncer de colon; cáncer de pulmón, cáncer de tiroides, cáncer de piel (por ejemplo el melanoma), cáncer oral, cáncer del tracto urinario (por ejemplo cáncer de vejiga o cáncer de riñón), cáncer hematológico (por ejemplo el mieloma o la leucemia) o cáncer de próstata. Entre los trastornos cardiacos se incluyen, por ejemplo, la insuficiencia cardiaca congestiva, la hipertensión tráquea cardia, el nivel elevado de colesterol o el nivel elevado de triglicéridos. Entre los trastornos hepáticos se incluyen, por ejemplo, la cirrosis y la fibrosis. Entre los trastornos oculares se incluyen, por ejemplo, la presión intraocular incrementada, glaucoma, la degeneración retiniana por ojo seco, los trastornos de las glándulas lacrimales o la inflamación ocular. Entre los trastornos de la piel se incluyen, por ejemplo, la xerosis. Entre los trastornos orales se incluyen, por ejemplo, boca seca (xerostomía), el síndrome de Sjögren, las enfermedades de las encías (por ejemplo la enfermedad periodontal) o el bloqueo o disfunción de los conductos de las glándulas salivales. Entre los trastornos prostáticos se incluyen, por ejemplo, la hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB). Entre los trastornos endocrinos se incluyen, por ejemplo, la diabetes mellitus, el hipertiroidismo, el hipotiroidismo y la fibrosis quística.
Sin pretender restringirse a ninguna teoría en particular, se contempla que el transporte iónica a través de la membrana plasmática demuestre ser un regulador importante del equilibrio entre la proliferación celular y la apoptosis que resultará afectado por los agentes que alteran las concentraciones del GMPc. Se ha demostrado que la uroguanilina estimula el flujo de salida de K+, el flujo de entrada de Ca++ y el transporte del agua en el tracto gastrointestinal (3). Además, el péptido natriurético auricular (PNA), un péptido que se une además a un receptor de guanilato ciclasa específico, también se ha demostrado que induce apoptosis en células mesangiales de rata, y que induce la apoptosis en miocitos cardiacos mediante un mecanismo de GMPc (21-24).
La unión de los presentes agonistas a un receptor de guanilato ciclasa estimula la producción de GMPc. Esta interacción de ligando-receptor, mediante la activación de una cascada de proteínas quinasas dependientes de GMPc y CFTR, induce la apoptosis en las células diana. Por lo tanto, la administración de los nuevos péptidos definidos por SEC ID n.º 2 a SEC ID n.º 4, tal como se muestra en la tabla I son útiles en la eliminación o, por lo menos en el retardo, de la aparición de los trastornos adicionales siguientes: trastornos gastrointestinales, trastornos inflamatorios, trastornos pulmonares, cáncer, trastornos cardiacos, trastornos oculares, trastornos orales, trastornos hematológicos, trastornos hepáticos, trastornos de la piel, trastornos prostáticos, trastornos endocrinos, incrementado la motilidad gastrointestinal y la obesidad. Entre los trastornos gastrointestinales se incluyen, por ejemplo, el síndrome del intestino irritable (SII), la enterocolitis necrotizante (ECN), la dispepsia no ulcerosa, la pseudoobstrucción intestinal crónica, la dispepsia funcional, la pseudoobstrucción colónica, el reflujo duodenogástrico, la enfermedad de relfujo gastroesofágico (ERGE), la inflamación del íleo (por ejemplo el íleo postoperatorio), la gastroparesis, la acidez (acidez elevada en el tracto GI), el estreñimiento (por ejemplo el estreñimiento asociado a la utilización de medicaciones tales como opioides, fármacos para la osteoartritis, fármacos para la osteoporosis; estreñimiento postquirúrgico, estreñimiento asociado a trastornos neuropáticos. Entre los trastornos inflamatorios se incluyen la inflamación de tejidos y órganos, tal como la inflamación renal (por ejemplo la nefritis), la inflamación del sistema gastrointestinal (por ejemplo la enfermedad de Crohn y la colitis ulcerosa), la inflamación pancreática (por ejemplo la pancreatitis), la inflamación pulmonar (por ejemplo la bronquitis o el asma) o la inflamación de la piel (por ejemplo la soriasis y el eccema). Entre los trastornos pulmonares se incluyen, por ejemplo, la enfermedad pulmonar obstructiva crónica (EPOC) y la fibrosis. El cáncer incluye la carcinogénesis de tejidos y órganos, incluyendo metástasis tales como, por ejemplo, el cáncer gastrointestinal (por ejemplo cáncer gástrico, cáncer esofágico, cáncer pancreático, cáncer colorrectal, cáncer intestinal, cáncer anal, cáncer hepático,
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CH2CH2CH2CH2-), un enlace alquenilo (-CH2CH=CHCH2-), un enlace éter (-CH2CH2OCH2-o -CH2OCH2CH2-), un enlace tioéter (-CH2CH2SCH2-o -CH2SCH2CH2-), un enlace amina (-CH2CH2NHCH2-o -CH2NHCH2CH2-) o un enlace tioamida (-CH2CH(S)HNHCH2-o -CH2NHCH(S)CH2-). Por ejemplo, Ledu et al. (Proc. Nat. Acad. Sci. 100:11263-78, 2003) describen métodos para preparar entrecruzamientos lactamo y amida. Entre los péptidos GCRA ejemplares que incluyen un puente lactamo se incluyen, por ejemplo, SP-370.
Los péptidos GCRA pueden presentar uno o más enlaces polipeptídicos convencionales sustituidos por un enlace alternativo. Dichas sustituciones pueden incrementar la estabilidad del polipéptido. Por ejemplo, la sustitución del enlace polipéptido entre un residuo aminoterminal respecto a un residuo aromático (por ejemplo Tyr, Phe, Trp) por un enlace alternativo puede reducir el corte por carboxipeptidasas y puede incrementar la semivida en el tracto digestivo. Entre los enlaces que pueden sustituir los enlaces polipéptidos se incluyen un enlace retro-inverso (C(O)-NH en lugar de NH-C(O); un enlace amida reducido (NH-CH2); un enlace tiometileno (S-CH2 o CH2-S); un enlace oxometileno (-O-CH2 o CH2-O); un enlace etileno (CH2-CH2); un enlace tioamida (C(S)-NH); un enlace trans-olefina (CH=CH); un enlace trans-olefina fluoro-sustituido (CF=CH); un enlace cetometileno (C(O)-CHR o CHR-C(O) en el que R es H o CH3; y un enlace fluoro-ceto-metileno (C(O)-CFR o CFR-C(O), en el que R es H o F o CH3).
Los péptidos GCRA pueden modificarse utilizando modificaciones estándares. Las modificaciones pueden producirse en el extremo amino-terminal (N-terminal), carboxi-terminal (C-terminal), internamente o en una combinación de cualesquiera de los anteriores. En un aspecto descrito en la presente memoria, puede realizarse más de un tipo de modificación del polipéptido. Entre las modificaciones se incluyen, aunque sin limitarse a ellas, acetilación, amidación, biotinilación, cinamoilación, farnesilación, formilación, miristoilación, palmitoilación, fosforilación (Ser, Tyr o Thr), estearoilación, succinilación, sulfurilación y ciclización (mediante puentes disulfuro o ciclización de amidas) y modificación con Cys3 ó Cys5. Los péptidos GCRA descritos en la presente memoria también pueden modificarse con 2,4-dinitrofenilo (DNP), DNP-lisina, modificación con 7-amino-4-metil-coumarina (AMC), fluoresceína, NBD (7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol), p-nitroanilida, rodamina B, EDANS (ácido 5-((2aminoetil)amino)naftalén-1-sulfónico), dabcilo, dabsilo, dansilo, rojo de Texas, FMOC y Tamra (tetrametilrodamina). Los péptidos GCRA descritos en la presente memoria también pueden conjugarse con, por ejemplo, polietilenglicol (PEG); grupos alquilo (por ejemplo grupos alquilo C1-C20 lineales o ramificados); radicales ácidos grasos; combinaciones de PEG, grupos alquilo y radicales ácido graso (ver la patente US n.º 6.309.633; Soltero et al., Innovations in Pharmaceutical Technology 106-110, 2001); BSA y KLH (hemocianina de lapa americana). La adición de PEG y otros polímeros que pueden utilizarse para modificar polipéptidos se describe en el documento US 2006/019347, sección IX.
En el presente documento también se describen péptidos que son biológicamente equivalente a o equivalentes funcionales de los péptidos descritos anteriormente. La expresión “biológicamente equivalente” o “equivalente funcional” pretende referirse a que las composiciones son capaces de demostrar algunos o todos los efectos moduladores de la producción de GMPc.
Los péptidos GCRA también pueden incluir derivados de péptidos GCRA que pretenden incluir formas híbridas y modificadas de péptidos GCRA en las que determinados aminoácidos han sido delecionados o sustituidos y modificaciones en las que uno o más aminoácidos han sido cambiados por un aminoácido modificado o aminoácido no habitual y modificaciones tales como la glucosilación, con la condición de que la forma modificada conserve la actividad biológica de los péptidos GCRA. La conservación de la actividad biológica se refiere a que el péptido GCRA induce GMPc y/o la apoptosis, aunque no necesariamente a la misma potencia que un péptido GCRA natural identificado.
Las variantes preferentes son aquéllas que presentan sustituciones de aminoácidos conservadoras realizadas en uno o más residuos aminoácidos no esenciales predichos. Una “sustitución de aminoácido conservadora” es una en la que el residuo aminoácido se sustituye por un residuo aminoácido que presenta una cadena lateral similar. Se han definido en la técnica familias de residuos aminoácidos que presentan cadenas laterales similares. Entre estas familias se incluyen aminoácidos con cadenas laterales básicas (por ejemplo lisina, arginina, histidina), cadenas laterales ácidas (por ejemplo ácido aspártico, ácido glutámico), cadenas laterales polares sin carga (por ejemplo glicina, asparagina, glutamina, serina, treonina, tirosina, cisteína), cadenas laterales no polares (por ejemplo alanina, valina, leucina, isoleucina, prolina, fenilalanina, metionina, triptófano), cadenas laterales con ramificación beta (por ejemplo treonina, valina, isoleucina) y cadenas laterales aromáticas (por ejemplo tirosina, fenilalanina, triptófano, histidina). De esta manera, un residuo aminoácido no esencial predicho en un polipéptido GCRA se sustituye por otro residuo aminoácido de la misma familia de cadenas laterales. Alternativamente en otra realización, pueden introducirse mutaciones aleatoriamente a lo largo de la totalidad o parte de una secuencia codificante de GCRA, tal como mediante mutagénesis por saturación, y los mutantes resultantes cribarse con el fin de identificarse los mutantes que conservan actividad.
También se encuentra incluido en el significado de sustancialmente homólogo cualquier péptido GCRA que pueda aislarse en virtud de la reactividad cruzada con anticuerpos al péptido GCRA.
Preparación de péptidos GCRA
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Los péptidos GCRA pueden prepararse fácilmente utilizando técnicas modernas de clonación, o pueden sintetizarse mediante métodos de estado sólido o mediante mutagénesis sitio-dirigida. Un péptido GCRA puede incluir formas negativas dominantes de un polipéptido.
La síntesis química puede llevarse a cabo generalmente utilizando técnicas estándares de fase solución o de fase sólida de síntesis de péptidos, en las que se establece un enlace peptídico mediante la condensación directa del grupo amino de un aminoácido con el grupo carboxi del otro aminoácido con la eliminación de una molécula de agua. La síntesis de enlaces peptídicos mediante condensación directa, tal como se ha formulado anteriormente, requiere la supresión del carácter reactivo del grupo amino del primero y del grupo carboxilo del segundo aminoácido. Los sustituyentes enmascaradores deben permitir su fácil eliminación, sin inducir la degradación de la lábil molécula de péptido.
En la síntesis en fase solución puede utilizarse una amplia diversidad de métodos de acoplamiento y grupos protectores (ver Gross y Meienhofer, editores, “The Peptides: Analysis, Synthesis, Biology”, vol. 1-4 (Academic Press, 1979); Bodansky y Bodansky, “The Practice of Peptide Synthesis”, 2a ed. (Springer Verlag, 1994)). Además, la purificación de intermediarios y el escalado lineal resultan posibles. El experto ordinario en la materia apreciará que la síntesis en solución requiere considerar los grupos protectores de cadena principal y de cadenas laterales y el método de activación. Además, resulta necesaria una cuidadosa selección de los segmentos para minimizar la racemización durante la condensación de segmentos. Las consideraciones de solubilidad también son un factor. La síntesis peptídica de fase sólida utiliza un polímero insoluble para proporcionar soporte durante la síntesis orgánica. La cadena peptídica soportada en polímero permite la utilización de etapas simples de lavado y filtración en lugar de laboriosas purificaciones en etapas intermedias. La síntesis peptídica en fase sólida puede llevarse a cabo generalmente según el método de Merrifield et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 85:2149, 1963, que implica ensamblar una cadena peptídica lineal sobre un soporte de resina utilizando aminoácidos protegidos. La síntesis peptídica en fase sólida típicamente utiliza la estrategia Boc o Fmoc, las cuales son bien conocidas de la técnica.
El experto ordinario en la materia reconocerá que, en la síntesis de fase sólida, las reacciones de desprotección y acoplamiento deben continuar hasta completarse y los grupos bloqueantes de cadena lateral deben ser estables durante toda la síntesis. Además, la síntesis en fase sólida generalmente es más adecuada en el caso de que los péptidos se sinteticen a escala pequeña.
La acetilación del extremo N-terminal puede llevarse a cabo haciendo reaccionar el péptido final con anhídrido acético antes del corte de la resina. La C-amidación se lleva a cabo utilizando una resina apropiada, tal como una resina metilbenzhidrilamina, utilizando la tecnología de Boc.
Alternativamente, los péptidos GCRA se producen mediante técnicas modernas de clonación. Por ejemplo, los péptidos GCRA se producen en bacterias, incluyendo, aunque sin limitación, E. coli, o en otros sistemas existentes para la producción de polipéptidos o proteínas (por ejemplo Bacillus subtilis, sistemas de expresión baculovíricos utilizando células Sf9 en Drosophila, sistemas de expresión de levadura u hongo filamentoso, sistemas de expresión de células de mamífero) o pueden sintetizarse químicamente. En el caso de que deba producirse el péptido GCRA o péptido variante en bacterias, por ejemplo E. coli, la molécula de ácidos nucleicos codificante del polipéptido puede codificar también una secuencia líder que permite la secreción del polipéptido maduro a partir de la célula. De esta manera, la secuencia codificante del polipéptido puede incluir la pre-secuencia y la pro-secuencia de, por ejemplo, un polipéptido ST bacteriano natural. El polipéptido maduro secretado puede purificarse a partir del medio de cultivo.
La secuencia codificante de un péptido GCRA descrito en la presente memoria puede insertarse en un vector capaz de producir y mantener la molécula de ácidos nucleicos en una célula bacteriana. La molécula de ADN puede insertarse en un vector de replicación autónoma (entre los vectores adecuados se incluyen, por ejemplo, pGEM3Z y pcDNA3, y derivados de los mismos). El vector ácido nucleico puede ser un ADN bacteriano o de bacteriófago, tal como el bacteriófago lambda o M13 y derivados de los mismos. La construcción de un vector que contiene un ácido nucleico descrito en la presente memoria puede seguirse mediante transformación de una célula huésped, tal como una bacteria. Entre los huéspedes bacterianos adecuados se incluyen, aunque sin limitarse a ellos, E. coli, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas y Salmonella. El constructo genético también incluye, además de la molécula de ácidos nucleicos codificante, elementos que permiten la expresión, tal como secuencias de promotor y reguladoras. Los vectores de expresión pueden contener secuencias de control transcripcional que controlan el inicio de la transcripción, tales como secuencias de promotor, intensificador, operador y represor.
Una diversidad de secuencias de control transcripcional son bien conocidas de la técnica. El vector de expresión puede incluir además una secuencia reguladora de la traducción (por ejemplo una secuencia 5' no traducida, una secuencia 3' no traducida, o sitio interno de entrada ribosómica). El vector puede ser capaz de replicación autónoma
o puede integrarse en el ADN del huésped para garantizar la estabilidad durante la producción del polipéptido.
La secuencia codificante de proteína que incluye un péptido GCRA descrito en la presente memoria también puede fusionarse con un ácido nucleico codificante de una etiqueta de afinidad de polipéptido, por ejemplo glutatión-Stransferasa (GST), proteína E de unión a maltosa, proteína A, etiqueta FLAG, hexahistidina, etiqueta myc o la etiqueta HA del virus influenza, con el fin de facilitar la purificación. La etiqueta de afinidad o fusión informadora se
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Se formula una composición farmacéutica para que sea compatible con la vía de administración pretendida. Entre los ejemplos de vías de administración se incluyen la parenteral, por ejemplo intravenosa, intradérmica, subcutánea, oral (por ejemplo por inhalación), transdérmica (tópica), transmucosal y rectal. Las soluciones o suspensiones utilizadas para la aplicación parenteral, intradérmica o subcutánea pueden incluir los componentes siguientes: un diluyente estéril, tal como agua para inyección, solución salina, aceites fijos, polietilenglicoles, glicerina, propilenglicol u otros solventes sintéticos; agentes antibacterianos, tales como alcohol bencílico o metilparabenos; antioxidantes, tales como ácido ascórbico o bisulfito sódico; agentes quelantes, tales como ácido etilén-diamín-tetraacético; tampones, tales como acetatos, citratos o fosfatos, y agentes para el ajuste de la tonicidad, tales como cloruro sódico o dextrosa. El pH puede ajustarse con ácidos o bases, tales como ácido clorhídrico o hidróxido sódico. La preparación parenteral puede estar contenida en ampollas, jeringas desechas o viales de múltiples dosis realizados en vidrio o plástico.
Entre las composiciones farmacéuticas adecuadas para la utilización inyectable se incluyen soluciones acuosas estériles (en caso de que sean solubles en agua) o dispersiones y polvos estériles para la preparación extemporánea de soluciones o dispersiones inyectables estériles. Para la administración intravenosa, entre los portadores adecuados se incluyen solución salina fisiológica, agua bacteriostática, Cremophor ELTM (BASF, Parsippany, N.J.) o solución salina tamponada con fosfato (PBS). En todos los casos, la composición debe ser estéril y debe ser lo suficientemente fluida para que presente una fácil jeringabilidad. Debe ser estable bajo las condiciones de fabricación y almacenamiento y debe conservarse frente a la acción contaminante de microorganismos tales como bacterias y hongos. El portador puede ser un solvente o medio de dispersión que contenga, por ejemplo, agua, etanol, poliol (por ejemplo glicerol, propilenglicol y polietilenglicol líquido, y similares), y mezclas adecuadas de los mismos. La fluidez apropiada puede mantenerse, por ejemplo, mediante la utilización de un recubrimiento, tal como lecitina, mediante el mantenimiento del tamaño de partícula requerido en el caso de una dispersión, y mediante la utilización de surfactantes. La prevención de la acción de los microorganismos puede conseguirse con diversos agentes antibacterianos y antifúngicos, por ejemplo parabenos, clorobutanol, fenol, ácido ascórbico, timerosal y similares. En muchos casos, resultará preferible incluir agentes isotónicos en la composición, por ejemplo azúcares, polialcoholes tales como manitol, sorbitol y cloruro sódico. Puede conseguirse una absorción prolongada de las composiciones inyectables mediante la inclusión en la composición de un agente que retrase la absorción, por ejemplo monoestearato de aluminio y gelatina.
Pueden prepararse soluciones inyectables estériles mediante la incorporación del compuesto activo (por ejemplo un agonista de GCRA) en la cantidad necesaria en un solvente apropiado con uno o una combinación de ingredientes, indicados anteriormente, según se requiera, seguido de la esterilización mediante filtración. Generalmente, se preparan dispersiones mediante la incorporación del compuesto activo en un vehículo estéril que contiene un medio de dispersión básico y los otros ingredientes requeridos de entre los indicados anteriormente. En el caso de polvos estériles para la preparación de soluciones inyectables estériles, los métodos de preparación son el secado al vacío y la liofilización, que rinde unos polvos del ingrediente activo más cualquier ingrediente deseado adicional a partir de una solución filtrada a esterilidad de los mismos.
Las composiciones orales generalmente incluyen un diluyente inerte o un portador comestible, tal como manitol, fructooligosacáridos, polietilenglicol y otros excipientes. Pueden encontrarse contenidos en cápsulas de gelatina o comprimirse en tabletas. Para el propósito de la administración terapéutica oral, el compuesto activo puede incorporarse con excipientes y utilizarse en forma de tabletas, trociscos o cápsulas. También pueden prepararse composiciones orales utilizando un portador líquido para su uso como lavado bucal, en el que el compuesto en el portador líquido se aplica oralmente y se enjuaga en la boca y se expectora o se deglute. Pueden incluirse como parte de la composición agentes ligantes y/o materiales adyuvantes farmacéuticamente compatibles. Las tabletas, píldoras, cápsulas, trociscos y similares pueden contener cualquiera de los ingredientes siguientes, o compuestos de una naturaleza similar: un ligante tal como celulosa microcristalina, goma tragacanto o gelatina; un excipiente, tal como almidón o lactosa, un agente desintegrante tal como ácido algínico, Primogel o almidón de maíz; un lubricante, tal como estearato de magnesio o Sterotes; un glidante, tal como dióxido de silicio coloidal; un agente edulcorante, tal como sacarosa o sacarina; o un agente edulcorante, tal como menta piperita, salicilato de metilo o saborizante naranja.
Para la administración mediante inhalación, los compuestos se administran en forma de un spray de aerosol a partir de un recipiente o dispensador presurizado que contiene un propelente adecuado, por ejemplo un gas, tal como dióxido de carbono, o un nebulizador.
La administración sistémica también puede realizarse por medios transmucosales o tarnsdérmicos. Par la administración transmucosal o transdérmica, en la formulación se utilizan penetrantes apropiados a la barrera que debe permear. Dichos penetrantes son generalmente conocidos de la técnica, y entre ellos se incluyen, por ejemplo, para la administración transmucosal, detergentes, sales biliares y derivados del ácido fusídico. La administración transmucosal puede conseguirse mediante la utilización de sprays nasales o supositorios. Para la administración transdérmica, los compuestos activos se formulan en pomadas, ungüentos, geles o cremas, tal como es generalmente conocido de la técnica.
Los compuestos también pueden prepararse en forma de supositorios (por ejemplo con bases de supositorio
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etilcelulosa, gelatina, barniz farmacéutico, hidroxipropilcelulosa, hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa (hipromelosa), ftalato de hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa, metilcelulosa, polietilenglicol, ftalato de acetato de polivinilo, shellac, sacarosa, dióxido de titanio, cera carnauba, cera microcristalina, goma gelano, maltodextrina, metacrilatos, celulosa microcristalina y carragenano o mezclas de los mismos.
La formulación también puede incluir otros excipientes y categorías de los mismos, incluyendo, aunque sin limitarse a ellos, L-histidina, Pluronic®, poloxámeros (tales como Lutrol® y poloxámero 188), ácido ascórbico, glutatión, intensificadores de la permeabilidad (por ejemplo lípidos, colato sódico, acilcarnitina, salicilatos, sales biliares mixtas, micelas de ácidos grasos, quelantes, ácidos grasos, surfactantes, glicéridos de cadena intermedia), inhibidores de proteasa (por ejemplo inhibidor de tripsina de soja, ácidos orgánicos), agentes de reducción del pH e intensificadores de la absorción eficaces en la estimulación de la biodisponibilidad (incluyendo, aunque sin limitarse a ellos, los descritos en las patentes US n.º 6.086.918 y n.º 5.912.014), cremas y lociones (tales como maltodextrina y carragenanos); materiales para tabletas masticables (tales como dextrosa, fructosa, lactosa monohidrato, lactosa y aspartamo, lactosa y celulosa, maltodextrina, maltosa, manitol, celulosa microcristalina y goma guar, sorbitol cristalino); parenterales (tales como manitol y povidona); plastificadores (tales como sebacato de dibutilo, plastificadores para recubrimientos, ftalato de polivinilacetato); lubricantes en polvo (tales como behenato de glicerilo); cápsulas de gelatina blanda (tales como solución especial de sorbitol); esferas para recubrimiento (tales como esferas de azúcar); agentes de esferonización (tales como behenato de glicerilo y celulosa microcristalina); agentes de suspensión/gelificantes (tales como carragenano, goma gelano, manitol, celulosa microcristalina, povidona, glicolato de almidón sódico, goma xantano); edulcorantes (tales como aspartamo, aspartamo y lactosa, dextrosa, fructosa, miel, maltodextrina, maltosa, manitol, melaza, sorbitol cristalino, solución especial de sorbitol, sacarosa); agentes de granulación húmeda (tales como carbonato cálcico, lactosa anhidra, lactosa monohidrato, maltodextrina, manitol, celulosa microcristalina, povidona, almidón), caramelo, carboximetilcelulosa sódica, saborizante de crema de cereza y saborizantes de cereza, ácido cítrico anhidro, ácido cítrico, azúcar de pastelería, rojo D&C n.º 33, amarillo D&C n.º 10, laca de aluminio, edetato disódico, alcohol etílico al 15%, amarillo FD&C n.º 6 laca de aluminio, azul FD&C n.º 1 laca de aluminio, azul FD&C n.º 1, azul FD&C n.º 2 laca de aluminio, verde FD&C n.º 3, rojo FD&C n.º 40, amarillo FD&C n.º 6 laca de aluminio, amarillo FD&C n.º 6, amarillo FD&C n.º 10, palmitoestearato de glicerol, monoestearato de glicerilo, carmín índigo, lecitina, manitol, metil-y propil-parabenos, glicirrizinato monoamónico, saborizante naranja natural y artificial, barniz farmacéutico, poloxámero 188, polidextrosa, polisorbato-20, polisorbato-80, polividona, almidón de maíz pregelatinizado, almidón pregelatinizado, óxido de hierro rojo, sacarina sódica, carboximetil-éter sódico, cloruro sódico, citrato sódico, fosfato sódico, saborizante fresa, óxido de hierro negro sintético, óxido de hierro rojo sintético, dióxido de titanio y cera blanca.
Las formas de dosificación oral sólidas pueden tratarse opcionalmente con sistemas de recubrimiento (por ejemplo el sistema de recubrimiento con película Opadry® fx, por ejemplo azul Opadry® (OY-LS-20921), blanco Opadry® (YS2-7063), blanco Opadry® (YS-1-7040), y tinta negra (S-1-8 106).
Los agentes en su forma libre o como una sal pueden combinarse con un polímero, tal como ácido polilácticoglicólico (PLGA), ácido poli-(l)-láctico-glicólico (P(I)LGT) (documento n.º WO 01/12233), ácido poliglicólico (patente US n.º 3.773.919), ácido poliláctico (patente US n.º 4.767.628), poli(ε-caprolactona) y poli(óxido de alquileno) (patente US n.º 2003/0068384) con el fin de crear una formulación de liberación sostenida. Dichas formulaciones pueden utilizarse para implantes que liberan un polipéptido u otro agente durante un periodo de unos cuantos días, unas cuantas semanas o varios meses según el polímero, el tamaño de partícula del polímero y el tamaño del implante (ver, por ejemplo, la patente US n.º 6.620.422). Otras formulaciones de liberación sostenida y polímeros para su uso se describen en los documentos n.º EP 0 467 389 A2, n.º WO 93/24150, n.º US 5.612.052, n.º WO 97/40085, n.º WO 03/075887, n.º WO 01/01964 A2, n.º US 5.922.356, n.º WO 94/155587, n.º WO 02/074247A2, n.º WO 98/25642, n.º US 5.968.895, n.º US 6.180.608, n.º US 2003/0171296, n.º US 2002/0176841, n.º US 5.672.659, n.º US 5.893.985, n.º US 5.134.122, n.º US 5.192.741, n.º US 5.192.741, n.º US 4.668.506, n.º US 4.713.244, n.º US 5.445.832, n.º US 4.931.279, n.º US 5.980.945, n.º WO 02/058672, n.º WO 97/26015, n.º WO 97/04744 y n.º US2002/0019446. En dichas micropartículas de formulaciones de liberación sostenida (Delie y Blanco-Prieto, Molecule 10:65-80, 2005) de polipéptidos se combinan con micropartículas de polímero. Pueden introducirse uno o más implantes de liberación sostenida en el intestino grueso, el intestino delgado o ambos. La patente US n.º
6.011.0 1 y el documento n.º WO 94/06452 describen una formulación de liberación sostenida que proporciona polietilenglicoles (es decir PEG 300 y PEG 400) o triacetina. El documento n.º WO 03/053401 describe una formulación que puede incrementar la biodisponibilidad y proporcionar una liberación controlada del agente dentro del tracto GI. Las formulaciones adicionales de liberación controlada se describen en los documentos n.º WO 02/38129, n.º EP 326151, n.º US 5.236.704, n.º WO 02/30398, n.º WO 98/13029, n.º US 2003/0064105, n.º US 2003/0138488A1, n.º US 2003/0216307A1, n.º US 6.667.060, n.º WO 01/49249, n.º WO 01/49311, n.º WO 01/49249, n.º WO 01/49311 y n.º US 5.877.224, materiales que pueden incluirse los descritos en el documento n.º WO 04/041195 (incluyendo el sello y el recubrimiento entérico descrito en el mismo) y recubrimientos sensibles al pH que consiguen la administración en el colon, incluyendo los descritos en los documentos n.º US 4.910.021 y n.º WO 90/01329. La patente US n.º 4.910.021 describe la utilización de un material sensible al pH para recubrir una cápsula. El documento n.º WO 90/01329 describe la utilización de recubrimientos sensibles al pH sobre perlas que contienen ácido, en el que el ácido en el núcleo de la perla prolonga la disolución del recubrimiento sensible al pH. La patente US n.º 5.175.003 da a conocer una mezcla de polímeros de mecanismo dual de materiales entéricos sensibles al pH y plastificadores formadores de película capaces de proporcionar permeabilidad al material entérico,
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unidos con los polipéptidos descritos en la presente memoria.
Diversos antagonistas de los receptores NK-1, NK-2 y NK-3 (para una revisión ver Giardina et al., Drugs 6:758, 2003) pueden utilizarse conjuntamente o unidos con los polipéptidos descritos en la presente memoria.
Algunos antagonistas de receptor de NK1 tales como aprepitant (Merck & Co. Inc.), vofopitant, ezlopitant (Pzifer, Inc.), R-673 (Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.), SR-48968 (Sanofi Synthelabo), CP-122.721 (Pfizer, Inc.), GW679769 (Glaxo Smith Kline), TAK-637 (Takeda/Abbot), SR-14033 y compuestos relacionados, descritos en, por ejemplo, los documentos EP 873753 A1, US 2001/0006972 A1, US 2003/0109417 A1, WO 01/52844 A1, conjuntamente o unidos a los polipéptidos descritos en la presente memoria.
Algunos antagonistas de receptores de NK-2 tales como nepadutant (Menarini Ricerche SpA), saredutant (Sanofi-Synthelabo), GW597599 (Glaxo Smith Kline), SR-144190 (Sanofi-Synthelabo) y UK-290795 (Pfizer Inc.) pueden utilizarse conjuntamente o unidos con los polipéptidos descritos en la presente memoria.
Algunos antagonistas de receptores de NK3 tales como el osanetant (SR-142801, Sanofi-Synthelabo), SSR-241586, talnetant y compuestos relacionados descritos en, por ejemplo, los documentos WO 02/094187 A2, EP 876347 A1, WO 97/21680 A1, patente US 6.277.862, documentos WO 98/11090, WO 95/28418, WO 97/19927, y Boden et al. (J. Med. Chem. 39:1664-75, 1996) pueden utilizarse conjuntamente o unidos con los polipéptidos descritos en la presente memoria.
Los inhibidores de la recaptación de la norepinerfrina-serotonina (IRNS) tales como el milnaciprano y compuestos relacionados descritos en el documento WO 03/077897 A1 pueden utilizarse conjuntamente o unidos a los polipéptidos descritos en la presente memoria.
Algunos antagonistas de receptores vanilloides tales como el arvanilo y compuestos relacionados descritos en el documento WO 01/64212 A1 pueden utilizarse conjuntamente o unidos a los polipéptidos descritos en la presente memoria.
Los polipéptidos y compuestos analgésicos pueden administrarse con los polipéptidos y agonistas descritos en la presente memoria (simultánea o secuencialmente). Los agentes analgésicos también pueden unirse covalentemente a los polipéptidos y agonistas descritos en la presente memoria con el fin de crear conjugados terapéuticos. En el caso de que el analgésico sea un polipéptido y se una covalentemente a un agente descrito en la presente memoria, el polipéptido resultante también puede incluir por lo menos un sitio de corte con tripsina. En el caso de que se encuentre presente dentro del polipéptido, el polipéptido analgésico puede estar precedido (en caso de encontrarse en el extremo carboxi-terminal) o seguido de (en caso de encontrarse en el extremo amino-terminal) un sitio de corte con tripsina que permite la liberación del polipéptido analgésico.
Además de los polipéptidos relacionados con la sialorfina, entre los polipéptidos analgésicos se incluyen AspPhe, endomorfina-1, endomorfina-2, nocistatina, dalargina, lupron, ziconótido y sustancia P.
Agentes de tratamiento de los trastornos gastrointestinales
Entre los ejemplos de agentes terapéuticos adicionales para el tratamiento de los trastornos gastrointestinales y otros trastornos se incluyen agentes para tratar el estreñimiento (por ejemplo un activador de los canales del cloro tales como el ácido graso bicíclico Lubriprostona (anteriormente conocido como SPI-0211, Sucampo Pharmaceuticals, Inc.; Bethesda, MD), un laxante (por ejemplo un laxante formador de masa (por ejemplo polisacáridos no almidón, Colonel Tablet (policarbofilo cálcico), Plantago Ovata®, Equalactin® (policarbofilo cálcico), fibra (por ejemplo Fibercon® (policarbofilo cálcico), un laxante osmótico, un laxante estimulante (tal como difenilmetanos (por ejemplo bisacodilo), antraquinonas (por ejemplo cascara, senna) y laxantes surfactantes (por ejemplo aceite de ricino, docusatos), un agente emoliente/lubricante (tal como aceite mineral, glicerina y docusatos), MiraLax (Braintree Laboratories, Braintree MA), desloxiglumida (Forest Laboratories, también conocido como CR 2017 Rottapharm (Rotta Research Laboratorium SpA)), laxantes salinos, enemas, supositorios y CR 3700 (Rottapharm (Rotta Research Laboratorium SpA); agentes reductores de ácido, tales como inhibidores de bomba protónica (por ejemplo omeprazol (Prilosec®), esomeprazol (Nexium®), lansoprazol (Prevacid®), pantoprazol (Protonix®) y rabeprazol (Aciphex®)), domperidona (Motilium®), eritromicina (y derivados de la misma) o cisaprida (Propulsid®); homólogos de polipéptidos proquineticina, variantes y quimeras de los mismos, incluyendo los indicados en la patente US 7.052.674, que pueden utilizarse conjuntamente o unidos a los polipéptidos descritos en la presente memoria; agente promotilidad, tales como el polipéptido derivado de vasostatina, cromogranina A (4-16) (ver, por ejemplo, Ghia et al., Regulatory polypeptides 121:31, 2004) o agonistas de motilina (por ejemplo GM-611 ó fumarato de mitemcinal) o moduladores de receptores FQ de nociceptina/orfanina (documento US 2005/0287067; agonistas o antagonistas de receptor 5HT (por ejemplo 5HT1, 5HT2, 5HT3, 5HT4) completos o parciales (incluyendo antagonistas de 5HT1A (por ejemplo AGI-OO1 (terapéuticos AG1), antagonistas de 5HT2B (por ejemplo PGN 1091 y PGN1 164 (Pharmagene Laboratories Limited) y agonistas del receptor 5HT4 (tales como tegaserod (Zelnorm®), prucalóprido, mosáprido, metoclopramida, zacoprida, cisaprida, renzaprida, derivados de bencimidazolona, tales como BIMU1 y BIMU8, y lirexaprida). Dichos agonistas/moduladores se describen en los documentos EP 1321142
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-
2009
- 2009-06-04 ES ES14179935.3T patent/ES2627848T3/es active Active
- 2009-06-04 ES ES09759438.6T patent/ES2522968T3/es active Active
- 2009-06-04 EP EP09759438.6A patent/EP2328910B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2009-06-04 EP EP14179935.3A patent/EP2810951B1/en not_active Not-in-force
- 2009-06-04 US US12/478,511 patent/US20100120694A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-06-04 JP JP2011512658A patent/JP2011522828A/ja active Pending
- 2009-06-04 WO PCT/US2009/046288 patent/WO2009149279A2/en not_active Ceased
- 2009-06-04 CA CA2930674A patent/CA2930674A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2009-06-04 CA CA2726917A patent/CA2726917C/en active Active
- 2009-06-04 AU AU2009256157A patent/AU2009256157B2/en not_active Ceased
- 2009-06-04 EP EP17160441.6A patent/EP3239170B1/en not_active Not-in-force
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2015
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Also Published As
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|---|---|
| WO2009149279A3 (en) | 2010-01-21 |
| AU2009256157A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
| EP2810951B1 (en) | 2017-03-15 |
| EP2328910A2 (en) | 2011-06-08 |
| AU2009256157B2 (en) | 2014-12-18 |
| CA2726917A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
| ES2522968T3 (es) | 2014-11-19 |
| US20100120694A1 (en) | 2010-05-13 |
| EP2810951A2 (en) | 2014-12-10 |
| EP2328910B1 (en) | 2014-08-06 |
| US20160200766A1 (en) | 2016-07-14 |
| US9920095B2 (en) | 2018-03-20 |
| CA2930674A1 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
| CA2726917C (en) | 2018-06-26 |
| WO2009149279A2 (en) | 2009-12-10 |
| EP3239170A1 (en) | 2017-11-01 |
| HK1157366A1 (en) | 2012-06-29 |
| EP3239170B1 (en) | 2019-03-20 |
| EP2810951A3 (en) | 2015-03-25 |
| JP2011522828A (ja) | 2011-08-04 |
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